101
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Poloni A, Maurizi G, Serrani F, Mancini S, Zingaretti MC, Frontini A, Cinti S, Olivieri A, Leoni P. Molecular and functional characterization of human bone marrow adipocytes. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:558-566.e2. [PMID: 23435314 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes are a cell population largely located in the human bone marrow cavity. In this specific microenvironment where adipocytes can interact with a variety of different cells, the role of fat is mainly unknown. To our knowledge, this report is the first to characterize mature adipocytes isolated from human bone marrow (BM-A) molecularly and functionally to better understand their roles into the hematopoietic microenvironment. Healthy BM-A were isolated after collagenase digestion and filtration. We studied the morphology of BM-A, their gene expression and immunophenotypic profile and their functional ability in the hematopoietic microenvironment, comparing them with adipocytes derived from adipose tissue (AT-A). BM-A showed a unilocular lipid morphology similar to AT-A and did not lose their morphology in culture; they showed a comparable pattern of stem cell-surface antigens to AT-A. In line with these observations, molecular data showed that BM-A expressed some embryonic stem cells genes, such as Oct4, KLf4, c-myc, Gata4, Tbx1, and Sox17, whereas they did not express the stem cell markers Sox2 and Nanog. Moreover, BM-A had long telomeres that were similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Notably, BM-A supported the survival and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in long-term cultures. These results showed that BM-A are stromal cells with a gene expression pattern that distinguished them from AT-A. BM-A showed stem cell properties through their hematopoietic supporting function, which was certainly linked to their role in the maintenance of the bone marrow microenvironment. Depending on specific demands, BM-A may acquire different functions based on their local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Poloni
- Clinica di Ematologia, Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
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102
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Barneda D, Frontini A, Cinti S, Christian M. Dynamic changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins in the "browning" of white adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:924-33. [PMID: 23376222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and functional differences between lipid droplets (LDs) in brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues will largely be determined by their associated proteins. Analysing mRNA expression in mice fat depots we have found that most LD protein genes are expressed at higher levels in BAT, with the greatest differences observed for Cidea and Plin5. Prolonged cold exposure, which induces the appearance of brown-like adipocytes in mice WAT depots, was accompanied with the potentiation of the lipolytic machinery, with changes in ATGL, CGI-58 and G0S2 gene expression. However the major change detected in WAT was the enhancement of Cidea mRNA. Together with the increase in Cidec, it indicates that LD enlargement through LD-LD transference of fat is an important process during WAT browning. To study the dynamics of this phenotypic change, we have applied 4D confocal microscopy in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells under sustained β-adrenergic stimulation. Under these conditions the cells experienced a LD remodelling cycle, with progressive reduction on the LD size by lipolysis, followed by the formation of new LDs, which were subjected to an enlargement process, likely to be CIDE-triggered, until the cell returned to the basal state. This transformation would be triggered by the activation of a thermogenic futile cycle of lipolysis/lipogenesis and could facilitate the molecular mechanism for the unilocular to multilocular transformation during WAT browning. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brown and White Fat: From Signaling to Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barneda
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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103
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Abstract
The main parenchymal cells of the adipose organ are adipocytes. White adipocytes store energy, whereas brown adipocytes dissipate energy for thermogenesis. These two cell types with opposing functions can both originate from endothelial cells, and co-exist in the multiple fat depots of the adipose organ - a feature that I propose is crucial for this organ's plasticity. This poster review provides an overview of the adipose organ, describing its anatomy, cytology, physiological function and histopathology in obesity. It also highlights the remarkable plasticity of the adipose organ, explaining theories of adipocyte transdifferentiation during chronic cold exposure, physical exercise or lactation, as well as in obesity. White-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiation is of particular medical relevance, because animal data indicate that higher amounts of brown adipose tissue are positively associated with resistance to obesity and its co-morbidities, and that 'browning' of the adipose organ curbs these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti-University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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104
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Vernochet C, Mourier A, Bezy O, Macotela Y, Boucher J, Rardin MJ, An D, Lee KY, Ilkayeva OR, Zingaretti CM, Emanuelli B, Smyth G, Cinti S, Newgard CB, Gibson BW, Larsson NG, Kahn CR. Adipose-specific deletion of TFAM increases mitochondrial oxidation and protects mice against obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2012; 16:765-76. [PMID: 23168219 PMCID: PMC3529641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue, but the role for adipose tissue mitochondria in the development of these disorders is currently unknown. To understand the impact of adipose tissue mitochondria on whole-body metabolism, we have generated a mouse model with disruption of the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) specifically in fat. F-TFKO adipose tissue exhibit decreased mtDNA copy number, altered levels of proteins of the electron transport chain, and perturbed mitochondrial function with decreased complex I activity and greater oxygen consumption and uncoupling. As a result, F-TFKO mice exhibit higher energy expenditure and are protected from age- and diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis, despite a greater food intake. Thus, TFAM deletion in the adipose tissue increases mitochondrial oxidation that has positive metabolic effects, suggesting that regulation of adipose tissue mitochondria may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Vernochet
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Arnaud Mourier
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier Bezy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Pfizer, Inc, Cardiovascular Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yazmin Macotela
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew J. Rardin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Ding An
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin Y. Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olga R. Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Cristina M. Zingaretti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Diagnostic Electron Microscopy Unit University-United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona 60020 & Adipose Organ Lab IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Graham Smyth
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Diagnostic Electron Microscopy Unit University-United Hospitals of Ancona, Ancona 60020 & Adipose Organ Lab IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome 00163, Italy
| | - Christopher B. Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Bradford W. Gibson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Nils-Göran Larsson
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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105
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Abstract
White adipocytes can store energy, whereas brown adipocytes dissipate energy for thermogenesis. These two cell types with opposing functions are contained in multiple fat depots forming the adipose organ. In this review, we outline the plasticity of this organ in physiological (cold exposure, physical exercise and lactation) and pathological conditions (obesity). We also highlight molecules and signalling pathways involved in the browning phenomena of white adipose tissue. This phenotypic change has proved to be effective in the protection against the metabolic disorders associated to obesity and diabetes, not only because brown adipocytes are more 'healthy' than white adipocytes, but also because the simple size reduction of white adipocytes that characterizes the first steps of transdifferentiation can be useful in determining how to avoid triggering death based on critical size and the consequent chronic low-grade inflammation due to macrophage infiltration. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of white-brown transdifferentiation can be extremely useful to exploit new therapeutic strategies to combat the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smorlesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy
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106
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Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Boström EA, Choi JH, Long JZ, Kajimura S, Zingaretti MC, Vind BF, Tu H, Cinti S, Højlund K, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM. Boström et al. reply. Nature 2012; 488:E10-1. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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107
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Abstract
Comment on: Tran KV, et al. Cell Metab 2012; 15:222-9.
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108
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2nd Workshop: Climate Change and Childhood Obesity – Keynote Speaker. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15:1525-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012001450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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109
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Poloni A, Maurizi G, Leoni P, Serrani F, Mancini S, Frontini A, Zingaretti MC, Siquini W, Sarzani R, Cinti S. Human dedifferentiated adipocytes show similar properties to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:965-74. [PMID: 22367678 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mature adipocytes are generally considered terminally differentiated because they have lost their proliferative abilities. Here, we studied the gene expression and functional properties of mature adipocytes isolated from human omental and subcutaneous fat tissues. We also focused on dedifferentiated adipocytes in culture and their morphologies and functional changes with respect to mature adipocytes, stromal-vascular fraction (SVF)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. Isolated mature adipocytes expressed stem cell and reprogramming genes. They replicated in culture after assuming a fibroblast-like shape and expanded similarly to SVF- and BM-derived MSCs. During the dedifferentiation process, mature adipocytes lost their lineage gene expression profile, assumed the typical mesenchymal morphology and immunophenotype, expressed stem cell genes and differentiated into multilineage cells. Moreover, during the dedifferentiation process, we showed changes in the epigenetic status of mature adipocytes, which led dedifferentiated adipocytes to display a similar DNA methylation condition to BM-derived MSCs. Like SVF- and BM-derived MSCs, dedifferentiated adipocytes were able to inhibit the proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes in coculture while mature adipocytes stimulated their growth. Furthermore, dedifferentiated adipocytes maintained the survival and complete differentiation characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells. This is the first study that in addition to characterizing isolated and dedifferentiated adipocytes also reports on the immunoregulatory and hematopoietic supporting functions of these cells. This structural and functional characterization might have clinical applications of both mature and dedifferentiated adipocytes in such fields, as regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Poloni
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche-Azienda Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
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110
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Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a potent survival molecule for a large number of neuronal and glial cells in culture; its expression in glial cells is strongly upregulated after a variety of nerve tissue injuries. Exogenously administered CNTF produces an anorectic effect via activation of hypothalamic neurons and stimulates neurogenesis in mouse hypothalamus. To determine whether CNTF is produced endogenously in the hypothalamus, we sought cellular sources and examined their distribution in adult mouse hypothalamus by immunohistochemistry. CNTF immunoreactivity (IR) was predominantly detected in the ependymal layer throughout the rostrocaudal extension of the third ventricle, where numerous ependymocytes and tanycytes exhibited specific staining. Some astrocytes in the grey matter of the anterior hypothalamus and in the median eminence of the hypothalamic tuberal region were also positive. Stimulation of cells bearing CNTF receptor α (CNTFRα) induces specific activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling system. Treatment with recombinant CNTF and detection of the nuclear expression of phospho-STAT3 (P-STAT3) showed that CNTF-producing ependymal cells and tanycytes were intermingled with, or very close to, P-STAT3-positive, CNTFRα-bearing cells. A fraction of CNTF-producing ependymal cells and tanycytes and some median eminence astrocytes also exhibited P-STAT3 IR. Thus, in normal adult mice the ependyma of the third ventricle is both a source of and a target for CNTF, which may play hitherto unknown roles in hypothalamic function in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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111
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Jung KM, Clapper JR, Fu J, D'Agostino G, Guijarro A, Thongkham D, Avanesian A, Astarita G, DiPatrizio NV, Frontini A, Cinti S, Diano S, Piomelli D. 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling in forebrain regulates systemic energy metabolism. Cell Metab 2012; 15:299-310. [PMID: 22405068 PMCID: PMC3729112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in the control of energy homeostasis, but the identity and localization of the endocannabinoid signal involved remain unknown. In the present study, we developed transgenic mice that overexpress in forebrain neurons the presynaptic hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), which deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG). MGL-overexpressing mice show a 50% decrease in forebrain 2-AG levels but no overt compensation in other endocannabinoid components. This biochemical abnormality is accompanied by a series of metabolic changes that include leanness, elevated energy cost of activity, and hypersensitivity to β(3)-adrenergic-stimulated thermogenesis, which is corrected by reinstating 2-AG activity at CB(1)-cannabinoid receptors. Additionally, the mutant mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and express high levels of thermogenic proteins, such as uncoupling protein 1, in their brown adipose tissue. The results suggest that 2-AG signaling through CB(1) regulates the activity of forebrain neural circuits involved in the control of energy dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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112
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Taga H, Chilliard Y, Meunier B, Chambon C, Picard B, Zingaretti MC, Cinti S, Bonnet M. Cellular and molecular large-scale features of fetal adipose tissue: is bovine perirenal adipose tissue brown? J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1688-700. [PMID: 21678425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and fetal programming studies point to the role of fetal growth in adult adipose tissue (AT) mass in large mammals. Despite the incidence of fetal AT growth for human health and animal production outcomes, there is still a lack of relevant studies. We determined the cellular and large-scale-molecular features of bovine fetal perirenal AT sampled at 110, 180, 210, and 260 days post-conception (dpc) with the aim of identifying key cellular and molecular events in AT growth. The increase in AT weight from 110 to 260 dpc resulted from an increase in adipocyte volume and particularly adipocyte number that were concomitant with temporal changes in the abundance of 142 proteins revealed by proteomics. At 110 and 180 dpc, we identified proteins such as TCP1, FKBP4, or HSPD1 that may regulate adipocyte precursor proliferation by controlling cell-cycle progression and/or apoptosis or delaying PPARγ-induced differentiation. From 180 dpc, the up-regulation of PPARγ-induced proteins, lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, and adipokine expression may underpin the differentiation and increase in adipocyte volume. Also from 180 dpc, we unexpectedly observed up-regulations in the β-subunit of ATP synthase, which is normally bypassed in brown AT, as well as in aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH2 and ALDH9A1, which were predominantly expressed in mouse white AT. These results, together with the observed abundant unilocular adipocytes at 180 and 260 dpc, strongly suggest that fetal bovine perirenal AT has much more in common with white than with brown AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Taga
- INRA, UR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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113
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Hallenborg P, Feddersen S, Francoz S, Murano I, Sundekilde U, Petersen RK, Akimov V, Olson MV, Lozano G, Cinti S, Gjertsen BT, Madsen L, Marine JC, Blagoev B, Kristiansen K. Mdm2 controls CREB-dependent transactivation and initiation of adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1381-9. [PMID: 22388350 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) in regulating the stability of the p53 tumor suppressor is well documented. By contrast, relatively little is known about p53-independent activities of Mdm2 and the role of Mdm2 in cellular differentiation. Here we report a novel role for Mdm2 in the initiation of adipocyte differentiation that is independent of its ability to regulate p53. We show that Mdm2 is required for cAMP-mediated induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) expression by facilitating recruitment of the cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB) coactivator, CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (Crtc2)/TORC2, to the c/ebpδ promoter. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for Mdm2 in the regulation of CREB-dependent transactivation during the initiation of adipogenesis. As Mdm2 is able to promote adipogenesis in the myoblast cell line C2C12, it is conceivable that Mdm2 acts as a switch in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hallenborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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114
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Tran KV, Gealekman O, Frontini A, Zingaretti MC, Morroni M, Giordano A, Smorlesi A, Perugini J, De Matteis R, Sbarbati A, Corvera S, Cinti S. The vascular endothelium of the adipose tissue gives rise to both white and brown fat cells. Cell Metab 2012; 15:222-9. [PMID: 22326223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue expansion involves the enlargement of existing adipocytes, the formation of new cells from committed preadipocytes, and the coordinated development of the tissue vascular network. Here we find that murine endothelial cells (ECs) of classic white and brown fat depots share ultrastructural characteristics with pericytes, which are pluripotent and can potentially give rise to preadipocytes. Lineage tracing experiments using the VE-cadherin promoter reveal localization of reporter genes in ECs and also in preadipocytes and adipocytes of white and brown fat depots. Furthermore, capillary sprouts from human adipose tissue, which have predominantly EC characteristics, are found to express Zfp423, a recently identified marker of preadipocyte determination. In response to PPARγ activation, endothelial characteristics of sprouting cells are progressively lost, and cells form structurally and biochemically defined adipocytes. Together these data support an endothelial origin of murine and human adipocytes, suggesting a model for how adipogenesis and angiogenesis are coordinated during adipose tissue expansion.
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115
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Gupta RK, Mepani RJ, Kleiner S, Lo JC, Khandekar MJ, Cohen P, Frontini A, Bhowmick DC, Ye L, Cinti S, Spiegelman BM. Zfp423 expression identifies committed preadipocytes and localizes to adipose endothelial and perivascular cells. Cell Metab 2012; 15:230-9. [PMID: 22326224 PMCID: PMC3366493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress has been made in elucidating the cell-surface phenotype of primary adipose progenitors; however, specific functional markers and distinct molecular signatures of fat depot-specific preadipocytes have remained elusive. In this study, we label committed murine adipose progenitors through expression of GFP from the genetic locus for Zfp423, a gene controlling preadipocyte determination. Selection of GFP-expressing fibroblasts from either subcutaneous or visceral adipose-derived stromal vascular cultures isolates stably committed preadipocytes that undergo robust adipogenesis. Immunohistochemistry for Zfp423-driven GFP expression in vivo confirms a perivascular origin of preadipocytes within both white and brown adipose tissues. Interestingly, a small subset of capillary endothelial cells within white and brown fat also express this marker, suggesting a contribution of specialized endothelial cells to the adipose lineage. Zfp423(GFP) mice represent a simple tool for the specific localization and isolation of molecularly defined preadipocytes from distinct adipose tissue depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana K Gupta
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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116
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Cinti S, Zancanaro C, Sbarbati A, Cicolini M, Vogel P, Ricquier D, Fakan S. Immunoelectron microscopical identification of the uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Biol Cell 2012. [PMID: 2620168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1768-322x.1989.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Cinti
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, University of Ancona, Italy
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117
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Vitali A, Murano I, Zingaretti MC, Frontini A, Ricquier D, Cinti S. The adipose organ of obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice is composed of mixed white and brown adipocytes. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:619-29. [PMID: 22271685 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m018846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
White and brown adipocytes are believed to occupy different sites in the body. We studied the anatomical features and quantitative histology of the fat depots in obesity and type 2 diabetes-prone C57BL/6J mice acclimated to warm or cold temperatures. Most of the fat tissue was contained in depots with discrete anatomical features, and most depots contained both white and brown adipocytes. Quantitative analysis showed that cold acclimation induced an increase in brown adipocytes and an almost equal reduction in white adipocytes; however, there were no significant differences in total adipocyte count or any signs of apoptosis or mitosis, in line with the hypothesis of the direct transformation of white into brown adipocytes. The brown adipocyte increase was accompanied by enhanced density of noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fibers, with a significant correlation between the density of these fibers and the number of brown adipocytes. Comparison with data from obesity-resistant Sv129 mice disclosed a significantly different brown adipocyte content in C57BL/6J mice, suggesting that this feature could underpin the propensity of the latter strain to develop obesity. However, the greater C57BL/6J browning capacity can hopefully be harnessed to curb obesity and type 2 diabetes in patients with constitutively low amounts of brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vitali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, (Politecnica delle Marche), 60020 Ancona, Italy
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118
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Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, Rasbach KA, Boström EA, Choi JH, Long JZ. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481:463-468. [PMID: 22237023 PMCID: PMC3522098 DOI: 10.1038/nature10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3151] [Impact Index Per Article: 262.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise benefits a variety of organ systems in mammals, and some of the best-recognized effects of exercise on muscle are mediated by the transcriptional co-activator PPAR-γ co-activator-1 α (PGC1-α). Here we show in mouse that PGC1-α expression in muscle stimulates an increase in expression of FNDC5, a membrane protein that is cleaved and secreted as a newly identified hormone, irisin. Irisin acts on white adipose cells in culture and in vivo to stimulate UCP1 expression and a broad program of brown-fat-like development. Irisin is induced with exercise in mice and humans, and mildly increased irisin levels in the blood cause an increase in energy expenditure in mice with no changes in movement or food intake. This results in improvements in obesity and glucose homeostasis. Irisin could be therapeutic for human metabolic disease and other disorders that are improved with exercise.
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Possenti R, Muccioli G, Petrocchi P, Cero C, Cabassi A, Vulchanova L, Riedl M, Manieri M, Frontini A, Giordano A, Cinti S, Govoni P, Graiani G, Quaini F, Ghè C, Bresciani E, Bulgarelli I, Torsello A, Locatelli V, Sanghez V, Larsen B, Petersen J, Palanza P, Parmigiani S, Moles A, Levi A, Bartolomucci A. Characterization of a novel peripheral pro-lipolytic mechanism in mice: role of VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21. Biochem J 2012; 441:511-22. [PMID: 21880012 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The peptides encoded by the VGF gene are gaining biomedical interest and are increasingly being scrutinized as biomarkers for human disease. An endocrine/neuromodulatory role for VGF peptides has been suggested but never demonstrated. Furthermore, no study has demonstrated so far the existence of a receptor-mediated mechanism for any VGF peptide. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo identification of a novel pro-lipolytic pathway mediated by the TLQP-21 peptide. We show for the first time that VGF-immunoreactivity is present within sympathetic fibres in the WAT (white adipose tissue) but not in the adipocytes. Furthermore, we identified a saturable receptor-binding activity for the TLQP-21 peptide. The maximum binding capacity for TLQP-21 was higher in the WAT as compared with other tissues, and selectively up-regulated in the adipose tissue of obese mice. TLQP-21 increases lipolysis in murine adipocytes via a mechanism encompassing the activation of noradrenaline/β-adrenergic receptors pathways and dose-dependently decreases adipocytes diameters in two models of obesity. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel and previously uncharacterized peripheral lipolytic pathway encompassing the VGF peptide TLQP-21. Targeting the sympathetic nerve–adipocytes interaction might prove to be a novel approach for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic complications.
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120
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Jimenez-Preitner M, Berney X, Uldry M, Vitali A, Cinti S, Ledford JG, Thorens B. Plac8 is an inducer of C/EBPβ required for brown fat differentiation, thermoregulation, and control of body weight. Cell Metab 2011; 14:658-70. [PMID: 21982742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes oxidize fatty acids to produce heat in response to cold or to excessive energy intake; stimulation of brown fat development and function may thus counteract obesity. Brown adipogenesis requires activation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ and recruitment of the zinc finger protein Prdm16, but upstream inducers of these proteins are incompletely defined. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of Plac8, a gene encoding an evolutionarily conserved protein, induces cold intolerance, and late-onset obesity, as well as abnormal morphology and impaired function of brown adipocytes. Using brown preadipocyte lines we show that Plac8 is required for brown fat differentiation, that its overexpression induces C/EBPβ and Prdm16, and that upon induction of differentiation Plac8 associates with C/EBPβ and binds to the C/EBPβ promoter to induce its transcription. Thus, Plac8 is a critical upstream regulator of brown fat differentiation and function that acts, at least in part, by inducing C/EBPβ expression.
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121
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Haemmerle G, Moustafa T, Woelkart G, Büttner S, Schmidt A, van de Weijer T, Hesselink M, Jaeger D, Kienesberger PC, Zierler K, Schreiber R, Eichmann T, Kolb D, Kotzbeck P, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eder S, Schoiswohl G, Wongsiriroj N, Pollak NM, Radner FP, Preiss-Landl K, Kolbe T, Rülicke T, Pieske B, Trauner M, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Hoefler G, Cinti S, Kershaw EE, Schrauwen P, Madeo F, Mayer B, Zechner R. ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-α and PGC-1. Nat Med 2011; 17:1076-85. [PMID: 21857651 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate genes involved in energy metabolism and inflammation. For biological activity, PPARs require cognate lipid ligands, heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors, and coactivation by PPAR-γ coactivator-1α or PPAR-γ coactivator-1β (PGC-1α or PGC-1β, encoded by Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b, respectively). Here we show that lipolysis of cellular triglycerides by adipose triglyceride lipase (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 2, encoded by Pnpla2; hereafter referred to as Atgl) generates essential mediator(s) involved in the generation of lipid ligands for PPAR activation. Atgl deficiency in mice decreases mRNA levels of PPAR-α and PPAR-δ target genes. In the heart, this leads to decreased PGC-1α and PGC-1β expression and severely disrupted mitochondrial substrate oxidation and respiration; this is followed by excessive lipid accumulation, cardiac insufficiency and lethal cardiomyopathy. Reconstituting normal PPAR target gene expression by pharmacological treatment of Atgl-deficient mice with PPAR-α agonists completely reverses the mitochondrial defects, restores normal heart function and prevents premature death. These findings reveal a potential treatment for the excessive cardiac lipid accumulation and often-lethal cardiomyopathy in people with neutral lipid storage disease, a disease marked by reduced or absent ATGL activity.
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122
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Carboni V, Lanzillotta F, Carpanese GF, Mariani P, Barbatelli G, Sbarbati A, Cinti S. Electron spectroscopic imaging and X-ray microanalysis of acrylic fibres. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1991.tb03129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gaidhu MP, Frontini A, Hung S, Pistor K, Cinti S, Ceddia RB. Chronic AMP-kinase activation with AICAR reduces adiposity by remodeling adipocyte metabolism and increasing leptin sensitivity. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1702-11. [PMID: 21737753 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m015354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of chronic AMP-kinase (AMPK) activation with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) on white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism and the implications for visceral (VC) and subcutaneous (SC) adiposity, whole body-energy homeostasis, and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Male Wistar rats received daily single intraperitoneal injections of either saline or AICAR (0.7g/kg body weight) for 4 and 8 weeks and were pair-fed throughout the study. AICAR-treated rats had reduced adiposity with increased mitochondrial density in VC and SC fat pads, which was accompanied by reduced circulating leptin and time-dependent and depot-specific regulation of AMPK phosphorylation and FA oxidation. Interestingly, the anorectic effect to exogenous leptin was more pronounced in AICAR-treated animals than controls. This corresponded to reductions in hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 content, whereas signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation was either unchanged or increased at 4 and 8 weeks in AICAR-treated rats. Ambulatory activity and whole-body energy expenditure (EE) were also increased with AICAR treatment. Altogether, chronic AICAR-induced AMPK activation increased WAT oxidative machinery, whole-body EE, and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. This led to significant reductions in VC and SC adiposity without inducing energy-sparing mechanisms that oppose long-term fat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep P Gaidhu
- Muscle Health Research Centre-School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
In all mammals including humans, most white and brown adipocytes are found together in visceral and subcutaneous depots (adipose organ) despite the well known difference in their function, respectively of storing energy and producing heat. A growing body of evidence suggests that the reason for such anatomical arrangement is their plasticity, which under appropriate stimulation allows direct conversion of one cell type into the other. In conditions of chronic cold exposure white-to-brown conversion meets the need for thermogenesis, whereas an obesogenic diet induces brown-to-white conversion to meet the need for storing energy. White-to-brown transdifferentiation is of medical interest, because the brown phenotype of the adipose organ is associated to obesity resistance, and drugs inducing this phenotype curb murine obesity and related disorders. Type 2 diabetes is the most common disorder associated to visceral obesity. Macrophages infiltrating the adipose organ are responsible for the low-grade chronic inflammation related to the removal of dead adipocytes, which leads to insulin resistance and T2 diabetes. Adipocyte death is closely related to their growth up to the critical death size. The critical death size of visceral adipocytes is smaller than that of subcutaneous adipocytes, likely accounting for the greater morbidity related to visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy.
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Seale P, Conroe HM, Estall J, Kajimura S, Frontini A, Ishibashi J, Cohen P, Cinti S, Spiegelman BM. Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:96-105. [PMID: 21123942 DOI: 10.1172/jci44271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The white adipose organ is composed of both subcutaneous and several intra-abdominal depots. Excess abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disease in rodents and humans, while expansion of subcutaneous fat does not carry the same risks. Brown adipose produces heat as a defense against hypothermia and obesity, and the appearance of brown-like adipocytes within white adipose tissue depots is associated with improved metabolic phenotypes. Thus, understanding the differences in cell biology and function of these different adipose cell types and depots may be critical to the development of new therapies for metabolic disease. Here, we found that Prdm16, a brown adipose determination factor, is selectively expressed in subcutaneous white adipocytes relative to other white fat depots in mice. Transgenic expression of Prdm16 in fat tissue robustly induced the development of brown-like adipocytes in subcutaneous, but not epididymal, adipose depots. Prdm16 transgenic mice displayed increased energy expenditure, limited weight gain, and improved glucose tolerance in response to a high-fat diet. shRNA-mediated depletion of Prdm16 in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes caused a sharp decrease in the expression of thermogenic genes and a reduction in uncoupled cellular respiration. Finally, Prdm16 haploinsufficiency reduced the brown fat phenotype in white adipose tissue stimulated by β-adrenergic agonists. These results demonstrate that Prdm16 is a cell-autonomous determinant of a brown fat-like gene program and thermogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Rossi A, Zoico E, Goodpaster BH, Sepe A, Di Francesco V, Fantin F, Pizzini F, Corzato F, Vitali A, Micciolo R, Harris TB, Cinti S, Zamboni M. Quantification of intermuscular adipose tissue in the erector spinae muscle by MRI: agreement with histological evaluation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2379-84. [PMID: 20300085 PMCID: PMC5278643 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of fat between skeletal muscle bundles and beneath the muscle fascia, recently called intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), is gaining attention as potential contributor to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, muscle function impairment, and disability. The aim of this study was to compare IMAT as measured at the erector spinae level by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a well-recognized gold standard method to evaluate fat content inside muscles, and histology estimates. In 18 healthy elderly men and women with a wide range of BMI (25.05-35.58 kg/m(2)), undergoing elective vertebral surgery, IMAT within the erector spinae muscle was evaluated by MRI, by body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and histological evaluation of intraoperative biopsy sample. The concordance between IMAT/total area (TA) ratio evaluated by MRI and histological examination was analyzed employing Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and the procedure proposed by Bland and Altman. Two thresholds to distinguish between muscle and IMAT calculated, respectively, by 20 and 10% reduction of the gray-level intensity evaluated by MRI from surrounding subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were used. With a 20% reduction, calculated IMAT/TA as evaluated by MRI on average exceeds histological evaluation by 21.79%, whereas by reducing the threshold by 10% agreement between MRI and histology improved with a 12.42% difference. Our data show a good degree of concordance between IMAT assessment by MRI and histology and seems to show that agreement between the two methods could be improved by using a more restrictive threshold between muscle and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rossi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Taga H, Bonnet M, Picard B, Zingaretti MC, Cassar-Malek I, Cinti S, Chilliard Y. Adipocyte metabolism and cellularity are related to differences in adipose tissue maturity between Holstein and Charolais or Blond d'Aquitaine fetuses. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:711-21. [PMID: 21036936 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the metabolic and morphological characteristics of bovine adipose tissue (AT) at end of fetal life and its variability with breed and anatomical site of AT. Our hypothesis was that, in cattle, end-of-fetal-life differences in adipocyte number, size, and histology may account for differences in AT maturity. To address this question, perirenal and intermuscular AT were sampled from Charolais, Blond d'Aquitaine, and Holstein fetuses at 260 d postconception. Holstein fetuses showed greater leptin mRNA abundance, which is consistent with the greater perirenal AT weight (P = 0.03) than Blond d'Aquitaine fetuses. Compared with Blond d'Aquitaine or Charolais fetuses, Holstein fetuses had larger (P < 0.001) adipocytes, greater (P < 0.05) activities of enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis (FA synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme) and FA esterification (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and greater (P = 0.06, P = 0.10, P < 0.001) mRNA abundance for lipolytic enzymes (hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase) and uncoupling protein 1 in both perirenal and intermuscular AT. This indicates increased FA turnover in Holstein adipocytes through FA storage, mobilization, and oxidation pathways. Whatever the breed, adipocytes were smaller in perirenal AT than intermuscular AT. Whatever the breed or anatomical site, bovine AT at 260 d postconception contained predominantly unilocular adipocytes believed to be white adipocytes together with a few multilocular brown adipocytes. We conclude that the greater metabolic and morphologic maturity of adipocytes from Holstein than Blond d'Aquitaine and Charolais fetuses may contribute to the greater thermogenic aptitude of Holstein newborns. Moreover, the presence of both white and brown adipocytes at the end of fetal life highlights the complexity of AT structure and may indicate that the cellular and functional heterogeneity of AT repeatedly observed postnatally has a developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Taga
- INRA, UR1213 Herbivores Research Unit, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Manieri M, Murano I, Fianchini A, Brunelli A, Cinti S. Morphological and immunohistochemical features of brown adipocytes and preadipocytes in a case of human hibernoma. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:567-574. [PMID: 19692217 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The role of brown adipose tissue physiology and pathology in humans is debated. A greater knowledge of its developmental aspects could play a pivotal role in devising treatments for obesity and diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Tissue from a rare case of hibernoma, removed from a 17-year-old boy, was examined by light and electron microscopy, morphometry and immunohistochemistry. The tumour was well vascularised and innervated and contained mature adipocytes with the characteristics of both brown and white adipocytes. Numerous, poorly differentiated cells resembling brown adipocyte precursors were seen in a pericytic position in close association with the capillary wall. On immunohistochemistry mature brown adipocytes were seen to express the marker protein UCP1. On morphometry the intensity of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) immunostaining varied in relation to the morphological features of adipocytes: the "whiter" their appearance, the weaker their UCP1 immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in humans, as in rodents, brown adipocyte precursors arise in close association with vessel walls and that intermediate forms between white and brown adipocytes can also be documented in human adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manieri
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, School of Medicine, University of Ancona, Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020 Ancona, Italy
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129
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Caesar R, Manieri M, Kelder T, Boekschoten M, Evelo C, Müller M, Kooistra T, Cinti S, Kleemann R, Drevon CA. A combined transcriptomics and lipidomics analysis of subcutaneous, epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue reveals marked functional differences. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11525. [PMID: 20634946 PMCID: PMC2902507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Depot-dependent differences in adipose tissue physiology may reflect specialized functions and local interactions between adipocytes and surrounding tissues. We combined time-resolved microarray analyses of mesenteric- (MWAT), subcutaneous- (SWAT) and epididymal adipose tissue (EWAT) during high-fat feeding of male transgenic ApoE3Leiden mice with histology, targeted lipidomics and biochemical analyses of metabolic pathways to identify differentially regulated processes and site-specific functions. EWAT was found to exhibit physiological zonation. De novo lipogenesis in fat proximal to epididymis was stably low, whereas de novo lipogenesis distal to epididymis and at other locations was down-regulated in response to high-fat diet. The contents of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in EWAT were increased compared to other depots. Expression of the androgen receptor (Ar) was higher in EWAT than in MWAT and SWAT. We suggest that Ar may mediate depot-dependent differences in de novo lipogenesis rate and propose that accumulation of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in EWAT is favored by testosterone-mediated inhibition of de novo lipogenesis and may promote further elongation and desaturation of these polyunsaturated fatty acids during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Caesar
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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130
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Milan G, Murano I, Costa S, Pianta A, Tiengo C, Zulato E, Centobene C, Bruttomesso D, Cinti S, Vettor R. Lipoatrophy induced by subcutaneous insulin infusion: ultrastructural analysis and gene expression profiling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:3126-32. [PMID: 20484470 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) lipoatrophy (LA) is a rare complication of insulin therapy. We aimed to analyze the ultrastructural and molecular aspects of LA lesions. SETTING AND PATIENTS Macroscopic and microscopic morphology of SAT beneath the LA areas from patients with type 1 diabetes treated with Lispro insulin by continuous sc insulin infusion was studied using magnetic resonance imaging, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative PCR for adipose tissue-specific genes. RESULTS SAT was present in LA lesions characterized by: 1) smaller, unilocular perilipin-positive adipocytes, with lipofuscin granules; 2) some "slimmed cells" losing lipid droplets as those we observed during starvation; and 3) numerous perivascular preadipocytes. We did not identify inflammatory cells. SAT in LA areas displayed a strong leptin down-regulation and an increase of AEBP1, a preadipocyte marker. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly indicate that the remarkable reduction in fat cell lipid droplets and adipocyte size justifies the decrease of SAT without a reduction in adipocyte number because of necrosis or apoptosis. Thus, immune cells and any other toxic damaging fat cells were not involved in the generation of LA. We speculate that adipocytes chronically exposed to high local insulin concentrations could become severely insulin resistant, dramatically increasing lipolysis and giving rise to "slimmed cells." Clinical LA regression could be explained by the active recruitment of preadipocytes, even if they were unable to differentiate and regenerate adipose tissue unless the insulin injection was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ospedale, 105, 35128 Padua, Italy.
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Madsen L, Pedersen LM, Lillefosse HH, Fjære E, Bronstad I, Hao Q, Petersen RK, Hallenborg P, Ma T, De Matteis R, Araujo P, Mercader J, Bonet ML, Hansen JB, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Wang J, Cinti S, Voshol P, Døskeland SO, Kristiansen K. UCP1 induction during recruitment of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11391. [PMID: 20613988 PMCID: PMC2894971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a hallmark of brown adipocytes and pivotal for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report that cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are crucially involved in induction of UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipocytes, but not in classic interscapular brown adipocytes. Cold-induced expression of UCP1 in inguinal white adipocytes was repressed in COX2 knockout (KO) mice and by administration of the COX inhibitor indomethacin in wild-type mice. Indomethacin repressed beta-adrenergic induction of UCP1 expression in primary inguinal adipocytes. The use of PGE(2) receptor antagonists implicated EP(4) as a main PGE(2) receptor, and injection of the stable PGE(2) analog (EP(3/4) agonist) 16,16 dm PGE(2) induced UCP1 expression in inguinal white adipose tissue. Inhibition of COX activity attenuated diet-induced UCP1 expression and increased energy efficiency and adipose tissue mass in obesity-resistant mice kept at thermoneutrality. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide evidence that induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue, but not in classic interscapular brown adipose tissue is dependent on cyclooxygenase activity. Our results indicate that cyclooxygenase-dependent induction of UCP1 expression in white adipose tissues is important for diet-induced thermogenesis providing support for a surprising role of COX activity in the control of energy balance and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Madsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lone M. Pedersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Haldis Haukaas Lillefosse
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Fjære
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Qin Hao
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Philip Hallenborg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pedro Araujo
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Josep Mercader
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jacob B. Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Peter Voshol
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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132
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Barbatelli G, Murano I, Madsen L, Hao Q, Jimenez M, Kristiansen K, Giacobino JP, De Matteis R, Cinti S. The emergence of cold-induced brown adipocytes in mouse white fat depots is determined predominantly by white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1244-53. [PMID: 20354155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00600.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of brown adipocytes arising in white adipose tissue (WAT) after cold acclimatization is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that several UCP1-immunoreactive brown adipocytes occurring in WAT after cold acclimatization have a mixed morphology (paucilocular adipocytes). These cells also had a mixed mitochondrioma with classic "brown" and "white" mitochondria, suggesting intermediate steps in the process of direct transformation of white into brown adipocytes (transdifferentiation). Quantitative electron microscopy disclosed that cold exposure (6 degrees C for 10 days) did not induce an increase in WAT preadipocytes. beta(3)-adrenoceptor-knockout mice had a blunted brown adipocyte occurrence upon cold acclimatization. Administration of the beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 induced the occurrence of brown adipocytes, with the typical morphological features found after cold acclimatization. In contrast, administration of the beta(1)-adrenoceptor agonist xamoterol increased only the number of preadipocytes. These findings indicate that transdifferentiation depends on beta(3)-adrenoceptor activation, whereas preadipocyte recruitment is mediated by beta(1)-adrenoceptor. RT-qPCR experiments disclosed that cold exposure induced enhanced expression of the thermogenic genes and of genes expressed selectively in brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and in both interscapular BAT and WAT. beta(3)-adrenoceptor suppression blunted their expression only in WAT. Furthermore, cold acclimatization induced an increased WAT expression of the gene coding for C/EBPalpha (an antimitotic protein), whereas Ccna1 expression (related to cell proliferation) was unchanged. Overall, our data strongly suggest that the cold-induced emergence of brown adipocytes in WAT predominantly reflects beta(3)-adrenoceptor-mediated transdifferentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/cytology
- Adipocytes, Brown/physiology
- Adipocytes, Brown/ultrastructure
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/physiology
- Adipocytes, White/ultrastructure
- Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Cold Temperature
- Cyclin A1/genetics
- Cyclin A1/physiology
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ion Channels/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron
- Mitochondrial Proteins/physiology
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barbatelli
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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133
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Frontini A, Cinti S. Distribution and development of brown adipocytes in the murine and human adipose organ. Cell Metab 2010; 11:253-6. [PMID: 20374956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Murine white and brown adipocytes are found together in dissectible visceral and subcutaneous fat depots supplied by specific vessels and nerves, forming a multi-depot organ with plastic properties. Many of the anatomo-physiological features of murine fat depots apply to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Frontini
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), IT-60020 Ancona, Italy
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134
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Boiani R, Cinti S, Savage DB, Vidal-Puig A, O'Rahilly S. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue morphology in a patient with a dominant-negative mutation (P467L) in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) gene. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:e11-2. [PMID: 20153617 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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135
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Hao Q, Hansen JB, Petersen RK, Hallenborg P, Jørgensen C, Cinti S, Larsen PJ, Steffensen KR, Wang H, Collins S, Wang J, Gustafsson JA, Madsen L, Kristiansen K. ADD1/SREBP1c activates the PGC1-alpha promoter in brown adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1801:421-9. [PMID: 19962449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cold adaptation elicits a paradoxical simultaneous induction of fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation in brown adipose tissue. We show here that cold exposure coordinately induced liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 (ADD1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha) in brown and inguinal white adipose tissues, but not in epididymal white adipose tissue. Using in vitro models of white and brown adipocytes we demonstrate that beta-adrenergic stimulation induced expression of LXRalpha, ADD1/SREBP1c and PGC1alpha in cells with a brown-like adipose phenotype. We demonstrate that ADD1/SREBP1c is a powerful inducer of PGC1alpha expression via a conserved E box in the proximal promoter and that beta-adrenergic stimulation led to recruitment of ADD1/SREBP1c to this E box. The ability of ADD1/SREBP1c to activate the PGC1alpha promoter exhibited a striking cell type dependency, suggesting that additional cell type-restricted factors contribute to ADD1/SREBP1c-mediated activation. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a novel role of ADD1/SREBP1c as a regulator of PGC1alpha expression in brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hao
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
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136
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Abstract
Mammals have two types of adipocytes, white and brown, but their anatomy and physiology is different. White adipocytes store lipids, and brown adipocytes burn them to produce heat. Previous descriptions implied their localization in distinct sites, but we demonstrated that they are mixed in many depots, raising the concept of adipose organ. We explain the reason for their cohabitation with the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation; they are able to convert one into each other. If needed, the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ associates with resistance to obesity and related disorders. Another example of physiological transdifferetiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland; the pregnancy hormonal stimuli seems to trigger a reversible transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-secreting epithelial glands. The obese adipose organ is infiltrated by macrophages inducing chronic inflamation that is widely considered as a causative factor for insulin resistance. We showed that the vast majority of macrophages infiltrating the obese organ are arranged around dead adipocytes, forming characteristic crown-like structures. We recently found that visceral fat is more infiltrated than the subcutaneous fat despite a smaller size of visceral adipocytes. This suggests a different susceptibility of visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes to death, raising the concept of smaller critical death size that could be important to explain the key role of visceral fat for the metabolic disorders associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Faculty of Medicine, Univ. of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche Via Tronto 10a, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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137
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De Matteis R, Zingaretti MC, Murano I, Vitali A, Frontini A, Giannulis I, Barbatelli G, Marcucci F, Bordicchia M, Sarzani R, Raviola E, Cinti S. In Vivo Physiological Transdifferentiation of Adult Adipose Cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2761-8. [PMID: 19688834 DOI: 10.1002/stem.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita De Matteis
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), 60020-Ancona, Italy
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138
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Cinti S. Reversible physiological transdifferentiation in the adipose organ: Symposium on ‘Frontiers in adipose tissue biology’. Proc Nutr Soc 2009; 68:340-9. [PMID: 19698198 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665109990140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
All mammals are provided with two distinct adipose cells, white and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes store lipids to provide fuel to the organism, allowing intervals between meals. Brown adipocytes use lipids to produce heat. Previous descriptions have implied their localization in distinct sites of the body; however, it has been demonstrated that they are present together in many depots, which has led to the new concept of the adipose organ. In order to explain their coexistence the hypothesis of reversible physiological transdifferentiation has been developed, i.e. they are contained together because they are able to convert, one into the other. In effect, if needed the brown component of the organ could increase at the expense of the white component and vice versa. This plasticity is important because the brown phenotype of the organ is associated with resistance to obesity and its related disorders. A new example of reversible physiological transdifferentiation of adipocytes is offered by the mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation and post-lactation stages. The gravidic hormonal stimulus seems to trigger a transdifferentiation of adipocytes into milk-producing and secreting epithelial glands. In the post-lactation period some of the epithelial cells of the mammary gland seem to transdifferentiate into adipocytes. Recent unpublished results suggest that explanted adipose tissue, as well as explanted isolated mature adipocytes, is able to transdifferentiate into glands with epithelial markers of milk-secreting mammary glands. These findings, if confirmed, seem to suggest new windows into the cell biology frontiers of adipocytes.
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139
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Rubio-Cabezas O, Puri V, Murano I, Saudek V, Semple RK, Dash S, Hyden CSS, Bottomley W, Vigouroux C, Magré J, Raymond-Barker P, Murgatroyd PR, Chawla A, Skepper JN, Chatterjee VK, Suliman S, Patch AM, Agarwal AK, Garg A, Barroso I, Cinti S, Czech MP, Argente J, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Partial lipodystrophy and insulin resistant diabetes in a patient with a homozygous nonsense mutation in CIDEC. EMBO Mol Med 2009; 1:280-7. [PMID: 20049731 PMCID: PMC2891108 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.200900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophic syndromes are characterized by adipose tissue deficiency. Although rare, they are of considerable interest as they, like obesity, typically lead to ectopic lipid accumulation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistant diabetes. In this paper we describe a female patient with partial lipodystrophy (affecting limb, femorogluteal and subcutaneous abdominal fat), white adipocytes with multiloculated lipid droplets and insulin-resistant diabetes, who was found to be homozygous for a premature truncation mutation in the lipid droplet protein cell death-inducing Dffa-like effector C (CIDEC) (E186X). The truncation disrupts the highly conserved CIDE-C domain and the mutant protein is mistargeted and fails to increase the lipid droplet size in transfected cells. In mice, Cidec deficiency also reduces fat mass and induces the formation of white adipocytes with multilocular lipid droplets, but in contrast to our patient, Cidec null mice are protected against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In addition to describing a novel autosomal recessive form of familial partial lipodystrophy, these observations also suggest that CIDEC is required for unilocular lipid droplet formation and optimal energy storage in human fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Rubio-Cabezas
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsMadrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; MadridSpain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, WorcesterMA, USA
| | - Incoronata Murano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, University of AnconaAncona, Italy
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - Satya Dash
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S S Hyden
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - William Bottomley
- Metabolic Disease Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, UK
| | - Corinne Vigouroux
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S938Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Saint-AntoineParis, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Biochimie et HormonologieParis, France
| | - Jocelyne Magré
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S938Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Saint-AntoineParis, France
| | | | - Peter R Murgatroyd
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - Anil Chawla
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, WorcesterMA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- Multi-imaging Centre, Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - V Krishna Chatterjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - Sara Suliman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science (AM.P.), Peninsula Medical SchoolExeter, UK
| | - Anil K Agarwal
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, DallasTX, USA
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, DallasTX, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- Metabolic Disease Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, UK
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, University of AnconaAncona, Italy
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, WorcesterMA, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño JesúsMadrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; MadridSpain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge, UK
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140
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Mercader J, Ribot J, Murano I, Feddersen S, Cinti S, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Bonet ML, Palou A. Haploinsufficiency of the retinoblastoma protein gene reduces diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E184-93. [PMID: 19417128 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue activity dissipates energy as heat, and there is evidence that lack of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) may favor the development of the brown adipocyte phenotype in adipose cells. In this work we assessed the impact of germ line haploinsufficiency of the pRb gene (Rb) on the response to high-fat diet feeding in mice. Rb(+/-) mice had body weight and adiposity indistinguishable from that of wild-type (Rb(+/+)) littermates when maintained on a standard diet, yet they gained less body weight and body fat after long-term high-fat diet feeding coupled with reduced feed efficiency and increased rectal temperature. Rb haploinsufficiency ameliorated insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis after high-fat diet in male mice, in which these disturbances were more marked than in females. Compared with wild-type littermates, Rb(+/-) mice fed a high-fat diet displayed higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma as well as of genes involved in mitochondrial function, cAMP sensitivity, brown adipocyte determination, and tissue vascularization in white adipose tissue depots. Furthermore, Rb(+/-) mice exhibited signs of enhanced activation of brown adipose tissue and higher expression levels of PPARalpha in liver and of PPARdelta in skeletal muscle, suggestive of an increased capability for fatty acid oxidation in these tissues. These findings support a role for pRb in modulating whole body energy metabolism and the plasticity of the adipose tissues in vivo and constitute first evidence that partial deficiency in the Rb gene protects against the development of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Mercader
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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141
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Xue B, Pulinilkunnil T, Murano I, Bence KK, He H, Minokoshi Y, Asakura K, Lee A, Haj F, Furukawa N, Catalano KJ, Delibegovic M, Balschi JA, Cinti S, Neel BG, Kahn BB. Neuronal protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B deficiency results in inhibition of hypothalamic AMPK and isoform-specific activation of AMPK in peripheral tissues. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:4563-73. [PMID: 19528236 DOI: 10.1128/MCB.01914-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PTP1B(-/-) mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity due to leptin hypersensitivity and consequent increased energy expenditure. We aimed to determine the cellular mechanisms underlying this metabolic state. AMPK is an important mediator of leptin's metabolic effects. We find that alpha1 and alpha2 AMPK activity are elevated and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity is decreased in the muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT) of PTP1B(-/-) mice. The effects of PTP1B deficiency on alpha2, but not alpha1, AMPK activity in BAT and muscle are neuronally mediated, as they are present in neuron- but not muscle-specific PTP1B(-/-) mice. In addition, AMPK activity is decreased in the hypothalamic nuclei of neuronal and whole-body PTP1B(-/-) mice, accompanied by alterations in neuropeptide expression that are indicative of enhanced leptin sensitivity. Furthermore, AMPK target genes regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and energy expenditure are induced with PTP1B inhibition, resulting in increased mitochondrial content in BAT and conversion to a more oxidative muscle fiber type. Thus, neuronal PTP1B inhibition results in decreased hypothalamic AMPK activity, isoform-specific AMPK activation in peripheral tissues, and downstream gene expression changes that promote leanness and increased energy expenditure. Therefore, the mechanism by which PTP1B regulates adiposity and leptin sensitivity likely involves the coordinated regulation of AMPK in hypothalamus and peripheral tissues.
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142
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Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Olioso D, Fratta Pasini AM, Sepe A, Bosello O, Cinti S, Cominacini L, Zamboni M. In vitro aging of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes leads to altered metabolism and response to inflammation. Biogerontology 2009; 11:111-22. [PMID: 19526322 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zoico
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Ospedale Maggiore-Piazzale Stefani 1, Verona, Italy.
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143
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Istituto di Morfologia Umana Normale, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona
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144
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Kuda O, Jelenik T, Jilkova Z, Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Hensler M, Kazdova L, Ogston N, Baranowski M, Gorski J, Janovska P, Kus V, Polak J, Mohamed-ali V, Burcelin R, Cinti S, Bryhn M, Kopecky J. n-3 Fatty acids and rosiglitazone improve insulin sensitivity through additive stimulatory effects on muscle glycogen synthesis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1455-1455. [DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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145
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Zingaretti MC, Crosta F, Vitali A, Guerrieri M, Frontini A, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Cinti S. The presence of UCP1 demonstrates that metabolically active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue. FASEB J 2009; 23:3113-20. [PMID: 19417078 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-133546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classically, adult humans have been considered not to possess active brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, positron-emission-tomography has shown fluorodeoxyglucose uptake that is distributed in such a way (e.g., in the neck) that it would seem to be BAT. Until now this has not been supported by direct evidence that these areas truly represented BAT, that is, the presence of the BAT-unique uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1). Samples of adipose tissue from the neck of 35 patients undergoing surgery for thyroid diseases were obtained and analyzed. In 1/3 of the subjects (the younger and leaner), distinct islands composed of UCP1 immunoreactive brown adipocytes could clearly be discerned, accounting for up to 1/3 of all adipocytes. The brown-adipose islands were richly sympathetically innervated (indicating acute central control); adjacent white adipose areas were not. The capillary density was high, implying a high capacity for oxygen delivery. Cells with features of brown adipocyte precursors were found in pericapillary areas. These data demonstrate that human adults indeed possess BAT and thus imply possibilities of future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity, including maintenance of brown adipocytes and stimulation of the growth of preexisting brown precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Zingaretti
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Faculty of Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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146
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Kuda O, Jelenik T, Jilkova Z, Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Hensler M, Kazdova L, Ogston N, Baranowski M, Gorski J, Janovska P, Kus V, Polak J, Mohamed-Ali V, Burcelin R, Cinti S, Bryhn M, Kopecky J. n-3 fatty acids and rosiglitazone improve insulin sensitivity through additive stimulatory effects on muscle glycogen synthesis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 2009; 52:941-51. [PMID: 19277604 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Fatty acids of marine origin, i.e. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) act as hypolipidaemics, but they do not improve glycaemic control in obese and diabetic patients. Thiazolidinediones like rosiglitazone are specific activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, which improve whole-body insulin sensitivity. We hypothesised that a combined treatment with a DHA and EPA concentrate (DHA/EPA) and rosiglitazone would correct, by complementary additive mechanisms, impairments of lipid and glucose homeostasis in obesity. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a corn oil-based high-fat diet. The effects of DHA/EPA (replacing 15% dietary lipids), rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg diet) or a combination of both on body weight, adiposity, metabolic markers and adiponectin in plasma, as well as on liver and muscle gene expression and metabolism were analysed. Euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps were used to characterise the changes in insulin sensitivity. The effects of the treatments were also analysed in dietary obese mice with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESULTS DHA/EPA and rosiglitazone exerted additive effects in prevention of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, low-grade adipose tissue inflammation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, while inducing adiponectin, suppressing hepatic lipogenesis and decreasing muscle ceramide concentration. The improvement in glucose tolerance reflected a synergistic stimulatory effect of the combined treatment on muscle glycogen synthesis and its sensitivity to insulin. The combination treatment also reversed dietary obesity, dyslipidaemia and IGT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION DHA/EPA and rosiglitazone can be used as complementary therapies to counteract dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. The combination treatment may reduce dose requirements and hence the incidence of adverse side effects of thiazolidinedione therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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147
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Savage DB, Semple RK, Clatworthy MR, Lyons PA, Morgan BP, Cochran EK, Gorden P, Raymond-Barker P, Murgatroyd PR, Adams C, Scobie I, Mufti GJ, Alexander GJM, Thiru S, Murano I, Cinti S, Chaudhry AN, Smith KGC, O'Rahilly S. Complement abnormalities in acquired lipodystrophy revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:10-6. [PMID: 18854390 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous condition characterized by an inherited or acquired deficiency in the number of adipocytes required for the storage of energy as triglycerides. Acquired lipodystrophy is frequently associated with other autoimmune disorders. One well-studied form is characterized by the selective loss of upper body fat in association with activation of the alternative complement pathway by C3 nephritic factor, low complement factor C3, and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. OBJECTIVE We now describe an immunologically distinct form of acquired generalized lipodystrophy, with evidence of activation of the classical complement pathway (low C4) and autoimmune hepatitis. Patients and Research Design: Three unrelated patients with acquired lipodystrophy and low complement C4 levels are described. In vitro analysis of the complement pathway was undertaken to determine the reason for the low C4 complement levels. Biopsies were obtained from liver, bone marrow, and adipose tissue for histological analysis. RESULTS All three patients manifested near-total lipodystrophy, chronic hepatitis with autoimmune features, and low C4 complement levels. Additional autoimmune diseases, including severe hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroid disease, and polyneuropathy, were variably present. Detailed studies of complement pathways suggested constitutive classical pathway activation. CONCLUSIONS Although the previously described syndrome, which typically results in a cephalad pattern of partial lipodystrophy, results from activation of the alternative complement pathway, this form, in which lipodystrophy is generalized, is associated with activation of the classical pathway. Future therapeutic approaches to these disorders may benefit from being tailored to their distinct immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Baccini M, Bachmaier EM, Biggeri A, Boekschoten MV, Bouwman FG, Brennan L, Caesar R, Cinti S, Coort SL, Crosley K, Daniel H, Drevon CA, Duthie S, Eijssen L, Elliott RM, van Erk M, Evelo C, Gibney M, Heim C, Horgan GW, Johnson IT, Kelder T, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, van Iersel MP, Mariman EC, Mayer C, McLoughlin G, Müller M, Mulholland F, van Ommen B, Polley AC, Pujos-Guillot E, Rubio-Aliaga I, Roche HM, de Roos B, Sailer M, Tonini G, Williams LM, de Wit N; NuGO PPS Team. The NuGO proof of principle study package: a collaborative research effort of the European Nutrigenomics Organisation. Genes Nutr 2008; 3:147-51. [PMID: 19034556 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-008-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Murano I, Barbatelli G, Giordano A, Cinti S. Noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fiber branching after cold acclimatisation correlates with brown adipocyte density in mouse adipose organ. J Anat 2008; 214:171-8. [PMID: 19018882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian adipose organ is composed of subcutaneous and visceral depots containing white and brown adipocytes. Cold acclimatisation induces an increase in the brown component without affecting the overall number of adipocytes; this form of plasticity is associated to obesity and diabetes resistance in experimental models. Cold activates the drive of the sympathetic nervous system to the adipose organ, where the vast majority of nerve fibers are in fact noradrenergic. However, it is unclear whether and how such fibers are involved in the plastic changes of the adipose organ. We thus conducted a systematic study of the distribution and number of sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers in the adipose organ of mice kept at different environmental temperatures. Adult Sv129 female mice were kept at 28 degrees C or 6 degrees C for 10 days. The density of tyrosine hydroxylase (noradrenergic)-positive nerve fibers (no. of fibers per 100 adipocytes) was calculated in the subcutaneous and visceral depots of the adipose organ, and a correlation was sought between fiber density and proportion of brown adipocytes. Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive parenchymal fibers were detected in all subcutaneous and visceral depots among white as well as brown adipocytes, the mediastinal depot displaying the densest innervation. Cold acclimatisation induced a threefold increase in the total number of TH fibers in the whole organ. The proportion of brown adipocytes positively correlated with noradrenergic fiber density in the organ. Taken together, these data suggest that cold acclimatisation induces noradrenergic fiber branching in the adipose organ of adult mice, and that such changes may be a precondition for its plastic transformation into a brown phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Murano
- Institute of Normal Human Morphology, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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Frontini A, Bertolotti P, Tonello C, Valerio A, Nisoli E, Cinti S, Giordano A. Leptin-dependent STAT3 phosphorylation in postnatal mouse hypothalamus. Brain Res 2008; 1215:105-15. [PMID: 18485333 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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