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Bogucki ZA. Denture adhesives' effect on retention of prostheses in patients with xerostomia. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2018; 27:1247-1252. [PMID: 30024660 DOI: 10.17219/acem/69078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with xerostomia have difficulties using dentures. Application of denture adhesives (DAs) can improve the stabilization of prostheses. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the retention capability of complete maxillary dentures in patients with xerostomia, determined with and without the use of prosthetic DAs. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study evaluated the retention force of prostheses in a group of 60 patients diagnosed with xerostomia. Completely edentulous patients were classified into groups and all used the same kind of DAs during the study. The evaluation was performed 1, 3 and 6 h after application. RESULTS All patients had poor retention of maxillary dentures without DAs. Maxillary denture retention was much better when DAs were used. The majority of the DAs used were most effective in terms of retention after 1 h. Denture adhesives in the form of glue had the best retention in this study of patients with xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study revealed the impact of DAs on average retention forces in complete maxillary denture patients with xerostomia. Patients affected by a reduced secretion of saliva have difficulties using prosthetics. In some cases, such use becomes impossible because of a complete lack of retention. The application of DAs could be a solution in these cases. Denture adhesives in glue form had the best retention during the study for patients with xerostomia.
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Abstract
Mastication is a rhythmic activity that can be modified by peripheral information generated in the mouth. To study whether taste cognition could influence the way in which a food is broken down in the mouth, subjects masticated firm, sugar-based gelatine gels with differing concentrations of quinine, up to 1500 μmol/kg, while electromyography (EMG) of masticatory muscles was recorded. Taste intensity and composition of saliva were measured. With increasing quinine concentration, the average number of chews for nine subjects decreased from 30 to 22, and their average clearance time increased from 7 to 14 sec. Quinine concentration had no effect on chewing frequency (1.3 Hz) or on the rate of salivation (5.5 g/min). Bitterness increased, while acceptability and sweetness decreased, with increasing concentration of quinine in the gel and in saliva. Taste cognition could therefore modify food breakdown in the mouth.
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Alkhateeb AA, Mancl LA, Presland RB, Rothen ML, Chi DL. Unstimulated Saliva-Related Caries Risk Factors in Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Unstimulated Salivary Flow, pH, and Buffering Capacity. Caries Res 2016; 51:1-6. [PMID: 27846621 PMCID: PMC5337435 DOI: 10.1159/000450658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity are associated with dental caries, but studies from the cystic fibrosis (CF) literature are inconclusive regarding these salivary factors and caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate these factors and their associations with dental caries in individuals with CF. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from individuals aged 6-20 years at Seattle Children's Hospital CF Clinic, USA (n = 83). Salivary flow rate was measured in milliliters per minute. Salivary pH was assessed using a laboratory pH meter. Buffering capacity was assessed by titration with HCl. The outcome measure was caries prevalence, defined as the number of decayed, missing, or filled primary and permanent tooth surfaces. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the t test were used to test for bivariate associations. Multiple variable linear regression models were used to (1) run confounder-adjusted analyses and (2) assess for potential interactions. There was no significant association between salivary flow rate or buffering capacity and caries prevalence. There was a significant negative association between salivary pH and caries prevalence, but this association was no longer significant after adjusting for age. There was no significant interaction between salivary flow rate and buffering capacity or between antibiotic use and the 3 salivary factors. Our results indicate that unstimulated salivary factors are not associated with dental caries prevalence in individuals with CF. Future studies should investigate other potential saliva-related caries risk factors in individuals with CF such as cariogenic bacteria levels, salivary host defense peptide levels, and medication use.
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Christensen R. Rella Christensen, RDH, PhD, discusses what it takes to stop a developing carious lesion. DENTISTRY TODAY 2016; 35:14. [PMID: 27039531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Dane A, Gürbüz T. Clinical evaluation of specific oral and salivary findings of coeliac disease in eastern Turkish paediatric patients. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2016; 17:53-56. [PMID: 26949240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate enamel defects (EDs), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and salivary findings in Eastern Turkish children with coeliac disease (CD), and to compare the results with healthy children. STUDY DESIGN 70 children (35 CD patients and 35 healthy patients) aged between 5 to 15 years were included in this study. Intraoral examination was performed; saliva specimens were collected for analysis. Oral health conditions, tooth brushing frequency, saliva pH level, flow rate and buffering capacity were recorded. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of DMFT and dft index. Chi-squared test was used for the data of oral health status. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS EDs were seen in 54.3% (19 patients) of the CD patients and more frequently than the controls (p < 0.05). Regarding RAS, 31.4% (11 patients) of the CD patients and none of control group had aphthous ulcers (p < 0.05). Salivary flow rate and buffering capacity were lower in CD patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The oral examination could be a significant contribution to the detection of CD. Especially paediatric dentists can play an important role in the early diagnosis and may help paediatricians about CD.
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da Silva Modesto KB, de Godói Simões JB, de Souza AF, Damaceno N, Duarte DA, Leite MF, de Almeida ER. Salivary flow rate and biochemical composition analysis in stimulated whole saliva of children with cystic fibrosis. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1650-4. [PMID: 26351748 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is recognized that cystic fibrosis (CF) patients present a risk for oral diseases, since it affects exocrine glands, and the treatment consists of a carbohydrate-rich diet. Recognizing the protective function of saliva on maintaining oral health, the aim of the study was to evaluate salivary parameters in stimulated whole saliva from children with CF. METHODS A case-control study was conducted comparing stimulated whole saliva of healthy (n=28; control group) and CF children (n=21; experimental group). Salivary flow rate, initial pH, buffer capacity (total and in each range of pH), total protein and sialic acid (total, free, and conjugated) concentration, α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities were evaluated. Data were compared by two-tailed Student t test (95% CI; p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS CF patients presented a significant reduction in salivary parameters compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05): salivary flow rate (36%), buffer capacity (pH range from 6.9 to 6.0), sialic acid concentration (total 75%, free 61%, and conjugated 83%); α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities (55%). Additionally, a significant increase in total protein concentration (180%) of stimulated whole saliva from CF patients was verified compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Children with CF presented significant changes in salivary composition, including salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and protective proteins of the oral cavity, compared with children without CF.
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Chu CH, Ng A, Chau AMH, Lo ECM. Oral health status of elderly chinese with dementia in Hong Kong. ORAL HEALTH & PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY 2015; 13:51-7. [PMID: 25019106 DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a32343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare toothbrushing habits, unstimulated salivary flow rates and oral health status of elderly Hong Kong Chinese with and without dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample size calculation was performed and a sample of 82 elderly Chinese with dementia were invited who were aged 60 or above, fit for periodontal assessment with probing and attended day-care centres. Age- and gender-matched generally healthy people without dementia were recruited as controls. Toothbrushing practices were recorded using a questionnaire. Additionally, unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured. Caries experience and periodontal status were assessed through clinical examination by the DMFT index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI), respectively. RESULTS Fifty-nine people with dementia and 59 age- and gender-matched generally healthy controls were recruited. Their mean age was 80 (SD = 7). Compared with the individuals in the control group, fewer people with dementia performed toothbrushing twice daily (31% vs 5%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, their unstimulated salivary flow rate was lower than that of the control group (0.30 ml/min vs 0.41 ml/min; P = 0.043). Their caries experience in mean DMFT (± SD) was similar to the control group (22.3 ± 8.2 vs 21.5 ± 8.2, P = 0.59). There was also no significant difference in the prevalence of periodontal pockets (CPI ≥ 3) between the two groups (78% vs 74%, P = 0.64). CONCLUSION Compared to those without dementia, fewer elderly Chinese with dementia practiced toothbrushing twice daily. Although their resting salivary secretion was reduced, their caries experience and prevalence of advanced periodontal disease were not significantly different from those without dementia.
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Moosajee S, Rafique S, Daly B. Dental Management of Patients with Dementia in Primary Dental Care. Prim Dent J 2015; 4:55-60. [PMID: 26556259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is an umbrella term for a set of symptoms that include memory loss, changes in mood and problems with reasoning, attention and communication. It is a progressive condition and there is ample evidence that oral health declines as the severity of dementia increases. Most of this decline is attributable to the effects of cognitive impairment on oral hygiene capability and/or acceptance of help from others in supporting oral hygiene. Factors such as altered salivary flow, taste change, use of high-energy food supplements and syrup-based medications also contribute to the risk of oral and dental diseases. In its role as part of the wider health and social care network, the primary dental care team can make an important contribution to securing the oral health of people living with dementia.
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Stein L, Pettersen KS, Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Development and validation of an instrument to assess oral health literacy in Norwegian adult dental patients. Acta Odontol Scand 2015; 73:530-8. [PMID: 25652174 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1007477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an interview instrument to assess oral health literacy in Norwegian adult dental patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The instrument, Adult Health Literacy Instrument for Dentistry (AHLID), was based on an OECD instrument used to assess general literacy in adults. One hundred and thirty Norwegian adults (mean age = 48 years; 57% women) participated. AHLID included a selection of oral health-related printed texts that ranged from 1-5 with respect to difficulty. A questionnaire regarding socio-demographic variables and knowledge of risk factors for oral disease was used. DMFT, stimulated salivary flow rate and streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus in saliva was also examined. RESULTS The Cronbach's alpha values of AHLID were 0.98 for internal consistency reliability (p < 0.01) and 0.81 for test-re-test reliability (p < 0.05). AHLID score 3 was most frequent while very few fulfilled the criteria for score 1 and 5. Linear multiple regression analysis showed that lactobacillus in saliva and knowledge of risk factors for periodontitis and caries were predictor variables of AHLID score. CONCLUSIONS AHLID appears to be reliable and valid to assess oral health literacy in Norwegian adults and suggests a method for country-specific health literacy instruments.
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Mummolo S, Tieri M, Tecco S, Mattei A, Albani F, Giuca MR, Marzo G. Clinical evaluation of salivary indices and levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in patients treated with Occlus-o-Guide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2014; 15:367-370. [PMID: 25517581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the changes over time associated with salivary indices and the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in patients treated with Occlus-o-Guide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of patients were evaluated: a test group of 20 patients treated with Occlus-o-Guide and a control group of 20 patients not subjected to orthodontic treatment. Both groups were homogeneous for age and sex. We examined the levels of S. Mutans and Lactobacillus, the salivary flow, the buffer capacity of saliva and the Sillness and Loe plaque index (PI). The samples were taken at baseline (T0), after 3 months (T1) and after 6 months of treatment (T2). All data were compared using Student's t test. RESULTS The percentage of patients with a level of Streptococcus mutans able to cause caries was decreased in the test group (T0 = 10%, T1 = %, T2 = 0%) compared to the control group (T0 = 0%, T1 = 5%, T2 = 35%), whereas the amount of Lactobacilli was different (test group T0 = 15%, T1 = 0%, T2 = 10%; control group T0 = 0%, T1 = 5%, T2 = 35%). The total salivary flow was increased in the test group (T0 = 47, T1 = 61, T2 = 61) compared to the control group, in which it had remained almost constant (T0 = 44, T1 = 45, T2 = 45). The buffer capacity of saliva was unchanged in both groups over time; the sum of PI-plaque indices was reduced in the test group (T0 = 3, T1 = 0, T2 = 2) compared to the control group (T0 = 0, T1 = 14, T2 = 27). CONCLUSION Despite the presence of the Occlus-o-Guide device, patients are able to maintain a good level of oral hygiene, showing improvements of the examinated parameters at follow-ups.
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Ueno M, Takeuchi S, Takehara S, Kawaguchi Y. Saliva viscosity as a potential risk factor for oral malodor. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:1005-9. [PMID: 25115949 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.938115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess whether saliva viscosity, measured by a viscometer, was a predictor of oral malodor. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were 617 patients who visited an oral malodor clinic. The organoleptic test (OT) was used for diagnosis of oral malodor. An oral examination assessed the numbers of teeth present and decayed teeth as well as the presence or absence of dentures. Further, periodontal pocket depths (PD), gingival bleeding, dental plaque and tongue coating were investigated. Unstimulated saliva were collected for 5 min. Saliva viscosity was measured with a viscometer. Logistic regression analysis with oral malodor status by OT as a dependent variable was performed. Possible confounders including age, gender, number of teeth present, number of decayed teeth, number of teeth with PD ≥ 4 mm, number of teeth with bleeding on probing, presence or absence of dentures, plaque index, area of tongue coating, saliva flow rate, saliva pH and saliva viscosity were used as independent variables. RESULTS Saliva viscosity (p = 0.047) along with the number of teeth with PD ≥4 mm (p = 0.001), plaque index (p = 0.037) and area of tongue coating (p < 0.001) were significant variables for oral malodor. Subjects with a higher number of teeth with PD ≥ 4 mm (OR = 1.32), plaque index (OR = 2.13), area of tongue coating (OR = 3.17) and saliva viscosity (OR = 1.10) were more likely to have oral malodor compared to those with lower values. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that high saliva viscosity could be a potential risk factor for oral malodor.
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Chen MS, Strömberg E, Vogel GL, Sandborgh-Englund G. A randomized controlled trial: the efficacy of eluoride rinse combined with calcium pre-rinse to increase overnight salivary fluoride. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:557-60. [PMID: 24304291 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.859729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that a calcium (Ca) pre-rinse given before a 228 ppm fluoride (F) rinse greatly increased salivary fluoride. Objectives. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to examine if Ca pre-rinse could increase the fluoride concentration in the overnight unstimulated saliva after a 905 ppm F-rinse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pre-rinses containing 150 mM, 75 mM or 0 mM Ca-lactate prepared by a validated pharmaceutical cGPM procedure were tested by nine subjects in a randomized order immediately followed by a 905 ppm F-rinse. The fluoride concentration was measured in unstimulated saliva collected 10 h later. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The Ca pre-treatment significantly increased F level in overnight saliva following the 905 ppm fluoride rinse by 1.7× relative to the 905 ppm F-rinse alone; however, a significant effect was only observed with the highest (150 mM) Ca concentration as pre-rinse. Clinical relevance. High concentration F rinses (905 ppm) are commonly recommended for patients at high-risk of caries. A pre-treatment with high levels of Ca may further improve the cariostatic effect of this ion.
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Ortu E, Sgolastra F, Barone A, Gatto R, Marzo G, Monaco A. Salivary Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus spp. levels in patients during rapid palatal expansion. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2014; 15:271-274. [PMID: 25306143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the microbial level of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus spp. during rapid palatal expansion, and compare the data with untreated control patients. STUDY DESIGN Thirty patients aged between 6-9 years were enrolled in this study (15 males and 15 females). The patients were divided into three groups: 10 patients were treated with rapid palatal expander (RPE) (Test Group 1), 10 patients were treated with Mc Namara expander, and 10 patients were enrolled in the control untreated group. Whole stimulated saliva was collected from each patient at three time points: before initiation of expansion therapy (baseline at T0), after 3 months (T1), after initiation of treatment, and after 6 months from T0 (T2). The protocol of rapid palatal expansion for the two groups was as follows: at placement of the expander 4 activations were performed by the orthodontist (1 mm expansion), followed by 4 activations per day by the parents (two in the morning and two in the evening, 1 mm per day total) to be repeated for 7 days. RESULTS Statistics: In this study a different trend in the microbial colonisation for the two treated groups was observed. In the Test Group 1, in which patients were treated with the RPE, there was a significant difference between Strp T0 T1 and between Strp T0 and T2 (p< 0.05). There was also a significant difference between LAC T1 T0 and LAC T2 and T0 (p<0.05). In the Test Group 2, treated with McNamara expanders, it was found was a significant difference between LAC T2 T0 and LAC T1 T0. In the same group it was also found a significant difference between Strp T2 T0; T1 T0; T1 T2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The level of the various species of bacteria changes during rapid palatal expansion, and this seems to depend on the type of orthodontic expander. During rapid palatal expansion treatment it is also advisable a periodical microbial monitoring using in-office bacteria tests.
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de Alencar CRB, Magalhães AC, de Andrade Moreira Machado MA, de Oliveira TM, Honório HM, Rios D. In situ effect of a commercial CPP-ACP chewing gum on the human enamel initial erosion. J Dent 2014; 42:1502-7. [PMID: 25174948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the in situ rehardening effect of a commercial chewing gum containing casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on initial erosion lesions. METHODS Seventy-two human enamel blocks, after selection (initial surface hardness - SHi) and in vitro short-term acidic exposure (cola drink for 3 min - SHd) were randomly assigned to three groups. The factors under study were treatment (3 levels: GI chewing gum with CPP-ACP, GII chewing gum without CPP-ACP and GIII control group without gum) and intraoral period (2 levels: 2 and 24h). Twelve volunteers wore intraoral palatal devices for 24h in 3 crossover phases. On each phase, after 2h the surface hardness was assessed (SHf1) and the blocks were reinserted and the devices were used for additional 22 h (SHf2). In phases of GI and GII volunteers chewed the respective gum during 30 min, for 4 times with an interval of 4h. Percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) was calculated after 2 and 24 h. The data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Chewing gum with CPP-ACP (2h=50.0%<24h=95.9%) showed higher hardness recovery than chewing gum without CPP-ACP (2h=30.0%<24 h=71.1%) and control (2 h=15.7%<24 h=40.9%) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that saliva increased hardness of softened enamel after the use of conventional chewing gum (GII) and this effect was enhanced by the prolonged intraoral period (24 h) and by the use of CPP-ACP chewing gum (GI). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Since chewing gum is an alternative to enhance salivary defenses after erosive challenges, CPP-ACP chewing gum might be a supplementary strategy to potentiate the mineral precipitation of initial erosion lesions.
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D’Ercole S, Martinelli D, Tripodi D. Influence of sport mouthguards on the ecological factors of the children oral cavity. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:97. [PMID: 25091394 PMCID: PMC4146445 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of fixed and/or removable dental devices is an attributable factor that may affect the oral cavity homeostasis. The aim of this study was to monitor the oral environmental changes caused by dental devices, as sports mouthguards with the aid of a chair-side test. METHODS Sixty children with sports-mouthguards were analyzed at baseline (T0), after 6 months of dental devices use (T1), after a year (T2) and after almost 6 months without using it (T3). At T0, a clinical monitoring was performed and the DMFT index was recorded. At each time of observation, the following parameters were recorded: FMPS, FMBS, unstimulated-flow rate, saliva consistency, resting pH, stimulated saliva, buffer capacity, the CFU/ml of Streptococcus mutans. RESULTS In 60 subjects, mean age 9.9 ± 1.2, mean value of DMFT 1.55 ± 1.29,dmf-t 3.43 ± 1.21, FMPS and FMBS values increased significantly at T2. The values of unstimulated flow rate vary significantly within the observation times. The pH value and the buffering capacity reduced significantly at T2. The tests for the detection of S. mutans were negative in all the subjects in several observation times. All patients regularly used fluoridated toothpaste and comply with normal standards of oral hygiene; but over time the patients lost their initial motivation. CONCLUSIONS Sport treatment with dental devices dues to changes in oral ecological factors: increases FMPS, FMBS and reduces the buffering capacity and the salivary pH. The use of removable devices increases the retentive plaque surfaces and inhibits the protective effect of saliva.The so-called "chair-side" tests were able to easily monitor patients and to determine the risk of oral disease during sport treatment.
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de Souza TR, de Albuquerque Tavares Carvalho A, Duarte ÂP, Porter SR, Leão JC, Gueiros LA. Th1 and Th2 polymorphisms in Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:418-26. [PMID: 24393164 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by T-cell infiltration of exocrine glands leading to parenchymal destruction and impaired glandular function. This process is orchestrated by cytokines, whose secretion can be regulated by genetic polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of interleukin-6 -174G/C, interleukin-10 -1082G/A, tumor necrosis factor-α -308G/A, interferon-γ +874A/T gene polymorphisms in (RA) and secondary Sjögren's syndrome (sSS). A study sample that comprised of 138 Brazilian patients was divided into three groups: RA (n = 66), sSS (n = 20), and healthy controls - C (n = 52). Patients were subjected to Schirmer's test, unstimulated salivary flow rate, biopsy of minor salivary glands, and serological tests for diagnosing SS. Genomic DNA was obtained from saliva samples and submitted to genotyping. The association between genotypes/alelle frequency and SS susceptibility was tested, as well as their association with clinical features of SS. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα)-308GA polymorphisms differed significantly between AR, SS, and C patients (P = 0.008). IL-6 overall G carriers and TNFα A carriers had a higher risk of presenting SS (P = 0.021). IL-6 polymorphism distribution was also distinctive regarding lymphocytic infiltration at the minor salivary glands (P = 0.026) and Schirmer's test (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-6 -174GC and TNFα-308GA gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to SS. Additionally, IL-6 polymorphism could influence lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and diminish lachrymal gland function.
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Vasaghi-Gharamaleki B, Mirzaii-Dizgah I. Unstimulated whole saliva cortisol levels during Ramadan in Iranian Muslims. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:341-344. [PMID: 25307818 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ramadan is a great opportunity for scientific research due to its peculiar nature. This study was designed to investigate whether morning saliva cortisol pick can change during and after Ramadan compared to before it. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 healthy volunteer men (aged between 30 and 76 years) were asked to participate in a cross-sectional study between August 12 and September 10, 2010. Saliva was collected 2 weeks before the beginning of Ramadan (BR), during the first week (R1), middle (R2), the last week (R3) of Ramadan and 3 weeks after Ramadan (AR). Cortisol concentration was analyzed by ELISA. Statistical analysis of one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. RESULTS The mean unstimulated saliva cortisol concentration and its output were significantly higher in the BR than during and after Ramadan. CONCLUSION Mean saliva cortisol concentration and its output tended to be lower during and 3 weeks after Ramadan. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Cortisol as a stress hormone seems to be low during Ramadan.
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Abbate GM, Borghi D, Passi A, Levrini L. Correlation between unstimulated salivary flow, pH and streptococcus mutans, analysed with real time PCR, in caries-free and caries-active children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2014; 15:51-54. [PMID: 24745593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate the correlations between unstimulated salivary flow, pH and level of S. mutans, analysed through real time PCR, in caries-free and caries-active children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty healthy children were divided into 2 groups: test group (DMFT/dmft ≥ 3 and at least 1 active caries lesion) and control group (DMFT/dmft=0). Un-stimulated saliva was collected, pH was measured and S. mutans and total bacterial amount were evaluated with real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Unstimulated salivary flow in the test group was significantly lower (p = 0.0269) compared to group control. The level of S. mutans was higher in the test group (p = 0.176), and an inverse correlation was recorded between total bacterial amount and un-stimulated salivary flow (p = 0.063). In the control group a positive relationship was found between total bacterial amount and S. mutans (p = 0.045) and an inverse correlation between pH and S. mutans (p = 0.088). A t-test and a linear regression analysis were performed. CONCLUSION A higher salivary flow and an increased salivary pH seem to represent protective factors against caries in children, while high levels of S. mutans are correlated with caries active lesions. Caries risk assessment should be performed considering all parameters involved in the development of the disease.
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Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Yamamoto Y, Furukita Y, Tangoku A. Alteration of the oral environment in patients undergoing esophagectomy during the perioperative period. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21:183-9. [PMID: 23739864 PMCID: PMC3881879 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757201302338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the perioperative period, oral ingestion is changed considerably in esophagectomy patients. The aim of this study was to investigate oral environment modifications in patients undergoing esophageal cancer treatments due to changes in dietary intake and swallowing functions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty patients who underwent operation for removal of esophageal cancer in Tokushima University Hospital were enrolled in this study. RESULTS It was found that 1) the flow rate of resting saliva decreased significantly at postoperative period by deprived feeding for one week, although it did not recover several days after oral ingestion began, 2) the accumulation of dental plaque and the number of mutans streptococci in saliva decreased significantly after operation, while both increased relatively quick when oral ingestion began, and 3) the swallowing function decreased significantly in the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dental professionals should emphasize the importance of oral health care and provide instructions on plaque control to patients during the perioperative period of esophageal cancer treatment.
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Areias C, Sampaio-Maia B, Macho V, Leal I, Melo P, de Andrade C. Does the chemistry in the saliva of Down syndrome children explain their low caries prevalence? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2013; 14:23-26. [PMID: 23597215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study focuses on the relationship between dental caries and saliva components such as phosphate, calcium, potassium, chloride as well as α-amylase in children with Down syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five Caucasian sibling pairs, with the mean age of 13±4 years compose the final sample. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from DS children and their siblings and an automatic analyser quantified the biochemical parameters. RESULTS Down syndrome children presented lower caries rates. The salivary concentration of calcium, phosphate, potassium and chloride did not differ between DS and sibling children. In respect to α-amylases, the absolute salivary concentration as well as salivary secretion rate was similar between DS and sibling controls. CONCLUSION In conclusion, no correlation between dental caries and salivary ionic composition as well as α-amylase secretion rate was found in DS children.
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Voelker MA, Simmer-Beck M, Cole M, Keeven E, Tira D. Preliminary findings on the correlation of saliva pH, buffering capacity, flow, Consistency and Streptococcus mutans in relation to cigarette smoking. JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE : JDH 2013; 87:30-37. [PMID: 23433696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the relationship of caries risk, salivary buffering capacity, salivary pH, salivary quality (flow, consistency) and levels of Streptococcus mutans in relation to cigarette smoking. METHODS This clinical trial consisted of 53 volunteer patients receiving care in a university based dental hygiene clinic. Participants completed a questionnaire specific to their social history in regards to tobacco use, oral health and dietary history. Measurements of unstimulated saliva were collected followed by collection of stimulated saliva samples. These samples were used to measure salivary pH, buffering capacity and Streptococcus mutans levels. RESULTS The subject's smoking status was significantly associated with caries risk (p= 0.001), with 25% of the variability of caries risk attributed to smoking. The smoking status was significantly associated with buffering capacity (p=0.025), with 9% of the variability of buffering status attributed to the smoking. Associations between smoking status and salivary pH were not statistically significant. The subject's caries risk was significantly associated with buffering capacity (p= 0.001), with 25% of the variability of caries risk attributed to the buffering capacity. The subject's caries risk was significantly associated with salivary pH (p= 0.031), with 9% of the variability of caries risk attributed to the salivary pH. The Streptococcus mutans test showed no statistical significance (p>0.05) possibly due to the number and low variance in the subjects. CONCLUSION A relationship between caries risk and smoking, buffering capacity and smoking, and stimulated salivary pH and smoking were concluded. No significance difference (p>0.05) between caries risk and salivary pH, salivary quality and smoking, S. mutans and smoking were noted from the preliminary results.
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Brand HS, Ouzzine R, Bots CP. [Saliva substitutes not very popular in patients with Sjogren Syndrome]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2013; 120:4. [PMID: 23413583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is one of the most common autoimmune rheumatic diseases, clinically characterized by xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. We investigated the following controversial topics: (i) Do we have reliable ways of assessing saliva production? (ii) How important are the quantity and quality of saliva? (iii) Are only anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La relevant for the diagnosis of SjS? (iv) Are the American-European Consensus criteria (AECC) the best way to diagnose SjS? Results from literature searches suggested the following: (i) Despite the fact that numerous tests are available to assess salivation rates, direct comparisons among them are scarce with little evidence to suggest one best test. (ii) Recent developments highlight the importance of investigating the composition of saliva. However, more research is needed to standardize the methods of analysis and collection and refine the quality of the accumulating data. (iii) In addition to anti-Ro/La autoantibodies, anti α-fodrin IgA and anti-MR3 autoantibodies seem to be promising diagnostic markers of SjS, but more studies are warranted to test their sensitivity and specificity. (iv) AECC are classification, not diagnostic criteria. Moreover, recent innovations have not been incorporated into these criteria. Consequently, treatment directed to patients diagnosed using the AECC might exclude a significant proportion of patients with SjS.
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Zwier N, Huysmans MCDNJM, Jager DHJ, Ruben J, Bronkhorst EM, Truin GJ. Saliva Parameters and Erosive Wear in Adolescents. Caries Res 2013; 47:548-52. [PMID: 23774653 DOI: 10.1159/000350361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hallett KB, O'Rourke PK. Baseline dental plaque activity, mutans streptococci culture, and future caries experience in children. Pediatr Dent 2013; 35:523-528. [PMID: 24553276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate a chairside caries risk assessment protocol utilizing a caries prediction instrument, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activity in dental plaque, mutans streptococci (MS) culture, and routine dental examination in five- to 10-year-old children at two regional Australian schools with high caries experience. METHODS Clinical indicators for future caries were assessed at baseline examination using a standardized prediction instrument. Plaque ATP activity was measured directly in relative light units (RLU) using a bioluminescence meter, and MS culture data were recorded. Each child's dentition was examined clinically and radiographically, and caries experience was recorded using enamel white spot lesions and decayed, missing, and filled surfaces for primary and permanent teeth indices. Univariate one-way analysis of variance between selected clinical indicators, ATP activity, MS count at baseline, and future new caries activity was performed, and a generalized linear model for prediction of new caries activity at 24 months was constructed. RESULTS Future new caries activity was significantly associated with the presence of visible cavitations, reduced saliva flow, and orthodontic appliances at baseline (R(2)=0.2, P<.001). CONCLUSION Baseline plaque adenosine triphosphate activity and mutans streptococci counts were not significantly associated with caries activity at 24 months.
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Vissink A. [Saliva substitutes not very popular in patients with Sjogren Syndrome]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2013; 120:4. [PMID: 23413584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Pradhan D, Jain D, Gulati A, Kolhe SJ, Baad R, Rao BS. Effect of the presence of dental plaque on oral sugar clearance and salivary pH: an in vivo study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012; 13:753-755. [PMID: 23403997 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fermentable carbohydrates and microorganisms in the plaque play a significant role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral clearance of sugars and salivary pH is affected by the presence of plaque. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to study the effect of the presence of plaque on the salivary clearance of sucrose and on salivary pH. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design was of a randomized controlled parallel group clinical trial and included two groups: The control group and plaque group, as follows: Control group--subjects without plaque and plaque group--subjects with plaque. Salivary sucrose determination was done by using the anthrone technique. A digital pH meter estimated the salivary pH. The Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the intergroup differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for analysis. RESULTS The salivary sucrose clearance time was increased by presence of plaque. CONCLUSION The presence of plaque led to increased salivary sucrose concentrations and increased the salivary sucrose clearance time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dental caries is the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrates, saliva and cariogenic potential of the dental plaque. Caries occur preferentially in the dentition sites characterized by high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effect.
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Kanaguchi N, Narisawa N, Ito T, Kinoshita Y, Kusumoto Y, Shinozuka O, Senpuku H. Effects of salivary protein flow and indigenous microorganisms on initial colonization of Candida albicans in an in vivo model. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:36. [PMID: 22937882 PMCID: PMC3497864 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that is part of the commensal microbial flora of the oral cavity. When the host immune defenses are impaired or when the normal microbial flora is disturbed, C. albicans triggers recurrent infections of the oral mucosa and tongue. Recently, we produced NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- mice that show hyposalivation, decrease of salivary protein flow, lack IgA and IgG in saliva, and have decreased NK cells. Our objective was to characterize C. albicans infection and biofilm formation in mice. METHODS NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- mice were used as an animal model for C. albicans infection. C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms solutions were introduced in the oral cavity after disinfection by Chlorhexidine. RESULTS The numbers of C. albicans colonized and decreased in a time-dependent manner in NOD/SCID.e2f1+/+ after inoculation. However, the colonization levels were higher in NOD/SCID.e2f1+/+ than NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- mice. In the mice fed 1% sucrose water before inoculation, C. albicans sample was highly contaminated by indigenous microorganisms in the oral cavity; and was not in the mice fed no sucrose water. The colonization of C. albicans was not influenced by the contamination of indigenous microorganisms. The hyphal form of C. albicans restricted the restoration of indigenous microorganisms. The decreased saliva in NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- did not increase the colonization of C. albicans in comparison to NOD/SCID.e2f1+/+ mice. We suggest that the receptor in saliva to C. albicans may not be sufficiently provided in the oral cavity of NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- mice. CONCLUSION The saliva protein flow may be very important for C. albicans initial colonization, where the indigenous microorganisms do not affect colonization in the oral cavity.
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Tayab T, Rai K, Kumari AV. Evaluating the physicochemical properties and inorganic elements of saliva in caries-free and caries-active children. An in vivo study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2012; 13:107-112. [PMID: 22762171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED AIM The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the physicochemical properties of saliva, such as salivary flow rate, volume, pH and buffer capacity and the levels of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphate ions in caries-free and caries-active children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included 100 healthy children aged 7-12 years belonging to a rural population from Thiruvallur district (in Chennai, India), who were divided into Group 1 caries-free and Group 2 caries-active children, of 50 children each. Unstimulated saliva was collected by draining method and flow rate and volume were determined. The samples were then analysed for pH and buffering capacity using a manual pH meter. Sodium, potassium, and calcium concentration were analysed by Flame Photometer. Phosphates were analysed by Fiske and Subbarow's colorimetric method. Data were then statistically analysed using the Student's t-test (unpaired). RESULTS The results revealed that when all these parameters were compared among the caries-free and caries-active children, the flow rate, volume, pH and buffering capacity were slightly reduced in the caries-active group and this was statistically significant, whereas the calcium, potassium and sodium concentrations were increased in the caries-free group in a statistically significant manner. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of this study, we can conclude that alterations in the physicochemical properties of saliva such as increased salivary flow rate, volume, calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations play a major role in the development of resistance to caries.
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Saeves R, Espelid I, Storhaug K, Sandvik L, Nordgarden H. Severe tooth wear in Prader-Willi syndrome. A case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:12. [PMID: 22639910 PMCID: PMC3437195 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multsystemic genetic disorder characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia, endocrine disturbances, hyperphagia and obesity, mild mental retardation, learning disabilities, facial dysmorphology and oral abnormalities. The purpose of the present study was to explore the prevalence of tooth wear and possible risk factors in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. METHODS Forty-nine individuals (6-40 years) with PWS and an age- and sex-matched control group were included. Tooth wear was evaluated from dental casts and intraoral photographs and rated by four examiners using the Visual Erosion Dental Examination (VEDE) scoring system and the individual tooth wear index IA. In accordance with the VEDE scoring system, tooth wear was also evaluated clinically. Whole saliva was collected. RESULTS Mean VEDE score was 1.70 ± 1.44 in the PWS group and 0.46 ± 0.36 in the control group (p < 0.001). Median IA was 7.50 (2.60-30.70) in the PWS group and 2.60 (0.90-4.70) among controls (p < 0.001). In the PWS group tooth wear correlated significantly with age (VEDE; r = 0.79, p < 0.001, IA; r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and saliva secretion (VEDE; r = 0.46, p = 0.001, IA; r = 0.43, p = 0.002). Tooth grinding was also associated with tooth wear in the PWS group, as indicated by the mean VEDE 2.67 ± 1.62 in grinders and 1.14 ± 0.97 in non-grinders (p = 0.001) and median IA values 25.70 (5.48-68.55) in grinders and 5.70 (1.60-9.10) in non-grinders (p = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with tooth wear as the dependent variable and PWS (yes/no), age, tooth grinding and saliva secretion as independent variables. PWS (yes/no), age and tooth grinding retained a significant association with tooth wear, VEDE (p < 0.001) and log IA (p < 0.001). The only factor significantly associated with tooth wear in the control group was age. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that tooth wear, in terms of both erosion and attrition, is a severe problem in Prader-Willi syndrome. There is therefore considerable need for prosthodontic rehabilitation in young adults with PWS.
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Samnieng P, Ueno M, Shinada K, Zaitsu T, Wright FAC, Kawaguchi Y. Association of hyposalivation with oral function, nutrition and oral health in community-dwelling elderly Thai. COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH 2012; 29:117-123. [PMID: 22482262 DOI: 10.1922/cdh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was to analyze the association of hyposalivation with oral function, nutritional status and oral health in community-dwelling elderly Thai. METHOD The subjects were 612 elderly people (mean age = 68.8, SD 5.9 years). Oral function (tasting, speaking, swallowing and chewing) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) were evaluated. Oral examination investigated teeth and periodontal status. Both unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva were collected for 5 minutes. RESULTS Among all subjects, 14.4 % were classified within the hyposalivation. Hyposalivation was associated with gender, systemic disease, medication, and smoking. Subjects within the hyposalivation group had a higher number of decayed teeth and a higher prevalence of periodontitis than the normal salivation group (p < 0.05). The hyposalivation group also had a lower number of teeth present and a lower mean MNA score than the normal salivation group (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that hyposalivation in both dentate and edentulous subjects was significantly associated with tasting, speaking, swallowing and chewing. CONCLUSION This study suggested that hyposalivation is a risk factor not only for dental caries and periodontal disease but also for taste disturbances, speaking problems, swallowing problems, poor chewing ability and malnutrition. Monitoring salivary flow is an important measure in the care of older people.
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Saerah NB, Mastura N, bin Ismail AR, Sadiq MA. Associated factors of tooth wear among Malaysian 16-year-olds: a case-control study in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH 2012; 29:33-38. [PMID: 22482247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the associated factors of tooth wear (TW) among 16-year-old school children. METHOD AND MATERIALS A random selection of secondary school children from 8 government secondary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, participated in this case-control study. The Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index and WHO criteria were used to chart tooth wear and dental caries respectively. Saliva analyses used standards recommended by GC Asia Dental. Self-administered questionnaire provided socio-demographic profile of the family, general knowledge of tooth wear, oral hygiene, food and drinks practices and other associated variables for tooth wear. Analysis using multiple logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Of the 576 children sampled, 40% of the 460 controls were male as were 57% of the 116 in the case group. Multivariate analysis showed gender, monthly household income, carbonated drinks, caries experience, pool swimming, duration of intake of orange juice and hydration rate and viscosity were significantly associated with wear. CONCLUSION The factors associated with tooth wear were similar to those encountered in other studies. Oral health promotion activities should emphasise those factors which can be changed. The erosive potential of some foods and drinks require further investigation.
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Chu CH, Yeung CMK, Lai IA, Leung WK, Mok MY. Oral health of Chinese people with systemic sclerosis. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 15:931-9. [PMID: 20938795 PMCID: PMC3212684 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study oral health status, salivary function, and oral features of Chinese people with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Chinese people with SSc attending a university specialist clinic were invited for a questionnaire survey and a clinical examination. Ethics approval was sought (UW 08-305). Gender- and age-matched individuals without SSc who attended a university dental hospital were recruited for comparison. Forty-two SSc patients with a mean age of 54.0 ± 12.2 were examined. This study found no Chinese people with systemic sclerosis were periodontally healthy and many (76%) had periodontal pockets despite most of them (93%) practiced daily tooth-brushing. They all had caries experience (DMFT = 10.5) and many (65%) had untreated decay. Mucosal telangiectasia was a common oral feature (80%). They had lower resting salivary flow rates (0.18 ± 0.17 ml/min vs. 0.31 ± 0.21 ml/min; p = 0.003) and pH values (6.90 ± 0.40 vs. 7.28 ± 0.31; p < 0.001) and reduced maximal mouth opening (40.1 ± 6.5 mm vs. 43.6 ± 7.0 mm) than people without SSc.
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Singh M, Tonk RS. Diagnosis and treatment of dry mouth. GENERAL DENTISTRY 2011; 59:e230-e232. [PMID: 22313928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For effective management of dry mouth, early diagnosis and aggressive, symptom-based treatment are necessary to help alleviate much of the discomfort and to retard progression of the disorder. Many effective strategies are available to help patients manage their symptoms. Routine follow-up care with physicians and dentists is essential. With early intervention and proper individualized care, people with dry mouth should be able to lead full and comfortable lives.
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Noce CW, Gomes A, Copello A, Barbosa RD, Sant'anna S, Moreira MCR, Correa MEP, Maiolino A, Torres SR. Oral involvement of chronic graft-versus-host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. GENERAL DENTISTRY 2011; 59:458-464. [PMID: 22313917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Oral manifestations are common in patients who are diagnosed with chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD). These manifestations can present as oral mucosal lesions, salivary gland dysfunction, or reduction of the mouth opening due to cutaneous sclerosis. Although several studies have reported the prevalence of oral involvement in cGVHD, few have reported details of different types and severity of oral lesions of cGVHD, according to the NIH. Furthermore, the authors are aware of only one published study concerning oral manifestations of cGVHD in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of oral involvement of cGVHD. Oral evaluation of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients was conducted on 22 patients (12 men and 10 women) from December 2007 to May 2009. The following categories were assessed: Age, gender, underlying disease, time postHSCT, history of GVHD, therapy for GVHD, oral lesions, xerostomia, resting salivary flow rate, and mouth opening. Oral lesions were classified according to NIH criteria, and the results were submitted to a descriptive analysis. According to the NIH, patients presented diagnostic (40.9%), distinctive (31.9%), and common (9.1%) features of oral cGVHD. Oral involvement of cGVHD was identified in 81.8% of patients, 68.2% as mucosal lesions and 59.1% as salivary gland dysfunction. Reduced mouth opening was observed in 12 patients (80%), with one case associated with cutaneous sclerosis. Oral involvement was frequent in these patients; for many, it was the first clinical manifestation of cGVHD.
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Peros K, Mestrovic S, Anic-Milosevic S, Slaj M. Salivary microbial and nonmicrobial parameters in children with fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod 2011; 81:901-906. [PMID: 21534725 PMCID: PMC8916182 DOI: 10.2319/012111-44.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the physiologic changes of salivary flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 23 patients scheduled for fixed orthodontic therapy. All subjects received equal braces, bands, and brackets, bonded with the same material. Stimulated saliva samples were taken before placement of the appliance, and at weeks 6, 12, and 18 during the therapy. Salivary flow rate and salivary pH were measured, and the salivary buffer capacity was determined. Saliva samples were cultivated on selective microbial agar for microorganism detection. RESULTS A significant (P < .05) increase in stimulated salivary flow rate and salivary pH was found. The salivary levels of S mutans and Lactobacillus spp also inscreased significantly (P < .05), and the major peak was at week 12 of fixed orthodontic therapy. CONCLUSION The 6th to 12th week of orthodontic therapy is the period of the most intensive intraoral growth of S mutans and Lactobacillus spp and a time of very intensive salivary functions and physiologic response.
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Yamamoto K, Matsusue Y, Komatsu Y, Kurihara M, Nakagawa Y, Kirita T. Association of candy weight loss rate with whole saliva flow rates. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2011; 112:e10-e14. [PMID: 21458319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of candy weight loss rate (CWLR) with whole saliva flow rates (WSFRs) was analyzed. STUDY DESIGN The unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWSFR), stimulated whole saliva flow rate by the gum test (SWSFR-GT) and stimulated whole saliva flow rate by the Saxon test (SWSFR-ST) were measured in 300 healthy young adults. CWLR was measured by passively holding sugar candy between the tongue dorsum and hard palate. The degree of discomfort was evaluated by the visual analog scale. RESULTS CWLR was significantly correlated with UWSFR, SWSFR-GT, and SWSFR-ST with Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.1847 (P = .0013), 0.2097 (P = .0003), and 0.2332 (P < .0001), respectively; however, these were much smaller than those of 0.6858 (P < .0001) between UWSFR and SWSFR-GT, 0.5071 (P < .0001) between UWSFR and SWSFR-ST, and 0.5424 (P < .0001) between SWSFR-GT and SWSFR-ST. The degree of discomfort was significantly lower in the measurement of CWLR than in any WSFRs (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS CWLR cannot be used as an independent alternative to WSFRs, although it can be measured with less discomfort.
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Klasser GD, Epstein JB, Villines D, Utsman R. Burning mouth syndrome: a challenge for dental practitioners and patients. GENERAL DENTISTRY 2011; 59:210-222. [PMID: 21903545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) to assess demographics, onset characteristics, temporal behavior (frequency), duration, and progression of oral burning symptoms. Additionally, treatments provided by health practitioners prior to a definitive diagnosis of BMS were analyzed with an overview of current management strategies. The records of 49 adult patients diagnosed with BMS were reviewed. Descriptive statistics and a Pearson correlation with a statistical significance at p < 0.05 were utilized to analyze the data. The majority of patients were mid-life white women who reported a sudden onset of constant oral burning symptoms that increased in intensity. On average, patients reported oral burning symptoms for 41 months (standard deviation = 73.5, range = 2-360 months, median = 20 months), and 38 of the patients received/trialed 71 various interventions (mean = 1.9) prior to receiving a definitive diagnosis for their oral burning symptoms. This study sample shared many characteristics with those reported previously in the literature. The authors found that patients frequently reported delays in receiving a definitive diagnosis with an array of various trialed interventions. For this reason, the authors provide this overview of current management strategies in order to assist dental practitioners in providing appropriate interventions for patients with BMS.
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Fadel H, Al Hamdan K, Rhbeini Y, Heijl L, Birkhed D. Root caries and risk profiles using the Cariogram in different periodontal disease severity groups. Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69:118-24. [PMID: 21142897 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2010.538718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study root caries and risk profiles using the Cariogram in relation to periodontal disease severity and to analyse indicators associated with high caries risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional examination was carried out on 112 patients with periodontal disease from two government clinics in Saudi Arabia. The investigation comprised a questionnaire, bitewing radiographs, measurement of salivary secretion rate, buffering capacity and cariogenic microorganisms, and registration of periodontal status, plaque amount and coronal and root caries/fillings (DFT and RDFT). The data were then entered into the Cariogram pedagogic model to illustrate the caries risk profiles. RESULTS Patients were grouped according to periodontal disease severity into one of three groups: (1) gingivitis (n = 44); (2) mild-to-moderate periodontitis (n = 33); and (3) severe periodontitis (n = 35). The prevalence of RDFT in the total sample was 17%. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in number of root lesions or mean 'Actual Chance to Avoid New Cavities' (Chance-AC) according to the Cariogram. Of the total sample, 22% displayed high caries risk (Chance-AC ≤ 40%). The most significant risk indicators in high caries risk patients were infrequent use of fluoride and unfavourable salivary and microbial parameters. CONCLUSIONS Root surface lesions and high caries risk were present in about one-fifth of the patients referred for periodontal treatment. A combination of risk indicators rather than a single one contributed to the increased risk. Caries and risk profiles were not significantly correlated with periodontal disease severity.
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Sonesson M. On minor salivary gland secretion in children, adolescents and adults. SWEDISH DENTAL JOURNAL. SUPPLEMENT 2011:9-64. [PMID: 22338966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The minor salivary glands are of great importance for maintenance of homeostasis in the oral cavity. These glands continuously secrete substances which lubricate and protect the oral tissues, contributing to comfort and health. The minor salivary glands contribute approximately 7-8 per cent of the total volume of saliva. Flow rate and composition seem to vary according to anatomical location. Current knowledge about the minor salivary glands is derived primarily from studies on adults. The overall aim of this thesis was to study age-related changes in minor gland saliva, from childhood to adulthood. By increasing the knowledge of minor gland secretion, we hopefully better understand how different mucosal locations are lubricated and protected in individuals of different ages and various health statuses. The project comprises four papers. In Paper I, the flow rate and numerical density of the labial and buccal minor glands of pre-school children, adolescents and adults were investigated. Saliva was collected on filter paper discs and the flow rate was measured by the Periotron-method. The numerical density was assessed by PAS-staining. KEY FINDINGS The flow rate of the buccal glands was significantly lower in children than in adults and the number of labial glands was significantly higher in children than in the other age-groups. In Paper II, the composition of minor gland saliva of the three age groups (Paper I) was analysed (by ELISA-technique), with reference to the mucins MUC5B and MUC7, representing some of the major components of innate salivary immunity. KEY FINDINGS Children did not differ from adolescents and adults with respect to MUC5B content in labial gland saliva, but had less MUC7 than the adults. In the buccal gland saliva, detectable amounts of the mucins were found in only a few of the participants. In Paper III, the content of the adaptive immune component (salivary IgA) in minor gland saliva of pre-school children, adolescents and adults was measured by the ELISA technique. The salivary IgA-concentration in whole saliva of the three age-groups was also estimated. KEY FINDINGS The IgA-concentration was significantly lower in the labial glands and the whole saliva of the children than in the adults. In Paper IV, age-dependent differences of other innate components were studied in pre-school children, adolescents and adults, by analysing the amount of glycoprotein 340 (gp-340) in minor gland and whole saliva, using the ELISA technique. The content of sialic acid, a common terminal structure of glycoproteins, was analysed using the ELLA technique. KEY FINDINGS With respect to minor gland saliva, no differences were disclosed among pre-school children, adolescents and adults. However, the gp-340 content of whole saliva was significantly higher in the children than in the adults. The above investigations of properties of minor salivary glands in children, adolescents and adults seems to be the first to present data on age-dependent variations in gland density and secretions from healthy individuals. The results show high gland density, mature innate immunity and an ongoing maturation of adaptive immunity in the saliva of children. The report provides a reference for further comparative studies on minor gland saliva of younger individuals in health and disease.
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Jang MU, Park JW, Kho HS, Chung SC, Chung JW. Plasma and saliva levels of nerve growth factor and neuropeptides in chronic migraine patients. Oral Dis 2010; 17:187-93. [PMID: 20659258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Agha-Hosseini F. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva progesterone in menopausal women with oral dryness feeling. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:859-62. [PMID: 20652338 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the stimulated and unstimulated salivary progesterone in menopausal women with oral dryness (OD) feeling. A case-control study was carried out on 70 selected menopausal women aged 42-78 years with or without OD feeling (35 as cases with xerostomia and 35 as control without xerostomia), conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Unstimulated and paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were obtained by expectoration. The salivary concentration of progesterone was determined with an enzyme immunoassay kit. Statistical analysis of the Student's t test was used. The mean stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva progesterone concentrations and unstimulated saliva flow, but not stimulated saliva flow rate, was significantly lower in the case than in the control. The results showed that subjects with dry mouth had decreased unstimulated saliva flow and salivary progesterone compared with those without dry mouth. Thus, salivary progesterone level appears associated with OD feeling in menopause.
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Sashikumar R, Kannan R. Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in type II diabetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:706-11. [PMID: 20416536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect salivary glucose levels in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, to study the relationship between salivary glucose levels and salivary candidal carriage, and to determine if salivary glucose levels could be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetics. STUDY DESIGN A total of 150 adults, 100 with type 2 diabetes and 50 without diabetes (control subjects), aged 40-60 years, participated in the study. Diabetic status was determined by estimation of random nonfasting plasma glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Both unstimulated and stimulated saliva were collected and investigated for glucose levels and colony-forming units (CFU) of Candida. Salivary glucose levels were measured using the glucose-oxidase method. RESULTS Salivary glucose levels were significantly higher in diabetics than nondiabetics. There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels. Candidal CFUs were significantly higher in diabetic subjects and showed a significant positive correlation with salivary (unstimulated and stimulated) glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS These results show that salivary glucose concentration is a potentially useful noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients. Increased salivary glucose is associated with increased prevalence of oral Candida in these subjects.
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Sanpei S, Endo T, Shimooka S. Caries risk factors in children under treatment with sectional brackets. Angle Orthod 2010; 80:509-514. [PMID: 20050745 PMCID: PMC8985719 DOI: 10.2319/072909-431.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To longitudinally investigate the caries risk levels in children undergoing orthodontic treatment with sectional brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 42 children scheduled for orthodontic treatment with sectional orthodontic appliances participated in this study. They were divided into two groups based on decayed, missing, and filled permanent and deciduous teeth (DMFT/dmft) scores and counts of mutans streptococci (MS) prior to treatment. One was the low caries risk group (n = 26) and the other was the high caries risk group (n = 16). Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva was collected for examination of salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and MS and lactobacilli (LB) levels before treatment, 2 and 4 months after appliance placement, and 2, 4, and 8 months after appliance removal. RESULTS The pretreatment salivary flow rates, buffer capacity, and MS levels remained statistically unchanged during and after active orthodontic treatment in both groups. The levels of LB in the high caries risk group were significantly elevated by appliance placement, but upon appliance removal started to fall significantly and came a little short of the pretreatment levels. In the low caries risk group, the pretreatment levels of LB remained statistically unchanged during and after treatment. There were no significant differences in salivary flow rate or buffer capacity, but there were significant differences in MS and LB scores between the two groups at every measurement time. CONCLUSIONS In children undergoing orthodontic treatment with sectional brackets, LB levels are an important part in making caries risk assessment.
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Wiener RC, Wu B, Crout R, Wiener M, Plassman B, Kao E, McNeil D. Hyposalivation and xerostomia in dentate older adults. J Am Dent Assoc 2010; 141:279-84. [PMID: 20194383 PMCID: PMC2899485 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2010.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are susceptible to reduced saliva production related to certain medications, radiation and chronic conditions. Many of these people have many physical and oral health problems and limited access to dental care. The use of effective screening tools for xerostomia and hyposalivation would be helpful in identifying those at risk. The authors conducted a study to investigate the association between three measures of oral dryness: hyposalivation (low unstimulated salivary flow), self-reported xerostomia and clinically assessed dry mouth. METHODS The authors included a convenience sample of 252 nondemented and dentate West Virginia participants 70 years and older who were part of a larger study on oral health and cognition among older adults. Participants completed a self-reported xerostomia index, provided an unstipulated salivary sample and underwent an oral assessment for the study. RESULTS Twenty-eight participants (11.1 percent) had hyposalivation, eight of whom reported having xerostomia (sensitivity=28.6 percent). Of the 43 participants who reported having xerostomia, only eight had hyposalivation (positive predictive value=18.6 percent). Hyposalivation and self-reported xerostomia were not significantly related. Clinically assessed dry mouth correlated modestly, but significantly, with hyposalivation and self-reported xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS Obtaining routine unstimulated salivary flow rates in addition to self-reported information and oral evaluations may increase early detection of oral dryness, which would assist in implementing early interventions to improve patients' quality of life. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Visually inspecting oral tissues for dryness and asking a patient if his or her mouth is dry are insufficient measures for clinicians to use to determine if the patient has hyposalivation. The authors recommend that clinicians determine the patient's unstimulated salivary flow rate.
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Sonbul H, Birkhed D. Risk profile and quality of dental restorations: a cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 2010; 68:122-8. [PMID: 20105096 DOI: 10.3109/00016350903527196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the percentage of recurrent caries with respect to the estimated caries risk profile obtained with a Cariogram, (2) to evaluate the quality of restorations in a Saudi population with several restorations and (3) to determine the additional value of bite-wing radiographs as an aid to quality evaluation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 803 restorations were examined in 100 adults according to the United States Public Health Service/Ryge criteria. Salivary and microbiological factors, dietary habits and plaque index were investigated. The Cariogram was used to evaluate the risk profiles. Class II bite-wing radiographs (n = 281) were taken to examine the marginal integrity and the anatomic form proximally. RESULTS The patients were categorized according to 'the chance of avoiding caries' into three risk groups: 0%-20% (n = 38), 21%-40% (n = 28) and 41%-100% (n = 34). ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences between the risk groups with respect to the recurrent caries (P < 0.05). A high percentage of the total restorations (56%) were diagnosed with recurrent caries. The quality of anatomic form and surface texture was unacceptable in the majority of cases. After adding the evaluations of class II bite-wings, the percentage of unacceptable restorations increased by 28% and 17% with regard to marginal integrity and anatomic form, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Recurrent caries was related to the percentage 'chance of avoiding caries' as estimated by the Cariogram. The importance of bite-wings was emphasized as an aid to quality evaluation.
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Martínez-Pabón MC, Ramírez-Puerta BS, Escobar-Paucar GM, Franco-Cortés AM. Physicochemical salivary properties, Lactobacillus, mutans streptococci counts and early childhood caries in preschool children of Colombia. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA LATINOAMERICANA : AOL 2010; 23:249-256. [PMID: 21638968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial disease, in which saliva has an important role. Saliva properties affect the growth of cariogenic microorganisms, so variations below threshold levels are considered risk factors for the development of dental caries. Salivary tests and microbiological counts of cariogenic bacteria are often used for clinical purposes in order to reveal problems that could explain caries development and have been evaluated in multiple studies, but these studies have mainly been carried out on adults. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify physicochemical salivary properties, mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus counts among preschool children, and their relationship with ECC in a cross-sectional study in Medellín, Colombia. Caries was determined using ICDAS criteria for a sample of 201 preschool children. Stimulated saliva samples were processed for bacterial detection, mean flow rate, pH and buffer capacity calculation. Risk variables for ECC were assessed individually and adjusted using a binary logistic regression model. The results showed that 71.14% of study subjects had ECC. Flow rate, final pH and Buffer capacity increased with age, but none of them were related to the presence of ECC. Although OR analysis detected correlations between ECC, gender age, dental eruption stage and Lactobacillus presence, binary logistic regression analysis only showed gender and Lactobacillus as strongly associated with ECC. It can be concluded that gender and Lactobacillus presence are key variables for the presence of ECC in these children; whilst age and dental eruption stage play a minor role. Further studies are required to clarify the role of mutans streptococci counts in this population and to establish normal salivary parameters as well as threshold levels for hyprosalivation in preschool children, as results showed differences with normal parameters used for adults.
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Stamers K, Skagers A, Pastars K, Tomisheva N, Ratniece M. Functional activity of rabbit salivary glands in reduced and restored regional arterial blood supply conditions. STOMATOLOGIJA 2010; 12:28-32. [PMID: 20440094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vascular pathology of carotid arteries is widespread, the function of salivary glands in reduced arterial flow conditions is not much investigated clinically and in experiments. At the same time blood supply is a keystone to normal functioning of every organ and especially of salivary secretion. The aim of this study was to estimate functional activity of salivary glands in reduced and restored blood supply conditions in experiment by sialoscintigraphy which is an approved method for functional assessment of salivary glands. METHODS The ligature of a. carotis communis dextra was performed on 20 Californian rabbits. After 28 days sialoscintigraphy with Tc99 pertechnetate and revascularization through resection of the occluded part of a. carotis communis and reconstruction with venous autograft was performed. One month later sialoscintigraphy was done. RESULTS The functional activity of rabbit salivary glands after the ligature of a. carotis communis is strongly depressed. The revascularized glands accumulated isotope slowly, but the level of accumulation was higher than on the control side. CONCLUSION The ligature and reconstruction of a common carotid artery on rabbits confirm the important role of the arterial blood supply in functional activity of salivary glands and may be an appropriate experimental model for investigation of ischemic disease of salivary glands.
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Donovan TE. Clinical management of root caries. JOURNAL (INDIANA DENTAL ASSOCIATION) 2009; 88:23-24. [PMID: 19772101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Bruins GJH, Vissink A, Veerman ECI, van Nieuw Amerongen A. [Influence of sports on saliva]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2008; 115:467-473. [PMID: 18819506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Physical exertion, such as practicing sports, may have an influence on the secretion and composition of saliva. As a result of intensive physical exertion, the saliva immunoglobulin concentration decreases and the concentration of protein--the output of protein (mg/min), however, remains constant--and the viscosity of the saliva increase, while the watery secretion decreases. Moreover, saliva testosterone levels decrease and salivary cortisol levels increase. The saliva Na+, K+, Ca2+ and PO4(3-) concentrations increase slightly or remain unchanged. After a single physical exertion, the alterations are reversible and the values return to baseline within a few hours. In the case of long lasting intensive physical exertions, for instance lasting several months, particularly the decrease in the concentration of the most prevalent immunoglobulins in saliva (s-IgA) seems to have a more permanent character. This has a detrimental effect on the immunological defence, which may reduce oral as well as upper respiratory tract health. Complaints about this are not uncommon among serious athletes who are active at a high competitive level. Among these athletes, the combination of changes in the composition and secretion of saliva, together with intense mouth-breathing and an adjusted diet and drinking habits carry a higher risk of developing caries and erosion. However, in case of decent oral health selfcare, the detrimental effects on oral health can be prevented.
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