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Ohlander J, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Portengen L, Kendzia B, Savary B, Cavallo D, Cattaneo A, Migliori E, Richiardi L, Plato N, Wichmann HE, Karrasch S, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Siemiatycki J, Gustavsson P, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, Jolanta Lissowska JL, Beata Swiatkowska BS, John K Field JKF, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Pandics T, Forastiere F, Fabianova E, Schejbalova M, Foretova L, Janout V, Mates D, Barul C, Brüning T, Behrens T, Straif K, Schüz J, Olsson A, Peters S. Respirable crystalline silica and lung cancer in community-based studies: impact of job-exposure matrix specifications on exposure-response relationships. Scand J Work Environ Health 2024; 50:178-186. [PMID: 38264956 PMCID: PMC11064806 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.4140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The quantitative job-exposure matrix SYN-JEM consists of various dimensions: job-specific estimates, region-specific estimates, and prior expert ratings of jobs by the semi-quantitative DOM-JEM. We analyzed the effect of different JEM dimensions on the exposure-response relationships between occupational silica exposure and lung cancer risk to investigate how these variations influence estimates of exposure by a quantitative JEM and associated health endpoints. METHODS Using SYN-JEM, and alternative SYN-JEM specifications with varying dimensions included, cumulative silica exposure estimates were assigned to 16 901 lung cancer cases and 20 965 controls pooled from 14 international community-based case-control studies. Exposure-response relationships based on SYN-JEM and alternative SYN-JEM specifications were analyzed using regression analyses (by quartiles and log-transformed continuous silica exposure) and generalized additive models (GAM), adjusted for age, sex, study, cigarette pack-years, time since quitting smoking, and ever employment in occupations with established lung cancer risk. RESULTS SYN-JEM and alternative specifications generated overall elevated and similar lung cancer odds ratios ranging from 1.13 (1st quartile) to 1.50 (4th quartile). In the categorical and log-linear analyses SYN-JEM with all dimensions included yielded the best model fit, and exclusion of job-specific estimates from SYN-JEM yielded the poorest model fit. Additionally, GAM showed the poorest model fit when excluding job-specific estimates. CONCLUSION The established exposure-response relationship between occupational silica exposure and lung cancer was marginally influenced by varying the dimensions of SYN-JEM. Optimized modelling of exposure-response relationships will be obtained when incorporating all relevant dimensions, namely prior rating, job, time, and region. Quantitative job-specific estimates appeared to be the most prominent dimension for this general population JEM.
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Xu M, Ho V, Lavoué J, Olsson A, Schüz J, Richardson L, Parent ME, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Guénel P, Radoi L, Wichmann HE, Ahrens W, Jöckel KH, Consonni D, Landi MT, Richiardi L, Simonato L, 't' Mannetje A, Świątkowska B, Field JK, Pearce N, Siemiatycki J. Prevalent occupational exposures and risk of lung cancer among women: Results from the application of the Canadian Job-Exposure Matrix (CANJEM) to a combined set of ten case-control studies. Am J Ind Med 2024; 67:200-213. [PMID: 38192156 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, lung cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. The present study explored associations between occupational exposures that are prevalent among women, and lung cancer. METHODS Data from 10 case-control studies of lung cancer from Europe, Canada, and New Zealand conducted between 1988 and 2008 were combined. Lifetime occupational history and information on nonoccupational factors including smoking were available for 3040 incident lung cancer cases and 4187 controls. We linked each reported job to the Canadian Job-Exposure Matrix (CANJEM), which provided estimates of probability, intensity, and frequency of exposure to each selected agent in each job. For this analysis, we selected 15 agents (cleaning agents, biocides, cotton dust, synthetic fibers, formaldehyde, cooking fumes, organic solvents, cellulose, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum, ammonia, metallic dust, alkanes C18+, iron compounds, isopropanol, and calcium carbonate) that had lifetime exposure prevalence of at least 5% in the combined study population. For each agent, we estimated lung cancer risk in each study center for ever-exposure, by duration of exposure, and by cumulative exposure, using separate logistic regression models adjusted for smoking and other covariates. We then estimated the meta-odds ratios using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS None of the agents assessed showed consistent and compelling associations with lung cancer among women. The following agents showed elevated odds ratio in some analyses: metallic dust, iron compounds, isopropanol, and organic solvents. Future research into occupational lung cancer risk factors among women should prioritize these agents.
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Wan W, Peters S, Portengen L, Olsson A, Schüz J, Ahrens W, Schejbalova M, Boffetta P, Behrens T, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Consonni D, Demers PA, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field JK, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Barul C, Mates D, McLaughlin JR, Merletti F, Migliore E, Richiardi L, Pándics T, Pohlabeln H, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Ge C, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Occupational Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of 14 Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:185-196. [PMID: 37812782 PMCID: PMC10806413 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202306-0942oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Benzene has been classified as carcinogenic to humans, but there is limited evidence linking benzene exposure to lung cancer. Objectives: We aimed to examine the relationship between occupational benzene exposure and lung cancer. Methods: Subjects from 14 case-control studies across Europe and Canada were pooled. We used a quantitative job-exposure matrix to estimate benzene exposure. Logistic regression models assessed lung cancer risk across different exposure indices. We adjusted for smoking and five main occupational lung carcinogens and stratified analyses by smoking status and lung cancer subtypes. Measurements and Main Results: Analyses included 28,048 subjects (12,329 cases, 15,719 control subjects). Lung cancer odds ratios ranged from 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.22) to 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.48) (Ptrend = 0.002) for groups with the lowest and highest cumulative occupational exposures, respectively, compared with unexposed subjects. We observed an increasing trend of lung cancer with longer duration of exposure (Ptrend < 0.001) and a decreasing trend with longer time since last exposure (Ptrend = 0.02). These effects were seen for all lung cancer subtypes, regardless of smoking status, and were not influenced by specific occupational groups, exposures, or studies. Conclusions: We found consistent and robust associations between different dimensions of occupational benzene exposure and lung cancer after adjusting for smoking and main occupational lung carcinogens. These associations were observed across different subgroups, including nonsmokers. Our findings support the hypothesis that occupational benzene exposure increases the risk of developing lung cancer. Consequently, there is a need to revisit published epidemiological and molecular data on the pulmonary carcinogenicity of benzene.
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Olsson A, Bouaoun L, Schüz J, Vermeulen R, Behrens T, Ge C, Kromhout H, Siemiatycki J, Gustavsson P, Boffetta P, Kendzia B, Radoi L, Barul C, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Merletti F, Migliore E, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, Field JK, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Schejbalova M, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Straif K, Brüning T, Vlaanderen J, Peters S. Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pairs of Five Lung Carcinogens: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:17005. [PMID: 38236172 PMCID: PMC10795675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much research has been done to identify individual workplace lung carcinogens, little is known about joint effects on risk when workers are exposed to multiple agents. OBJECTIVES We investigated the pairwise joint effects of occupational exposures to asbestos, respirable crystalline silica, metals (i.e., nickel, chromium-VI), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on lung cancer risk, overall and by major histologic subtype, while accounting for cigarette smoking. METHODS In the international 14-center SYNERGY project, occupational exposures were assigned to 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects using a quantitative job-exposure matrix (SYN-JEM). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for ever vs. never exposure using logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for study center, age, and smoking habits. Joint effects among pairs of agents were assessed on multiplicative and additive scales, the latter by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS All pairwise joint effects of lung carcinogens in men were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, asbestos/metals and metals/PAH resulted in less than additive effects; while the chromium-VI/silica pair showed marginally synergistic effect in relation to adenocarcinoma (RERI: 0.24; CI: 0.02, 0.46; p = 0.05). In women, several pairwise joint effects were observed for small cell lung cancer including exposure to PAH/silica (OR = 5.12; CI: 1.77, 8.48), and to asbestos/silica (OR = 4.32; CI: 1.35, 7.29), where exposure to PAH/silica resulted in a synergistic effect (RERI: 3.45; CI: 0.10, 6.8). DISCUSSION Small or no deviation from additive or multiplicative effects was observed, but co-exposure to the selected lung carcinogens resulted generally in higher risk than exposure to individual agents, highlighting the importance to reduce and control exposure to carcinogens in workplaces and the general environment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13380.
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Behrens T, Ge C, Vermeulen R, Kendzia B, Olsson A, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Pesch B, Peters S, Portengen L, Gustavsson P, Mirabelli D, Guénel P, Luce D, Consonni D, Caporaso NE, Landi MT, Field JK, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Świątkowska B, Lissowska J, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Forastiere F, Straif K, Brüning T. Occupational exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium and the risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of case-control studies (SYNERGY). Int J Cancer 2023; 152:645-660. [PMID: 36054442 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is limited evidence regarding the exposure-effect relationship between lung-cancer risk and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) or nickel. We estimated lung-cancer risks in relation to quantitative indices of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and nickel and their interaction with smoking habits. We pooled 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada, including 16 901 lung-cancer cases and 20 965 control subjects. A measurement-based job-exposure-matrix estimated job-year-region specific exposure levels to Cr(VI) and nickel, which were linked to the subjects' occupational histories. Odds ratios (OR) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study, age group, smoking habits and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens. Due to their high correlation, we refrained from mutually adjusting for Cr(VI) and nickel independently. In men, ORs for the highest quartile of cumulative exposure to CR(VI) were 1.32 (95% CI 1.19-1.47) and 1.29 (95% CI 1.15-1.45) in relation to nickel. Analogous results among women were: 1.04 (95% CI 0.48-2.24) and 1.29 (95% CI 0.60-2.86), respectively. In men, excess lung-cancer risks due to occupational Cr(VI) and nickel exposure were also observed in each stratum of never, former and current smokers. Joint effects of Cr(VI) and nickel with smoking were in general greater than additive, but not different from multiplicative. In summary, relatively low cumulative levels of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and nickel were associated with increased ORs for lung cancer, particularly in men. However, we cannot rule out a combined classical measurement and Berkson-type of error structure, which may cause differential bias of risk estimates.
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Wang Z, Emmerich A, Pillon NJ, Moore T, Hemerich D, Cornelis MC, Mazzaferro E, Broos S, Ahluwalia TS, Bartz TM, Bentley AR, Bielak LF, Chong M, Chu AY, Berry D, Dorajoo R, Dueker ND, Kasbohm E, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Gieger C, Graff M, Hall LM, Haller T, Hartwig FP, Hillis DA, Huikari V, Heard-Costa N, Holzapfel C, Jackson AU, Johansson Å, Jørgensen AM, Kaakinen MA, Karlsson R, Kerr KF, Kim B, Koolhaas CM, Kutalik Z, Lagou V, Lind PA, Lorentzon M, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Metzendorf C, Monroe KR, Pacolet A, Pérusse L, Pool R, Richmond RC, Rivera NV, Robiou-du-Pont S, Schraut KE, Schulz CA, Stringham HM, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Turman C, van der Most PJ, Vanmunster M, van Rooij FJA, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Zhang X, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Balkhiyarova Z, Balslev-Harder MN, Baumeister SE, Beilby J, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brage S, Braund PS, Brody JA, Bruinenberg M, Ekelund U, Liu CT, Cole JW, Collins FS, Cupples LA, Esko T, Enroth S, Faul JD, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Fohner AE, Franco OH, Galesloot TE, Gordon SD, Grarup N, Hartman CA, Heiss G, Hui J, Illig T, Jago R, James A, Joshi PK, Jung T, Kähönen M, Kilpeläinen TO, Koh WP, Kolcic I, Kraft PP, Kuusisto J, Launer LJ, Li A, Linneberg A, Luan J, Vidal PM, Medland SE, Milaneschi Y, Moscati A, Musk B, Nelson CP, Nolte IM, Pedersen NL, Peters A, Peyser PA, Power C, Raitakari OT, Reedik M, Reiner AP, Ridker PM, Rudan I, Ryan K, Sarzynski MA, Scott LJ, Scott RA, Sidney S, Siggeirsdottir K, Smith AV, Smith JA, Sonestedt E, Strøm M, Tai ES, Teo KK, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Uitterlinden AG, Vangipurapu J, van Schoor N, Völker U, Willemsen G, Williams K, Wong Q, Xu H, Young KL, Yuan JM, Zillikens MC, Zonderman AB, Ameur A, Bandinelli S, Bis JC, Boehnke M, Bouchard C, Chasman DI, Smith GD, de Geus EJC, Deldicque L, Dörr M, Evans MK, Ferrucci L, Fornage M, Fox C, Garland T, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hansen T, Hayward C, Horta BL, Hyppönen E, Jarvelin MR, Johnson WC, Kardia SLR, Kiemeney LA, Laakso M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Meyre D, North KE, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Orho-Melander M, Pare G, Park T, Pedersen O, Penninx BWJH, Pers TH, Polasek O, Prokopenko I, Rotimi CN, Samani NJ, Sim X, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Timpson NJ, van Dam RM, van der Velde N, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Voortman T, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Hevener AL, Krook A, Zierath JR, Thomis MAI, Loos RJF, Hoed MD. Genome-wide association analyses of physical activity and sedentary behavior provide insights into underlying mechanisms and roles in disease prevention. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1332-1344. [PMID: 36071172 PMCID: PMC9470530 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although physical activity and sedentary behavior are moderately heritable, little is known about the mechanisms that influence these traits. Combining data for up to 703,901 individuals from 51 studies in a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies yields 99 loci that associate with self-reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during leisure time (MVPA), leisure screen time (LST) and/or sedentary behavior at work. Loci associated with LST are enriched for genes whose expression in skeletal muscle is altered by resistance training. A missense variant in ACTN3 makes the alpha-actinin-3 filaments more flexible, resulting in lower maximal force in isolated type IIA muscle fibers, and possibly protection from exercise-induced muscle damage. Finally, Mendelian randomization analyses show that beneficial effects of lower LST and higher MVPA on several risk factors and diseases are mediated or confounded by body mass index (BMI). Our results provide insights into physical activity mechanisms and its role in disease prevention.
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Olsson A, Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Peters S, Siemiatycki J, Ho V, Gustavsson P, Boffetta P, Vermeulen R, Behrens T, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Guénel P, Luce D, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K. Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Lung Cancer Risk: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1433-1441. [PMID: 35437574 PMCID: PMC9377765 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs widely in occupational settings. We investigated the association between occupational exposure to PAH and lung cancer risk and joint effects with smoking within the SYNERGY project. METHODS We pooled 14 case-control studies with information on lifetime occupational and smoking histories conducted between 1985 and 2010 in Europe and Canada. Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was used as a proxy of PAH and estimated from a quantitative general population job-exposure matrix. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models, adjusted for smoking and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens, estimated ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS We included 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 frequency-matched controls. Adjusted OR for PAH exposure (ever) was 1.08 (CI, 1.02-1.15) in men and 1.20 (CI, 1.04-1.38) in women. When stratified by smoking status and histologic subtype, the OR for cumulative exposure ≥0.24 BaP μg/m3-years in men was higher in never smokers overall [1.31 (CI, 0.98-1.75)], for small cell [2.53 (CI, 1.28-4.99)] and squamous cell cancers [1.33 (CI, 0.80-2.21)]. Joint effects between PAH and smoking were observed. Restricting analysis to the most recent studies showed no increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Elevated lung cancer risk associated with PAH exposure was observed in both sexes, particularly for small cell and squamous cell cancers, after accounting for cigarette smoking and exposure to other occupational lung carcinogens. IMPACT The lack of association between PAH and lung cancer in more recent studies merits further research under today's exposure conditions and worker protection measures.
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Gu J, Deffner V, Küchenhoff H, Pickford R, Breitner S, Schneider A, Kowalski M, Peters A, Lutz M, Kerschbaumer A, Slama R, Morelli X, Wichmann HE, Cyrys J. Low emission zones reduced PM 10 but not NO 2 concentrations in Berlin and Munich, Germany. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114048. [PMID: 34872181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low emission zones (LEZs) aiming at improving the air quality in urban areas have been implemented in many European cities. However, studies are limited in evaluating the effects of LEZ, and most of which used simple methods. In this study, a general additive mixed model was utilized to account for confounders in the atmosphere and validate the effects of LEZ on PM10 and NO2 concentrations in two German cities. In addition, the effects of LEZ on elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC) in Berlin were also evaluated. The LEZ effects were estimated after taking into account air pollutant concentrations at a reference site located in the regional background, and adjusting for hour of the week, public holidays, season, and wind direction. The LEZ in Berlin, and the LEZ in combination with the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) transit ban in Munich significantly reduced the PM10 concentrations, at both traffic sites (TS) and urban background sites (UB). The effects were greater in LEZ stage 3 than in LEZ stages 2 and 1. Moreover, compared with PM10, LEZ was more efficient in reducing EC, a component that is considered more toxic than PM10 mass. In contrast, the LEZ had no consistent effect on NO2 levels: no effects were observed in Berlin; in Munich, the combination of the LEZ and the HDV transit ban reduced NO2 at UB site in LEZ stage 1, but without further reductions in subsequent stages of the LEZ. Overall, our study indicated that LEZs, which target the major primary air pollution source in the highly populated city center could be an effective way to improve urban air quality such as PM mass concentration and EC level.
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Hovanec J, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Guenel P, Luce D, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Lorenzo S, Fortes C, Parent MÉ, McLaughlin JR, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, Świątkowska B, Pándics T, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Field JK, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Casjens S, Pesch B, Brüning T, Behrens T. Application of two job indices for general occupational demands in a pooled analysis of case-control studies on lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021; 47:475-481. [PMID: 33942106 PMCID: PMC8504542 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated general job demands as a risk factor for lung cancer as well as their role in the association between occupational prestige and lung cancer. Methods: In 13 case–control studies on lung cancer, as part of the international SYNERGY project, we applied indices for physical (PHI) and psychosocial (PSI) job demands – each with four categories (high to low). We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer by unconditional logistic regression, separately for men and women and adjusted for study centre, age, smoking behavior, and former employment in occupations with potential exposure to carcinogens. Further, we investigated, whether higher risks among men with low occupational prestige (Treiman’s Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale) were affected by adjustment for the job indices. Results: In 30 355 men and 7371 women, we found increased risks (OR) for lung cancer with high relative to low job demands in both men [PHI 1.74 (95% CI 1.56–1.93), PSI 1.33 (95% CI 1.17–1.51)] and women [PHI 1.62 (95% CI 1.24–2.11), PSI 1.31 (95% CI 1.09–1.56)]. OR for lung cancer among men with low occupational prestige were slightly reduced when adjusting for PHI [low versus high prestige OR from 1.44 (95% CI 1.32–1.58) to 1.30 (95% CI 1.17–1.45)], but not PSI. Conclusions: Higher physical job demands were associated with increased risks of lung cancer, while associations for higher psychosocial demands were less strong. In contrast to physical demands, psychosocial demands did not contribute to clarify the association of occupational prestige and lung cancer.
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Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Brüning T, Behrens T, Peters S, Luzon V, Siemiatycki J, Xu M, Kendzia B, Guenel P, Luce D, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Tardón A, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Davies MPA, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin J, Demers PA, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K, Olsson A. Lung cancer risk in painters: results from the SYNERGY pooled case-control study consortium. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:269-278. [PMID: 33115922 PMCID: PMC7958079 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the risk of lung cancer associated with ever working as a painter, duration of employment and type of painter by histological subtype as well as joint effects with smoking, within the SYNERGY project. METHODS Data were pooled from 16 participating case-control studies conducted internationally. Detailed individual occupational and smoking histories were available for 19 369 lung cancer cases (684 ever employed as painters) and 23 674 age-matched and sex-matched controls (532 painters). Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, centre, cigarette pack-years, time-since-smoking cessation and lifetime work in other jobs that entailed exposure to lung carcinogens. RESULTS Ever having worked as a painter was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in men (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.50). The association was strongest for construction and repair painters and the risk was elevated for all histological subtypes, although more evident for small cell and squamous cell lung cancer than for adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. There was evidence of interaction on the additive scale between smoking and employment as a painter (relative excess risk due to interaction >0). CONCLUSIONS Our results by type/industry of painter may aid future identification of causative agents or exposure scenarios to develop evidence-based practices for reducing harmful exposures in painters.
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Behrens T, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Ho V, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Rudnai P, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Brüning T, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:412-421. [PMID: 32330394 PMCID: PMC7465090 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1926oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Millions of workers around the world are exposed to respirable crystalline silica. Although silica is a confirmed human lung carcinogen, little is known regarding the cancer risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype. However, little is known regarding the disease risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype.Objectives: We aimed to address current knowledge gaps in lung cancer risks associated with low levels of occupational silica exposure and the joint effects of smoking and silica exposure on lung cancer risks.Methods: Subjects from 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada with detailed smoking and occupational histories were pooled. A quantitative job-exposure matrix was used to estimate silica exposure by occupation, time period, and geographical region. Logistic regression models were used to estimate exposure-disease associations and the joint effects of silica exposure and smoking on risk of lung cancer. Stratified analyses by smoking history and cancer subtypes were also performed.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 cases and 20,965 control subjects. Lung cancer odds ratios ranged from 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.27) to 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.60) for groups with the lowest and highest cumulative exposure, respectively. Increasing cumulative silica exposure was associated (P trend < 0.01) with increasing lung cancer risks in nonsilicotics and in current, former, and never-smokers. Increasing exposure was also associated (P trend ≤ 0.01) with increasing risks of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Supermultiplicative interaction of silica exposure and smoking was observed on overall lung cancer risks; superadditive effects were observed in risks of lung cancer and all three included subtypes.Conclusions: Silica exposure is associated with lung cancer at low exposure levels. An exposure-response relationship was robust and present regardless of smoking, silicosis status, and cancer subtype.
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Teresa Landi M, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Pándics T, Parent MÉ, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Exposure-Response Analysis of 14 Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:402-411. [PMID: 32330395 PMCID: PMC7465091 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2101oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although the carcinogenicity of diesel engine exhaust has been demonstrated in multiple studies, little is known regarding exposure-response relationships associated with different exposure subgroups and different lung cancer subtypes.Objectives: We expanded on a previous pooled case-control analysis on diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer by including three additional studies and quantitative exposure assessment to evaluate lung cancer and subtype risks associated with occupational exposure to diesel exhaust characterized by elemental carbon (EC) concentrations.Methods: We used a quantitative EC job-exposure matrix for exposure assessment. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate lung cancer odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with various metrics of EC exposure. Lung cancer excess lifetime risks (ELR) were calculated using life tables accounting for all-cause mortality. Additional stratified analyses by smoking history and lung cancer subtypes were performed in men.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects. In men, exposure response between EC and lung cancer was observed: odds ratios ranged from 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00-1.18) to 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30-1.52) for the lowest and highest cumulative exposure groups, respectively. EC-exposed men had elevated risks in all lung cancer subtypes investigated; associations were strongest for squamous and small cell carcinomas and weaker for adenocarcinoma. EC lung cancer exposure response was observed in men regardless of smoking history, including in never-smokers. ELR associated with 45 years of EC exposure at 50, 20, and 1 μg/m3 were 3.0%, 0.99%, and 0.04%, respectively, for both sexes combined.Conclusions: We observed a consistent exposure-response relationship between EC exposure and lung cancer in men. Reduction of workplace EC levels to background environmental levels will further reduce lung cancer ELR in exposed workers.
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Langer S, Horn J, Kluttig A, Mikolajczyk R, Karrasch S, Schulz H, Wichmann HE, Linseisen J, Jaeschke L, Pischon T, Fricke J, Keil T, Ahrens W, Günther K, Kuß O, Schikowski T, Schmidt B, Jöckel KH, Michels KB, Franzke CW, Becher H, Jagodzinski A, Castell S, Kemmling Y, Lieb W, Waniek S, Wirkner K, Löffler M, Kaaks R, Greiser KH, Berger K, Legath N, Meinke-Franze C, Schipf S, Leitzmann M, Baurecht H, Weigl K, Amitay E, Gottschick C. [Occurrence of bronchial asthma and age at initial asthma diagnosis-first results of the German National Cohort]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:397-403. [PMID: 32125462 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in both children and adults. Asthma first occurring in adulthood (adult-onset asthma, AOA) is associated with poorer prognosis compared to childhood-onset asthma (COA), which urgently calls for more research in this area. The aim of this work was to analyze the data on asthma collected in the German National Cohort and compare it with the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS), in particular regarding AOA. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our analysis was based on the dataset of the main questionnaire at mid-term of the German National Cohort baseline examination, comprising 101,723 participants. Variables considered in the analyses were self-reported diagnosis of asthma, age at first diagnosis, asthma treatment in the past 12 months, age, and sex. RESULTS In the midterm dataset, 8.7% of women and 7.0% of men in the German National Cohort reported that they had ever been diagnosed with asthma. Approximately one third of participants with asthma received their initial diagnosis before their 18th birthday. COA affected 2.2% of women and 2.8% of men, whereas AOA affected 6.5% of women and 4.2% of men. During the previous 12 months, 33% of COA cases and 60% of AOA cases were medically treated. CONCLUSION The proportion of persons affected by asthma in the German National Cohort, as well as observed patterns regarding age and gender, corresponds to other data sources such as DEGS. However, in our analysis, the proportion of individuals with AOA was higher than described in the literature. The increase in cumulative asthma diagnoses with age is markedly steeper in younger participants, indicating a rising trend over time.
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Pesch B, Kendzia B, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Taeger D, Zschiesche W, Behrens T, Jöckel KH, Brüning T. Exposure to Welding Fumes, Hexavalent Chromium, or Nickel and Risk of Lung Cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1984-1993. [PMID: 31504103 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the risk of lung cancer after exposure to welding fumes, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), and nickel, we analyzed 3,418 lung cancer cases and 3,488 controls among men from 2 German case-control studies (1988-1996). We developed a welding-process exposure matrix from measurements of these agents, and this was linked with welding histories from a job-specific questionnaire to calculate cumulative exposure variables. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios with confidence intervals conditional on study, and they adjusted for age, smoking, and working in other at-risk occupations. Additionally, we mutually adjusted for the other exposure variables under study. Overall, 800 cases and 645 controls ever worked as regular or occasional welders. Odds ratios for lung cancer with high exposure were 1.55 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 2.05; median, 1.8 mg/m3 × years) for welding fumes, 1.85 (95% CI: 1.35, 2.54; median, 1.4 μg/m3 × years) for Cr(VI), and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.12; median, 9 μg/m3 × years) for nickel. Risk estimates increased with increasing cumulative exposure to welding fumes and with increasing exposure duration for Cr(VI) and nickel. Our results showed that welding fumes, Cr(VI), and nickel might contribute independently to the excess lung cancer risk associated with welding. However, quantitative exposure assessment remains challenging.
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Plaß D, Tobollik M, Devleesschauwer B, Grill E, Hoffmann B, Hurraß J, Künzli N, Peters A, Rothenbacher D, Schneider A, Wichmann HE, Wintermeyer D, Wolf J, Zeeb H, Straff W. Kritik an Population Attributable Fraction bei genauerem Hinsehen nicht gerechtfertigt. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2019; 81:444-447. [DOI: 10.1055/a-0915-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hovanec J, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Stücker I, Guida F, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Fortes C, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Field J, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Brüning T, Behrens T. Lung cancer and socioeconomic status in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192999. [PMID: 29462211 PMCID: PMC5819792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and lung cancer has been observed in several studies, but often without adequate control for smoking behavior. We studied the association between lung cancer and occupationally derived SES, using data from the international pooled SYNERGY study. METHODS Twelve case-control studies from Europe and Canada were included in the analysis. Based on occupational histories of study participants we measured SES using the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) and the European Socio-economic Classification (ESeC). We divided the ISEI range into categories, using various criteria. Stratifying by gender, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, study, and smoking behavior. We conducted analyses by histological subtypes of lung cancer and subgroup analyses by study region, birth cohort, education and occupational exposure to known lung carcinogens. RESULTS The analysis dataset included 17,021 cases and 20,885 controls. There was a strong elevated OR between lung cancer and low SES, which was attenuated substantially after adjustment for smoking, however a social gradient persisted. SES differences in lung cancer risk were higher among men (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.84 (95% CI 1.61-2.09); ESeC OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.44-1.63)), than among women (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.20-1.98); ESeC OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.19-1.52)). CONCLUSION SES remained a risk factor for lung cancer after adjustment for smoking behavior.
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Wichmann HE. Epidemiology in Germany-general development and personal experience. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:635-656. [PMID: 28815360 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Did you ever hear about epidemiology in Germany? Starting from an epidemiological desert the discipline has grown remarkably, especially during the last 10-15 years: research institutes have been established, research funding has improved, multiple curriculae in Epidemiology and Public Health are offered. This increase has been quite steep, and now the epidemiological infrastructure is much better. Several medium-sized and even big population cohorts are ongoing, and the number and quality of publications from German epidemiologists has reached a respectable level. My own career in epidemiology started in the field of environmental health. After German reunification I concentrated for many years on environmental problems in East Germany and observed the health benefits after improvement of the situation. Later, I concentrated on population-based cohorts in newborns (GINI/LISA) and adults (KORA, German National Cohort), and on biobanking. This Essay describes the development in Germany after worldwar 2, illustrated by examples of research results and build-up of epidemiological infractructures worth mentioning.
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Friedrichs S, Manitz J, Burger P, Amos CI, Risch A, Chang-Claude J, Wichmann HE, Kneib T, Bickeböller H, Hofner B. Pathway-Based Kernel Boosting for the Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6742763. [PMID: 28785300 PMCID: PMC5530424 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6742763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) benefits from the investigation of biologically meaningful gene sets, such as gene-interaction networks (pathways). We propose an extension to a successful kernel-based pathway analysis approach by integrating kernel functions into a powerful algorithmic framework for variable selection, to enable investigation of multiple pathways simultaneously. We employ genetic similarity kernels from the logistic kernel machine test (LKMT) as base-learners in a boosting algorithm. A model to explain case-control status is created iteratively by selecting pathways that improve its prediction ability. We evaluated our method in simulation studies adopting 50 pathways for different sample sizes and genetic effect strengths. Additionally, we included an exemplary application of kernel boosting to a rheumatoid arthritis and a lung cancer dataset. Simulations indicate that kernel boosting outperforms the LKMT in certain genetic scenarios. Applications to GWAS data on rheumatoid arthritis and lung cancer resulted in sparse models which were based on pathways interpretable in a clinical sense. Kernel boosting is highly flexible in terms of considered variables and overcomes the problem of multiple testing. Additionally, it enables the prediction of clinical outcomes. Thus, kernel boosting constitutes a new, powerful tool in the analysis of GWAS data and towards the understanding of biological processes involved in disease susceptibility.
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Kinnersley B, Melin BS, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Wrensch MR, Johansen C, Il’yasova D, Ostrom Q, Labreche K, Eckel-Passow JE, Decker PA, Labussière M, Idbaih A, Hoang-Xuan K, Stefano ALD, Mokhtari K, Delattre JY, Galan P, Gousias K, Schramm J, Schoemaker MJ, Fleming SJ, Herms S, Heilmann S, Nöthen MM, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Swerdlow A, Lathrop M, Simon M, Sanson M, Rajaraman P, Chanock S, Linet M, Wang Z, Yeager M, Lai RK, Claus EB, Olson SH, Jenkins RB, Houlston RS, Bondy ML. Abstract 1302: Genome-wide association study of glioma reveals specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glioma accounts for ~27% of all primary brain tumors and is responsible for ~13,000 cancer-related deaths in the US each year. Glioma tumors can be broadly classified into glioblastoma (GBM) and lower-grade non-GBM. Typically gliomas have a poor prognosis irrespective of medical care, with the most common form, GBM, having a five-year survival rate of only 5%. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of glioma susceptibility, individual studies have had limited power to identify risk loci.
METHODS: We performed the largest glioma GWAS to date, comprising a meta-analysis of six existing GWAS (6,405 cases, 14,100 controls) as well as new GWAS from the Glioma International Case Control Consortium (GICC; 4,572 cases and 3,286 controls) and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)-Mayo (1,519 cases, 804 controls), totaling 12,496 cases (6,191 classified as GBM, 5,819 as non-GBM) and 18,190 controls.
RESULTS: We identified five new risk loci for GBM at 1p31.3 (rs12752552; near JAK1, P=2.04×10-9, odds ratio (OR)=1.22), 11q14.1 (rs11233250; P=9.95×10-10, OR=1.24), 16p13.3 (rs2562152; near MPG, P=1.93x10-8, OR=1.21), 16q12.1 (rs10852606; HEATR3, P=1.29×10-11, OR=1.18), 22q13.1 (rs2235573; P=1.76×10-10, OR=1.15) and eight for non-GBM at 1q32.1 (rs4252707; MDM4, P=3.34×10-9, OR=1.19), 1q44 (rs12076373; AKT3, P=2.63×10-10, OR=1.23), 2q33.3 (rs7572263; near IDH1, P=2.18×10-10, OR=1.20), 3p14.1 (rs11706832; LRIG1, P=7.66×10-9, OR=1.15), 10q24.33 (rs11598018; OBFC1, P=3.39×10-8, OR=1.14), 11q21 (rs7107785; P=3.87×10-10, OR=1.16), 14q12 (rs10131032; P=5.07x10-11, OR=1.33) and 16p13.3 (rs3751667; P=2.61×10-9, OR=1.18). Case-only analyses confirmed the specificity of 11q14.1, 16p13.3 and 22q13.1 associations for GBM and 1q44, 2q33.3, 3p14.1, 11q21 and 14q12 for non-GBM tumors. In the combined meta-analysis, among previously published glioma risk SNPs, those for all glioma at 17p13.1 (TP53), GBM at 5p15.33 (TERT), 7p11.2 (EGFR), 9p21.3 (CDKN2B-AS1) and 20q13.33 (RTEL1) and for non-GBM at 8q24.21 (CCDC26), 11q23.2, 11q23.3 (PHLDB1) and 15q24.2 (ETFA) showed even greater evidence for association. SNPs at 10q25.2 and 12q12.1 for non-GBM tumors retained genome-wide significance (i.e. P<5.0x10-8). Associations at the previously reported loci for GBM at 3q26.2 (near TERC) and 12q23.33 (POLR3B) did not retain statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings substantiate genetic susceptibility to GBM and non-GBM glioma being highly distinct, consistent with their distinctive molecular profiles presumably resulting from different etiological pathways. Functional analyses should lead to further insights into the biological basis of the different glioma histologies. Such information can inform gene discovery initiatives and therefore have a measurable impact on the successful development of new therapeutic agents.
Citation Format: Ben Kinnersley, Beatrice S. Melin, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Margaret R. Wrensch, Christoffer Johansen, Dora Il’yasova, Quinn Ostrom, and members of GICC, Karim Labreche, Jeanette E. Eckel-Passow, Paul A. Decker, Marianne Labussière, Ahmed Idbaih, Khe Hoang-Xuan, Anna-Luisa Di Stefano, Karima Mokhtari, Jean-Yves Delattre, Pilar Galan, Konstantinos Gousias, Johannes Schramm, Minouk J. Schoemaker, Sarah J. Fleming, Stefan Herms, Stefanie Heilmann, Marcus M. Nöthen, Heinz-Erich Wichmann, Stefan Schreiber, Anthony Swerdlow, Mark Lathrop, Matthias Simon, Marc Sanson, Preetha Rajaraman, Stephen Chanock, Martha Linet, Zhaoming Wang, Meredith Yeager, Rose K. Lai, Elizabeth B. Claus, Sara H. Olson, Robert B. Jenkins, Richard S. Houlston, Melissa L. Bondy. Genome-wide association study of glioma reveals specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1302. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1302
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Pasutto F, Zenkel M, Hoja U, Berner D, Uebe S, Ferrazzi F, Schödel J, Liravi P, Ozaki M, Paoli D, Frezzotti P, Mizoguchi T, Nakano S, Kubota T, Manabe S, Salvi E, Manunta P, Cusi D, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Aung T, Khor CC, Kruse FE, Reis A, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome-associated genetic variants affect transcription factor binding and alternative splicing of LOXL1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15466. [PMID: 28534485 PMCID: PMC5457519 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) is known as the principal genetic risk factor for pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, a major cause of glaucoma and cardiovascular complications, no functional variants have been identified to date. Here, we conduct a genome-wide association scan on 771 German PEX patients and 1,350 controls, followed by independent testing of associated variants in Italian and Japanese data sets. We focus on a 3.5-kb four-component polymorphic locus positioned spanning introns 1 and 2 of LOXL1 with enhancer-like chromatin features. We find that the rs11638944:C>G transversion exerts a cis-acting effect on the expression levels of LOXL1, mediated by differential binding of the transcription factor RXRα (retinoid X receptor alpha) and by modulating alternative splicing of LOXL1, eventually leading to reduced levels of LOXL1 mRNA in cells and tissues of risk allele carriers. These findings uncover a functional mechanism by which common noncoding variants influence LOXL1 expression. LOXL1 is a genetic risk factor for pseudoexfoliation syndrome of the eye but a causal variant has not been identified. Here, Pasutto et al., find intronic LOXL1 risk variants influence transcription factor binding and alternative splicing of LOXL1 in affected tissues reducing levels of LOXL1 mRNA.
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Melin BS, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Wrensch MR, Johansen C, Il'yasova D, Kinnersley B, Ostrom QT, Labreche K, Chen Y, Armstrong G, Liu Y, Eckel-Passow JE, Decker PA, Labussière M, Idbaih A, Hoang-Xuan K, Di Stefano AL, Mokhtari K, Delattre JY, Broderick P, Galan P, Gousias K, Schramm J, Schoemaker MJ, Fleming SJ, Herms S, Heilmann S, Nöthen MM, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Swerdlow A, Lathrop M, Simon M, Sanson M, Andersson U, Rajaraman P, Chanock S, Linet M, Wang Z, Yeager M, Wiencke JK, Hansen H, McCoy L, Rice T, Kosel ML, Sicotte H, Amos CI, Bernstein JL, Davis F, Lachance D, Lau C, Merrell RT, Shildkraut J, Ali-Osman F, Sadetzki S, Scheurer M, Shete S, Lai RK, Claus EB, Olson SH, Jenkins RB, Houlston RS, Bondy ML. Genome-wide association study of glioma subtypes identifies specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma tumors. Nat Genet 2017; 49:789-794. [PMID: 28346443 PMCID: PMC5558246 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of glioma susceptibility, but individual studies have had limited power to identify risk loci. We performed a meta-analysis of existing GWAS and two new GWAS, which totaled 12,496 cases and 18,190 controls. We identified five new loci for glioblastoma (GBM) at 1p31.3 (rs12752552; P = 2.04 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 1.22), 11q14.1 (rs11233250; P = 9.95 × 10-10, OR = 1.24), 16p13.3 (rs2562152; P = 1.93 × 10-8, OR = 1.21), 16q12.1 (rs10852606; P = 1.29 × 10-11, OR = 1.18) and 22q13.1 (rs2235573; P = 1.76 × 10-10, OR = 1.15), as well as eight loci for non-GBM tumors at 1q32.1 (rs4252707; P = 3.34 × 10-9, OR = 1.19), 1q44 (rs12076373; P = 2.63 × 10-10, OR = 1.23), 2q33.3 (rs7572263; P = 2.18 × 10-10, OR = 1.20), 3p14.1 (rs11706832; P = 7.66 × 10-9, OR = 1.15), 10q24.33 (rs11598018; P = 3.39 × 10-8, OR = 1.14), 11q21 (rs7107785; P = 3.87 × 10-10, OR = 1.16), 14q12 (rs10131032; P = 5.07 × 10-11, OR = 1.33) and 16p13.3 (rs3751667; P = 2.61 × 10-9, OR = 1.18). These data substantiate that genetic susceptibility to GBM and non-GBM tumors are highly distinct, which likely reflects different etiology.
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Olsson AC, Vermeulen R, Schüz J, Kromhout H, Pesch B, Peters S, Behrens T, Portengen L, Mirabelli D, Gustavsson P, Kendzia B, Almansa J, Luzon V, Vlaanderen J, Stücker I, Guida F, Consonni D, Caporaso N, Landi MT, Field J, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME, Richiardi L, Merletti F, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Plato N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Stanescu Dumitru R, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Forastiere F, Brüning T, Straif K. Exposure-Response Analyses of Asbestos and Lung Cancer Subtypes in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Epidemiology 2017; 28:288-299. [PMID: 28141674 PMCID: PMC5287435 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is limited regarding risk and the shape of the exposure-response curve at low asbestos exposure levels. We estimated the exposure-response for occupational asbestos exposure and assessed the joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking by sex and lung cancer subtype in general population studies. METHODS We pooled 14 case-control studies conducted in 1985-2010 in Europe and Canada, including 17,705 lung cancer cases and 21,813 controls with detailed information on tobacco habits and lifetime occupations. We developed a quantitative job-exposure-matrix to estimate job-, time period-, and region-specific exposure levels. Fiber-years (ff/ml-years) were calculated for each subject by linking the matrix with individual occupational histories. We fit unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and trends. RESULTS The fully adjusted OR for ever-exposure to asbestos was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.18, 1.31) in men and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.95, 1.31) in women. In men, increasing lung cancer risk was observed with increasing exposure in all smoking categories and for all three major lung cancer subtypes. In women, lung cancer risk for all subtypes was increased in current smokers (ORs ~two-fold). The joint effect of asbestos exposure and smoking did not deviate from multiplicativity among men, and was more than additive among women. CONCLUSIONS Our results in men showed an excess risk of lung cancer and its subtypes at low cumulative exposure levels, with a steeper exposure-response slope in this exposure range than at higher, previously studied levels. (See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B161.).
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Ignatius Tak-sun Y, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J, Richiardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Mannetje A‘, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Brüning T, Olsson AC. Lung Cancer Among Firefighters: Smoking-Adjusted Risk Estimates in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:1137-1143. [PMID: 27820764 PMCID: PMC7254920 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore lung cancer risk among firefighters, with adjustment for smoking. METHODS We used pooled information from the SYNERGY project including 14 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China, with lifetime work histories and smoking habits for 14,748 cases of lung cancer and 17,543 controls. We estimated odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking and having ever been employed in a job known to present an excess risk of lung cancer. RESULTS There was no increased lung cancer risk overall or by specific cell type among firefighters (n = 190), neither before nor after smoking adjustment. We observed no significant exposure-response relationship in terms of work duration. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of an excess lung cancer risk related to occupational exposure as a firefighter.
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Amin N, Allebrandt KV, van der Spek A, Müller-Myhsok B, Hek K, Teder-Laving M, Hayward C, Esko T, van Mill JG, Mbarek H, Watson NF, Melville SA, Del Greco FM, Byrne EM, Oole E, Kolcic I, Chen TH, Evans DS, Coresh J, Vogelzangs N, Karjalainen J, Willemsen G, Gharib SA, Zgaga L, Mihailov E, Stone KL, Campbell H, Brouwer RWW, Demirkan A, Isaacs A, Dogas Z, Marciante KD, Campbell S, Borovecki F, Luik AI, Li M, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, van den Hout MCGN, Cummings SR, Aulchenko YS, Gehrman PR, Uitterlinden AG, Wichmann HE, Müller-Nurasyid M, Fehrmann RSN, Montgomery GW, Hofman A, Kao WHL, Oostra BA, Wright AF, Vink JM, Wilson JF, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Polasek O, Punjabi NM, Redline S, Psaty BM, Heath AC, Merrow M, Tranah GJ, Gottlieb DJ, Boomsma DI, Martin NG, Rudan I, Tiemeier H, van IJcken WFJ, Penninx BW, Metspalu A, Meitinger T, Franke L, Roenneberg T, van Duijn CM. Genetic variants in RBFOX3 are associated with sleep latency. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1488-95. [PMID: 27142678 PMCID: PMC5027680 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Time to fall asleep (sleep latency) is a major determinant of sleep quality. Chronic, long sleep latency is a major characteristic of sleep-onset insomnia and/or delayed sleep phase syndrome. In this study we aimed to discover common polymorphisms that contribute to the genetics of sleep latency. We performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including 2 572 737 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) established in seven European cohorts including 4242 individuals. We found a cluster of three highly correlated variants (rs9900428, rs9907432 and rs7211029) in the RNA-binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 gene (RBFOX3) associated with sleep latency (P-values=5.77 × 10(-08), 6.59 × 10(-)(08) and 9.17 × 10(-)(08)). These SNPs were replicated in up to 12 independent populations including 30 377 individuals (P-values=1.5 × 10(-)(02), 7.0 × 10(-)(03) and 2.5 × 10(-)(03); combined meta-analysis P-values=5.5 × 10(-07), 5.4 × 10(-07) and 1.0 × 10(-07)). A functional prediction of RBFOX3 based on co-expression with other genes shows that this gene is predominantly expressed in brain (P-value=1.4 × 10(-316)) and the central nervous system (P-value=7.5 × 10(-)(321)). The predicted function of RBFOX3 based on co-expression analysis with other genes shows that this gene is significantly involved in the release cycle of neurotransmitters including gamma-aminobutyric acid and various monoamines (P-values<2.9 × 10(-11)) that are crucial in triggering the onset of sleep. To conclude, in this first large-scale GWAS of sleep latency we report a novel association of variants in RBFOX3 gene. Further, a functional prediction of RBFOX3 supports the involvement of RBFOX3 with sleep latency.
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J, Richardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Mannetje A, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Brüning T, Olsson AC. P025 Lung cancer risk among firefighters when accounting for tobacco smoking – preliminary results from a pooled analysis of case-control studies from europe, canada, new zealand and china. Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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