Ultrastructural comparison of the larval midguts between Trypoxylus dichotomus (Linnaeus, 1771) and Anomala corpulenta (Motschulsky, 1854) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Larvae are the most important feeding and developmental stage in the life cycle of insects. Correspondingly, the larval midguts, as the primary digestive organs, undergo diverse specialization among insect lineages. Larvae of Scarabaeoidae, commomly known as white grubs, exhibit diversity on feeding habits at the familial or subfamilial level. However, the ultrastructure of larval midguts is not yet satisfactorily understood. In this study, the larval midguts of Trypoxylus dichotomus and Anomala corpulenta were compared using light and transmission electron microscopy for the first time, to uncover the ultrastructural differences between the midguts of saprophagous and phytophagous white grubs. The larval midguts of both species are tubular with three circles of the gastric caeca, and share morphological similarities in midgut epithelial cells, layers of basal lamina, and the digestive and regenerative cells. However, the midguts of the two species differ significantly in the shape of the gastric caeca and exhibit slightly differences in muscle structure. The morphology of larval midgut is related to the feeding habits.

[Progress in lipoarabinomannan antigen detection for tuberculosis diagnosis in people living with HIV/AIDS]

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), posing a significant disease burden. Early TB screening in PLWHA is a key intervention to reduce transmission and control disease progression. ​Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a glycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that can be detected in the urine of tuberculosis patients. LAM is useful for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis. This article reviews LAM and its application and limitations in the diagnosis of PLWHA, hoping to provide a reference for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in PLWHA.

[Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma in 25 cases]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in the treatment of locally advanced olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), and to explore the factors related to the efficacy of NACT. Methods: A total of 25 patients with ONB who underwent NACT in Beijing TongRen Hospital from April 2017 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 16 males and 9 females, with an average age of 44.9 years (ranged 26-72 years). There were 22 cases of Kadish stage C and 3 cases of stage D. After multiple disciplinary team(MDT) discussion, all patients were treated sequentially with NACT-surgery-radiotherapy. Among them, 17 cases were treated with taxol, cis-platinum and etoposide (TEP), 4 cases with taxol, nedaplatin and ifosfamide (TPI), 3 cases with TP, while 1 case with EP. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and survival analyses were calculated based on the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The overall response rate of NACT was 32% (8/25). Subsequently, 21 patients underwent extended endoscopic surgery and 4 patients underwent combined cranial-nasal approach. Three patients with stage D disease underwent cervical lymph node dissection. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy. The mean follow-up time was 44.2 months (ranged 6-67 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 100.0%, and the 5-year disease-free survival rates was 94.4%. Before NACT, Ki-67 index was 60% (50%, 90%), while Ki-67 index was 20% (3%, 30%) after chemotherapy [M (Q₁, Q₃)]. The change of Ki-67 before and after NACT was statistically significant (Z=-24.24, P<0.05). The effects of age, gender, history of surgery, Hyams grade, Ki-67 index and chemotherapy regimen to NACT were analyzed. Ki-67 index≥25% and high Hyams grade were related to the efficacy of NACT (all P<0.05). Conclusions: NACT could reduce Ki-67 index in ONBs. High Ki-67 index and Hyams grade are clinical indicators sensitive to the efficacy of NACT. NACT-surgery-radiotherapy is effective for patients with locally advanced ONB.

REVEILLE 7 inhibits the expression of the circadian clock gene EARLY FLOWERING 4 to fine-tune hypocotyl growth in response to warm temperatures

The circadian clock maintains the daily rhythms of plant growth and anticipates predictable ambient temperature cycles. The evening complex (EC), comprising EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), ELF4, and LUX ARRHYTHMO, plays an essential role in suppressing thermoresponsive hypocotyl growth by negatively regulating PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) activity and its downstream targets in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, how EC activity is attenuated by warm temperatures remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that warm temperature-induced REVEILLE 7 (RVE7) fine-tunes thermoresponsive growth in Arabidopsis by repressing ELF4 expression. RVE7 transcript and RVE7 protein levels increased in response to warm temperatures. Under warm temperature conditions, an rve7 loss-of-function mutant had shorter hypocotyls, while overexpressing RVE7 promoted hypocotyl elongation. PIF4 accumulation and downstream transcriptional effects were reduced in the rve7 mutant but enhanced in RVE7 overexpression plants under warm conditions. RVE7 associates with the Evening Element in the ELF4 promoter and directly represses its transcription. ELF4 is epistatic to RVE7, and overexpressing ELF4 suppressed the phenotype of the RVE7 overexpression line under warm temperature conditions. Together, our results identify RVE7 as an important regulator of thermoresponsive growth that functions (in part) by controlling ELF4 transcription, highlighting the importance of ELF4 for thermomorphogenesis in plants.

bZIP17 regulates heat stress tolerance at reproductive stage in Arabidopsis

High temperature elicits a well-conserved response called the unfolded protein response (UPR) to bring protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Two key UPR regulators bZIP28 and bZIP60 have been shown to be essential for maintaining fertility under heat stress conditions in Arabidopsis, however, the function of transcriptional activator bZIP17, a paralog of bZIP28, in heat stress response at reproductive stage is not reported. Here we found that bzip17 mutant plants were sensitive to heat stress in terms of silique length and fertility comparing to that of wildtype (WT) Arabidopsis plants, and transcriptomic analysis showed that 1380 genes were specifically up-regulated and 493 genes were specifically down-regulated by heat stress in the flowers of WT plants comparing to that in bzip17 mutant plants. These bZIP17-dependent up-regulated genes were enriched in responses to abiotic stresses such as water deprivation and salt stress. Further chromatin immuno-precipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) uncovered 1645 genes that were direct targets of bZIP17 in MYC-bZIP17 expressing seedlings subjected to heat stress. Among these 1645 genes, ERSE-II cis-element was enriched in the binding peaks of their promoters, and the up-regulation of 113 genes by heat stress in flowers was dependent on bZIP17. Our results revealed direct targets of bZIP17 in flowers during heat stress responses and demonstrated the important role of bZIP17 in maintaining fertility upon heat stress in plants.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-021-00062-1.

Roles of plant hormones in thermomorphogenesis

Global warming has great impacts on plant growth and development, as well as ecological distribution. Plants constantly perceive environmental temperatures and adjust their growth and development programs accordingly to cope with the environment under non-lethal warm temperature conditions. Plant hormones are endogenous bioactive chemicals that play central roles in plant growth, developmental, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the important roles of plant hormones, including auxin, brassinosteroids (BRs), Gibberellins (GAs), ethylene (ET), and jasmonates (JAs), in regulating plant growth under warm temperature conditions. This provides a picture on how plants sense and transduce the warm temperature signals to regulate downstream gene expression for controlling plant growth under warm temperature conditions via hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in China

BACKGROUND

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic. There are several studies that have concentrated on the prevalence rate of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID), whereas data on such a population on the mainland of China remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents with ID on China's mainland.

METHODS

This study employed a cross-sectional design to examine the body weight status of 1873 children and adolescents (ages 6-18 years old) with ID in 35 special education schools. Body mass index was calculated, and the concepts of overweight and obesity were defined according to the standard of the Working Group for Obesity in China.

RESULTS

Data indicated that 18.2% (95% CI: 16.5%-20.0%) of children and adolescents with ID were overweight and 14.4% (95% CI: 12.8%-16.0%) were obese. Boys with ID were more likely to be overweight than girls with ID (OR = 1.48[95% CI: 1.13-1.94], P < 0.05). Children and adolescents with Down syndrome or autism spectrum disorder had a trend to be classified as overweight (OR = 1.76[95% CI: 1.22-2.54], P < 0.05; OR = 1.57[95% CI: 1.17-2.09], P < 0.05, respectively) or obesity (OR = 1.82[95% CI: 1.23-2.69], P < 0.05; OR = 1.40 [95% CI: 1.02-1.93], P < 0.05, respectively) compared with those with ID without these conditions. Moreover, children and teenagers with ID living in urban areas had a predisposition to be overweight (OR = 2.16[95% CI: 1.14-4.09], P < 0.05) or obese (OR = 3.25[95% CI: 1.41-7.50], P < 0.05) relative to those who lived in rural areas.

CONCLUSION

Results indicated that in China, the prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents with ID was remarkably high. Therefore, future research should make every effort to focus on reducing and preventing overweight and obesity of this population in China.

Two B-box domain proteins, BBX28 and BBX29, regulate flowering time at low ambient temperature in Arabidopsis

This paper demonstrates that BBX28 and BBX29 proteins in Arabidopsis promote flowering in association with the CO-FT regulatory module at low ambient temperature under LD conditions. Flowering plants integrate internal developmental signals with external environmental stimuli for precise flowering time control. The expression of BBX29 is up-regulated by low temperature treatment, but the biological function of BBX29 in low temperature response is unknown. In the current study, we examined the biological role of BBX29 and its close-related protein BBX28 in flowering time control under long-day conditions. Although neither BBX28 single mutant nor BBX29 single mutant has a flowering-associated phenotype, the bbx28 bbx29 double mutant plants have an obvious delayed flowering phenotype grown at low ambient temperature (16°C) compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. The expression of FT and TSF was lower in bbx28 bbx29 double mutant plants than in wild-type plants at 16°C. Both BBX28 and BBX29 interact with CONSTANS (CO), an important flowering integrator that directly binds to the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) promoter. In the effector-reporter assays, transcriptional activation activity of CO on the FT promoter was reduced in bbx28 bbx29 double mutant plants compared to that in WT plants. Taken together, our results reveal that BBX28 and BBX29 are promoters of flowering in Arabidopsis, especially at low ambient temperature.

Protein Quality Control in Plant Organelles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

The endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and mitochondria are major plant organelles for protein synthesis, photosynthesis, metabolism, and energy production. Protein homeostasis in these organelles, maintained by a balance between protein synthesis and degradation, is essential for cell functions during plant growth, development, and stress resistance. Nucleus-encoded chloroplast- and mitochondrion-targeted proteins and ER-resident proteins are imported from the cytosol and undergo modification and maturation within their respective organelles. Protein folding is an error-prone process that is influenced by both developmental signals and environmental cues; a number of mechanisms have evolved to ensure efficient import and proper folding and maturation of proteins in plant organelles. Misfolded or damaged proteins with nonnative conformations are subject to degradation via complementary or competing pathways: intraorganelle proteases, the organelle-associated ubiquitin-proteasome system, and the selective autophagy of partial or entire organelles. When proteins in nonnative conformations accumulate, the organelle-specific unfolded protein response operates to restore protein homeostasis by reducing protein folding demand, increasing protein folding capacity, and enhancing components involved in proteasome-associated protein degradation and autophagy. This review summarizes recent progress on the understanding of protein quality control in the ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria in plants, with a focus on common mechanisms shared by these organelles during protein homeostasis.

NAC103, a NAC family transcription factor, regulates ABA response during seed germination and seedling growth in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis transcription factor NAC103 is up-regulated and its encoding protein is stabilized by ABA treatment, which positively regulates several ABA-responsive downstream genes during seed germination and seedlings growth. The Arabidopsis transcription factor NAC103 was previously found to be involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA damage responses. In this study, we report the new biological function of NAC103 in abscisic acid (ABA) response during seed germination and seedling growth in Arabidopsis. The expression of NAC103 was up-regulated and the NAC103 protein was stabilized by ABA treatment. Both the loss-of-function mutants of NAC103, created by targeted gene-editing, and the over-expression plants of NAC103 have no obvious germination-related phenotype under normal growth conditions. However, under exogenous ABA treatment conditions, the NAC103 mutants were less sensitive to ABA during seed germination; in contrast, the NAC103 over-expression plants were more sensitive to ABA during seed germination and young seedling growth. Further, NAC103 regulated several ABA-responsive downstream genes including MYB78, MYB3, PLP3, AMY1, and RGL2. These results demonstrate that NAC103 positively regulates ABA response in Arabidopsis.

Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Oldest-Old in China

OBJECTIVES

The oldest old population has become the fastest growing segment with excess need of care and social support, it is crucial to improve the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of these populations. This study seeks to evaluate the health status and to investigate modifiable factors associated with health-related quality of life for oldest old adults in China.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional population-based study.

SETTING

Hainan Province in the south of China.

PARTICIPANTS

1,278 adults aged 80 years or older.

METHODS

HRQoL was assessed by three-level EuroQol-5D scale (EQ-5D-3L) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Demographic and health-related variables were analysed by estimating mean values and standard deviations for continuous variables, percentages and standard deviations for categorical variables. Tobit regressions, ordinary least Squared (OLS) regressions and ordered probit regressions were adopted to determine the associated factors for overall HRQoL and for each health dimension.

RESULTS

Anxiety/depression was the least reported problem while mobility was the most frequently reported with problem. Female respondents had lower EQ-5D score (0.76 vs. 0.86) and VAS score (66.55 vs. 69.84) than male respondents. Better health-related quality of life was significantly associated with higher BMI, no drinking habit, more leisure activities, living with family members, good sleeping quality, closer social and family connections, fewer numbers of drugs consumed per day, without having hearing or visual impairment, and fewer chronic conditions, after controlling for potential confounders.

CONCLUSION

Findings from this study suggested that quality of life was not only associated with age-related diseases, but also correlated with a range of health-related lifestyles, and factors indicating social and family support.

[Effect of anatomical changes of frontal recess and frontal sinus on airflow after nasalisation by image reconstruction and numerical simulation]

Objective: To describe the influence of post-operative anatomical structure changes on nasal airflow characteristics by 3D reconstruction and numerical simulation in real cases after nasalisation with Draf Ⅲ so as to explore the correlation between the changes of anatomical structure and subjective symptoms as well as airflow characteristics. Methods: Ten patients underwent nasalization with Draf Ⅲ in Department of Rhinology in Beijing Tongren Hospital from 2006 to 2018 were selected retrospectively. Postoperative follow-up of all patients was more than 1 year. All patients had no abnormalities in their paranasal sinus CT scans and Lund-Kennedy scores were 0 except scar. VAS scores including nasal obstruction, stimulation in frontal sinus, and headache were collected at the same period. The control model was a normal person. Numerical simulation was used for calculating airflow characteristics in deep inspiratory period of both models. Independent sample Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation test were used by software SPSS 22.0. Results: The airflow pressure in frontal sinus ostium was (7.21±1.39)×10(4) Pa (Mean±SD), which was lower than that in normal subjects (8.99×10(4) Pa) under deep inspiratory simulation. But, the velocities in frontal sinus ostium and frontal sinus were (40.10±2.46) m/s and (28.19±1.73) m/s respectively, which were higher than those in normal one (2.70 m/s, 0.73 m/s). The airflow patterns of the two models were basically similar. There was no significant difference in the opening size and volume of frontal sinus between different groups after grouped by three symptoms respectively. No correlation could be found between the opening size and volume of the frontal sinus with the appearance and severity of three subjective symptoms. Conclusions: The airflow pattern and distribution after nasalisation with Draf Ⅲ are like those of normal person. There is no correlation between the changes of anatomy in frontal recess and frontal sinus and nasal airflow characteristics as well as subjective symptoms.

[Cost-effective analysis of seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly Chinese population]

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination, compared to no vaccination, for the elderly aged ≥60 years old in China. Methods: A static life-time Markov model is conducted to simulate the Chinese elderly population aged ≥60 years old. Taking the health care system perspective, one-year analytic cycle length is used for each influenza season. The model was assumed to be repeated until the individual reaches 100 years old. Three interventions were evaluated, including no vaccination, annual trivalent influenza vaccination, and annual quadrivalent influenza vaccination. Using the threshold of 3 times GDP per capita per Quality-adjusted life year (QALY) (193 932/QALY), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated to compare the cost-effectiveness of every two interventions.Model inputs like data for costs and utilities were from studies on Chinese population if they were available. QALY was used to measure health utility. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were adopted to quantify the level of confidence of the model output. Results: The total influenza associated costs of no vaccination would be 603 CNY per person, while the total costs of annual trivalent vaccination would be 1 027 CNY. Using trivalent vaccine would result in 0.007 QALY gained per person compared to no vaccination, with an increased cost of 424 CNY per person. The ICER of trivalent vaccination over no vaccination for all the elderly population in China would be 64 026 CNY per QALY gained, which was less than the threshold of 3 times GDP per capita. The total costs of annual quadrivalent vaccination would be 1 988 CNY. Using quadrivalent vaccine would result in 0.008 additional QALY gained per person compared to no vaccination, with an increased cost of 1 385 CNY per person. The ICER of quadrivalent vaccination over no vaccination would be 174 081 CNY per QALY gained, which was less than the threshold of 3 times GDP per capita. Conclusion: Vaccinating elderly population would improve health utilities at higher health care costs for the elderly. Using the threshold of 3 times GDP per capita per QALY (193 932/QALY), both trivalent and quadrivalent vaccination would be cost-effective compared to no vaccination in elderly Chinese population.

[CD40/TNF receptor associated factor 1 expression and NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis]

Objective: To investigatea cellular/molecular mechanism of the CD40/TRAF1 signalling pathway involved in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: 16 patients with active RA and 9 patients with Fractures who underwent total knee or hip replacement in The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included in the study. Synovial tissues (ST) and serum were obtained from each patient. The CD40, TRAF1, NF-κB p65 were detected by ELISA and Immunohistochemistry in serum and tissue respectively. Real time-PCR (RT-PCR) was applied to measure NF-κB-related gene expression. Results: CD40 and TRAF1 positive area (%) in RA patients were 28.7±5.4, 34.3±4.8 respectively, which were significantly higher (P<0.05) than Fracture controls (21.2±9.5, 21.6±8.7 respectively). The expression of total NF-κB p65, and phospho-NF-κB p65 proteins, as well as NF-κB-related gene expression, including cytokines (TNFα, IL-6), chemokines (MCP-1),and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) were significantly higher in the ST of RA patients compared to Fracture controls. Conclusion: It is thus possible that the CD40/TRAF1 pathway acted as a positive regulator through NF-κB activation and NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory genes in RA.

Prognostic significance of preoperative radiotherapy in stage II and III rectal cancer patients: A Strobe-compliant study of SEER 18 registries database (1988-2011)

Preoperative radiation therapy has been regarded as the optional neoadjuvant treatment to decrease local recurrence of rectal cancer in addition to surgery. However, its benefit in survival remained obscure. This study was aimed to measure the efficacy of preoperative radiation therapy for survival in stage II and III rectal cancer patients. Retrospective cohort study used the database of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute in the United States from 1988 to 2011. A total of 49439 patients diagnosed with primary rectal cancer who underwent surgery were included. Clinicopathological characteristics and rectal cancer-specific survival between surgery alone group and surgery plus preoperative radiation therapy group were compared. Rectal cancer patients in surgery plus preoperative radiation therapy group had significantly better survival than those in surgery alone group (72.70% vs. 66.61%, P < 0.001), as well as stratified by stages (stage II: 77.4% vs. 74.3%, P < 0.001; stage III: 68.3% vs. 58.6%, P < 0.001). However, this beneficial impact was only observed after 2000s (P < 0.001). Multivariate survival analysis revealed that preoperative radiation therapy was an independent predictor for better survival in stage III (hazard ratio, 0.795; 95% CI, 0.753-0.840; P < 0.001), but not in stage II (P = 0.70). Preoperative radiation therapy might bring a better survival in stage II and III rectal cancer patients, but only as an independent predictor for stage III patients. As time progressed, preoperative radiation therapy might yield more profit for stage II and III rectal cancer patients.

[Prevalence and attribution of high-risk HPV in different histological types of cervical cancer]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of high-risk HPV subtypes in different pathological types of cervical cancer, and analyze the attribution of carcinogenic HPV subtypes in different pathological types. Methods: A total of 1 541 patients with cervical cancer were treated between February 2009 and October 2016 in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The median age at diagnosis was 49 years (ranged 20-82 years old). The numbers of patients with cervical cancer from North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China and other regions (including Northwest, Southwest and South China) were 961, 244, 175, 87 and 74 cases, respectively. Pathological types: 1 337 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 87 usual adenocarcinoma (ADC), 23 adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), 20 mucinous carcinoma (MC), 19 clear cell carcinoma (CCC), 12 endometrioid carcinoma (EC), 25 neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), 9 serous carcinoma (SC), 5 villous adenocarcinoma (VADC) and 4 minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDAC). The prevalence of high-risk HPV in different regions, age groups at diagnosis and pathological types in cervical cancer were analyzed. The attribution of 13 high-risk HPV subtypes in different pathological types of cervical cancer based on proportional attribution method, and the attribution of high-risk HPV subtypes prevented by 9-valent HPV vaccine in SCC and ADC were calculated. Results: (1) The prevalence of high-risk HPV in 1 541 patients with cervical cancer was 86.6% (1 335/1 541). The multiple high-risk HPV infection rate in patients with SCC ≥60 years old (23.0%, 37/161) was significantly higher than those in patients aged 45-59 years old and ≤44 years old [11.4% (85/747) vs 11.7% (50/429), P<0.01], and the high-risk HPV infection rates of patients with cervical cancer in North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China and other regions were respectively 86.8% (834/961), 87.7% (214/244), 83.4% (146/175), 83.9% (73/87) and 91.9% (68/74). SCC (86.8%, 1 337/1 541) and ADC (5.6%, 87/1 541) were the most common pathological types in cervical cancer. The high-risk HPV prevalence of SCC, ADC, ASC, MC, NEC and VADC were 90.1% (1 205/1 337), 74.7% (65/87), 87.0% (20/23), 65.0% (13/20), 72.0% (18/25) and 5/5 respectively. The high-risk HPV infection rates of SC, EC, CCC and MDAC were 4/9, 3/12, 2/19 and 0/4 respectively. (2) According to proportional attribution, HPV 16 (69.5%), HPV 18 (5.6%), HPV 58 (2.2%), HPV 31 (1.9%), HPV 52 (1.4%) and HPV 33 (1.3%) were the six common high-risk HPV subtypes in SCC. While, HPV 18 (44.1%), HPV 16 (20.5%), HPV 52 (2.3%), HPV 58 (1.2%) and HPV 51 (1.2%) were the main carcinogenic subtypes in ADC. The main carcinogenic high-risk HPV subtypes of ASC, NEC and MC were HPV 18 and HPV 16. The total attribution of HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 prevented by 9-valent HPV vaccine in SCC and ADC were 82.6% and 68.1% respectively; the attribution of HPV 45 in SCC and ADC were only 0.8% and 0. Conclusions: SCC and ADC are the main pathological types in cervical cancer. SCC, ADC, ASC, MC, NEC and VADC are closely related to high-risk HPV infection. HPV 16 is the main carcinogenic genotypes of SCC. HPV 18 maybe play an important role in the pathogenesis of ADC.

[The renal protective effect and mechanism of liraglutide in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet]

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of liraglutide on kidney of diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and its possible mechanisms. Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into normal chow diet (NC) group and high-fat diet (HFD) group, which were fed with normal chow diet and HFD for 12 weeks respectively. After diet challenge, the mice were randomly divided into normal control group, normal chow diet with liraglutide treatment (NC+Lira) group, HFD group and high-fat diet with liraglutide treatment (HFD+Lira) group. The mice in NC+Lira and HFD+Lira groups were given intraperitoneal injection of liraglutide (400 μg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) for 8 weeks, while mice in NC and HFD groups were given intraperitoneal injection of same amount of normal saline. Urinary albumin and creatinine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Renal morphology was observed by HE staining. The expression levels of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) were determined by Western blot. Results: Compared with HFD group, liraglutide significantly lowered the body weight [(30.98±1.29) g vs (39.43±2.58) g], fasting blood glucose (FBG) [(7.21±0.15) mmol/L vs (9.55±0.29) mmol/L] and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) [(205.48±17.14) μg/mg vs (319.86±34.14) μg/mg] in HFD+Lira group (all P<0.05). HE staining showed that glomerular hypertrophy of HFD group alleviated after liraglutide treatment. The expression level of TXNIP in the kidney of HFD mice significantly decreased after liraglutide treatment (0.41±0.10 vs 3.50±0.70), while expression level of SIRT1 significantly increased (0.75±0.15 vs 0.32±0.04) (both P<0.05). Conclusion: Liraglutide could improve diabetic nephropathy by up-regulation of SIRT1 expression and down-regulation of TXNIP expression in diabetic mice induced by HFD.

[Analyses of clinical and radiological characteristics of IgG4-related rhinosinusitis]

Objectives: To discuss the clinical and radiological features of IgG4-related rhinosinusitis. Methods: In this retrospective research, the clinical data of 16 patients diagnosed with IgG4 related rhinosinusitis, who were enrolled in Beijing Tongren Hospital from November 2013 to September 2017, were collected. The clinical features, laboratory findings, radiological findings, histological features, treatment and prognosis were all summarized. Results: There were 12 males and 4 females among 16 patients, and male-to-female ratio was 3︰1. The age was between 30 to 70 years old, with median age of 52 years old. The chief nasal complaints were nasal obstruction and hyposmia, complicated with proptosis and eyelid swelling in 11 patients (11/16). Serum IgG4 levels were elevated in all patients and the value was over 1.44 g/L, and one patient serum IgG4 level was up to 49.70 g/L. Computed tomography (CT) showed the mainly affected sinuses were bilateral ethmoid sinus and olfactory cleft. The classic feature of CT scans was thickening of the involved bilateral ethmoid sinus mucous membrane with ethmoid bone absorption, which was mainly at midline. Histological features were severe inflammation of the mucosal tissue with mass of neutrophils and plasma cell infiltration. All patients were treated by methylprednisolone combined with cyclophosphamide or methotrexate. Remission of symptoms was detected in all patients. Conclusion: The clinical features of IgG4-related rhinosinusitis are often accompanied by orbital tissue involvement, elevated IgG4 serum concentration, associated sinus imaging changes, and sensitive glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive therapy.

[Clinical research on surgical treatment of benign lesions in maxillary sinus by modified prelacrimal duct recess approach]

Objective:To explore the clinical effects, surgical procedure and indications of surgical treatment for benign lesions in maxillary sinus through modified prelacrimal duct recess approach. Method:All 21 patients in this study who diagnosed with benign lesions in maxillary sinus, received routine preoperational exam and underwent endoscopic maxillary sinus surgery through modified prelacrimal duct recess approach. Postoperatively patients received routine medical treatment, and regular follow-up for average 11.3 months(from 3 months to 16 months). Result:Among 21 patients, there were 9 cases diagnosed with maxillary sinus cyst, 6 cases diagnosed with maxillary sinus choanal polyps, and 5 cases diagnosed with maxillary sinus hemorrhagic and necrotic polyps, 1 case of maxillary sinus root cyst. During the operation, the roots of maxillary sinus cyst or polyps were found in anterior or inferior wall of maxillary sinus. All patients recovered very well without recurrence. Conclusion:Modified prelacrimal duct recess approach appears to be a safe and effective method to resect benign lesions in the maxillary sinus, especially when lesions involved in anterior and inferior wall of the maxillary sinus.

[Correlation of transcutaneous oxygen pressure and blood lactate in patients with septic shock]

To analyze the correlation between transcutaneous oxygen pressure (P(tc)O(2)) and blood lactate in patients with septic shock. Fifty-sixpatients with septic shock were prospectively investigated. P(tc)O(2) was monitored continuously for 6 hours, and arterial blood gas was measured at baseline (T0) and 6 hours(T6). Records of P(tc)O(2),were analyzed for the correlation with lactate level and lactate clearance rate. P(tc)O(2) valuesin the high lactate clearance group and the low one were compared.The lowest value of P(tc)O(2) at T6 and duration of P(tc)O(2)<40 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) were both correlated with lactate level and lactate clearance rateat T6.The low predictive value of P(tc)O(2) was 29 mmHg of lactate clearance under 20% with a sensitivity 85.2% and a specificity 65.5%. The low predictive value of P(tc)O(2) in high lactate clearance group was significantly higher than that in low lactate clearance group, while the duration of P(tc)O(2)<40 mmHg was shorter than the latter. During 6 h continuous monitoring, patients with a significant low P(tc)O(2) or prolonged duration of low P(tc)O(2) have relatively high lactate or low lactate clearance after resuscitation.

[Effects of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide lipid microbubble combined with ultrasound on human keloid fibroblasts]

Objective: To explore the effects of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR), 4HPR liposome (4HPR-L), and 4HPR lipid microbubble (4HPR-LM) combined with ultrasound on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle of human keloid fibroblasts (Fbs). Methods: (1) 4HPR-L and 4HPR-LM were prepared by hydration ultrasonic method. The appearance morphology, particle size distribution, Zeta potential, loading drug concentration, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading rate of 4HPR-L were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscope. (2) Human keloid Fbs were cultured and divided into 13 groups by random number table (the same grouping method below), with 6 wells in each group. Cells in control group were given no treatment, while cells in 12 ultrasound groups including 0.5 W 30 s group, 0.5 W 60 s group, 0.5 W 120 s group, 0.7 W 30 s group, 0.7 W 60 s group, 0.7 W 120 s group, 1.0 W 30 s group, 1.0 W 60 s group, 1.0 W 120 s group, 1.5 W 30 s group, 1.5 W 60 s group, and 1.5 W 120 s group were treated by ultrasound with corresponding parameters. The cells viability was measured by a microplate reader after 24 hours of routine culture. Another batch of human keloid Fbs were divided into 5 groups, with 6 wells in each group. Cells in control group were given no treatment, while cells in 1, 10, 20, and 50 μg/mL blank lipid microbubble groups were treated with blank lipid microbubbles in corresponding mass concentration. The cells viability was measured as before after 24 hours of routine culture. Another batch of human keloid Fbs were divided into 6 groups, with 12 wells in each group. Cells in control group were given no treatment, while cells in 1, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL 4HPR-L groups were added with 4HPR-L carrying corresponding mass concentration of 4HPR. The cells viability in 6 wells of each group was detected after 24 and 48 hours of routine culture, respectively. Another batch of human keloid Fbs were divided into 4 groups, with 6 wells in each group. Cells in control group were given no treatment, while cells in 4HPR, 4HPR-L, and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound groups were treated with 4HPR, 4HPR-L, and 4HPR-LM (all the mass concentration of 4HPR was 20 μg/mL), respectively, and cells in 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group were given 0.5 W 60 s ultrasound treatment immediately after drug administration. The cells viability was measured as before after 24 hours of routine culture. (3) Another batch of human keloid Fbs were divided into control group, 4HPR group, 4HPR-L group and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group, with 3 wells in each group, and the cells in each group were treated as before. Apoptosis of the cells was detected by flow cytometer after 24 hours of routine culture. (4) Another batch of human keloid Fbs were grouped and treated as in (3), and then the cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometer after 24 hours of routine culture. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and t test. Results: (1) 4HPR-L particles had a spherical or spheroidal structure and were uniform in size, with particle size of (100.1±1.3) nm and Zeta potential of (-34.3±2.3) mV. The mass concentration of 4HPR in 4HPR-L solution was about 1 400 μg/mL, with the encapsulation efficiency of (95.8±1.2)% and drug loading rate of (8.3±0.4)%. (2) The viability of cells in the 12 ultrasound groups was higher than 93.0%, and the viability of cells in 1, 10, 20, and 50 μg/mL blank lipid microbubble groups was higher than 95.0%. The viability of cells in 1 μg/mL 4HPR-L group at administration hour 24 was similar to that at 48 (t=0.393, P>0.05). The viability of cells in 10, 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL 4HPR-L groups at administration hour 24 was significantly higher than that at administration hour 48 (t=44.593, 22.961, 32.224, 35.337, P<0.01). The viability of cells in 4HPR group, 4HPR-L group, and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group was (47.3±0.7)%, (42.3±1.7)%, and (38.6±0.8)%, respectively. The viability of cells in 4HPR group was significantly higher than that in 4HPR-L group and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group (t=4.551, 15.895, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The viability of cells in 4HPR-L group was significantly higher than that in 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group (t=-3.360, P<0.05). (3) The percentages of total apoptotic cells in 4HPR group, 4HPR-L group, and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group were (32.8±2.4)%, (42.5±2.4)%, and (58.5±6.3)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the percentage of control group [(14.9±1.6)%, t=8.748, 13.637, 9.500, P<0.01]. The percentages of total apoptotic cells in 4HPR-L group and 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group were significantly higher than the percentage in 4HPR group (t=4.049, 5.393, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the percentage of total apoptotic cells in 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group was significantly higher than that in 4HPR-L group (t=3.371, P<0.01). (4) The percentage of G2/M phase cells in 4HPR group was higher than that in control group, but there was no statistically significant difference (t=2.107, P>0.05). The percentage of G2/M phase cells in 4HPR-L group was significantly higher than that in 4HPR group or control group (t=18.169, 30.026, P<0.01). The percentage of G2/M phase cells in 4HPR-LM+ ultrasound group was significantly higher than that in 4HPR-L group, 4HPR group, and control group (t=4.932, 25.854, 66.231, P<0.01). Conclusions: 4HPR can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and arrest G2/M phase of human keloid Fbs, and the effects of 4HPR-LM combined with ultrasound are better than those of 4HPR-L and free 4HPR.