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Middelkoop K, Micklesfield LK, Walker N, Stewart J, Delport C, Jolliffe DA, Mendham AE, Coussens AK, van Graan A, Nuttall J, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Hooper RL, Wilkinson RJ, Bekker LG, Martineau AR. Influence of vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral content, bone turnover markers, and fracture risk in South African schoolchildren: multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial (ViDiKids). J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:211-221. [PMID: 38477739 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the influence of vitamin D on BMC and fracture risk in children of Black African ancestry are lacking. We conducted a sub-study (n = 450) nested within a phase 3 RCT of weekly oral supplementation with 10 000 IU vitamin D3 vs placebo for 3 yr in HIV-uninfected Cape Town schoolchildren aged 6-11 yr. Outcomes were BMC at the whole body less head (WBLH) and LS and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), PTH, alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal telopeptide, and PINP. Incidence of fractures was a secondary outcome of the main trial (n = 1682). At baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D3 concentration was 70.0 nmol/L (SD 13.5), and 5.8% of participants had serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations <50 nmol/L. Among sub-study participants, end-trial serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were higher for participants allocated to vitamin D vs placebo (adjusted mean difference [aMD] 39.9 nmol/L, 95% CI, 36.1 to 43.6) and serum PTH concentrations were lower (aMD -0.55 pmol/L, 95% CI, -0.94 to -0.17). However, no interarm differences were seen for WBLH BMC (aMD -8.0 g, 95% CI, -30.7 to 14.7) or LS BMC (aMD -0.3 g, 95% CI, -1.3 to 0.8) or serum concentrations of bone turnover markers. Fractures were rare among participants in the main trial randomized to vitamin D vs placebo (7/755 vs 10/758 attending at least 1 follow-up; adjusted odds ratio 0.70, 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.85). In conclusion, a 3-yr course of weekly oral vitamin D supplementation elevated serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations and suppressed serum PTH concentrations in HIV-uninfected South African schoolchildren of Black African ancestry but did not influence BMC or serum concentrations of bone turnover markers. Fracture incidence was low, limiting power to detect an effect of vitamin D on this outcome.
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Xiao Q, Wang H, Song J, Qin ZY, Pan L, Liao B, Deng YK, Ma J, Liu JX, Hu J, Gao P, Schleimer RP, Liu Z. Impaired local Vitamin D3 metabolism contributes to IL-36g overproduction in epithelial cells in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Rhinology 2024; 62:236-249. [PMID: 38085113 DOI: 10.4193/rhinrhin23.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D (VD) possesses immunomodulatory properties, but its role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains poorly studied. Herein, we aim to explore the regulation and function of VD3 in CRSwNP. METHODS 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25VD3) levels in serum and tissue lysates were detected by ELISA. The expression of VD receptor (VDR) and cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1), the enzyme that converts 25VD3 to the active 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3), and their expression regulation in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were studied by RT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. RNA sequencing was performed to identify genes regulated by 1,25VD3 in HNECs. HNECs and polyp tissue explants were treated with 1,25VD3, 25VD3, and dexamethasone. RESULTS 25VD3 levels in serum and nasal tissue lysates were decreased in patients with eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP than control subjects. The expression of VDR and CYP27B1 were reduced in eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP, particularly in nasal epithelial cells. VDR and CYP27B1 expression in HNECs were downregulated by interferon y and poly (I:C). Polyp-derived epithelial cells demonstrated an impaired ability to convert 25VD3 to 1,25VD3 than control tissues. 1,25VD3 and 25VD3 suppressed IL-36y production in HNECs and polyp tissues, and the effect of 25VD3 was abolished by siCYP27B1 treatment. Tissue 25VD3 levels negatively correlated with IL-36y expression and neutrophilic inflammation in CRSwNP. CONCLUSION Reduced systemic 25VD3 level, local 1,25VD3 generation and VDR expression result in impaired VD3 signaling activation in nasal epithelial cells, thereby exaggerating IL-36y production and neutrophilic inflammation in CRSwNP.
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Lopes TSB, Shi H, White D, Araújo ICS, Kim WK. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium and phosphorus diet during Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103267. [PMID: 38113706 PMCID: PMC10770761 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) diet during Eimeria spp. challenge. A total of 576 fourteen-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The main factors were 25-OHD level (0 or 3,000 IU/kg of feed), mineral level (0.84% of Ca/0.42% of P, the levels recommended for the grower phase (NOR) or 0.64% of Ca/0.22% of P (RED), and mid-high mixed Eimeria challenge or nonchallenge. 25-OHD improved phosphorus retention (P = 0.019), bone ash weight (P = 0.04), cortical bone trabecular connectivity (P = 0.043) during coccidiosis. For birds fed with reduced mineral levels, 25-OHD supplementation increased bone ash weight (P = 0.04). However, 25-OHD did not improve bone ash weight when birds were challenged and fed with reduced mineral levels. The dietary 3,000 IU of 25-OHD supplementation did not improve performance or gut morphology but support bone health during coccidiosis. Future investigations are needed for better understand 25-OHD role on bone microarchitecture and oxidative metabolism during coccidiosis.
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Fatemi SA, Mousstaaid A, Williams CJ, Deines J, Poudel S, Poudel I, Elliott KEC, Walters ER, Forcier N, Peebles ED. In ovo administration of the Marek's disease vaccine in conjunction with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and its subsequent effects on the performance and immunity-related characteristics of Ross 708 broiler hatchlings 1,2,3. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103199. [PMID: 37939590 PMCID: PMC10665917 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined effects of the in ovo injection of commercial Marek's disease vaccine (MDV) and various levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) on the hatch variables, immunological measurements, and gene expression of Ross 708 hatchling broilers were investigated. A total of 5 in ovo injection treatments that were applied at 18 d of incubation (doi) included: 1) noninjected (control); or a 50 μL solution volume of 2) MDV alone; or MDV combined with 3) 0.6 μg of 25OHD3; 4) 1.2 μg of 25OHD3; or 5) 2.4 μg of 25OHD3. At hatch, hatchability of set and live embryonated eggs, hatchling body weight, hatch residue analysis, serum IgY and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations, and the expression of genes related to immunity (INFα, INFβ, INFγ, TLR-3, and TLR-21) and vitamin D3 activity (1 α-hydroxylase, 24 hydroxylase, and vitamin D receptor) were determined. No significant treatment differences were observed for hatchability of set and live embryonated eggs, or for serum IgY and AGP concentrations. However, hatchling body weight was higher when MDV was combined with either 1.2 or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 than when MDV was provided alone or in combination with 0.6 μg of 25OHD3. Also, in comparison to the noninjected treatment group, the expression of the genes for 1 α-hydroxylase and 24 hydroxylase was improved when MDV was combined with either 1.2 or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3. Lastly, expression of the genes linked to viral detection (TLR-3) and antibody production (INF-β) was increased in those treatments that contained any level of 25OHD3. These results indicate that in comparison to controls, the effects of MDV were observed to be greater on hatchling BW and splenic gene expression when it was administered in combination with the 1.2 or 2.4 μg doses of 25OHD3. Further research is needed to determine the posthatch effects of the administration of various levels of 25OHD3 in combination with MDV.
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Behm C, Blufstein A, Gahn J, Moritz A, Rausch-Fan X, Andrukhov O. 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 generates immunomodulatory plasticity in human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells that is inflammatory context-dependent. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100041. [PMID: 36761739 PMCID: PMC9902380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPDL-MSCs) exhibit a tight bi-directional interaction with CD4+ T lymphocytes. The hPDL-MSCs' immunomodulatory abilities are drastically enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines via boosting the expression of various immunomediators. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), the major metabolite of vitamin D3 in the blood, affects both hPDL-MSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes, but its influence on their interaction is unknown. Methods Therefore, primary hPDL-MSCs were stimulated in vitro with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α a or interleukin (IL)-1β in the absence and presence of 25(OH)D3 followed by an indirect co-culture with phytohemagglutinin-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. The CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, viability, and cytokine secretion were analyzed. Additionally, the expression of various immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs was investigated, and their implication was verified by using pharmacological inhibitors. Results 25(OH)D3 significantly counteracted the suppressive effects of IL-1β-treated hPDL-MSCs on CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, whereas no effects were observed in the presence of TNF-α. Additionally, 25(OH)D3 significantly increased the percentage of viable CD4+ T lymphocytes via TNF-α- or IL-1β-treated hPDL-MSCs. It also caused a significant decrease in interferon-γ, IL-17A, and transforming growth factor-β productions, which were triggered by TNF-α-treated hPDL-MSCs. 25(OH)D3 significantly decreased the production of various immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs. Inhibition of two of them, prostaglandin E2 and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1, partially abolished some of the hPDL-MSCs-mediated effects of 25(OH)D3 on CD4+ T lymphocytes. Conclusion These data indicate that 25(OH)D3 influences the immunomodulatory activities of hPDL-MSCs. This modulatory potential seems to have high plasticity depending on the local cytokine conditions and may be involved in regulating periodontal tissue inflammatory processes.
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Xiao C, Zhu Q, Comer L, Pan X, Everaert N, Schroyen M, Song B, Song Z. Dietary 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol and additional vitamin E improve bone development and antioxidant capacity in high-density stocking broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad369. [PMID: 37933958 PMCID: PMC10642724 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D3] and additional vitamin E on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, bone development, and carcass characteristics at different stocking densities on commercial broiler farms. A total of 118,800 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial treatment consisting of two dietary vitamin levels (5,500 IU vitamin D3 and 60 IU vitamin E: normal diet, using half 25-(OH)D3 as a source of vitamin D3 and an additional 60 IU of vitamin E: 25-(OH)D3+VE diet) and two stocking densities (high density of 20 chickens/m2: HD and 16 chickens/m2: LD). The experiment lasted for 42 d. The results showed that high-density stocking negatively affected the growth performance of broilers during the first four weeks, whereas the vitamin diet treatment significantly improved the feed conversion ratios (FCR) during the last 2 wk. Vitamin diets increased catalase at 14 and 42 d, and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels at 42 d in high-density-stocked broilers. The interaction showed that serum vitamin E levels were significantly improved at 28 d of age in high-density-stocked broilers as a result of the vitamin diets. Stocking density and dietary treatments were found to significantly affect bone development, with the vitamin diet significantly increasing metatarsal length and femoral bone strength in broilers from high-density stocking density at 28 d of age. High stocking density increased the proportion of leg muscles and meat yield per square meter. In general, 25-(OH)D3 and additional vitamin E suppressed oxidative stress and ameliorated the negative effects of high-density stocking on bone development in a commercial chicken farm setting. Vitamin diets improved the FCR of broilers, while high-density stocking resulted in better economic outcomes.
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Lee SA, Torres-Mendoza LJ, Stein HH. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-OH-D3) on serum bone biomarkers and calcium and phosphorus balance and concentrations of energy in diets without or with microbial phytase fed to sows in late gestation. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac299. [PMID: 36074541 PMCID: PMC9584150 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that supplementation of diets for gestating sows with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) or 1-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-OH-D3) affects serum biomarkers for bone and increases Ca and P balance and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), and the concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in diets without or with microbial phytase. Sixty multiparous sows were allotted to 1 of 6 diets. Diets were formulated using a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 inclusions of supplemental vitamin D metabolite (no metabolite, 25-OH-D3, or 1-OH-D3) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 1,000 units). Sows were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected quantitatively. Results indicated that there was no difference in the ATTD of dry matter (DM) and GE and concentration of DE among the 3 diets containing microbial phytase, but the ATTD of DM and GE and concentration of DE was greater (P < 0.05) in diets containing 1-OH-D3 compared with the diet without a vitamin D metabolite if phytase was not used (interaction; P < 0.05). In diets without microbial phytase, ME was greater in diets containing either one of the 2 vitamin D metabolites than in the diet without a vitamin D metabolite, but among diets with microbial phytase, the ME of the 1-OH-D3 diet was less than of the 25-OH-D3 diet (interaction; P < 0.05). No effect of microbial phytase on concentrations of DE and ME was observed. There was no interaction between supplementation of microbial phytase and vitamin D metabolites for Ca and P balances, and regardless of metabolite supplementation, use of microbial phytase increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD and retention of Ca and P. Regardless of dietary phytase, the ATTD and retention of Ca and P increased (P < 0.05) for sows fed a diet containing one of the vitamin D metabolites compared with sows fed the diet without a vitamin D metabolite. Serum biomarkers for bone resorption or bone tissue synthesis were not affected by experimental diets. In conclusion, the ATTD of DM and GE, concentrations of DE and ME, and Ca and P balance in phytase-free diets fed to sows in late gestation were increased by supplementation with 1-OH-D3 or 25-OH-D3, but no differences between the 2 vitamin D metabolites were observed. Supplementation of diets with microbial phytase increased Ca and P balance, but did not affect DE and ME of diets.
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Bonagurio LP, Murakami AE, Cruz FK, Kaneko IN, Gasparino E, Oliveira CAL, Lozano-Poveda CA, Silva CC, Santos TC. Dietary supplementation with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the incubation performance and fertility of European quail breeders. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101823. [PMID: 35468423 PMCID: PMC9046627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of combined supplementation with canthaxanthin (Cx) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) on incubation performance, fertility, and chick quality in European quail breeders. A total of 240 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 diets and 8 replicates. The animals were fed a basal diet containing 50 µg of vitamin D3 or the basal diet supplemented with 3 ppm Cx and 34.5 µg 25-OH-D3, 6 ppm Cx, and 69 µg 25-OH-D3, 9 ppm Cx and 103.5 µg 25-OH-D3, or 12 ppm Cx and 138 µg 25-OH-D3. Incubation performance was analyzed in 2 periods (32 and 38 wk). Breeders aged 32 wk produced eggs with higher hatchability (P = 0.024), hatchability of fertile eggs (P = 0.026) and lower initial plus mid embryonic mortality (P = 0.021), whereas 38-week-old breeders generated chicks with a higher length at hatching (P < 0.001) and lower final plus pipped embryonic mortality (P = 0.021). In both age groups, Cx + 25-OH-D3 levels had a quadratic effect on egg fertility (P < 0.001), hatchability of total (P < 0.001), and fertile eggs (P < 0.001). The fertility and the number of sperm cells in the perivitelline membrane was analyzed in two periods (26 and 40 wk). A quadratic effect of diet and days after mating on both parameters (P < 0.05) was observed. Eggs from supplementing breeders showed a high fertility (P < 0.001) and sperm cell counts (P < 0.001) for up to 7 and 3 d after mating, respectively, then the control group. Moreover, the supplementation of quail breeder diets with 6 ppm Cx + 69 µg 25-OH-D3 enhances sperm cell longevity in sperm storage tubules, hatchability of total and fertile eggs, fertility, and chick quality, especially in older quail's breeders and reduces embryonic mortality.
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Myers LK, Winstead M, Kee JD, Park JJ, Zhang S, Li W, Yi AK, Stuart JM, Rosloniec EF, Brand DD, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Postlethwaite AE, Kang AH. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 20-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Upregulate LAIR-1 and Attenuate Collagen Induced Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413342. [PMID: 34948139 PMCID: PMC8709360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulation of the immune response. However, treatment of autoimmune diseases with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] doses sufficient to be effective is prohibitive due to its calcemic and toxic effects. We use the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model to analyze the efficacy of the noncalcemic analog of vitamin D, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20S(OH)D3], as well as 1,25(OH)2D3, to attenuate arthritis and explore a potential mechanism of action. Mice fed a diet deficient in vitamin D developed a more severe arthritis characterized by enhanced secretion of T cell inflammatory cytokines, compared to mice fed a normal diet. The T cell inflammatory cytokines were effectively suppressed, however, by culture of the cells with 20S(OH)D3. Interestingly, one of the consequences of culture with 1,25(OH)2D3 or 20S(OH)D3, was upregulation of the natural inhibitory receptor leukocyte associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1 or CD305). Polyclonal antibodies which activate LAIR-1 were also capable of attenuating arthritis. Moreover, oral therapy with active forms of vitamin D suppressed arthritis in LAIR-1 sufficient DR1 mice, but were ineffective in LAIR-1−/− deficient mice. Taken together, these data show that the effect of vitamin D on inflammation is at least, in part, mediated by LAIR-1 and that non-calcemic 20S(OH)D3 may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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Mak RH, Querfeld U, Gonzalez A, Gunta S, Cheung WW. Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2021; 10:3382. [PMID: 34943890 PMCID: PMC8699879 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. We investigated the differential effects of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion in mice with surgically induced CKD. Intraperitoneal supplementation of 25(OH)D3 (75 μg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 ng/kg/day) for 6 weeks normalized serum 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in CKD mice, respectively. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 normalized appetite, significantly improved weight gain, increased fat and lean mass content and in vivo muscle function, as well as attenuated elevated resting metabolic rate relative to repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 in CKD mice attenuated adipose tissue browning as well as ameliorated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, whereas repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 did not. Significant improvement of muscle fiber size and normalization of fat infiltration of gastrocnemius was apparent with repletion of 25(OH)D3 but not with 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. This was accompanied by attenuation of the aberrant gene expression of muscle mass regulatory signaling, molecular pathways related to muscle fibrosis as well as muscle expression profile associated with skeletal muscle wasting in CKD mice. Our findings provide evidence that repletion of 25(OH)D3 exerts metabolic advantages over repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 by attenuating adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD mice.
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Feng Z, Lin C, Tu L, Su M, Song C, Liu S, Suryanto ME, Hsiao CD, Li L. FDA-Approved Drug Screening for Compounds That Facilitate Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) Expansion in Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082149. [PMID: 34440919 PMCID: PMC8393331 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a specialized subset of cells with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potency, which are essential for their function in bone marrow or umbilical cord blood transplantation to treat blood disorders. Expanding the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) ex vivo is essential to understand the HSPCs-based therapies potency. Here, we established a screening system in zebrafish by adopting an FDA-approved drug library to identify candidates that could facilitate HSPC expansion. To date, we have screened 171 drugs of 7 categories, including antibacterial, antineoplastic, glucocorticoid, NSAIDS, vitamins, antidepressant, and antipsychotic drugs. We found 21 drugs that contributed to HSPCs expansion, 32 drugs’ administration caused HSPCs diminishment and 118 drugs’ treatment elicited no effect on HSPCs amplification. Among these drugs, we further investigated the vitamin drugs ergocalciferol and panthenol, taking advantage of their acceptability, limited side-effects, and easy delivery. These two drugs, in particular, efficiently expanded the HSPCs pool in a dose-dependent manner. Their application even mitigated the compromised hematopoiesis in an ikzf1−/− mutant. Taken together, our study implied that the larval zebrafish is a suitable model for drug repurposing of effective molecules (especially those already approved for clinical use) that can facilitate HSPCs expansion.
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Postlethwaite AE, Tuckey RC, Kim TK, Li W, Bhattacharya SK, Myers LK, Brand DD, Slominski AT. 20 S-Hydroxyvitamin D3, a Secosteroid Produced in Humans, Is Anti-Inflammatory and Inhibits Murine Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678487. [PMID: 34276665 PMCID: PMC8278399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to use large doses of vitamin D3 (D3) to chronically treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is prohibitive due to its calcemic effect which can damage vital organs. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) is able to convert D3 into the noncalcemic analog 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20S(OH)D3]. We demonstrate that 20S(OH)D3 markedly suppresses clinical signs of arthritis and joint damage in a mouse model of RA. Furthermore, treatment with 20S(OH)D3 reduces lymphocyte subsets such as CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells leading to a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines. The ratio of T reg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells) to CD3+CD4+ T cells is increased while there is a decrease in critical complement-fixing anti-CII antibodies. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies against type II collagen ordinarily lead to destruction of cartilage and bone, their decline explains why arthritis is attenuated by 20(OH) D3. These results provide a basis for further consideration of 20S(OH)D3 as a potential treatment for RA and other autoimmune disorders.
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Ko DH, Jun SH, Nam Y, Song SH, Han M, Yun YM, Lee K, Song J. Multiplex LC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3, albumin, and vitamin D-binding protein with its isoforms: One-step estimation of bioavailable vitamin D and vitamin D metabolite ratio. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105796. [PMID: 33259939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioavailable vitamin D and vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR) have emerged as potential novel vitamin D markers. We developed a multiplex liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine all elements necessary for the calculation of bioavailable vitamin D and VMR, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25-(OH)2D3], VDBP and its isoforms, and albumin. Following separate reactions of hexane extraction and trypsin digestion, serum samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS to measure 25-(OH)D3, 25-(OH)D2, 24,25-(OH)2D3, VDBP and its isoforms, and albumin. Analytical performances were assessed. Korean (n = 229), Arab (n = 98), White (n = 99) and Black American (n = 99) samples were analyzed. Bioavailable vitamin D and VMR were calculated. All target molecules were clearly separated and accurately quantified by LC-MS/MS. Analytical performances, including imprecision, accuracy, ion suppression, limit of quantification, linearity, and comparison with existing methods were within acceptable levels. The allele frequencies of VDBP isoforms in various races resulted similar to previously known values. The levels of bioavailable vitamin D were highest in White Americans and lowest in Black Americans. We have successfully developed a multiplex LC-MS/MS-based assay method that can simultaneously perform the measurement of all parameters needed to calculate bioavailable vitamin D and VMR. Our devised method was robust and reliable in terms of analytical performances and could be applied to routine clinical samples in the future to more accurately assess vitamin D status.
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Cheung WW, Ding W, Hoffman HM, Wang Z, Hao S, Zheng R, Gonzalez A, Zhan JY, Zhou P, Li S, Esparza MC, Lieber RL, Mak RH. Vitamin D ameliorates adipose browning in chronic kidney disease cachexia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14175. [PMID: 32843714 PMCID: PMC7447759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 insufficient. We studied whether vitamin D repletion could correct aberrant adipose tissue and muscle metabolism in a mouse model of CKD-associated cachexia. Intraperitoneal administration of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 (75 μg/kg/day and 60 ng/kg/day respectively for 6 weeks) normalized serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Vitamin D repletion stimulated appetite, normalized weight gain, and improved fat and lean mass content in CKD mice. Vitamin D supplementation attenuated expression of key molecules involved in adipose tissue browning and ameliorated expression of thermogenic genes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in CKD mice. Furthermore, repletion of vitamin D improved skeletal muscle fiber size and in vivo muscle function, normalized muscle collagen content and attenuated muscle fat infiltration as well as pathogenetic molecular pathways related to muscle mass regulation in CKD mice. RNAseq analysis was performed on the gastrocnemius muscle. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that the top 12 differentially expressed genes in CKD were correlated with impaired muscle and neuron regeneration, enhanced muscle thermogenesis and fibrosis. Importantly, vitamin D repletion normalized the expression of those 12 genes in CKD mice. Vitamin D repletion may be an effective therapeutic strategy for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Beige/drug effects
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Cachexia/drug therapy
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/physiopathology
- Calcifediol/blood
- Calcifediol/deficiency
- Calcifediol/pharmacology
- Calcifediol/therapeutic use
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcitriol/deficiency
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eating/drug effects
- Fibrosis/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hand Strength
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Nephrectomy
- Parathyroid Hormone/blood
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Rotarod Performance Test
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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15
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Zhang LH, He TF, Hu JX, Li M, Piao XS. Effects of normal and low calcium and phosphorus levels and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation on performance, serum antioxidant status, meat quality, and bone properties of broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5663-5672. [PMID: 33142484 PMCID: PMC7647707 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of normal and low dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) supplementation on performance, serum antioxidant status, meat quality, and bone properties of broilers, 224 1-day-old Arbor Acre male broilers were used in this study. Broilers were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement that included normal or low Ca and P diet with or without 69 μg/kg 25-OH-D3. The trial consists of a starter phase from day 1 to 21 and a grower phase from day 22 to 42. Dietary 25-OH-D3 supplementation increased (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain from day 22 to 42 and decreased feed conversation ratio from day 22 to 42 and day 0 to 42. On day 21, 25-OH-D3 increased serum concentrations of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase in broilers fed low Ca and P diet (Interaction, P < 0.05). 25-hydroxycholecalciferol significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde concentration. Dietary Ca and P deficiencies significantly decreased serum Ca and P concentrations and increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration, and serum Ca and 25-OH-D3 concentrations were significantly increased by 25-OH-D3 supplementation. On day 42, serum T-AOC and CAT concentrations were decreased by dietary Ca and P deficiencies without 25-OH-D3 (Interaction, P < 0.05) and unaffected by dietary Ca and P deficiencies with 25-OH-D3. Dietary Ca and P deficiencies significantly decreased Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations and increased PTH concentration in serum. Dietary 25-OH-D3 increased (P < 0.05) serum Ca and 25-OH-D3 concentrations and decreased (P < 0.05) serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase concentration. The interaction between CaP level and 25-OH-D3 was observed (P < 0.05) for tibial Ca content and femoral bone density. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol significantly increased tibial breaking strength. These data indicated that 25-OH-D3 supplementation at 69 μg/kg increased growth performance in some periods, enhanced serum antioxidant capacity, and improved bone mineralization and breaking strength of broilers.
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16
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Wang Q, Zhou X, Zhang P, Zhao P, Nie L, Ji N, Ding Y, Wang Q. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 positively regulates periodontal inflammaging via SOCS3/STAT signaling in diabetic mice. Steroids 2020; 156:108570. [PMID: 31917967 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a known age-related disease. Inflammaging has recently been shown to result in diabetic complications. Vitamin D3 is related to aging in the latest study but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we investigated the effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) on inflammaging in diabetic periodontitis, a common chronic inflammatory diabetic complication. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A model of Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected db/db mice as experimental type 2 diabetic periodontitis was adopted in the whole study. A range of techniques, including microCT, western blotting, ELISA, histological and immunohistochemical analysis, were carried out in this study. The distinctive senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in serum was measured by Luminex technology. RESULTS We found an archetypal inflammaging status occurred in db/db mice. An increased SASP, senescent enhancement, and periodontal destruction were observed in periodontitis-db/db mice. Upon administration with 25(OH)D3, periodontitis-db/db mice presented increased levels of serum 25(OH)D3, 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium. Moreover, decreased p16/p21-positive cells, relieved periodontal conditions and ameliorated serum SASP secretion were found in the periodontitis-db/db mice after treatment. Gingival tissue exhibited increased level of VDR and decreased expression of SOCS3, p-STAT3/STAT3, p-STAT5/STAT5, NF-κB and IL-1β, which were consistent with the change of p16/p21 expression. CONCLUSION Diabetic periodontitis appeared to develop an inflammaging status resulted in periodontal infection. 25(OH)D3 could inhibit SASP secretion through reducing SOCS3 expression in experimental diabetic periodontitis, dependently inactivating NF-κB pro-inflammatory signaling. The reversible effect further documented that the inflammaging might be a highly likely contributor in diabetic periodontitis.
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17
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Reynolds CJ, Koszewski NJ, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Goff JP. Oral 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Acts as an Agonist in the Duodenum of Mice and as Modeled in Cultured Human HT-29 and Caco2 Cells. J Nutr 2020; 150:427-433. [PMID: 31665381 PMCID: PMC7443726 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] is the predominant circulating metabolite of vitamin D and serves as the precursor for 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D], the hormonally active form. The presence of 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) in the intestine suggests that 1,25(OH)2D can be produced from 25(OH)D, but the effects of oral 25(OH)D on the intestine have not been determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the acute intestinal response to orally consumed 25(OH)D in mice by assessing mRNA induction of cytochrome p450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp24), a vitamin D-dependent gene. The mechanism of action then was determined through in vitro analyses with Caco2 and HT-29 cells. METHODS Adult male C57BL6 mice were given a single oral dose of 40, 80, 200, or 400 ng 25(OH)D (n = 4 per dose) or vehicle (n = 3), and then killed 4 h later to evaluate the duodenal expression of Cyp24 mRNA by qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization. The 25(OH)D-mediated response was also evaluated with Caco2 and HT-29 cells by inhibition assay and dose-response analysis. A cytochrome p450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) knockdown of HT-29 was created to compare the dose-response parameters with wild-type HT-29 cells. RESULTS Oral 25(OH)D induced expression of Cyp24 mRNA in the duodenum of mice with 80 ng 25(OH)D by 3.3 ± 0.8 ΔΔCt compared with controls (P < 0.05). In vitro, both Caco2 and HT-29 cells responded to 25(OH)D treatment with 200-fold and 175-fold greater effective concentration at 50% maximal response than 1,25(OH)2D, yet inhibition of 1α-OHase and knockdown of CYP27B1 had no effect on the responses. CONCLUSIONS In mice, orally consumed 25(OH)D elicits a vitamin D-mediated response in the duodenum. In vitro assessments suggest that the response from 25(OH)D does not require activation by 1α-OHase and that 25(OH)D within the intestinal lumen acts as a vitamin D receptor agonist.
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Roizen JD, Long C, Casella A, O’Lear L, Caplan I, Lai M, Sasson I, Singh R, Makowski AJ, Simmons R, Levine MA. Obesity Decreases Hepatic 25-Hydroxylase Activity Causing Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1068-1073. [PMID: 30790351 PMCID: PMC6663580 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal vitamin D homeostasis is critical for optimal health; nevertheless, vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Vitamin D insufficiency is most commonly due to inadequate cutaneous synthesis of cholecalciferol and/or insufficient intake of vitamin D, but can also arise as a consequence of pathological states such as obesity. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (calcidiol) are low in obesity, and fail to increase appropriately after vitamin D supplementation. Although sequestration of vitamin D in adipose tissues or dilution of ingested or cutaneously synthesized vitamin D in the large fat mass of obese patients has been proposed to explain these findings, here we investigate the alternative mechanism that reduced capacity to convert parent vitamin D to 25(OH)D due to decreased expression of CYP2R1, the principal hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. To test this hypothesis, we isolated livers from female mice of 6 to 24 weeks of age, weaned onto either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet, and determined the abundance of Cyp2r1 mRNA using digital droplet-quantitative PCR. We observed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in Cyp2r1 mRNA in the liver of high-fat diet-fed mice relative to lean-chow-fed female mice. Moreover, there was a significant (p < 0.01) relationship between levels of Cyp2r1 mRNA and serum 25(OH)D concentrations as well as between Cyp2R1 mRNA and the ratio of circulating 25(OH)D3 to cholecalciferol (p < 0.0001). Using linear regression we determined a curve with 25(OH)D3/cholecalciferol versus normalized Cyp2R1 mRNA abundance with an R2 value of 0.85. Finally, we performed ex vivo activity assays of isolated livers and found that obese mice generated significantly less 25(OH)D3 than lean mice (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that expression of CYP2R1 is reduced in obesity and accounts in part for the decreased circulating 25(OH)D. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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19
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Ravid A, Rapaport N, Issachar A, Erman A, Bachmetov L, Tur-Kaspa R, Zemel R. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Production in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line by a Vitamin D Receptor-Independent Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2367. [PMID: 31086078 PMCID: PMC6539257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that the active vitamin D metabolite, calcitriol and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), both remarkably inhibit hepatitis C virus production. The mechanism by which vitamin D3 exerts its effect is puzzling due to the low levels of calcitriol produced in vitamin D3-treated Huh7.5 cells. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of vitamin D3 anti-hepatitis C virus effect. We show that vitamin D3 activity is not mediated by its metabolic conversion to calcitriol, but may be due to its primary metabolic product 25(OH)D3. This is inferred from the findings that 25(OH)D3 could inhibit hepatitis C virus production in our system, and that adequate concentrations needed to exert this effect are produced in Huh7.5 cells treated with vitamin D3. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 editing technology to knockout the vitamin D receptor, we found that the antiviral activity of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 was not impaired in the vitamin D receptor knockout cells. This result indicates that 25(OH)D3 anti-hepatitis C virus effect is exerted by a vitamin D receptor-independent mode of action. The possibility that vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3, being 3β-hydroxysteroids, affect hepatitis C virus production by direct inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in a vitamin D receptor-independent manner was ruled out. Taken together, this study proposes a novel mode of action for the anti-hepatitis C virus activity of vitamin D3 that is mediated by 25(OH)D3 in a vitamin D receptor-independent mechanism.
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Fujishima T, Suenaga T, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K. Synthesis and characterization of 20-hydroxyvitamin D 3 with the A-ring modification. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 187:27-33. [PMID: 30389627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 analogues (4a,b) with the A-ring modification have been synthesized by a convergent manner. An alternative pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism by cytochrome P450scc CYP11A1 was reported to afford 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3), functions of which remain to be explored. Based on the structure of the 20-hydroxy metabolite, novel analogues (4a,b) with the modifications, including the 1α-hydroxy, 25-hydroxy and 2α-methyl groups, have been designed. The side chain of the requisite CD-ring portions (9a,b) was introduced by Grignard reaction as a key step, and the stereochemistry at the C20 position was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis of the synthetic intermediate (8b). Preliminary biological characterization using the bovine thymus vitamin D receptor suggested that the introduction of the active motifs into the 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 scaffold elevated the receptor affinity.
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Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Takamatsu M, Abe K, Nakagawa K, Tsugawa N, Hirota Y, Tanaka K, Yamashita S, Ikushiro S, Suda T, Okano T, Sakaki T. Generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in Cyp27b1 knockout mice by treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 rescued their rachitic phenotypes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:71-79. [PMID: 30031146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] binds to vitamin D receptor and exhibits several biological functions directly in vitro. To evaluate the direct effect of 25(OH)D3 in vivo, we used Cyp27b1 knockout (KO) mice, which had no detectable plasma 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] when fed a diet containing normal Ca and vitamin D. Daily treatment with 25(OH)D3 at 250 μg kg-1 day-1 rescued rachitic phenotypes in the Cyp27b1 KO mice. Bone mineral density, female sexual cycles, and plasma levels of Ca, P, and PTH were all normalized following 25(OH)D3 administration. An elevated Cyp24a1 mRNA expression was observed in the kidneys, and plasma concentrations of Cyp24a1-dependent metabolites of 25(OH)D3 were increased. To our surprise, 1,25(OH)2D3 was detected at a normal level in the plasma of Cyp27b1 KO mice. The F1 to F4 generations of Cyp27b1 KO mice fed 25(OH)D3 showed normal growth, normal plasma levels of Ca, P, and parathyroid hormone, and normal bone mineral density. The curative effect of 25(OH)D3 was considered to depend on the de novo synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the Cyp27b1 KO mice. This suggests that another enzyme than Cyp27b1 is present for the 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis. Interestingly, the liver mitochondrial fraction prepared from Cyp27b1 KO mice converted 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3. The most probable candidate is Cyp27a1. Our findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 may be useful for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Sakkas P, Smith S, Hill TR, Kyriazakis I. A reassessment of the vitamin D requirements of modern broiler genotypes. Poult Sci 2019; 98:330-340. [PMID: 30165464 PMCID: PMC6347127 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that performance and bone mineralization of 2 broiler lines will benefit from increasing vitamin D (vitD) supplementation above current commercial levels and by partial substitution of D3 by 25-OH-D3. Male Ross 308 and 708 chicks (n = 576), were offered diets with low (LD; 1,000), medium (MD; 4,000) or high levels of D3 (HD; 7,000 IU/kg), and medium levels of vitD where the majority of D3 was substituted by 25-OH-D3 (25MD; 1,000 D3+3,000 25-OH-D3 IU/kg). Performance was measured at the end of starter (day 10), grower (day 24), and finisher periods (day 38). Three birds per pen were dissected at the end of each period to assess tibia and femur ash percentage (%), ash weight, bone breaking strength (BBS), and serum levels of 25-OH-D3. Remaining birds were gait scored (GS) at day 37 of age. Genotype and diet did not interact for any trait, whilst performance was not affected by diet. Ross 708 had lower body weight (P < 0.005), higher feed conversion ratio over the grower period (P < 0.05), similar levels of 25-OH-D3, but higher GS (P < 0.05) than Ross 308. Serum 25-OH-D3 levels were affected by diet at the end of the starter and grower periods (P < 0.05), being lowest for LD and highest for 25MD. Diet affected GS (P < 0.01), being higher in LD than 25MD. Femur ash % was higher at the end of the starter and grower periods for 25MD than LD and for both HD and 25MD than LD (P < 0.05). Femur and tibia ash weight were higher for 25MD in comparison to LD birds (P < 0.05) at the end of the grower period. Femur and tibia BBS were higher (P < 0.05) for 25MD in comparison to LD at the end of the grower and finisher periods, respectively. Overall, effects of vitD supply were more pronounced for femur than for tibia mineralization. Results do not suggest supplementation of vitD above current maximum levels and support partial substitution by 25-OH-D3.
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Navarro-Valverde C, Quesada-Gómez JM, Pérez-Cano R, Fernández-Palacín A, Pastor-Torres LF. Effect of calcifediol treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous revascularization. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 151:345-352. [PMID: 29306481 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Vitamin D deficiency has been consistently linked with cardiovascular diseases. However, results of intervention studies are contradictory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with calcifediol (25(OH)D3) on the cardiovascular system of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective study assessing≥60-year-old patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease and percutaneous revascularisation. We randomly assigned 41 patients (70.6±6.3 years) into 2 groups: Standard treatment+25(OH)D3 supplementation or standard treatment alone. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were evaluated at the conclusion of the 3-month follow-up period. 25(OH)D levels were analysed with regard to other relevant analytical variables and coronary disease extent. RESULTS Basal levels of 25(OH)D≤50nmol/L were associated with multivessel coronary artery disease (RR: 2.6 [CI 95%:1.1-7.1], P=.027) and 25(OH)D≤50nmol/L+parathormone ≥65pg/mL levels correlated with increased risk for MACE (RR: 4 [CI 95%: 1.1-21.8], P=.04]. One MACE was detected in the supplemented group versus five in the control group (P=.66). Among patients with 25(OH)D levels≤50nmol/L at the end of the study, 28.6% had MACE versus 0% among patients with 25(OH)D>50nmol/L (RR: 1,4; P=.037). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency plus secondary hyperparathyroidism may be an effective predictor of MACE. A trend throughout the follow up period towards a reduction in MACE among patients supplemented with 25(OH)D3 was detected. 25(OH)D levels≤50nmol/L at the end of the intervention period were significantly associated with an increased number of MACE, hence, 25(OH)D level normalisation could improve cardiovascular health in addition to bone health.
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Swart KMA, Lips P, Brouwer IA, Jorde R, Heymans MW, Grimnes G, Grübler MR, Gaksch M, Tomaschitz A, Pilz S, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Wamberg L, Rejnmark L, Sempos CT, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Dowling KG, Hull G, Škrabáková Z, Kiely M, Cashman KD, van Schoor NM. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on markers for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:1043-1053. [PMID: 29868916 PMCID: PMC6248392 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the causal role of vitamin D on noncommunicable disease outcomes is inconclusive. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are beneficial or harmful effects of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation according to subgroups of remeasured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] on cardiovascular and glucometabolic surrogate markers with the use of individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of RCTs. Design Twelve RCTs (16 wk to 1 y of follow-up) were included. For standardization, 25(OH)D concentrations for all participants (n = 2994) at baseline and postintervention were re-measured in bio-banked serum samples with the use of a certified liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method traceable to a reference measurement procedure. IPD meta-analyses were performed according to subgroups of remeasured 25(OH)D. Main outcomes were blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes were LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol and triglycerides; parathyroid hormone (PTH); fasting glucose, insulin, and C-peptide; and 2-h glucose. In secondary analyses, other potential effect modifiers were studied. Results Remeasurement of 25(OH)D resulted in a lower mean 25(OH)D concentration in 10 of 12 RCTs. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the main outcomes of blood pressure and HbA1c. Supplementation resulted in 10-20% lower PTH concentrations, irrespective of the 25(OH)D subgroups. The subgroup analyses according to achieved 25(OH)D concentrations showed a significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol concentrations after vitamin D supplementation in 25(OH)D subgroups with <75, <100, and <125 nmol of -0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.20, -0.00 mmol/L), -0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.18, -0.02 mmol/L), and -0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.14, -0.00 mmol/L), respectively. Patient features that modified the treatment effect could not be identified. Conclusions For the main outcomes of blood pressure and HbA1c, the data support no benefit for vitamin D supplementation. For the secondary outcomes, in addition to its effect on PTH, we observed indications for a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation only on LDL cholesterol, which warrants further investigation. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02551835.
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Mano H, Ikushiro S, Saito N, Kittaka A, Sakaki T. Development of a highly sensitive in vitro system to detect and discriminate between vitamin D receptor agonists and antagonists based on split-luciferase technique. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:55-59. [PMID: 29101064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Split-luciferase techniques are widely used to detect protein-protein interaction and bioactive small molecules including some hormones and vitamins. Previously, we successfully expressed chimeric proteins of luciferase and the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), LucC-LBD-LucN in COS-7 cells. The LucC-LBD-LucN biosensor was named split-luciferase vitamin D biosensor (SLDB). This biosensor can detect and discriminate between VDR agonists and antagonists in mammalian cells. In this study, we established an in vitro screening system for VDR ligands using the SLDB proteins expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells. Our in vitro screening system using cell lysate of recombinant E. coli cells could be completed within 30min, and its activity was unchanged after 10 freeze-thaw cycles. This highly sensitive and convenient system would be quite useful to screen VDR ligands with therapeutic potential for various bone-related diseases, age-related cognitive disorders, cancer, and immune disorders. In addition, our system might be applicable to diagnostic measurement of serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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