Reorganization of cerebral control of tactile placing after interrupting a spinal ascending system in cats with pyramid section

Interruption of a spinal ascending system by hemisection of the spinal cord at mid-thoracic level restores the tactile placing (TP) which is lost after bulbar pyramid section in cats. To determine the location of the ascending system in the spinal cord, partial lesions involving various dorsal, lateral, or ventral tracts were made at mid-thoracic level in cats with pyramid section. To determine the supraspinal control of the recovered TP after pyramid section and spinal cord hemisection, lesions were made in other cortical and subcortical structures essential to TP and also in cortical areas which are not normally involved in TP in cats with recovered TP. The findings demonstrate that the spinal ascending system is located in the ventral part of the lateral funiculus and that the cerebral association cortex takes over the function of motor cortex in the reorganized control of TP. A slow course of TP recovery along with no recovery of impaired distal forelimb movements resulting from pyramidotomy were also observed.

A generalized learning deficit in albino rats with early median raphe or pontine reticular formation lesions

Recent studies suggest that lesions of the median raphe or pontine reticular formation in adult rats are associated with a nonspecific (generalized) learning impairment. The present study showed that lesions in the region of the median raphe or pontine reticular formation in 21 day old rats likewise produced a nonspecific learning impairment, as evidence by significant deficits on a visual discrimination, nonvisual incline plane discrimination, 3-cul maze, and three simple spatial problems. The finding that relatively large lateral pontomesencephalic lesions did not lead to deficient learning of any of these tasks indicates that lesion locus rather than lesion size is responsible for the production of the learning deficits observed in this study.

Dihydropteridine reductase deficiency: non-response to oral tetrahydrobiopterin load test

In a child with dihydropteridine reductase deficiency (McKusick 26163) none of four separate oral tetrahydrobiopterin loading tests resulted in a decrease of the serum phenylalanine concentration. This test cannot be recommended for screening hyperphenylalaninaemic patients for dihydropteridine reductase deficiency.

Inhibition of RNA synthesis by deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin in resting lymphocytes

Deoxyadenosine has been implicated in the lymphocytopenia that occurs in immunodeficient children with an inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and in leukemic patients treated with the ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin. The recent reports of deoxyadenosine toxicity to nondividing lymphocytes indicates a challenge to the mechanism for deoxyadenosine toxicity, which involves the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dATP, leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis. This study provides evidence for the inhibition of transcription by deoxyadenosine as an alternative mechanism of toxicity. The incubation of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes with deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin led to an inhibition of uridine incorporation. The extent of inhibition increased with the increasing time of incubation and concentration of deoxyadenosine. Replacement of deoxyadenosine with other nucleosides, adenosine or deoxyguanosine, had no effect, suggesting that deoxyadenosine-induced inhibition was not due to the reduced transport of uridine. Separation of DNA from RNA by differential alkaline hydrolysis showed that the reduction of uridine incorporation was primarily in the RNA fraction. The time sequence of the reduction in uridine incorporation coincided with that of the accumulation of dATP, but preceded that of ATP depletion and cell lysis. The phosphorylation of uridine into UTP was slightly reduced by deoxyadenosine, but this could not entirely account for the reduced incorporation of uridine into RNA. Finally, the direct measurement of RNA synthesis by the incorporation of UTP into isolated nuclei showed that RNA synthesis was inhibited to 88% and 41% of control values in lymphocytes preincubated with 20 microM deoxyadenosine for 3 and 15 hr, respectively. These findings demonstrate that deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin inhibits RNA synthesis in resting lymphocytes.

Inhibition of RNA synthesis by deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin in resting lymphocytes

Deoxyadenosine has been implicated in the lymphocytopenia that occurs in immunodeficient children with an inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and in leukemic patients treated with the ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin. The recent reports of deoxyadenosine toxicity to nondividing lymphocytes indicates a challenge to the mechanism for deoxyadenosine toxicity, which involves the inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dATP, leading to the inhibition of DNA synthesis. This study provides evidence for the inhibition of transcription by deoxyadenosine as an alternative mechanism of toxicity. The incubation of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes with deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin led to an inhibition of uridine incorporation. The extent of inhibition increased with the increasing time of incubation and concentration of deoxyadenosine. Replacement of deoxyadenosine with other nucleosides, adenosine or deoxyguanosine, had no effect, suggesting that deoxyadenosine-induced inhibition was not due to the reduced transport of uridine. Separation of DNA from RNA by differential alkaline hydrolysis showed that the reduction of uridine incorporation was primarily in the RNA fraction. The time sequence of the reduction in uridine incorporation coincided with that of the accumulation of dATP, but preceded that of ATP depletion and cell lysis. The phosphorylation of uridine into UTP was slightly reduced by deoxyadenosine, but this could not entirely account for the reduced incorporation of uridine into RNA. Finally, the direct measurement of RNA synthesis by the incorporation of UTP into isolated nuclei showed that RNA synthesis was inhibited to 88% and 41% of control values in lymphocytes preincubated with 20 microM deoxyadenosine for 3 and 15 hr, respectively. These findings demonstrate that deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin inhibits RNA synthesis in resting lymphocytes.

PISA--a noninvasive method in the evaluation of protective effect of methylprednisolone on the ischemic myocardium

This study deals with the assessment of the PISA--a new noninvasive method, in relation to conventional ECG, MBCPK and LDH1, in the detection and quantification of coronary ligation-induced myocardial damage. Also this study includes the applicability of the PISA method in the evaluation of the effectiveness of methylprednisolone in the protection of myocardial damage, induced by coronary ligation. The studies were conducted in 15 mongrel dogs: (untreated dogs: 9; methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg I.V.) treated dogs: 6). The PISA signature pattern was normal and the PISA index was small in all the dogs before coronary ligation. The PISA signature was phase-variant in all dogs in the untreated group following coronary ligation. The PISA index increased with time following coronary ligation but the changes at 60 minutes were less than at 30 and 120 minutes. There were no significant changes in the conventional ECG, serum MBCPK and LDH1 for the 120 minute duration of coronary ligation. These results indicate the superiority of the PISA method in the detection and quantification of coronary artery ligation-induced myocardial damage. Coronary ligation in methylprednisolone treated dogs produced significant increases in the PISA index with the time but the increases were significantly lower than those in untreated groups. These lower increases at 60 minutes as compared to 30 and 120 minutes observed in the untreated group were absent in the treated group. Methylprednisolone showed some protective effect against coronary ligation-induced myocardial damage. These results indicate that the PISA method may be a valuable tool in the detection and the measurement of the extent of cardiac injury and in constant monitoring of the changes in the size of myocardial damage.

Transcribed chromatin exhibits an altered nucleosomal spacing

The nucleosomal repeat lengths of bulk chromatin and the chromatin of transcriptionally active and inactive genes were analyzed in two mouse cell lines and adult mouse spleens. The adult beta-globin gene exhibits a nucleosomal repeat length approximately 11 base pairs longer than (i) an inactive embryonic globin gene, epsilon y3; (ii) an immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, Cmu; and (iii) the bulk chromatin in murine erythroleukemia cell line DS19. The repeat length of the Cmu gene was approximately 14 base pairs longer than that of the adult beta-globin or epsilon y3 genes in the IgM-producing cell line M104E. The chromatin of several inactive genes had repeat lengths less than or equal to bulk chromatin. Individual genes were shown to vary in repeat length among the cell types examined. In addition, genes that exhibited an increased nucleosomal spacing were digested to mononucleosomes more rapidly than bulk chromatin or inactive genes with shorter repeats. Increased repeat length was also correlated with an increased sensitivity to DNase I. Thus, increased nucleosomal spacing may be a property of transcriptionally active genes or genes with the potential for transcription.

Recovery of locomotor function in cats after localized cerebellar lesions

Cats were trained to walk on a motorized treadmill, at speeds up to a brisk walk, for food reward. A cerebellar lesion was placed in each animal, either unilateral removal of paravermal cortex, or unilateral coagulation of n. interpositus, or bilateral coagulation of the fastigial nuclei. The effects of these lesions upon locomotor activity were measured by conventional kinematic methods, and were found to be generally in agreement with prior observations. Also in agreement with prior work was the fact that these initial deficits disappeared in a relatively short time. The kinematic data suggest that this recovery of function was genuine in the sense that compensatory alterations in limb motion could not be demonstrated. In disagreement with prior studies, we failed to elicit decompensation (e.g. reinstatement of the original deficits) by subsequent pyramidal tract sections, or ablation of the 'motor' cortex. We conclude that the corticospinal system is probably not essential to the recovery observed, and also that perhaps there are substantial differences in the mechanisms of recovery of 'spontaneous' overground locomotion, compared to walking on a treadmill as a conditioned instrumental response.

Interaction of inferior olivary nucleus with reflex bradycardia and tachycardia in the cat

In chloralose-urethane anesthetized cats, stimulation of the ION, apart from directly producing cardioinhibition, was capable of interacting antagonistically with reflex tachycardia (induced by nitroglycerin) and synergistically with reflex bradycardia (induced by phenylephrine). The degree of the potentiation or antagonism was greater than the sum of the individually elicited responses. It was also directly related to the dose of the drugs and the intensity of the stimulating pulse frequency delivered to the nucleus. The similarity in natures of both cardio-inhibitory mechanisms of the ION and gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRN) has been discussed. We infer that the ION, GRN, nitroglycerin-induced reflex tachycardia and phenylephrine-induced reflex bradycardia may share a final common neural mechanism which function to suppress heart rate. The neurons in the dorsal motor (DM)/solitary (SN) nuclei may be a good candidate, because bilateral vagotomy or unilateral vagotomy with a contralateral DM/SN destruction substantially abolished the cardio-inhibitory effect of both GRN and ION.

Regional metabolic changes in the spinal cord related to spinal shock and later hyperreflexia in monkeys

The regional metabolic rate for glucose (rMRglu) was studied in macaque monkeys after spinal cord transection at T10, both during spinal shock and after reflexes had returned. The rMRglu was measured in all Rexed layers in cord segments both caudal and rostral to the level of the transection utilizing the quantitative [14C]deoxyglucose technique. The monkeys in spinal shock exhibited a significant increase in rMRglu in Rexed layer I and a significant reduction in layers VI to IX of the lumbosacral cord. In contrast, after reflexes had returned the rMRglu was increased in all Rexed layers of the lumbosacral cord; this increase was significant in layers I, V, and VI.

Multifocal chronic osteomyelitis of unknown etiology. Report of five cases

Five cases of chronic, inflammatory, multifocal bone lesions of unknown etiology are reported. Although bone biopsy confirmed osteomyelitis in each case in none of them were organisms found inspite of an extensive work up. Different clinical course of the disease reflects different aetiology in respective cases. These cases present changing aspects of osteomyelitis emerging since introduction of antibiotics.

Erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein bands 4.1 a and b are sequence-related phosphoproteins

Bands 4.1 a and b are proteins of 80,000 and 78,000 molecular weight, which are both present at approximately 100,000 copies per erythrocyte ghost. Both proteins are components of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Bands 4.1 a and b are labeled when intact erythrocytes are incubated with [32P]orthophosphoric acid, and, therefore, are phosphoproteins. One-dimensional partial proteolytic mapping analysis of 32P-labeled bands 4.1 a and 4.1 b and two-dimensional peptide mapping analysis of 125I-labeled bands 4.1 a and 4.1 b clearly demonstrated that the two proteins are sequence-related phosphoproteins. Band 4.1 purified by standard techniques (Tyler, J. M., Hargreaves, W. R., and Branton, D. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 76, 5192-5196) contains bands 4.1 a and 4.1 b. Bands 4.1 a and 4.1 b bind to spectrin heterodimers in solution. We conclude that the erythrocyte skeletal proteins bands 4.1 a and 4.1 b are sequence-related phosphoproteins, both capable of binding spectrin.

The methylphenidate-induced stereotypy in the awake rat: local cerebral metabolism

The local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (1=CMRg) was computed in rats with methylphenidate-induced stereotypy using the quantitative 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique. Four rats received methylphenidate 15 mg per kilogram IP. Compared to five control animals, treated rats showed statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) increases in 1-CMRg in globus pallidus, ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, entopeduncular nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, and the lateral cerebellar cortex. Significantly, 1-CMRg decreased in area 4 of the motor cortex. The auditory system showed no change in 1-CMRg, demonstrating the specific action of methylphenidate in the rat brain. This technique allows evaluation of the functional anatomy of the entire central nervous system and may be helpful in understanding the mechanisms of methylphenidate-induced stereotypy.

Effect of dexamethasone on hexamethylene bisacetamide-induced Friend cell erythrodifferentiation

Friend erythroleukemic cells can be induced to differentiate by chemicals such as dimethyl sulfoxide and hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) in a dose-dependent manner. Others have shown that dexamethasone and other steroid hormones can inhibit the differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide. We show here that dexamethasone has a dual mode of action on the HMBA-induced differentiation of a Friend cell line, DS19. At concentrations above 10(-10) M, dexamethasone inhibits the HMBA-induced differentiation in DS19 cells. We further found that as the concentration of HMBA is reduced, the amount of dexamethasone required to inhibit differentiation increases. Such inhibition seems to act primarily by decreasing the probability that a cell will become committed to differentiate. Besides, dexamethasone does not inhibit hemoglobin synthesis of cells which are committed in its absence. In addition, we show that sensitivity to the inhibition by dexamethasone is inversely related to the inducibility of cell populations. The second action of dexamethasone, observed at concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-13) M, is to increase the proportion of hemoglobin-containing cells relative to that for cells cultured in its absence. The degree of this synergistic effect for induced differentiation is inversely related to the level of induction in the absence of dexamethasone and thus is best observed in the cells cultured at low levels of HMBA. We present evidence that this synergistic effect may be due to an increased viability of the induced cells and possibly an increase in the proliferative capacity of these cells.

Rehabilitation following brain damage: some neurophysiological mechanisms. Animal models of recovery with training after central nervous system lesions

Animal studies revealed that training with techniques of instrumental conditioning produces another phase of functional recovery beyond spontaneous recovery after CNS lesions. Such conditioned behaviour is difficult to transfer to an unconditioned or another conditioned response. Conditioned and unconditioned behaviours are mediated through different pathways and mechanisms. Conditioned behaviour requires less specific pathways and can probably be achieved as long as the basic spinal mechanisms are activated. Other studies showed that reflex recovery can be maximized through non-specific training, probably by protecting the neuromuscular system from deterioration. However, such a programme does not appear to improve the reflexes beyond the level attributable to spontaneous recovery, nor to facilitate the rate of recovery. If the training is specifically directed towards augmentation of a particular reflex, the reflex can be improved beyond that seen with spontaneous recovery but may be exaggerated to a functional disadvantage. These findings have significant clinical implications.

Quantitative measurement of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose utilizing tritiated 2-deoxyglucose

The [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique has been widely utilized for quantitative measurement of local cerebral metabolic for glucose (1CMRG) in animals. The technique as presently used is limited by the energy of 14C beta-particles, which can travel relatively great distances in tissue. This results in limited audioradiographic resolution and in computed 14C concentrations which are a function of tissue section thickness. [3H]2-DG has less energetic beta-particles; hence, autoradiographs have better resolution and optical densities are independent of tissue thickness for sections greater than 5 micrometer. We have developed a method for quantitation of 1CMRG in rats using [3H]2-DG and a newly developed ultrasensitive X-ray film. Autoradiographic tissue standards were prepared by injecting rats with [3H]2-DG and assaying micro-samples of brain for 3H concentration. Ten rats were used in this study. Five rats received [3H]2-DG (300 muCi/100 g) and 5 rats received [14C]2-DG (7.5 muCi/100 g). The mean 1CMRG values for selected areas of the central nervous system demonstrated no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) between the [14C]2-DG and the [3H]2-DG groups. Values for 1CMRG from the [3H]2-DG group showed no variation attributable to inadequate microtome precision. The improved resolution obtained by utilizing [3H]2-DG is especially evident where gray matter (high 1CMRG) is immediately adjacent to white matter (low 1CMRG).

Effects of vestibulospinal lesions upon locomotor function in cats

We used cats to study the consequences of bilateral ablation of the vestibular complex. The animals were very severely ataxic and incapable of head support for nearly two weeks. They gradually regained the ability to stand and to walk on a treadmill, at first with a marked reduction of the extensor components of stepping. After stabilization of recovery we could not obtain decompensation by dorsal hemisection. We conclude that the key consequence of these lesions is a temporary reduction in facilitatory drive to joint extensor muscle groups. Neither the corticospinal nor the rubrospinal tracts mediate the functional recovery observed.

Prevalence of the tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis

Forty-eight patients with definite of classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied for the presence of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). Nerve conduction velocities and distal latencies were determined in a constant temperature room and the findings compared with a group of 35 normal, age-matched subjects. After excluding four patients with peripheral neuropathy, a definite delay in the distal motor latency of the tibial nerve was documented in 11 subjects (25%). Two of the 11 had foot symptoms suggestive of TTS. These 11 patients with prolonged distal motor latencies did not otherwise differ from RA patients without TTS in terms of disease duration or severity, treatment, or the presence of foot deformity. Thus, compressive neuropathy of the branches of the posterior tibial nerve is a relatively frequent finding in patients with definite or classical RA.

Effects of corticospinal lesions upon treadmill locomotion by cats

We studied the pattern of stepping in cats, before and after the placement of lesions in the corticospinal system. We found a deficit after the lesions, which was characterized by increased extension of the involved hindlimbs during the stance (E2--E3) phase of the step cycle. This deficit lasted two weeks or less. It may reflect loss of inhibitory influences upon extensor motoneuron pools.