Severe obstructive sleep apnea in a child with osteopetrosis

The clinical features of a 5-year-old patient with osteopetrosis and severe obstructive sleep apnea are presented. The patient responded to tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, uvulectomy, and tracheostomy. The tracheostomy was later removed. Osteopetrosis, while rare, may be added to the list of causes of obstructive sleep apnea.

Effects of gossypol on the activity of kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and the functions of erythrocyte membrane

Gossypol extracted from cottonseed oil, reputed to exert contraceptive action in males, may induce a side effect of hypokalemia. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which gossypol produces hypokalemia are not quite understood. We have examined the inhibitory effect of gossypol on the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase purified from the outer medulla of rabbit kidney, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is 6.5 micron. The kinetic studies using this enzyme preparation show that gossypol is noncompetitive with ATP, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ with apparent Ki of 15.0, 13.0, 14.0 and 4.4 micron, respectively. On the other hand, in order to estimate the effects of gossypol on membrane transport of intact cells, we have investigated the effects of gossypol on the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, membrane integrity and permeability of human erythrocytes. It shows that gossypol inhibited the enzyme activity (greater than 5 micron) and expressed the hemolysis (greater than 50 micron) in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, and increased the K+-efflux of the cells (10-40 micron). The above effects are antagonized by 1-2% bovine serum albumin. The data demonstrate that gossypol is a specific and potent membrane active agent. These results may be relevant to the in vivo actions of gossypol.

Auditory function in sickle cell anemia

Auditory acuity and central auditory processing were assessed in 22 patients with sickle cell anemia, 13 of whom were chronically transfused, and compared with a control black population. Pure tone air conduction thresholds were within normal limits for all patients, and mean Speech Reception Threshold for each ear was normal at 10 dB. All subjects exhibited type A tympanograms. Central auditory processing was assessed by the Competing Sentence Test and Binaural Fusion Test. No significant differences were found among transfused, nontransfused, and control patients. Abnormal auditory function does not appear to be a common problem in patients with sickle cell disease.

Fused cells of frog proximal tubule: I. Basic membrane properties

Proximal tubular cells of the frog (Rana esculenta) kidney were fused within an isolated tubule portion to giant cells according to the polyethylene-glycol fusion method. Cell membrane potentials (Vm) were measured while cells were superfused with various experimental solutions. Rapid concentration step-changes of different ions allowed to calculate the respective transference numbers (tion). In some experiments the specific cell membrane resistances (Rm) were evaluated by measuring Vm induced by short current pulses injected into the cell with a second electrode. The experiments reveal: i) Fused cells of the proximal tubule exhibit a Vm of -49.5 +/- 1.6 mV (n = 65). ii) Addition of glucose to the perfusate yields a transient depolarization, consistent with a rheogenic Na/glucose cotransport system. iii) In absence of organic substrates the whole cell membrane conductance is made up of K+ and HCO3-. iv) There is a positive relationship between Vm and tK+ and a negative relationship between Vm and tHCO3-. v) HCO3--induced Vm changes are attenuated or abolished when Na+ is replaced with choline+, consistent with a rheogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransport system. vi) Replacement of Na+ by choline+ depolarizes Vm and increases Rm by about 50%; addition of 3 mmol/liter Ba2+ to the Na+-free perfusate increases Rm by about 58% compared to the initial control value. vii) There is no measurable cell membrane Cl- conductance. We conclude that fused cells of proximal tubule exert both luminal and peritubular membrane properties. In absence of organic substrates the cell membrane potential is determined by the HCO3- and K+ transport systems.

[3H]AF-DX 116 labels subsets of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain and heart

The in vitro binding properties of the novel muscarinic antagonist [3H]AF-DX 116 were studied using a rapid filtration technique. Association and dissociation rates of [3H]AF-DX 116 binding were rapid at 25 degrees C (2.74 and 2.70 X 10(7) min-1 M-1 for K+1; 0.87 and 0.93 min-1 for k-1) but 20-40 times slower at 0-4 degrees C (0.13 and 0.096 X 10(7) min-1 M-1 for k+1; 0.031 and 0.022 min-1 for k-1 in cerebral cortical and cardiac membranes, respectively). Kinetic dissociation constants (Kds) were estimated to be 31.8 nM and 30.9 nM at 25 degrees C; 23.1 nM and 0-4 degrees C for the cerebral cortex and heart, respectively. In saturation studies, [3H]AF-DX 116 labeled 29 percent of the total [3H](-)QNB binding sites in the cerebral cortical membranes and 87 percent in the cardiac membranes, with Kd values of 28.9 nM and 17.9 nM, respectively. Muscarinic antagonists inhibited [3H]AF-DX 116 binding in a rank order of potency of atropine greater than dexetimide greater than AF-DX 116 greater than PZ greater than levetimide in both tissues. Except for PZ/[3H]AF-DX 116 and AF-DX 116/[3H]AF-DX 116 in the cerebral cortex, all the antagonist competition curves had Hill coefficients close to one. Carbachol and oxotremorine produced shallow inhibition curves against [3H]AF-DX 116 binding in both tissues. Regional distribution studies with [3H](-)QNB, [3H]PZ and [3H]AF-DX 116 showed that most of the muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum are of the M1 subtype while those in the brainstem, cerebellum and other lower brain regions are of the M2 subtype. These results indicate that [3H]AF-DX 116 is a useful probe for the study of heterogeneity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Cell membrane potential: a signal to control intracellular pH and transepithelial hydrogen ion secretion in frog kidney

The dependence of intracellular pH (pHi) and transepithelial H+ secretion on the cell membrane potential (Vm) was tested applying pH-sensitive and conventional microelectrodes in giant cells fused from single epithelial cells of the diluting segment and in intact tubules of the frog kidney. An increase of extracellular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l decreased Vm from -49 +/- 4 to -29 +/- 1 mV while pHi increased from 7.44 +/- 0.04 to 7.61 +/- 0.06. Addition of 1 mmol/l Ba2+ depolarized Vm from -45 +/- 3 to -32 +/- 2 mV, paralleled by an increase of pHi from 7.46 +/- 0.04 to 7.58 +/- 0.03. Application of 0.05 mmol/l furosemide hyperpolarized Vm from -48 +/- 3 to -53 +/- 3 mV and decreased pHi from 7.47 +/- 0.05 to 7.42 +/- 0.05. In the intact diluting segment of the isolated-perfused frog kidney an increase of peritubular K+ concentration from 3 to 15 mmol/l increased the luminal pH from 7.23 +/- 0.08 to 7.41 +/- 0.08. Addition of Ba2+ to the peritubular perfusate also increased luminal pH from 7.35 +/- 0.07 to 7.46 +/- 0.07. Addition of furosemide decreased luminal pH from 7.32 +/- 0.03 to 7.24 +/- 0.05. We conclude: cell depolarization reduces the driving force for the rheogenic HCO3- exit step across the basolateral cell membrane. HCO3- accumulates in the cytoplasm and pHi increases. An alkaline pHi inactivates the luminal Na+/H+ exchanger. This diminishes transepithelial H+ secretion. Cell hyperpolarization leads to the opposite phenomenon. Thus, pHi serves as signal transducer between cell voltage and Na+/H+ exchange.

A parallel architecture for discrete relaxation algorithm

Discrete relaxation techniques have proven useful in solving a wide range of problems in digital signal and digital image processing, artificial intelligence, operations research, and machine vision. Much work has been devoted to finding efficient hardware architectures. This paper shows that a conventional hardware design for a Discrete Relaxation Algorithm (DRA) suffers from O(n2m3) time complexity and O(n2m2) space complexity. By reformulating DRA into a parallel computational tree and using a multiple tree-root pipelining scheme, time complexity is reduced to O(nm), while the space complexity is reduced by a factor of 2. For certain relaxation processing, the space complexity can even be decreased to O(nm). Furthermore, a technique for dynamic configuring an architectural wavefront is used which leads to an O(n) time highly concurrent DRA3 architecture.

Inhibition of streptomycin-dependent mutation in Escherichia coli on the lytic growth of bacteriophage lambda

Spontaneous streptomycin-dependent mutants (StrDA) were isolated from Escherichia coli C600. On C600 StrD, the lytic growth of phage lambda Nam and lambda cI857 was inhibited. After E. coli lysogenic strain 1.1485 (lambda cI857) mutated to StrDA, induction of lambda was decreased greatly. On StrDA of E. coli strains C600 and 1.1485 (lambda cI857), the plating efficiencies and burst sizes of phage T4 and T7 remained normal. Since StrDA is a mutation in the structural gene for ribosomal protein S12, the results obtained in the present study suggest that ribosomes of the StrDA mutants inhibit the lytic growth of lambda phage. The possibility that StrDA ribosomes inhibit the expression of lambda N gene is discussed based on the comparison of the genetic background of lambda cI857 and lambda Nam.

Aldosterone activates Na+/H+ exchange and raises cytoplasmic pH in target cells of the amphibian kidney

The hypothesis was tested if the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone stimulates Na+/H+ exchange in "giant cells" fused from individual target cells of the distal nephron of the frog kidney. By means of microelectrodes, steady-state intracellular pH (pHi) and pHi recovery from an acid load were recorded continuously while the fused cells were exposed to aldosterone. Twenty minutes after addition of the hormone, pHi started to rise and reached a new steady state after about 60 min (delta pHi = 0.28 +/- 0.01). After hormone treatment, pHi recovered significantly faster in response to an intracellular acid load. The diuretic drug amiloride blocked pHi recovery. Experiments in intact tubules showed that aldosterone induces H+ and K+ secretion. Thus, intracellular alkalosis, mediated by Na+/H+ exchange, could serve as a signal that activates pH-sensitive K+ channels of the luminal cell membrane.

Evidence for Na+ dependent rheogenic HCO3- transport in fused cells of frog distal tubules

The mechanism of HCO3- transport was studied applying microelectrodes in "giant" cells fused from single epithelial cells of the diluting segment of frog kidney. A sudden increase of extracellular HCO3- concentration from 10 to 20 mmol/l at constant pH hyperpolarized the cell membrane potential of the fused cell. This cell-voltage response was totally abolished by 10(-3) mol/l SITS and significantly reduced by 10(-4) mol/l acetazolamide or by omission of Na+ from the extracellular perfusate. Removal of Na+ from the perfusate caused a transient depolarization. Reapplication of Na+ induced a transient hyperpolarization. 10(-3) mol/l SITS abolished the cell-voltage response to removal and reapplication of Na+. In the intact diluting segment of the isolated perfused frog kidney peritubular perfusion of 10(-4) mol/l acetazolamide reduced the limiting transepithelial electrochemical gradient for H+ significantly from 30 +/- 4 mV to 14 +/- 3 mV. The results suggest: In the diluting segment of the frog kidney a Na+-dependent rheogenic HCO3- transport system exists across the peritubular cell membrane. This rheogenic peritubular Na+/HCO3- cotransporter cooperates with a Na+/H+ exchanger in the luminal membrane, thus driving HCO3- reabsorption. Reabsorption of HCO3- and secretion of H+ depend upon the presence of carbonic anhydrase.

Childhood monosomy 7 syndrome: clinical and in vitro studies

The clinical and cell growth characteristics of 11 children with monosomy 7 presenting as preleukemia (eight cases) or acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (three cases) were studied. Anemia was common to all patients, with nine showing leukocytosis, seven thrombocytopenia, and one thrombocytosis. There was a striking predominance of males (M/F ratio, 10:1) and a young median age (3 years). Preleukemia evolved to acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in five patients and to myelofibrosis in one. In vitro studies of bone marrow progenitor cells cultured in leukocyte feeder-stimulated agar revealed abnormal cell proliferative patterns, most often an increased number of small clusters, for all 11 subjects. The cells of some preleukemic patients showed increased growth even in the absence of an exogenous source of colony-stimulating factor, suggesting autonomous growth or possibly autocrine stimulation. Combination chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation failed to induce complete remission in the seven patients who were treated. Our findings in these 11 cases confirm the poor prognosis of monosomy 7 presenting as preleukemia in children. The in vitro studies suggest an association between altered cell growth in vitro and clinical evolution to frank leukemia.

Intravenous gamma globulin for thrombocytopenia in children with Evans syndrome

We describe three patients with Evans syndrome (immune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia) who were refractory to conventional therapy, including steroids and splenectomy in all of the patients, vincristine in two, and cyclophosphamide in one. The patients were then treated with modified intravenous gamma globulin 0.4 g/kg/day for 5 consecutive days. Two patients failed to respond, but the third had a clinical remission after gamma globulin therapy. Given the usual chronic and relapsing course of Evans syndrome and the poor response to conventional therapy, we recommend that high dose i.v. gamma globulin be considered an alternative therapy in the management of these patients.

Low levels of prostaglandins in human milk after purification by high performance liquid chromatography

In order to validate methodology for quantifying arachidonic acid metabolites in human milk, we measured five prostaglandins (PGs) using radioimmunoassay (RIA): PGE2, PGF2 alpha, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6KF1 alpha) and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (DHKF2 alpha). RIA was performed after extraction with C18 Sep-Pak cartridge and/or further purification with reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC). Recovery was monitored throughout the purification steps. Confirming findings of previously reported studies, we found PGE and the PGF2 alpha metabolite, DHKF2 alpha to be the major PGs in extracted human milk. After HPLC purification, however, no predominant PG was found, and the PG levels, especially those of PGE2 and DHKF2 alpha, were considerably lower than levels in the extracted sample. A noteworthy finding was the presence of immunoreactive substances in HPLC fractions not within the area of the PG peak; this suggests that the decreased levels of PGs in human milk measured by RIA after rp-HPLC are due to the elimination of the nonspecific immunoreactive materials present in the sample.