Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the human insulin receptor gene in Japanese: its possible usefulness as a genetic marker

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human insulin receptor gene was analyzed with a 4.2 Kb cDNA probe in Japanese normal subjects and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Restriction endonuclease Rsa I digestion showed polymorphism of the human insulin receptor gene, with a band at 6.7 Kb, 6.2 Kb or 3.6 Kb. The frequency of the 6.7 Kb band was less than that in Caucasians. Furthermore, 15% of all the Japanese subjects examined lacked a 3.6 Kb band, which is commonly found in Caucasians. We have also detected restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human insulin receptor gene by Pvu II or Stu I digestion. Although no significant association of restriction fragment length polymorphism with Type 2 diabetes was found in the present study, our results suggest that the restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human insulin receptor gene varies among ethnic groups, and that the restriction fragment length polymorphism linked to the human insulin receptor gene might be a useful marker for the linkage study of the genes located close to the human insulin receptor gene on chromosome 19.

Effect of chronic hyperprolactinemia induced by sulpiride on plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) in normal men

In order to elucidate the relationship between plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia (of 60 day duration) in normal men, five normal men (aged 27-46) were administered daily 300 mg of sulpiride orally for 60 days to induce hyperprolactinemia. Plasma levels of prolactin, DHA and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay before sulpiride treatment, at day 14 and day 60 after initiation of the treatment. Plasma levels of prolactin after the administration rose significantly (P less than 0.001) to 71.6-95.3 ng/ml in four out of the five subjects compared with those of the controls. In the same four subjects the mean DHA values in plasma were elevated significantly (P less than 0.05) to 877 +/- 160 ng/dl from the mean baseline values (669 +/- 91 ng/dl). The elevated values remained during sulpiride treatment. Plasma levels of cortisol did not change significantly during sulpiride administration in all subjects. Our results suggest that sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia sustained at least 14-60 days in normal men stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete DHA.

Neutral glyceride synthesis from glucose in human adipose tissue: comparison between growing and mature subjects

Basal and insulin-stimulated neutral glyceride syntheses from glucose were studied in fat cells of different size (fat cell volume, 0.07-0.20, 0.20-0.60, 0.60-1.00, 1.00-1.50 micron3 X 10(6)) obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissues in 20 subjects aged 3 months to 67 years. In 0.07-0.20 or 0.20-0.60 micron3 X 10(6) fat cells, the basal rate of glucose conversion to neutral glyceride was significantly lower in mature (36 to 67 years old) than in growing (0 to 12 years old) subjects. In 0.60-1.00 or 1.00-1.50 micron3 X 10(6) fat cells, however, basal rate was not significantly different between the two groups. The stimulating effect of insulin on conversion of glucose to neutral glyceride was not significantly different from the basal rate in fat cells of each size taken from the mature subjects, whereas in fat cells from growing subjects, it was significantly different from the basal rate in each fat cell size category. These results indicate that when fat cell size is taken into account, not only is the rate of basal glucose conversion to neutral glyceride higher in growing subjects but also its responsiveness to exogenous insulin, and that insulin insensitivity of large fat cells, reported previously, may be influenced by age.

Stimulation by alpha-adrenergic mechanisms of the secretion of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) from perifused rat hypothalamus

The possible involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in regulating the secretion of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) from the rat hypothalamus was examined in vitro with a perifusion system. A high potassium concentration (56 mM) stimulated GRF release from the hypothalamus. The infusion of clonidine (10(-4) M), an alpha 2-adrenergic stimulant, resulted in an increase in the spontaneous release of GRF. In the presence of propranolol (10(-5) M), a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, clonidine (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) stimulated GRF release more prominently in a dose-related manner, whereas propranolol (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) by itself did not affect the spontaneous GRF release. The stimulatory effect of clonidine (10(-4) M) on GRF release in the presence of propranolol was inhibited by yohimbine (10(-4) M), an alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. These findings suggest that alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms play a role in stimulating GRF release from the hypothalamus in rats.

Specific binding of atrial natriuretic polypeptide to renal basolateral membranes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR

The binding of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) to basolateral membranes isolated from renal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHR-SP) was measured at 0 degree C and compared with that of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The binding of 125I-alpha-hANP in SHR and SHR-SP at 14-15 weeks old demonstrated different binding profiles compared with that in WKY, though there were no apparent differences of the profiles among WKY, SHR and SHR-SP at 5 weeks old. For the high affinity binding sites, the apparent dissociation constant and the maximal binding capacity in SHR and SHR-SP were significantly decreased in comparison with those in WKY. The present data suggest that the altered characteristics of specific receptors for atrial natriuretic polypeptide in SHR and SHR-SP may be involved in the development or maintenance of genetic hypertension.

Changes in the immunoreactivities of an opioid peptide leumorphin in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary during the estrous cycle of the rat and their relation to sexual behavior

Leumorphin, an opioid peptide whose functions are unknown, is found in mammalian brain and pituitary and stimulates lordosis behavior in estrogen-treated female rats. To elucidate the role of leumorphin in the physiological control of female sexual behavior, the levels of immunoreactive (ir) leumorphin as well as ir dynorphin (dynorphin A) were measured in the rat brain and pituitary during the estrous cycle. There was a clear variation of ir leumorphin in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary during the estrous cycle. The levels of ir leumorphin in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary on the afternoon of proestrus were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than those on the afternoons of estrus and metestrus. The rise in the hypothalamic levels of ir leumorphin on the afternoon of proestrus was correlated with the receptivity of lordosis during the estrous cycle. Furthermore, there was a close correlation with ir dynorphin levels. These findings are in agreement with studies demonstrating a common precursor for leumorphin and dynorphin. Ir leumorphin in the hippocampus and neurointermediate pituitary did not change significantly during the estrous cycle. Because the leumorphin antiserum used recognizes rimorphin (dynorphin B) 1.78 times more than porcine leumorphin on a molar basis, high performance-gel permeation chromatography was done on pooled extracts of hypothalamus taken at proestrus and estrus. The peak in the leumorphin-like substance in the activation of sexual behavior is discussed.

Stimulation by gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin and DN1417, a novel TRH analog, of dopamine and norepinephrine release from perifused rat hypothalamic fragments in vitro

Both dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) release from perifused rat hypothalamic fragments was increased by depolarizing concentrations of potassium (K+, 20 mM and 56 mM) in a dose-related and Ca2+-dependent manner. DA and NE release induced by high K+ (20 mM) was further enhanced by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP, 10(-5)-10(-6) M) and DN 1417 (10(-5) M), a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog. GRP (10(-5) M), neurotensin (NT, 10(-5) M) and DN 1417 (10(-5) M) also stimulated spontaneous release of DA and NE from the hypothalamus. These results suggest that GRP, NT and DN 1417 act at the hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminals and stimulate the release of DA and NE in the rat.

Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on insulin secretion: direct or mediated?

In order to clarify the role of vitamin D (D) in regulating insulin secretion, we studied the effect of long term (10 days) and short term (3 days) supplementation with D and/or calcium (Ca) on insulin secretion from the isolated, perfused pancreas of D- and Ca-deficient rats. The influence of the nutritional state induced by D deficiency was also evaluated. The long term supplementation of either D, Ca, or both restored the body weight and improved insulin secretion induced by high glucose concentration to the same extent; thus, no significant difference in insulin secretion was found between the D-only-supplemented group and the Ca-only-supplemented group. When the insulin secretion was compared in D-deplete vs. D-replete rats given the same amount of Ca, insulin secretion was significantly higher in D-replete animals, although plasma Ca levels were also higher. In short term experiments, insulin release was significantly augmented to a similar extent in D- or Ca-replete rats as compared with D- and Ca-deficient rats, despite no significant change in body weight. In a separate experiment, the pancreas from D-deficient rats was perfused with or without 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-OH)2D3] to observe its acute effect on insulin release. The perfusion with 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not affect insulin release. This result suggests that impaired insulin secretion in D-deficient rats is caused by a decrease in Ca in the body fluid and possibly by the lack of D effect on the pancreas.

Thyroid hormone receptors in neuronal and glial nuclei from mature rat brain

To elucidate the mechanism of thyroid hormone action in the mature brain, we analyzed nuclear T3 receptors (NT3R) in neuronal and glial nuclei. Neuronal and glial nuclear fractions were prepared from mature rat brains with about 80% and 98% purity, respectively. Results from Scatchard analyses showed that NT3R capacity in neurons was 684.2 +/- 95.4 pg T3/mg DNA (mean +/- SD) in isolated nuclei and 345.6 +/- 77.6 pg T3/mg DNA in nuclear protein extracted with 0.4 M KCl. Glial NT3R had only one eighth the capacity of neuronal receptors. Displacement studies with several T3 analogs showed highly selective affinity of the receptors for L-T3. The relative affinities for several analogs were similar to those of liver NT3R. In addition, the elution profiles of the nuclear extracts through HPLC using gel filtration or diethylaminoethyl ion exchange columns exhibited similarity between neuronal and hepatic NT3R. The receptors in neuronal and glial nuclear fractions were analyzed in three groups of rats with different T3 levels: T3 (20 micrograms/100 g BW daily, for 3 days)-injected hyperthyroid rats, intact rats, and thyroidectomized rats. There were no significant alterations in capacity or affinity of the receptors among groups. The present studies demonstrate that numerous NT3R, which seem identical to hepatic NT3R, exist in neuronal nuclei. This raises the possibility that thyroid hormone acts through binding to NT3R in the cerebral cortex of the mature rat brain.

Biological activities of angiotensin II-(1-6)-hexapeptide and angiotensin II-(1-7)-heptapeptide in man

Biological activities of angiotensin II-(1-6)-hexapeptide [ANG-(1-6)] and angiotensin II-(1-7)-heptapeptide [ANG-(1-7)] were studied in 5 normal men and 3 patients with Bartter's syndrome. The angiotensins were infused iv in each subject from 0900 h to 0915 h at a rate of 21 nmol(16.8 micrograms)/kg X min and 18 nmol(16.2 micrograms)/kg X min for ANG-(1-6) and ANG-(1-7), respectively. In the normal men a significant rise in blood pressure was observed by the infusions of both peptides. Average increments of blood pressure for ANG-(1-6) were 17/14, 23/18, 22/15 and 17/14 mmHg at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively, and those for ANG-(1-7) were 19/15, 20/17, 13/13 and 15/13 mmHg at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min, respectively. The duration of pressor actions after the cessation of the infusions (T) was 10 min for ANG-(1-6) and 20 (for systolic) and 30 (for diastolic) min for ANG-(1-7). T for ANG-(1-6) was shorter than and T for ANG-(1-7) was similar to T for Ile5-angiotensin II (Ile5-ANG II) reported previously in 7 normal men 5 of whom were the same as examined in the present study. On the other hand, both peptides did not cause a rise in blood pressure in the 3 patients with Bartter's syndrome. Both angiotensins did not cause an increase in plasma aldosterone but did cause a significant decrease in plasma renin activity both in the normal men and in the patients. From these results and our previous observations of inactivity of angiotensin II-(5-8)-tetrapeptide, a pressor action of angiotensin II-(4-8)-pentapeptide, and pressor, renin-suppressing and steroidogenic actions of angiotensin II-(3-8)-hexapeptide in normal men, it is thought that ANG-(1-6) and ANG-(1-7) are bound to angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor in the peripheral arterioles and show pressor actions (less than 0.024% and less than 0.028% of Ile5-ANG II, respectively) and suppress renin mainly via short loop feedback and that the shortest biologically active ANG II molecules for pressor, renin-suppressing and steroidogenic actions are Tyr-Ile-His, Val-Tyr-Ile-His and Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe, respectively, in man. It is also evident that ANG-(1-6) is more rapidly metabolized than ANG-(1-7) or Ile5-ANG II in man.

Further evidence that central neurotensin inhibits pituitary prolactin secretion by stimulating dopamine release from the hypothalamus

Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of neurotensin (NT) (2 micrograms/rat) suppressed prolactin (PRL) release induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (1 mg/100 g body wt, iv), prostaglandin E2(1 microgram/rat, icv), and FK33-824 (10 micrograms/100 g body wt, iv), a Met5-enkephalin analog, in urethane-anesthetized or conscious rats. In contrast, NT did not suppress elevated plasma PRL levels sustained by a large dose of domperidone (10 micrograms/100 g body wt, iv), a peripheral dopamine antagonist. In in vitro experiments, NT (10(-5) M) stimulated dopamine release from perifused rat hypothalamic fragments. These results suggest that central NT inhibits PRL secretion by stimulating dopamine release from the hypothalamus into hypophysical portal blood in the rat.

Detection of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer with 131I-MIBG scans in Sipple's syndrome

While 131I-meta-iodobenzyl guanidine (131I-MIBG) scanning has made possible the scintigraphic visualization of pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma, an accumulation of this agent has recently been reported in medullary thyroid cancer. We present the case of a patient with Sipple's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa), in whom we were able to identify distant metastases and local invasion of medullary thyroid cancer as well as primary thyroid tumour and right adrenal pheochromocytoma, using 131I-MIBG scans. This case highlights the usefulness of 131I-MIBG in the detection of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer and suggests that this agent may also be of therapeutic use in the treatment of tumours.

Nature of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in rat brain

Using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with two radioimmunoassays for atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) with different specificities, we investigated the nature of alpha-rat ANP-like immunoreactivity (alpha-rANP-LI) with a low molecular weight in the rat brain. Two major peaks with alpha-rANP-LI in the extract from rat whole brains were eluted in the vicinity of the elution position of synthetic alpha-rANP, a 28-amino acid polypeptide. These two components co-migrated with synthetic alpha-rANP (4-28) and alpha-rANP (5-28), respectively. The peak corresponding to alpha-rANP (4-28) was the highest, and only a little alpha-rANP-LI was detected at the elution position of alpha-rANP. An identical profile in RP-HPLC was also observed in the extract from the rat hypothalamus. These results indicate that the major components of alpha-rANP-LI with a low molecular weight in the rat brain are alpha-rANP (4-28) and alpha-rANP (5-28).

The lung as a possible target organ for atrial natriuretic polypeptide secreted from the heart

Using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for alpha-rat atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-rANP), we have demonstrated the presence of a considerable amount (6.10 +/- 0.38 ng/g) (mean +/- SE) of alpha-rANP-like immunoreactivity (alpha-rANP-LI) in the rat lung, the first organ through which atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) released from the heart passes. High performance gel permeation chromatography coupled with the RIA revealed that most of alpha-rANP-LI eluted at the position of a low molecular weight form corresponding to synthetic alpha-rANP. In 2- or 5-day water-deprived rats, the concentration and content of alpha-rANP-LI in the lung decreased significantly compared with those of control rats. In addition, water-deprivation induced a significant decrease in the plasma concentration of alpha-rANP-LI simultaneously determined. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentrations of alpha-rANP-LI in the lung and plasma (r = 0.591, P less than 0.01). These results indicate the presence of ANP in the lung and suggest physiological roles of ANP in pulmonary function.

[Hormone production and abnormalities in gene expression in tumors]

In order to elucidate the mechanism responsible for ectopic hormone production in tumors, biosynthesis of ACHT and related peptides was studied in the pituitary and tumors at levels. In vitro biosynthesis of the ACTH/beta-LPH precursor directed by mRNA extracted from the pituitary and tumors showed no difference in translation products. It is highly likely, therefore, that different final products produced in the pituitary and tumors are caused by different posttranslational processing, such as proteolysis and glycosylation of translation products. The RNA blot analysis of tumors revealed mRNA identical to that of the pituitary. In certain tumors, however, there were larger or smaller mRNA hybridized with an ACTH/beta-LPH precursor probe, in addition to mRNA of normal size. Further studies with endonuclease S1 mapping have provided evidence suggesting that the larger one was probably produced by abnormal splicing of RNA precursor and that the smaller one was resulted possibly from aberrant transcription of the gene. The Southern blot analysis revealed no difference in restriction DNA fragments between the pituitary and tumors, indicating no evidence of gene rearrangement. From these studies, it is conceivable that ectopic ACTH production is resulted from abnormalities in the regulatory mechanism of gene expression. To further study the mechanism regulating the expression of the ACTH/beta-LPH precursor gene, human gene was transfected to mouse pituitary ACTH-producing adenoma cells (AtT-20) and fibroblasts (L-cell). The introduced human ACTH/beta-LPH precursor gene was expressed in AtT-20 cells and suppressed by glucocorticoids to an extent similar to the suppression of mouse gene. On the other hand, possible aberrant transcripts were observed in mouse L cells. It is likely, therefore, that there is a regulatory mechanism, probably "trans" acting, in the pituitary ACTH-producing producing cells and similar mechanism, though not identical, could be exerted in ectopic ACTH-producing tumors.

Decreased content in left atrium and increased plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR stroke-prone

The atrial contents and concentrations, and the plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR stroke-prone (SHRSP) were measured and compared with those of age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for alpha-rat ANP (alpha-rANP). The contents of alpha-rANP-LI in the atria of SHR (19.0 +/- 0.9 micrograms, mean +/- SEM) and SHRSP (19.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms) were significantly lower than that of WKY (22.8 +/- 1.4 micrograms) (p less than 0.05). The atrial concentration of alpha-rANP-LI was also significantly lower in SHR (248.2 +/- 11.3 ng/mg, p less than 0.05) and tended to be lower in SHRSP (272.2 +/- 12.4 ng/mg) than that of WKY (300.0 +/- 14.2 ng/mg). Furthermore, the concentrations in the left auricles of SHR and SHRSP were significantly lower than that of WKY (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the alpha-rANP-LI concentrations in the right auricles of WKY, SHR and SHRSP. Gel filtration studies coupled with RIA showed that gel filtration profiles of the extracts from the right and left auricles of WKY, SHR and SHRSP were essentially identical. The plasma alpha-rANP-LI levels in SHR (260 +/- 34 pg/ml) and SHRSP (319 +/- 19 pg/ml) were significantly higher than that in WKY (170 +/- 17 pg/ml) (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that the secretion of ANP from the heart is increased in SHR and SHRSP compared with WKY.

Regulatory role of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in water drinking in rats

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of synthetic alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) decreased the water intake of dehydrated rats. Anti-ANP antiserum, which can neutralize endogenous ANP, potentiated the water intake induced by water deprivation or angiotensin II (AII) injection in rats. These findings suggest that endogenous ANP in rat brain antagonizes the action of AII and plays an important role in the maintenance of drinking behavior.

Stimulation by serotonin of immunoreactive peptide histidine isoleucine release from rat hypothalamus in vitro

The effect of serotonin (5-HT) on the release of peptide histidine isoleucine-like immunoreactivity (PHI-LI) from rat hypothalamus was investigated in vitro with a perifusion system. A high potassium concentration (56 mM) stimulated PHI-LI release in a calcium-dependent manner. PHI-LI release was dose-relatedly stimulated by 5-HT (10(-6), 10(-5) and 10(-4) M). PHI-LI release induced by 5-HT (10(-5) M) was abolished by cyproheptadine (10(-4) M), a 5-HT antagonist. These results suggest that 5-HT has a stimulating effect on PHI release from the hypothalamus.

The NOD mouse: recessive diabetogenic gene in the major histocompatibility complex

Examination of the histocompatibility region of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse with antibodies against class II glycoproteins (products of immune response genes of the major histocompatibility complex I-A and I-E), hybrid T-cell clones, and mixed-lymphocyte cultures and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms indicate that the NOD mouse has a unique class II major histocompatibility complex with no expression of surface I-E, no messenger RNA for I-E alpha, and an I-A not recognized by any monoclonal antibodies or hybrid T-cell clones studied. In crosses of NOD mice with control C3H mice, the development of diabetes was dependent on homozygosity for the NOD mouse's unique major histocompatibility region.