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Cao X, Gunn JR, Allu SR, Bruza P, Jiang S, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Implantable sensor for local Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging of tumor pO2 during radiotherapy. J Biomed Opt 2020; 25:JBO-200229SSR. [PMID: 33236619 PMCID: PMC7685386 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.11.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The necessity to use exogenous probes for optical oxygen measurements in radiotherapy poses challenges for clinical applications. Options for implantable probe biotechnology need to be improved to alleviate toxicity concerns in human use and facilitate translation to clinical trial use. AIM To develop an implantable oxygen sensor containing a phosphorescent oxygen probe such that the overall administered dose of the probe would be below the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)-prescribed microdose level, and the sensor would provide local high-intensity signal for longitudinal measurements of tissue pO2. APPROACH PtG4, an oxygen quenched dendritic molecule, was mixed into an agarose matrix at 100 μM concentration, allowing for local injection into tumors at the total dose of 10 nmol per animal, forming a gel at the site of injection. Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging (CELI) was used to acquire the phosphorescence and provide intratumoral pO2. RESULTS Although PtG4 does not form covalent bonds with agarose and gradually leaches out into the surrounding tissue, its retention time within the gel was sufficiently long to demonstrate the capability to measure intratumoral pO2 with the implantable gel sensors. The sensor's performance was first evaluated in vitro in tissue simulation phantoms, and then the sensor was used to measure changes in oxygen in MDA-MB-231 tumors during hypofractionated radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that implantable oxygen sensors in combination with CELI present a promising approach for quantifying oxygen changes during the course of radiation therapy and thus for evaluating the tumor response to radiation. By improving the design of the gel-probe composition in order to prevent leaching of the probe into the tissue, biosensors can be created that should allow longitudinal oxygen measurements in tumors by means of CELI while using FDA-compliant microdose levels of the probe and thus lowering toxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuroimaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- University of Pennsylvania, School or Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Xu Cao, ; Brian W. Pogue,
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Cao X, Yao C, Jiang S, Gunn J, Van Namen AC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Time-gated luminescence imaging for background free in vivo tracking of single circulating tumor cells. Opt Lett 2020; 45:3761-3764. [PMID: 32630948 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is severely limited by the background and autofluorescence of tissues for in vivo detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Time-gated luminescence (TGL) imaging, in combination with luminescent probes that possess hundreds of microsecond emission lifetimes, can be used to effectively suppress this background, which has predominantly nanosecond lifetimes. This Letter demonstrates the feasibility of TGL imaging using luminescent probes for the in vivo real time imaging and tracking of single CTCs circulating freely in the blood vessels with higher accuracy given by substantially higher signal-to-noise ratio. The luminescent probe used in this Letter was a commercial Eu3+ chelate (EuC) nanosphere with a super-long lifetime of near 800 µs, which enabled TGL imaging to achieve background-free detection with ∼5 times higher SNR versus steady state. Phantom and in vivo mouse studies indicated that EuC labeled tumor cells moving in medium or bloodstream at the speed of 1-2 mm/s could be captured in real time.
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Miao T, Petroccia H, Xie Y, Jermyn M, Perroni-Scharf M, Kapoor N, Mahoney JM, Zhu TC, Bruza P, Williams BB, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Computer animation body surface analysis of total skin electron radiation therapy dose homogeneity via Cherenkov imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2020; 7:034002. [DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.7.3.034002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Miao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Heather Petroccia
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yunhe Xie
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Maxine Perroni-Scharf
- Dartmouth College, Sudikoff Lab, Department of Computer Science, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Namit Kapoor
- Dartmouth College, Sudikoff Lab, Department of Computer Science, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - James M. Mahoney
- Dartmouth College, Sudikoff Lab, Department of Computer Science, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire
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Tendler II, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Soter J, Sharp G, Williams B, Jarvis LA, Pogue B, Gladstone DJ. Technical Note: A novel dosimeter improves total skin electron therapy surface dosimetry workflow. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:158-162. [PMID: 32306551 PMCID: PMC7324701 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The novel scintillator-based system described in this study is capable of accurately and remotely measuring surface dose during Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET); this dosimeter does not require post-exposure processing or annealing and has been shown to be re-usable, resistant to radiation damage, have minimal impact on surface dose, and reduce chances of operator error compared to existing technologies e.g. optically stimulated luminescence detector (OSLD). The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the workflow required to measure surface dose using this new scintillator dosimeter and compare it to that of standard OSLDs. METHODS Disc-shaped scintillators were attached to a flat-faced phantom and a patient undergoing TSET. Light emission from these plastic discs was captured using a time-gated, intensified, camera during irradiation and converted to dose using an external calibration factor. Time required to complete each step (daily QA, dosimeter preparation, attachment, removal, registration, and readout) of the scintillator and OSLD surface dosimetry workflows was tracked. RESULTS In phantoms, scintillators and OSLDs surface doses agreed within 3% for all data points. During patient imaging it was found that surface dose measured by OSLD and scintillator agreed within 5% and 3% for 35/35 and 32/35 dosimetry sites, respectively. The end-to-end time required to measure surface dose during phantom experiments for a single dosimeter was 78 and 202 sec for scintillator and OSL dosimeters, respectively. During patient treatment, surface dose was assessed at 7 different body locations by scintillator and OSL dosimeters in 386 and 754 sec, respectively. CONCLUSION Scintillators have been shown to report dose nearly twice as fast as OSLDs with substantially less manual work and reduced chances of human error. Scintillator dose measurements are automatically saved to an electronic patient file and images contain a permanent record of the dose delivered during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- DoseOptics LLCLebanonNHUSA
| | - Jennifer Soter
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | - Gregory Sharp
- Department of Radiation OncologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | - Benjamin Williams
- Department of MedicineGeisel School of MedicineDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Department of MedicineGeisel School of MedicineDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Brian Pogue
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- DoseOptics LLCLebanonNHUSA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of EngineeringDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- Department of MedicineGeisel School of MedicineDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterDartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical CenterLebanonNHUSA
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55
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Hachadorian RL, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW, Jarvis LA. Imaging radiation dose in breast radiotherapy by X-ray CT calibration of Cherenkov light. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2298. [PMID: 32385233 PMCID: PMC7210272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging Cherenkov emission during radiation therapy cancer treatments can provide a real-time, non-contact sampling of the entire dose field. The emitted Cherenkov signal generated is proportional to deposited dose, however, it is affected by attenuation from the intrinsic tissue optical properties of the patient, which in breast, ranges from primarily adipose to fibroglandular tissue. Patients being treated with whole-breast X-ray radiotherapy (n = 13) were imaged for 108 total fractions, to establish correction factors from the linear relationships between Cherenkov light and CT number (HU). This study elucidates this relationship in vivo, and a correction factor approach is used to scale each image to improve the linear correlation between Cherenkov emission intensity and dose ([Formula: see text]). This study provides a major step towards direct quantitative radiation dose imaging in humans by utilizing non-contact camera sensing of Cherenkov emission during the radiation therapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Hachadorian
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - P Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - M Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- DoseOptics LLC, 16 Cavendish Ct., Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - D J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - B W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- DoseOptics LLC, 16 Cavendish Ct., Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - L A Jarvis
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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56
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Scholz M, Cao X, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Pogue B. pO 2-weighted imaging in vivo by delayed fluorescence of intracellular protoporphyrin IX: publisher's note. Opt Lett 2020; 45:664. [PMID: 32004278 DOI: 10.1364/ol.387641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This publisher's note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.45, 284 (2020)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.45.000284.
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Cao X, Rao Allu S, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn JR, Yao C, LaRochelle EP, Shell JR, Bruza P, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Tian J, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Tissue pO 2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:573. [PMID: 31996677 PMCID: PMC6989492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in solid tumors is thought to be an important factor in resistance to therapy, but the extreme microscopic heterogeneity of the partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) between the capillaries makes it difficult to characterize the scope of this phenomenon without invasive sampling of oxygen distributions throughout the tissue. Here we develop a non-invasive method to track spatial oxygen distributions in tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, oxygen probe Oxyphor PtG4 and the radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov light to excite and image the phosphorescence lifetimes within the tissue. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and FaDu head neck cancer xenografts show different pO2 responses during each of the 5 fractions (5 Gy per fraction), delivered from a clinical linear accelerator. This study demonstrates subsurface in vivo mapping of tumor pO2 distributions with submillimeter spatial resolution, thus providing a methodology to track response of tumors to fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Jennifer R Shell
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Xie Y, Petroccia H, Maity A, Miao T, Zhu Y, Bruza P, Pogue BW, Plastaras JP, Dong L, Zhu TC. Cherenkov imaging for total skin electron therapy (TSET). Med Phys 2020; 47:201-212. [PMID: 31665544 PMCID: PMC7050296 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total skin electron therapy (TSET) utilizes high-energy electrons to treat malignancies on the entire body surface. The otherwise invisible radiation beam can be observed via the optical Cherenkov photons emitted from interactions between the high-energy electron beam and tissue. METHODS AND MATERIALS With a time-gated intensified camera system, the Cherenkov emission can be used to evaluate the dose uniformity on the surface of the patient in real time. Fifteen patients undergoing TSET in various conditions (whole body and half body) were imaged and analyzed. Each patient was monitored during TSET via in vivo detectors (IVD) in nine locations. For accurate Cherenkov imaging, a comparison between IVD and Cherenkov profiles was conducted using a polyvinyl chloride board to establish the perspective corrections. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With proper corrections developed in this study including the perspective and inverse square corrections, the Cherenkov imaging provided two-dimensional maps proportional to dose and projected on patient skin. The results of ratio between chest and umbilicus points were in good agreement with in vivo point dose measurements, with a standard deviation of 2.4% compared to OSLD measurements. CONCLUSIONS Cherenkov imaging is a viable tool for validating patient-specific dose distributions during TSET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heather Petroccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Yihua Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - John P. Plastaras
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy C. Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Tendler II, Hartford A, Jermyn M, LaRochelle E, Cao X, Borza V, Alexander D, Bruza P, Hoopes J, Moodie K, Marr BP, Williams BB, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA. Experimentally Observed Cherenkov Light Generation in the Eye During Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 106:422-429. [PMID: 31669563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients have reported sensations of seeing light flashes during radiation therapy, even with their eyes closed. These observations have been attributed to either direct excitation of retinal pigments or generation of Cherenkov light inside the eye. Both in vivo human and ex vivo animal eye imaging was used to confirm light intensity and spectra to determine its origin and overall observability. METHODS AND MATERIALS A time-gated and intensified camera was used to capture light exiting the eye of a patient undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery in real time, thereby verifying the detectability of light through the pupil. These data were compared with follow-up mechanistic imaging of ex vivo animal eyes with thin radiation beams to evaluate emission spectra and signal intensity variation with anatomic depth. Angular dependency of light emission from the eye was also measured. RESULTS Patient imaging showed that light generation in the eye during radiation therapy can be captured with a signal-to-noise ratio of 68. Irradiation of ex vivo eye samples confirmed that the spectrum matched that of Cherenkov emission and that signal intensity was largely homogeneous throughout the entire eye, from the cornea to the retina, with a slight maximum near 10 mm depth. Observation of the signal external to the eye was possible through the pupil from 0° to 90°, with a detected emission near 2500 photons per millisecond (during peak emission of the ON cycle of the pulsed delivery), which is over 2 orders of magnitude higher than the visible detection threshold. CONCLUSIONS By quantifying the spectra and magnitude of the signal, we now have direct experimental observations that Cherenkov light is generated in the eye during radiation therapy and can contribute to perceived light flashes. Furthermore, this technique can be used to further study and measure phosphenes in the radiation therapy clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alan Hartford
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Ethan LaRochelle
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Victor Borza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Daniel Alexander
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jack Hoopes
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Karen Moodie
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brian P Marr
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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Ashraf MR, Bruza P, Pogue BW, Nelson N, Williams BB, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ. Optical imaging provides rapid verification of static small beams, radiosurgery, and VMAT plans with millimeter resolution. Med Phys 2019; 46:5227-5237. [PMID: 31472093 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We demonstrate the feasibility of optical imaging as a quality assurance tool for static small beamlets, and pretreatment verification tool for radiosurgery and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. METHODS Small static beams and clinical VMAT plans were simulated in a treatment planning system (TPS) and delivered to a cylindrical tank filled with water-based liquid scintillator. Emission was imaged using a blue-sensitive, intensified CMOS camera time-gated to the linac pulses. For static beams, percentage depth and cross beam profiles of projected intensity distribution were compared to TPS data. Two-dimensional (2D) gamma analysis was performed on all clinical plans, and the technique was tested for sensitivity against common errors (multileaf collimator position, gantry angle) by inducing deliberate errors in the VMAT plans control points. The technique's detection limits for spatial resolution and the smallest number of control points that could be imaged reliably were also tested. The sensitivity to common delivery errors was also compared against a commercial 2.5D diode array dosimeter. RESULTS A spatial resolution of 1 mm was achieved with our imaging setup. The optical projected percentage depth intensity profiles agreed to within 2% relative to the TPS data for small static square beams (5, 10, and 50 mm2 ). For projected cross beam profiles, a gamma pass rate >99% was achieved for a 3%/1 mm criteria. All clinical plans passed the 3%/3 mm criteria with >95% passing rate. A static 5 mm beam with 20 Monitor Units could be measured with an average percent difference of 5.5 ± 3% relative to the TPS. The technique was sensitive to multileaf collimator errors down to 1 mm and gantry angle errors of 1°. CONCLUSIONS Optical imaging provides ample spatial resolution for imaging small beams. The ability to faithfully image down to 20 MU of 5 mm, 6 MV beamlets prove the ability to perform quality assurance for each control point within dynamic plans. The technique is sensitive to small offset errors in gantry angles and multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions, and at certain scenario, it exhibits higher sensitivity than a commercial 2.5D diode array.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Nathan Nelson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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Tendler I, Bruza P, Hachadorian R, Alexander D, Jermyn M, Williams B, Jarvis L, Pogue B, Gladstone D. Scintillator Target Imaging: A Novel Surface Dosimetry Method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alexander DA, Tendler II, Bruza P, Cao X, Schaner PE, Marshall BS, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Assessment of imaging Cherenkov and scintillation signals in head and neck radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:145021. [PMID: 31146269 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab25a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the utility of time-gated optical imaging of head and neck (HN) radiotherapy treatments to measure surface dosimetry in real-time and inform possible interfraction replanning decisions. The benefit of both Cherenkov and scintillator imaging in HN treatments is direct daily feedback on dose, with no change to the clinical workflow. Emission from treatment materials was characterized by measuring radioluminescence spectra during irradiation and comparing emission intensities relative to Cherenkov emission produced in phantoms and scintillation from small plastic targets. HN treatment plans were delivered to a phantom with bolus and mask present to measure impact on signal quality. Interfraction superficial tumor reduction was simulated on a HN phantom, and cumulative Cherenkov images were analyzed in the region of interest (ROI). HN human patient treatment was imaged through the mask and compared with the dose distribution calculated by the treatment planning system. The relative intensity of radioluminescence from the mask was found to be within 30% of the Cherenkov emission intensity from tissue-colored clay. A strong linear relationship between normalized cumulative Cherenkov intensity and tumor size was established ([Formula: see text]). The presence of a mask above a scintillator ROI was found to decrease mean pixel intensity by >40% and increase distribution spread. Cherenkov imaging through mask material is shown to have potential for surface field verification and tracking of superficial anatomy changes between treatment fractions. Imaging of scintillating targets provides a direct imaging of surface dose on the patient and through transparent bolus material. The first imaging of a patient receiving HN radiotherapy was achieved with a signal map which qualitatively matches the surface dose plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Alexander
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Tendler II, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Fleury A, Williams BB, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ. Improvements to an optical scintillator imaging-based tissue dosimetry system. J Biomed Opt 2019; 24:1-6. [PMID: 31313537 PMCID: PMC6630097 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.075001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that capturing optical emission from plastic discs attached directly to the skin can be a viable means to accurately measure surface dose during total skin electron therapy. This method can provide accurate dosimetric information rapidly and remotely without the need for postprocessing. The objective of this study was to: (1) improve the robustness and usability of the scintillators and (2) enhance sensitivity of the optical imaging system to improve scintillator emission detection as related to tissue surface dose. Baseline measurements of scintillator optical output were obtained by attaching the plastic discs to a flat tissue phantom and simultaneously irradiating and imaging them. Impact on underlying surface dose was evaluated by placing the discs on-top of the active element of an ionization chamber. A protective coating and adhesive backing were added to allow easier logistical use, and they were also subjected to disinfection procedures, while verifying that these changes did not affect the linearity of response with dose. The camera was modified such that the peak of detector quantum efficiency better overlapped with the emission spectra of the scintillating discs. Patient imaging was carried out and surface dose measurements were captured by the updated camera and compared to those produced by optically stimulated luminescence detectors (OSLD). The updated camera was able to measure surface dose with < 3 % difference compared to OSLD–Cherenkov emission from the patient was suppressed and scintillation detection was enhanced by 25 × and 7 × , respectively. Improved scintillators increase underlying surface dose on average by 5.2 ± 0.1 % and light output decreased by 2.6 ± 0.3 % . Disinfection had < 0.02 % change on scintillator light output. The enhanced sensitivity of the imaging system to scintillator optical emission spectrum can now enable a reduction in physical dimensions of the dosimeters without loss in ability to detect light output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I. Tendler
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Irwin I. Tendler, E-mail:
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Antoine Fleury
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Université de Strasbourg, Télécom Physique Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
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Tendler II, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Cao X, Williams BB, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ. Characterization of a non-contact imaging scintillator-based dosimetry system for total skin electron therapy. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:125025. [PMID: 31035267 PMCID: PMC10653344 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab1d8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface dosimetry is required for ensuring effective administration of total skin electron therapy (TSET); however, its use is often reduced due to the time consuming and complex nature of acquisition. A new surface dose imaging technique was characterized in this study and found to provide accurate, rapid and remote measurement of surface doses without the need for post-exposure processing. Disc-shaped plastic scintillators (1 mm thick × 15 mm [Formula: see text]) were chosen as optimal-sized samples and designed to attach to a flat-faced phantom for irradiation using electron beams. Scintillator dosimeter response to radiation damage, dose rate, and temperature were studied. The effect of varying scintillator diameter and thickness on light output was evaluated. Furthermore, the scintillator emission spectra and impact of dosimeter thickness on surface dose were also quantified. Since the scintillators were custom-machined, dosimeter-to-dosimeter variation was tested. Scintillator surface dose measurements were compared to those obtained by optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLD). Light output from scintillator dosimeters evaluated in this study was insensitive to radiation damage, temperature, and dose rate. Maximum wavelength of emission was found to be 422 nm. Dose reported by scintillators was linearly related to that from OSLDs. Build-up from placement of scintillators and OSLDs had a similar effect on surface dose (4.9% increase). Variation among scintillator dosimeters was found to be 0.3 ± 0.2%. Scintillator light output increased linearly with dosimeter thickness (~1.9 × /mm). All dosimeter diameters tested were able to accurately measure surface dose. Scintillator dosimeters can potentially improve surface dosimetry-associated workflow for TSET in the radiation oncology clinic. Since scintillator data output can be automatically recorded to a patient medical record, the chances of human error in reading out and recording surface dose are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Mike Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
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65
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Tendler II, Bredfeldt JS, Zhang R, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Pogue BW, Gladstone DJ. Technical Note: Quality assurance and relative dosimetry testing of a 60 Co total body irradiator using optical imaging. Med Phys 2019; 46:3674-3678. [PMID: 31152565 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to create an optical imaging-based system for quality assurance (QA) testing of a dedicated Co-60 total body irradiation (TBI) machine. Our goal is to streamline the QA process by minimizing the amount time necessary for tests such as verification of dose rate and field homogeneity. METHODS Plastic scintillating rods were placed directly on the patient treatment couch of a dedicated TBI 60 Co irradiator. A tripod-mounted intensified camera was placed directly adjacent to the couch. Images were acquired over a 30-s period once the cobalt source was fully exposed. Real-time image filtering was used; cumulative images were flatfield corrected as well as background and darkfield subtracted. Scintillators were used to measure light-radiation field correspondence, dose rate, field homogeneity, and symmetry. Dose rate effects were measured by modifying the height of the treatment couch and scintillator response was compared to ionization chamber (IC) measurements. Optically stimulated luminesce detector (OSLD) used as reference dosimeters during field symmetry and homogeneity testing. RESULTS The scintillator-based system accurately reported changes in dose rate. When comparing normalized output values for IC vs scintillators over a range of source-to-surface distances, a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) was observed. Normalized scintillator signal matched OSLD measurements with <1.5% difference during field homogeneity and symmetry testing. Beam symmetry across both axes of the field was within 2%. The light field was found to correspond to 90 ± 3% of the isodose maximum along the longitudinal and latitudinal axis, respectively. Scintillator imaging output results using a single image stack requiring no postexposure processing (needed for OSLD) or repeat manual measurements (needed for IC). CONCLUSION Imaging of scintillation light emission from plastic rods is a viable and efficient method for carrying out TBI 60 Co irradiator QA. We have shown that this technique can accurately measure field homogeneity, symmetry, light-radiation field correspondence, and dose rate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I Tendler
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeremy S Bredfeldt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Jia MJ, Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging using scanned beam differencing and iterative deconvolution in dynamic plan radiation delivery in a human breast phantom geometry. Med Phys 2019; 46:3067-3077. [PMID: 30980725 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to demonstrate high resolution optical luminescence sensing, referred to as Cherenkov excited luminescence scanning imaging (CELSI), could be achieved during a standard dynamic treatment plan for a whole breast radiotherapy geometry. METHODS The treatment plan beams induce Cherenkov light within tissue, and this excitation projects through the beam trajectory across the medium, inducing luminescence where there can be molecular reporter. Broad beams generally produce higher signal but low spatial resolution, yet for dynamic plans the scanning of the multileaf collimator allows for a beam-narrowing strategy by recursively temporal differencing each of the Cherenkov images and associated luminescence images. Then reconstruction from each of these size-reduced beamlets defined by the differenced Cherenkov images provides a well-conditioned matrix inversion, where the spatial frequencies are limited by the higher signal-to-noise ratio beamlets. A built-in stepwise convergence relies on stepwise beam size reduction, which is associated with a widening of the bandwidth of Cherenkov spatial frequency and resultant increase in spatial resolution. For the phantom experiments, europium nanoparticles were used as luminescent probes and embedded at depths ranging from 3 to 8 mm. An intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan was used to test this. RESULTS The Cherenkov images spatially guided where the luminescence was measured from, providing high lateral resolution, and iterative reconstruction convergence showed that optimization of the initial and stopping beamlet widths could be achieved with 15 and 4.5 mm, respectively, using a luminescence imaging frame rate of 5/s. With the IMRT breast plan, the original lateral resolution was improved 2X, that is, 0.08-0.24 mm for target depths of 3-8 mm. In comparison, a dynamic wedge (DW) plan showed an inferior image fidelity, with relative contrast recovery decreasing from 0.86 to 0.79. The methodology was applied to a three-dimensional dataset to reconstruct Cherenkov excited luminescence intensity distributions showing volumetric recovery of a 0.5 mm diameter object composed of 0.5 μM luminescent microbeads. CONCLUSIONS High resolution CELSI was achieved with a clinical breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plan. It is anticipated that this method can allow visualization and localization for luminescence/fluorescence tagged vasculature, lymph nodes, or superficial tagged regions with most dynamic treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | | | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
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67
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Jia MJ, Cao X, Gunn JR, Bruza P, Jiang S, Pogue BW. Tomographic Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging with multiple pinhole beams recovered via back-projection reconstruction. Opt Lett 2019; 44:1552-1555. [PMID: 30933088 PMCID: PMC7104332 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) is achieved with a clinical linear accelerator during external beam radiotherapy to map out molecular luminescence intensity or lifetime in tissue. In order to realize a deeper imaging depth with a reasonable spatial resolution in CELSI, we optimized the original scanning procedure to complete this in a way similar to x-ray computed tomography and with image reconstruction from maximum-likelihood expectation maximization and multi-pinhole irradiation for parallelization. Resolution phantom studies showed that a 0.3 mm diameter capillary tube containing 0.01 nM luminescent nanospheres could be recognized at a depth of 21 mm into tissue-like media. Small animal imaging with a 1 mm diameter cylindrical target demonstrated that fast 3D data acquisition can be achieved by this multi-pinhole collimator approach to image high-resolution luminescence through a whole animal.
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68
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Byrd BK, Folaron MR, Leonor JP, Strawbridge RR, Cao X, Bruza P, Davis SC. Characterizing short-wave infrared fluorescence of conventional near-infrared fluorophores. J Biomed Opt 2019; 24:1-5. [PMID: 30851014 PMCID: PMC6408334 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The observed behavior of short-wave infrared (SWIR) light in tissue, characterized by relatively low scatter and subdiffuse photon transport, has generated considerable interest for the potential of SWIR imaging to produce high-resolution, subsurface images of fluorescence activity in vivo. These properties have important implications for fluorescence-guided surgery and preclinical biomedical research. Until recently, translational efforts have been impeded by the conventional understanding that fluorescence molecular imaging in the SWIR regime requires custom molecular probes that do not yet have proven safety profiles in humans. However, recent studies have shown that two readily available near-infrared (NIR-I) fluorophores produce measurable SWIR fluorescence, implying that other conventional fluorophores produce detectable fluorescence in the SWIR window. Using SWIR spectroscopy and wide-field SWIR imaging with tissue-simulating phantoms, we characterize and compare the SWIR emission properties of eight commercially available red/NIR-I fluorophores commonly used in preclinical and clinical research, in addition to a SWIR-specific fluorophore. All fluorophores produce measurable fluorescence emission in the SWIR, including shorter wavelength dyes such as Alexa Fluor 633 and methylene blue. This study is the first to report SWIR fluorescence from six of the eight conventional fluorophores and establishes an important comparative reference for developing and evaluating SWIR imaging strategies for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook K. Byrd
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Margaret R. Folaron
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Joseph P. Leonor
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Scott C. Davis, E-mail:
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Shell JR, LaRochelle EP, Bruza P, Gunn JR, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Comparison of phosphorescent agents for noninvasive sensing of tumor oxygenation via Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging. J Biomed Opt 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 30834723 PMCID: PMC6397946 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission generated in tissue during radiotherapy can be harnessed for the imaging biochemistry of tissue microenvironments. Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) provides a way to optically and noninvasively map oxygen-related signals, which is known to correlate to outcomes in radiotherapy. Four candidate phosphorescent reagents PtG4, MM2, Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) , and MitoID were studied for oxygen sensing, testing in a progressive series of (a) in solution, (b) in vitro, and (c) in subcutaneous tumors. In each test, the signal strength and response to oxygen were assessed by phosphorescence intensity and decay lifetime measurement. MM2 showed the most robust response to oxygen changes in solution, followed by PtG4, Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) , and MitoID. However, in PANC-1 cells, their oxygen responses differed with Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) exhibiting the largest phosphorescent intensity change in response to changes in oxygenation, followed by PtG4, MM2, and MitoID. In vivo, it was only possible to utilize Ir(btb)2 ( acac ) and PtG4, with each being used at nanomole levels, to determine signal strength, lifetime, and pO2. Oxygen sensing with CELSI during radiotherapy is feasible and can estimate values from 1 mm regions of tissue when used in the configuration of this study. PtG4 was the most amenable to in vivo sensing on the timescale of external beam LINAC x-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Shell
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Jennifer R. Shell, E-mail:
| | - Ethan P. LaRochelle
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Ashraf MR, Bruza P, Krishnaswamy V, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Technical Note: Time-gating to medical linear accelerator pulses: Stray radiation detector. Med Phys 2018; 46:1044-1048. [PMID: 30488442 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CCD cameras are employed to image scintillation and Cherenkov radiation in external beam radiotherapy. This is achieved by gating the camera to the linear accelerator (Linac) output. A direct output signal line from the linac is not always accessible and even in cases where such a signal is accessible, a physical wire connected to the output port can potentially alter Linac performance through electrical feedback. A scintillating detector for stray radiation inside the Linac room was developed to remotely time-gate to linac pulses for camera-based dosimetry. METHODS A scintillator coupled silicon photomultiplier detector was optimized and systematically tested for location sensitivity and for use with both x rays and electron beams, at different energies and field sizes. Cherenkov radiation emitted due to static photon beams was captured using the remote trigger and compared to the images captured using a wired trigger. The issue of false-positive event detection, due to additional neutron activated products with high energy beams, was addressed. RESULTS The designed circuit provided voltage >2.5 V even for distances up to 3 m from the isocenter with a 6 MV, 5 × 5 cm beam, using a Ø3 × 20 mm3 Bi4 Ge3 O12 (BGO) crystal. With a larger scintillator size, the detector could be placed even beyond 3 m distance. False-positive triggering was reduced by a coincidence detection scheme. Negligible fluctuations were observed in time-gated imaging of Cherenkov intensity emitted from a water phantom, when comparing directly connected vs this remote triggering approach. CONCLUSION The remote detector provides untethered synchronization to linac pulses. It is especially useful for remote Cherenkov imaging or remote scintillator dosimetry imaging during radiotherapeutic procedures when a direct line signal is not accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Venkat Krishnaswamy
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College Hanover, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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Miao T, Bruza P, Pogue BW, Jermyn M, Krishnaswamy V, Ware W, Rafie F, Gladstone DJ, Williams BB. Cherenkov imaging for linac beam shape analysis as a remote electronic quality assessment verification tool. Med Phys 2018; 46:811-821. [PMID: 30471126 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A remote imaging system tracking Cherenkov emission was analyzed to verify that the linear accelerator (linac) beam shape could be quantitatively measured at the irradiation surface for Quality Audit (QA). METHODS The Cherenkov camera recorded 2D dose images delivered on a solid acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic phantom surface for a range of square beam sizes, and 6 MV photons. Imaging was done at source to surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm and compared to GaF film images and linac light fields of the same beam sizes, ranging over 5 × 5 cm2 up to 20 × 20 cm2 . Line profiles of each field were compared in both X and Y jaw directions. Each measurement was repeated on two different Clinac2100 machines. An interreader comparison of the beam width interpretation was completed using procedures commonly employed for beam to light field coincidence verification. Cherenkov measurements are also done for beams of complex treatment plan and isocenter QA. RESULTS The Cherenkov image widths matched with the measured GaF images and light field images, with accuracy in the range of ±1 mm standard deviation. The differences between the measurements were minor and within tolerance of geometrical requirement of standard linac QA procedures conducted by human setup verification, which had a similar error range. The measurement made by the remote imaging system allowed for beam shape extraction of radiation fields at the SSD location of the beam. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Cherenkov image acquisition system provides a valid way to remotely confirm radiation field sizes and provides similar information to that obtained from the linac light field or GaF film estimates of the beam size. The major benefit of this approach is that with a fixed installation of the camera, testing could be done completely under software control with automated image analysis, potentially simplifying conventional QA procedures with appropriate calibration of boundary definitions, and the natural extension to capturing dynamic treatment beamlets at SSD could have future value, such as verification of beam plans with complex beam shapes, like IMRT or "star-shot" QA for the isocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Rafie
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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72
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Cao X, Jiang S, Jia MJ, Gunn JR, Miao T, Davis SC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Cherenkov excited short-wavelength infrared fluorescence imaging in vivo with external beam radiation. J Biomed Opt 2018; 24:1-4. [PMID: 30468044 PMCID: PMC6250216 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation therapy from a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) can be used to excite phosphors deep in biological tissues. As with all luminescence imaging, there is a desire to minimize the spectral overlap between the excitation light and emission wavelengths, here between the Cherenkov and the phosphor. Cherenkov excited short-wavelength infrared (SWIR, 1000 to 1700 nm) fluorescence imaging has been demonstrated for the first time, using long Stokes-shift fluorophore PdSe quantum dots (QD) with nanosecond lifetime and an optimized SWIR detection. The 1 / λ2 intensity spectrum characteristic of Cherenkov emission leads to low overlap of this into the fluorescence spectrum of PdSe QDs in the SWIR range. Additionally, using a SWIR camera itself inherently ignores the stronger Cherenkov emission wavelengths dominant across the visible spectrum. The SWIR luminescence was shown to extend the depth sensitivity of Cherenkov imaging, which could be used for applications in radiotherapy sensing and imaging in human tissue with targeted molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Xidian University, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Address all correspondence to: Shudong Jiang, E-mail: ; Brian W. Pogue, E-mail:
| | - Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Jason R. Gunn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire United States
- Address all correspondence to: Shudong Jiang, E-mail: ; Brian W. Pogue, E-mail:
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Hachadorian R, Bruza P, Jermyn M, Mazhar A, Cuccia D, Jarvis L, Gladstone D, Pogue B. Correcting Cherenkov light attenuation in tissue using spatial frequency domain imaging for quantitative surface dosimetry during whole breast radiation therapy. J Biomed Opt 2018; 24:1-10. [PMID: 30415511 PMCID: PMC6228320 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Imaging Cherenkov emission during radiotherapy permits real-time visualization of external beam delivery on superficial tissue. This signal is linear with absorbed dose in homogeneous media, indicating potential for quantitative dosimetry. In humans, the inherent heterogeneity of tissue optical properties (primarily from blood and skin pigment) distorts the linearity between detected Cherenkov signal and absorbed dose. We examine the potential to correct for superficial vasculature using spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to map tissue optical properties for large fields of view. In phantoms, applying intensity corrections to simulate blood vessels improves Cherenkov image (CI) negative contrast by 24% for a vessel 1.9-mm-in diameter. In human trials, SFDI and CI are acquired for women undergoing whole breast radiotherapy. Applied corrections reduce heterogeneity due to vasculature within the sampling limits of the SFDI from a 22% difference as compared to the treatment plan, down to 6% in one region and from 14% down to 4% in another region. The optimal use for this combined imaging system approach is to correct for small heterogeneities such as superficial blood vessels or for interpatient variations in blood/melanin content such that the corrected CI more closely represents the surface dose delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Hachadorian
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rachael Hachadorian, E-mail:
| | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Amaan Mazhar
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Irvine, California, United States
| | - David Cuccia
- Modulated Imaging Inc., Irvine, California, United States
| | - Lesley Jarvis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David Gladstone
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
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74
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Jia MJ, Bruza P, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Multi-beam scan analysis with a clinical LINAC for high resolution Cherenkov-excited molecular luminescence imaging in tissue. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:4217-4234. [PMID: 30615721 PMCID: PMC6157777 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov-excited luminescence scanned imaging (CELSI) is achieved with external beam radiotherapy to map out molecular luminescence intensity or lifetime in tissue. Just as in fluorescence microscopy, the choice of excitation geometry can affect the imaging time, spatial resolution and contrast recovered. In this study, the use of spatially patterned illumination was systematically studied comparing scan shapes, starting with line scan and block patterns and increasing from single beams to multiple parallel beams and then to clinically used treatment plans for radiation therapy. The image recovery was improved by a spatial-temporal modulation-demodulation method, which used the ability to capture simultaneous images of the excitation Cherenkov beam shape to deconvolve the CELSI images. Experimental studies used the multi-leaf collimator on a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) to create the scanning patterns, and image resolution and contrast recovery were tested at different depths of tissue phantom material. As hypothesized, the smallest illumination squares achieved optimal resolution, but at the cost of lower signal and slower imaging time. Having larger excitation blocks provided superior signal but at the cost of increased radiation dose and lower resolution. Increasing the scan beams to multiple block patterns improved the performance in terms of image fidelity, lower radiation dose and faster acquisition. The spatial resolution was mostly dependent upon pixel area with an optimized side length near 38mm and a beam scan pitch of P = 0.33, and the achievable imaging depth was increased from 14mm to 18mm with sufficient resolving power for 1mm sized test objects. As a proof-of-concept, in-vivo tumor mouse imaging was performed to show 3D rendering and quantification of tissue pO2 with values of 5.6mmHg in a tumor and 77mmHg in normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Jeremy Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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75
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Lundholm IV, Sellberg JA, Ekeberg T, Hantke MF, Okamoto K, van der Schot G, Andreasson J, Barty A, Bielecki J, Bruza P, Bucher M, Carron S, Daurer BJ, Ferguson K, Hasse D, Krzywinski J, Larsson DSD, Morgan A, Mühlig K, Müller M, Nettelblad C, Pietrini A, Reddy HKN, Rupp D, Sauppe M, Seibert M, Svenda M, Swiggers M, Timneanu N, Ulmer A, Westphal D, Williams G, Zani A, Faigel G, Chapman HN, Möller T, Bostedt C, Hajdu J, Gorkhover T, Maia FRNC. Considerations for three-dimensional image reconstruction from experimental data in coherent diffractive imaging. IUCrJ 2018; 5:531-541. [PMID: 30224956 PMCID: PMC6126651 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction before destruction using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has the potential to determine radiation-damage-free structures without the need for crystallization. This article presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the Melbournevirus from single-particle X-ray diffraction patterns collected at the LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS) as well as reconstructions from simulated data exploring the consequences of different kinds of experimental sources of noise. The reconstruction from experimental data suffers from a strong artifact in the center of the particle. This could be reproduced with simulated data by adding experimental background to the diffraction patterns. In those simulations, the relative density of the artifact increases linearly with background strength. This suggests that the artifact originates from the Fourier transform of the relatively flat background, concentrating all power in a central feature of limited extent. We support these findings by significantly reducing the artifact through background removal before the phase-retrieval step. Large amounts of blurring in the diffraction patterns were also found to introduce diffuse artifacts, which could easily be mistaken as biologically relevant features. Other sources of noise such as sample heterogeneity and variation of pulse energy did not significantly degrade the quality of the reconstructions. Larger data volumes, made possible by the recent inauguration of high repetition-rate XFELs, allow for increased signal-to-background ratio and provide a way to minimize these artifacts. The anticipated development of three-dimensional Fourier-volume-assembly algorithms which are background aware is an alternative and complementary solution, which maximizes the use of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida V. Lundholm
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas A. Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kenta Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gijs van der Schot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
- Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johan Bielecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Petr Bruza
- Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Max Bucher
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - Benedikt J. Daurer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ken Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
- PULSE Institute and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dirk Hasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacek Krzywinski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - Daniel S. D. Larsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mühlig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Müller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Nettelblad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lagerhyddsvägen 2 (Box 337), SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alberto Pietrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hemanth K. N. Reddy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marvin Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Svenda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Swiggers
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Westphal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Garth Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
- NSLS-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Alessandro Zani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gyula Faigel
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- PULSE Institute and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309, USA
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- PULSE Institute and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Cao X, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn J, Miao T, Davis SC, Bruza P, Pogue BW. Observation of short wavelength infrared (SWIR) Cherenkov emission. Opt Lett 2018; 43:3854-3857. [PMID: 30106900 PMCID: PMC7577552 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation from a clinical linear accelerator has been shown in preclinical molecular imaging and clinical imaging. The broad spectrum Cherenkov emission should have a short wavelength infrared (SWIR, 1000-1700 nm) component, as predicted theoretically. To the best of our knowledge, this Letter is the first experimental observation of this SWIR Cherenkov emission induced by external beam radiation. The measured spectrum of SWIR Cherenkov emission matches the theoretical prediction, with a fluence rate near one-third of the visible and near-infrared red emissions (Vis-NIR, 400-900 nm). Imaging in water-based phantoms and biological tissues indicates that there is a sufficient fluence rate for radiotherapy dosimetry applications. The spatial resolution is improved approximately 5.3 times with SWIR Cherenkov emission detection versus Vis-NIR Cherenkov emission, which provides some improvement in the potential for higher resolution Cherenkov emission dosimetry and molecular sensing during clinical radiotherapy by imaging with SWIR wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of the Ministry of Education & School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Jason Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Tianshun Miao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
- Corresponding author:
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77
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Bruza P, Gollub SL, Andreozzi JM, Tendler II, Williams BB, Jarvis LA, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Time-gated scintillator imaging for real-time optical surface dosimetry in total skin electron therapy. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:095009. [PMID: 29588437 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaba19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure surface dose by remote time-gated imaging of plastic scintillators. A novel technique for time-gated, intensified camera imaging of scintillator emission was demonstrated, and key parameters influencing the signal were analyzed, including distance, angle and thickness. A set of scintillator samples was calibrated by using thermo-luminescence detector response as reference. Examples of use in total skin electron therapy are described. The data showed excellent room light rejection (signal-to-noise ratio of scintillation SNR ≈ 470), ideal scintillation dose response linearity, and 2% dose rate error. Individual sample scintillation response varied by 7% due to sample preparation. Inverse square distance dependence correction and lens throughput error (8% per meter) correction were needed. At scintillator-to-source angle and observation angle <50°, the radiant energy fluence error was smaller than 1%. The achieved standard error of the scintillator cumulative dose measurement compared to the TLD dose was 5%. The results from this proof-of-concept study documented the first use of small scintillator targets for remote surface dosimetry in ambient room lighting. The measured dose accuracy renders our method to be comparable to thermo-luminescent detector dosimetry, with the ultimate realization of accuracy likely to be better than shown here. Once optimized, this approach to remote dosimetry may substantially reduce the time and effort required for surface dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States of America
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78
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Ahmed SR, Jia JM, Bruza P, Vinogradov S, Jiang S, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Pogue BW. Radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov luminescence imaging in a human body phantom. J Biomed Opt 2018; 23:1-4. [PMID: 29560623 PMCID: PMC7560997 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy produces Cherenkov optical emission in tissue, and this light can be utilized to activate molecular probes. The feasibility of sensing luminescence from a tissue molecular oxygen sensor from within a human body phantom was examined using the geometry of the axillary lymph node region. Detection of regions down to 30-mm deep was feasible with submillimeter spatial resolution with the total quantity of the phosphorescent sensor PtG4 near 1 nanomole. Radiation sheet scanning in an epi-illumination geometry provided optimal coverage, and maximum intensity projection images provided illustration of the concept. This work provides the preliminary information needed to attempt this type of imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rakin Ahmed
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Jeremy Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Sergei Vinogradov
- University of Pennsylvania, Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry and of Chemistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
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Snyder C, Pogue BW, Jermyn M, Tendler I, Andreozzi JM, Bruza P, Krishnaswamy V, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA. Algorithm development for intrafraction radiotherapy beam edge verification from Cherenkov imaging. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:015001. [PMID: 29322071 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.1.015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of Cherenkov light emission from patient tissue during fractionated radiotherapy has been shown to be a possible way to visualize beam delivery in real time. If this tool is advanced as a delivery verification methodology, then a sequence of image processing steps must be established to maximize accurate recovery of beam edges. This was analyzed and developed here, focusing on the noise characteristics and representative images from both phantoms and patients undergoing whole breast radiotherapy. The processing included temporally integrating video data into a single, composite summary image at each control point. Each image stack was also median filtered for denoising and ultimately thresholded into a binary image, and morphologic small hole removal was used. These processed images were used for day-to-day comparison computation, and either the Dice coefficient or the mean distance to conformity values can be used to analyze them. Systematic position shifts of the phantom up to 5 mm approached the observed variation values of the patient data. This processing algorithm can be used to analyze the variations seen in patients being treated concurrently with daily Cherenkov imaging to quantify the day-to-day disparities in delivery as a quality audit system for position/beam verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Snyder
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Michael Jermyn
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Irwin Tendler
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | - Petr Bruza
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Venkat Krishnaswamy
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,DoseOptics LLC, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | - David J Gladstone
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States.,Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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80
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Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Rottmann J, Pogue BW. Online Combination of EPID & Cherenkov Imaging for 3-D Dosimetry in a Liquid Phantom. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2017; 36:2099-2103. [PMID: 28644800 PMCID: PMC5659346 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2717800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Online acquisition of Cherenkov and portal imaging data was combined with a reconstruction scheme called EC3-D, providing a full 3-D dosimetry of megavoltage X-ray beams in a water tank. The methodology was demonstrated and quantified in a single static beam. Furthermore, the dynamics and visualization of the 3-D dose reconstruction were demonstrated with a volumetric modulated arc therapy plan for TG-119 C-Shape geometry. The developed algorithm combines depth dose information, provided by Cherenkov images, with the lateral dose distribution, provided by the electronic portal imaging device. The strength of our approach lies in the acquisition of both imaging data streams with sub-millimeter theoretical resolution at 5-Hz frame-rate, which can be concurrently processed by the fast Fourier transform-based analysis, thus providing means for an efficient real-time 3-D dosimetry.
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81
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Bruza P, Andreozzi JM, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Rottmann J, Pogue BW. Real-time 3D dose imaging in water phantoms: reconstruction from simultaneous EPID-Cherenkov 3D imaging (EC3D). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/847/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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82
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Pogue BW, Zhang R, Glaser A, Andreozzi JM, Bruza P, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA. Cherenkov imaging in the potential roles of radiotherapy QA and delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/847/1/012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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83
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Andreozzi J, Mooney K, Bruza P, Curcuru A, Saunders S, Gladstone D, Pogue B, Green O. TU-AB-BRA-12: Quality Assurance of An Integrated Magnetic Resonance Image Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy Machine Using Cherenkov Imaging. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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84
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Bruza P, Lin H, Jarvis L, Gladstone D, Pogue B. TH-AB-209-04: 3D Light Sheet Luminescence Imaging with Cherenkov Radiation. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4958095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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85
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Chudickova M, Bruza P, Zajicova A, Trosan P, Svobodova L, Javorkova E, Kubinova S, Holan V. Targeted neural differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells by a protocol simulating the inflammatory site of neural injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1588-1597. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milada Chudickova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bruza
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Kladno Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zajicova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Peter Trosan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Javorkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Kubinova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Holan
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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