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Abstract
Neutrophil migration to inflammatory sites is the fundamental process of innate immunity among organisms against pathogen invasion. As a major sleep adjusting hormone, melatonin has also been proved to be involved in various inflammatory events. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exogenous melatonin on neutrophil migration to the injury site in live zebrafish and further investigate whether ERK signaling is involved in this process. Using the tail fin transection model, the fluorescently labeled neutrophil was in vivo visualized in transgenic Tg(lyz:EGFP), Tg(lyz:DsRed) zebrafish. We found that exogenous melatonin administration dramatically inhibited the injury-induced neutrophil migration in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The inhibited effect of melatonin on neutrophil migration could be attenuated by melatonin receptor 1, 2, and 3 antagonists. The ERK phosphorylation level was significantly decreased post injury when treated with melatonin. The blocking of ERK activation with inhibitor PD0325901 suppressed the number of migrated neutrophils in response to injury. However, the activation of ERK with the epidermal growth factor could impair the inhibited effect of melatonin on neutrophil migration. We also detected that PD0325901 significantly suppressed the in vivo neutrophils transmigrating over the vessel endothelial cell using the transgenic Tg(flk:EGFP);(lyz:DsRed) line labeled as both vessel and neutrophil. Taking all of these data together, the results indicated that exogenous melatonin had an anti-migratory effect on neutrophils by blocking the ERK phosphorylation signal, and it led to the subsequent adhesion molecule expression. Thus, the crossing of the vessel endothelial cells of neutrophils became difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ai Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Juan Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Chao Ge
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Ojanen MJT, Barker HR, Saralahti AK, Bäuerlein CA, Ortutay C, Pan P, Kuuslahti M, Parikka M, Rämet M, Parkkila S. Inactivation of ca10a and ca10b Genes Leads to Abnormal Embryonic Development and Alters Movement Pattern in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218428 PMCID: PMC4539348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase related proteins (CARPs) X and XI are highly conserved across species and are predominantly expressed in neural tissues. The biological role of these proteins is still an enigma. Ray-finned fish have lost the CA11 gene, but instead possess two co-orthologs of CA10. We analyzed the expression pattern of zebrafish ca10a and ca10b genes during embryonic development and in different adult tissues, and studied 61 CARP X/XI-like sequences to evaluate their phylogenetic relationship. Sequence analysis of zebrafish ca10a and ca10b reveals strongly predicted signal peptides, N-glycosylation sites, and a potential disulfide, all of which are conserved, suggesting that all of CARP X and XI are secretory proteins and potentially dimeric. RT-qPCR showed that zebrafish ca10a and ca10b genes are expressed in the brain and several other tissues throughout the development of zebrafish. Antisense morpholino mediated knockdown of ca10a and ca10b showed developmental delay with a high rate of mortality in larvae. Zebrafish morphants showed curved body, pericardial edema, and abnormalities in the head and eye, and there was increased apoptotic cell death in the brain region. Swim pattern showed abnormal movement in morphant zebrafish larvae compared to the wild type larvae. The developmental phenotypes of the ca10a and ca10b morphants were confirmed by inactivating these genes with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In conclusion, we introduce a novel zebrafish model to investigate the mechanisms of CARP Xa and CARP Xb functions. Our data indicate that CARP Xa and CARP Xb have important roles in zebrafish development and suppression of ca10a and ca10b expression in zebrafish larvae leads to a movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Martti E. E. Tolvanen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Csaba Ortutay
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Peiwen Pan
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Mika Rämet
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Center, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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53
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Zhang M, Sun T, Jian C, Lei L, Han P, Lv Q, Yang R, Zhou X, Xu J, Hu Y, Men Y, Huang Y, Zhang C, Zhu X, Wang X, Cheng H, Xiong JW. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Flashes in Muscular Development and Dystrophy in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132567. [PMID: 26186000 PMCID: PMC4506073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial flash (mitoflash) is a highly-conserved, universal, and physiological mitochondrial activity in isolated mitochondria, intact cells, and live organisms. Here we investigated developmental and disease-related remodeling of mitoflash activity in zebrafish skeletal muscles. In transgenic zebrafish expressing the mitoflash reporter cpYFP, in vivo imaging revealed that mitoflash frequency and unitary properties underwent multiphasic and muscle type-specific changes, accompanying mitochondrial morphogenesis from 2 to 14 dpf. In particular, short (S)-type mitoflashes predominated in early muscle formation, then S-, transitory (T)- and regular (R)-type mitoflashes coexisted during muscle maturation, followed by a switch to R-type mitoflashes in mature skeletal muscles. In early development of muscular dystrophy, we found accelerated S- to R-type mitoflash transition and reduced mitochondrial NAD(P)H amidst a remarkable cell-to-cell heterogeneity. This study not only unravels a profound functional and morphological remodeling of mitochondria in developing and diseased skeletal muscles, but also underscores mitoflashes as a useful reporter of mitochondrial function in milieu of live animals under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshu Jian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peidong Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanlong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejia Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfan Men
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- The Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JWX); (HC)
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JWX); (HC)
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Perisic L, Rodriguez PQ, Hultenby K, Sun Y, Lal M, Betsholtz C, Uhlén M, Wernerson A, Hedin U, Pikkarainen T, Tryggvason K, Patrakka J. Schip1 is a novel podocyte foot process protein that mediates actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122067. [PMID: 25807495 PMCID: PMC4373682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Podocyte foot process effacement accompanied by actin cytoskeleton rearrangements is a cardinal feature of many progressive human proteinuric diseases. Results By microarray profiling of mouse glomerulus, SCHIP1 emerged as one of the most highly enriched transcripts. We detected Schip1 protein in the kidney glomerulus, specifically in podocytes foot processes. Functionally, Schip1 inactivation in zebrafish by morpholino knock-down results in foot process disorganization and podocyte loss leading to proteinuria. In cultured podocytes Schip1 localizes to cortical actin-rich regions of lamellipodia, where it forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin, proteins known to participate in actin remodeling stimulated by PDGFβ signaling. Mechanistically, overexpression of Schip1 in vitro causes accumulation of cortical F-actin with dissolution of transversal stress fibers and promotes cell migration in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. Upon actin disassembly by latrunculin A treatment, Schip1 remains associated with the residual F-actin-containing structures, suggesting a functional connection with actin cytoskeleton possibly via its interaction partners. A similar assay with cytochalasin D points to stabilization of cortical actin cytoskeleton in Schip1 overexpressing cells by attenuation of actin depolymerisation. Conclusions Schip1 is a novel glomerular protein predominantly expressed in podocytes, necessary for the zebrafish pronephros development and function. Schip1 associates with the cortical actin cytoskeleton network and modulates its dynamics in response to PDGF signaling via interaction with the Nherf2/ezrin complex. Its implication in proteinuric diseases remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Perisic
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Q. Rodriguez
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Sun
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Lal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timo Pikkarainen
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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55
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Gu W, Monteiro R, Zuo J, Simões FC, Martella A, Andrieu-Soler C, Grosveld F, Sauka-Spengler T, Patient R. A novel TGFβ modulator that uncouples R-Smad/I-Smad-mediated negative feedback from R-Smad/ligand-driven positive feedback. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002051. [PMID: 25665164 PMCID: PMC4321984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As some of the most widely utilised intercellular signalling molecules, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily members play critical roles in normal development and become disrupted in human disease. Establishing appropriate levels of TGFβ signalling involves positive and negative feedback, which are coupled and driven by the same signal transduction components (R-Smad transcription factor complexes), but whether and how the regulation of the two can be distinguished are unknown. Genome-wide comparison of published ChIP-seq datasets suggests that LIM domain binding proteins (Ldbs) co-localise with R-Smads at a substantial subset of R-Smad target genes including the locus of inhibitory Smad7 (I-Smad7), which mediates negative feedback for TGFβ signalling. We present evidence suggesting that zebrafish Ldb2a binds and directly activates the I-Smad7 gene, whereas it binds and represses the ligand gene, Squint (Sqt), which drives positive feedback. Thus, the fine tuning of TGFβ signalling derives from positive and negative control by Ldb2a. Expression of ldb2a is itself activated by TGFβ signals, suggesting potential feed-forward loops that might delay the negative input of Ldb2a to the positive feedback, as well as the positive input of Ldb2a to the negative feedback. In this way, precise gene expression control by Ldb2a enables an initial build-up of signalling via a fully active positive feedback in the absence of buffering by the negative feedback. In Ldb2a-deficient zebrafish embryos, homeostasis of TGFβ signalling is perturbed and signalling is stably enhanced, giving rise to excess mesoderm and endoderm, an effect that can be rescued by reducing signalling by the TGFβ family members, Nodal and BMP. Thus, Ldb2a is critical to the homeostatic control of TGFβ signalling and thereby embryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Gu
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Zuo
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Costa Simões
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Martella
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Andrieu-Soler
- INSERM U872, Université René Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Team 17, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Patient
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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56
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Barton R, Palacio D, Iovine MK, Berger BW. A cytosolic juxtamembrane interface modulates plexin A3 oligomerization and signal transduction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116368. [PMID: 25565389 PMCID: PMC4286236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexins (plxns) are transmembrane (TM) receptors involved in the guidance of vascular, lymphatic vessel, and neuron growth as well as cancer metastasis. Plxn signaling results in cytosolic GTPase-activating protein activity, and previous research implicates dimerization as important for activation of plxn signaling. Purified, soluble plxn extracellular and cytosolic domains exhibit only weak homomeric interactions, suggesting a role for the plxn TM and juxtamembrane regions in homooligomerization. In this study, we consider a heptad repeat in the Danio rerio PlxnA3 cytosolic juxtamembrane domain (JM) for its ability to influence PlxnA3 homooligomerization in TM-domain containing constructs. Site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with the AraTM assay and bioluminescent energy transfer (BRET²) suggest an interface involving a JM heptad repeat, in particular residue M1281, regulates PlxnA3 homomeric interactions when examined in constructs containing an ectodomain, TM and JM domain. In the presence of a neuropilin-2a co-receptor and semaphorin 3F ligand, disruption to PlxnA3 homodimerization caused by an M1281F mutation is eliminated, suggesting destabilization of the PlxnA3 homodimer in the JM is not sufficient to disrupt co-receptor complex formation. In contrast, enhanced homodimerization of PlxnA3 caused by mutation M1281L remains even in the presence of ligand semaphorin 3F and co-receptor neuropilin-2a. Consistent with this pattern of PlxnA3 dimerization in the presence of ligand and co-receptor, destabilizing mutations to PlxnA3 homodimerization (M1281F) are able to rescue motor patterning defects in sidetracked zebrafish embryos, whereas mutations that enhance PlxnA3 homodimerization (M1281L) are not. Collectively, our results indicate the JM heptad repeat, in particular residue M1281, forms a switchable interface that modulates both PlxnA3 homomeric interactions and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Barton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danica Palacio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bryan W. Berger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Program in Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Verleyen D, Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P. Orphan G-protein coupled receptor 22 (Gpr22) regulates cilia length and structure in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110484. [PMID: 25335082 PMCID: PMC4204907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR22 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Since the ligand of the receptor is currently unknown, its biological function has not been investigated in depth. Many GPCRs and their intracellular effectors are targeted to cilia. Cilia are highly conserved eukaryotic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the membrane of most mammalian cells. They are involved in a large variety of physiological processes and diseases. However, the details of the downstream pathways and mechanisms that maintain cilia length and structure are poorly understood. We show that morpholino knock down or overexpression of gpr22 led to defective left-right (LR) axis formation in the zebrafish embryo. Specifically, defective LR patterning included randomization of the left-specific lateral plate mesodermal genes (LPM) (lefty1, lefty2, southpaw and pitx2a), resulting in randomized cardiac looping. Furthermore, gpr22 inactivation in the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) alone was still able to generate the phenotype, indicating that Gpr22 mainly regulates LR asymmetry through the KV. Analysis of the KV cilia by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed that gpr22 knock down or overexpression resulted in changes of cilia length and structure. Further, we found that Gpr22 does not act upstream of the two cilia master regulators, Foxj1a and Rfx2. To conclude, our study characterized a novel player in the field of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Verleyen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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58
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Orzáez M, Sancho M, Marchán S, Mondragón L, Montava R, Valero JG, Landeta O, Basañez G, Carbajo RJ, Pineda-Lucena A, Bujons J, Moure A, Messeguer A, Lagunas C, Herrero C, Pérez-Payá E. Apaf-1 inhibitors protect from unwanted cell death in in vivo models of kidney ischemia and chemotherapy induced ototoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110979. [PMID: 25330150 PMCID: PMC4203855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive apoptosis induces unwanted cell death and promotes pathological conditions. Drug discovery efforts aimed at decreasing apoptotic damage initially targeted the inhibition of effector caspases. Although such inhibitors were effective, safety problems led to slow pharmacological development. Therefore, apoptosis inhibition is still considered an unmet medical need. Methodology and Principal Findings The interaction between Apaf-1 and the inhibitors was confirmed by NMR. Target specificity was evaluated in cellular models by siRNa based approaches. Cell recovery was confirmed by MTT, clonogenicity and flow cytometry assays. The efficiency of the compounds as antiapoptotic agents was tested in cellular and invivo models of protection upon cisplatin induced ototoxicity in a zebrafish model and from hypoxia and reperfusion kidney damage in a rat model of hot ischemia. Conclusions Apaf-1 inhibitors decreased Cytc release and apoptosome-mediated activation of procaspase-9 preventing cell and tissue damage in exvivo experiments and invivo animal models of apoptotic damage. Our results provide evidence that Apaf-1 pharmacological inhibition has therapeutic potential for the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Orzáez
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mónica Sancho
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Marchán
- Laboratorios SALVAT S.A., Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mondragón
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Montava
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo J. Carbajo
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Messeguer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Nanotechnology and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Lagunas
- Laboratorios SALVAT S.A., Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrero
- Laboratorios SALVAT S.A., Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pérez-Payá
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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59
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Ogai K, Kuwana A, Hisano S, Nagashima M, Koriyama Y, Sugitani K, Mawatari K, Nakashima H, Kato S. Upregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106010. [PMID: 25162623 PMCID: PMC4146584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, whereas mammalian RGCs normally fail to do so. Interleukin 6 (IL-6)-type cytokines are involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, survival, and axon regrowth; thus, they may play a role in the regeneration of zebrafish RGCs after injury. In this study, we assessed the expression of IL-6-type cytokines and found that one of them, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is upregulated in zebrafish RGCs at 3 days post-injury (dpi). We then demonstrated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream target of LIF, at 3–5 dpi. To determine the function of LIF, we performed a LIF knockdown experiment using LIF-specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (LIF MOs). LIF MOs, which were introduced into zebrafish RGCs via a severed optic nerve, reduced the expression of LIF and abrogated the activation of STAT3 in RGCs after injury. These results suggest that upregulated LIF drives Janus kinase (Jak)/STAT3 signaling in zebrafish RGCs after nerve injury. In addition, the LIF knockdown impaired axon sprouting in retinal explant culture invitro; reduced the expression of a regeneration-associated molecule, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43); and delayed functional recovery after optic nerve injury invivo. In this study, we comprehensively demonstrate the beneficial role of LIF in optic nerve regeneration and functional recovery in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ogai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kuwana
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Suguru Hisano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kayo Sugitani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Mawatari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Kato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Gorsi B, Liu F, Ma X, Chico TJA, v A, Kramer KL, Bridges E, Monteiro R, Harris AL, Patient R, Stringer SE. The heparan sulfate editing enzyme Sulf1 plays a novel role in zebrafish VegfA mediated arterial venous identity. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:77-91. [PMID: 23959107 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arterial and venous specification is critical for establishing and maintaining a functioning vascular system, and defects in key arteriovenous signaling pathways including VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) lead to congenital arteriopathies. The activities of VEGF, are in part controlled by heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, significant components of the endothelial glycocalyx. The level of 6-O sulfation on HS polysaccharide chains, that mediate the interaction between HS and VEGFA, is edited at the cell surface by the enzyme SULF1. We investigated the role of sulf1 in vascular development. In zebrafish sulf1 is expressed in the head and tail vasculature, corresponding spatially and temporally with vascular development. Targeted knockdown of sulf1 by antisense morpholinos resulted in severe vascular patterning and maturation defects. 93 % of sulf1 morphants show dysmorphogenesis in arterial development leading to occlusion of the distal aorta and lack of axial and cranial circulation. Co-injection of vegfa165 mRNA rescued circulatory defects. While the genes affecting haematopoiesis are unchanged, expression of several arterial markers downstream of VegfA signalling such as notch and ephrinB2 are severely reduced in the dorsal aorta, with a concomitant increase in expression of the venous markers flt4 in the dorsal aorta of the morphants. Furthermore, in vitro, lack of SULF1 expression downregulates VEGFA-mediated arterial marker expression, confirming that Sulf1 mediates arterial specification by regulating VegfA165 activity. This study provides the first in vivo evidence for the integral role of the endothelial glycocalyx in specifying arterial-venous identity, vascular patterning and arterial integrity, and will help to better understand congenital arteriopathies.
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Sasaki T, Lian S, Qi J, Bayliss PE, Carr CE, Johnson JL, Guha S, Kobler P, Catz SD, Gill M, Jia K, Klionsky DJ, Kishi S. Aberrant autolysosomal regulation is linked to the induction of embryonic senescence: differential roles of Beclin 1 and p53 in vertebrate Spns1 deficiency. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004409. [PMID: 24967584 PMCID: PMC4072523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila or Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates is a putative lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, but little is known about the mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis in vivo. Beclin 1 and p53 are two pivotal tumor suppressors that are critically involved in the autophagic process and its regulation. Using zebrafish as a genetic model, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autophagic impairment, whereas unexpectedly p53 deficit exacerbates both of these characteristics. We demonstrate that ‘basal p53’ activity plays a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect-induced senescence via suppressing autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and subsequent autolysosomal formation and maturation, and that p53 loss can counteract the effect of Beclin 1 suppression to rescue the Spns1 defect. By contrast, in response to DNA damage, ‘activated p53’ showed an apparent enhancement of the Spns1-deficient phenotype, by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, we found that a chemical and genetic blockage of lysosomal acidification and biogenesis mediated by the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, as well as of subsequent autophagosome-lysosome fusion, prevents the appearance of the hallmarks caused by the Spns1 deficiency, irrespective of the basal p53 state. Thus, these results provide evidence that Spns1 operates during autophagy and senescence differentially with Beclin 1 and p53. Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates, as well as Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila, is a hypothetical lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, while the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are unknown in vivo. Using zebrafish, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autolysosomal impairment, whereas p53 deficit unexpectedly exacerbates these characteristics. We demonstrate that basal p53 activity has a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect via suppressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, while p53 activated by ultraviolet radiation amplifies the Spns1 deficit. In addition, we found that excessive lysosomal biogenesis and prolonged suboptimal acidification, modulated by v-ATPase, could be the primary reason for the appearance on the hallmarks of Spns1 deficiency. Our findings thus suggest that Spns1 is critically involved in lysosomal acidification and trafficking during autophagy, and differentially acts in a pathway with Beclin 1 and p53 in the regulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Lian
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Bayliss
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Carr
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sujay Guha
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick Kobler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gill
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kailiang Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu J, Sun S, Guo M, Song H. Use of antagonists and morpholinos in loss-of-function analyses: estrogen receptor ESR2a mediates the effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on primordial germ cell distribution in zebrafish. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:40. [PMID: 24886565 PMCID: PMC4038371 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various chemicals released into the aquatic environment adversely affect the reproductive system of fish, particularly by changing gonad structure and function. 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a potent environmental estrogen that disrupts sexual differentiation and normal reproduction in fish. Previous studies have shown that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupts the migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in zebrafish. METHODS To investigate the effects of EE2 exposure on PGC migration, zebrafish embryos were injected with gfp-nanos mRNA to label PGCs and subsequently exposed to different concentrations of EE2. Typical estrogen receptor antagonist treatment and morpholino knockdown experiments were used to identify functional estrogen receptors that mediate the effects of EE2. RESULTS The migration of PGCs was disrupted after exposure to high concentrations of EE2 (1 mirog/L). Loss-of-function analyses were performed for estrogen receptor ESR1, ESR2a, and ESR2b, and only loss of ESR2a resulted in a decreased number of ectopic PGCs following exposure to 1 mirog/L EE2. CONCLUSIONS EE2 exposure disrupts PGC migration and distribution, and this effect is mediated through the estrogen receptor ESR2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical School and Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical School and Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical School and Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Houyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical School and Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Tuttle AM, Hoffman TL, Schilling TF. Rabconnectin-3a regulates vesicle endocytosis and canonical Wnt signaling in zebrafish neural crest migration. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001852. [PMID: 24802872 PMCID: PMC4011682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires dynamic regulation of cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion. Both of these processes involve endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, and recycling of ligand-receptor complexes and cell adhesion molecules from the plasma membrane. Neural crest (NC) cells in vertebrates are highly migratory cells, which undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to leave the neural epithelium and migrate throughout the body to give rise to many different derivatives. Here we show that the v-ATPase interacting protein, Rabconnectin-3a (Rbc3a), controls intracellular trafficking events and Wnt signaling during NC migration. In zebrafish embryos deficient in Rbc3a, or its associated v-ATPase subunit Atp6v0a1, many NC cells fail to migrate and misregulate expression of cadherins. Surprisingly, endosomes in Rbc3a- and Atp6v0a1-deficient NC cells remain immature but still acidify. Rbc3a loss-of-function initially downregulates several canonical Wnt targets involved in EMT, but later Frizzled-7 accumulates at NC cell membranes, and nuclear B-catenin levels increase. Presumably due to this later Wnt signaling increase, Rbc3a-deficient NC cells that fail to migrate become pigment progenitors. We propose that Rbc3a and Atp6v0a1 promote endosomal maturation to coordinate Wnt signaling and intracellular trafficking of Wnt receptors and cadherins required for NC migration and cell fate determination. Our results suggest that different v-ATPases and associated proteins may play cell-type-specific functions in intracellular trafficking in many contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Tuttle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Trevor L. Hoffman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Endothelin-1 (EDN1) is an important regulator of H⁺ secretion in the mammalian kidney. EDN1 enhances renal tubule H⁺-ATPase activity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To further elucidate the role of EDN1 in vertebrates' acid-base regulation, the present study used zebrafish as the model to examine the effects of EDN1 and its receptors on transepithelial H⁺ secretion. Expression of EDN1 and one of its receptors, EDNRAa, was stimulated in zebrafish acclimated to acidic water. A noninvasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique was used to show that edn1 overexpression enhances H⁺ secretion in embryonic skin at 3 days post fertilization. EDNRAa loss of function significantly decreased EDN1- and acid-induced H⁺ secretion. Abrogation of EDN1-enhanced H⁺ secretion by a vacuolar H⁺-ATPase inhibitor (bafilomycin A1) suggests that EDN1 exerts its action by regulating the H⁺-ATPase-mediated H⁺ secretion. EDN1 does not appear to affect H⁺ secretion through either altering the abundance of H⁺-ATPase or affecting the cell differentiation of H⁺-ATPase-rich ionocytes, because the reduction in secretion upon ednraa knockdown was not accompanied by decreased expression of H⁺-ATPase or reduced H⁺-ATPase-rich cell density. These findings provide evidence that EDN1 signaling is involved in acid-base regulation in zebrafish and enhance our understanding of EDN1 regulation of transepithelial H⁺ secretion in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jey Guh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences (Y.-J.G., P.-P.H.), National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology (Y.-J.G., C.-Y.Y., P.-P.H.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Life Science (Y.-C.T.), National Taiwan Normal University and Institute of Fisheries Science (C.-Y.Y.), National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lu JW, Liao CY, Yang WY, Lin YM, Jin SLC, Wang HD, Yuh CH. Overexpression of endothelin 1 triggers hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish and promotes cell proliferation and migration through the AKT pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85318. [PMID: 24416389 PMCID: PMC3885696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis commonly involves the gradual progression from hepatitis to fibrosis and cirrhosis, and ultimately to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Endothelin 1 (Edn1) has been identified as a gene that is significantly up-regulated in HBx-induced HCC in mice. In this study, we further investigated the role of edn1 in hepatocarcinogenesis using a transgenic zebrafish model and a cell culture system. Liver-specific edn1 expression caused steatosis, fibrosis, glycogen accumulation, bile duct dilation, hyperplasia, and HCC in zebrafish. Overexpression of EDN1 in 293T cells enhanced cell proliferation and cell migration in in vitro and xenotransplantation assays and was accompanied with up-regulation of several cell cycle/proliferation- and migration-specific genes. Furthermore, expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway-related mediators, such as spliced XBP1, ATF6, IRE1, and PERK, was also up-regulated at both the RNA and protein levels. In the presence of an EDN1 inhibitor or an AKT inhibitor, these increases were diminished and the EDN1-induced migration ability also was disappeared, suggesting that the EDN1 effects act through activation of the AKT pathway to enhance the UPR and subsequently activate the expression of downstream genes. Additionally, p-AKT is enhanced in the edn1 transgenic fish compared to the GFP-mCherry control. The micro RNA miR-1 was found to inhibit the expression of EDN1. We also observed an inverse correlation between EDN1 and miR-1 expression in HCC patients. In conclusion, our data suggest that EDN1 plays an important role in HCC progression by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and is regulated by miR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Wei Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Changhua County, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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66
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Gebruers E, Cordero-Maldonado ML, Gray AI, Clements C, Harvey AL, Edrada-Ebel R, de Witte PAM, Crawford AD, Esguerra CV. A phenotypic screen in zebrafish identifies a novel small-molecule inducer of ectopic tail formation suggestive of alterations in non-canonical Wnt/PCP signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83293. [PMID: 24349481 PMCID: PMC3859651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have recently emerged as an attractive model for the in vivo bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of pharmacologically active small molecules of natural origin. We carried out a zebrafish-based phenotypic screen of over 3000 plant-derived secondary metabolite extracts with the goal of identifying novel small-molecule modulators of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways. One of the bioactive plant extracts identified in this screen - Jasminum gilgianum, an Oleaceae species native to Papua New Guinea - induced ectopic tails during zebrafish embryonic development. As ectopic tail formation occurs when BMP or non-canonical Wnt signaling is inhibited during the tail protrusion process, we suspected a constituent of this extract to act as a modulator of these pathways. A bioassay-guided isolation was carried out on the basis of this zebrafish phenotype, identifying para-coumaric acid methyl ester (pCAME) as the active compound. We then performed an in-depth phenotypic analysis of pCAME-treated zebrafish embryos, including a tissue-specific marker analysis of the secondary tails. We found pCAME to synergize with the BMP-inhibitors dorsomorphin and LDN-193189 in inducing ectopic tails, and causing convergence-extension defects in compound-treated embryos. These results indicate that pCAME may interfere with non-canonical Wnt signaling. Inhibition of Jnk, a downstream target of Wnt/PCP signaling (via morpholino antisense knockdown and pharmacological inhibition with the kinase inhibitor SP600125) phenocopied pCAME-treated embryos. However, immunoblotting experiments revealed pCAME to not directly inhibit Jnk-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun, suggesting additional targets of SP600125, and/or other pathways, as possibly being involved in the ectopic tail formation activity of pCAME. Further investigation of pCAME's mechanism of action will help determine this compound's pharmacological utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Gebruers
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - María Lorena Cordero-Maldonado
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Chemistry Sciences, School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Chemical Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander I. Gray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Carol Clements
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Alan L. Harvey
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ruangelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Peter A. M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander D. Crawford
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Chemical Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Camila V. Esguerra
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Ashraf S, Gee HY, Woerner S, Xie LX, Vega-Warner V, Lovric S, Fang H, Song X, Cattran DC, Avila-Casado C, Paterson AD, Nitschké P, Bole-Feysot C, Cochat P, Esteve-Rudd J, Haberberger B, Allen SJ, Zhou W, Airik R, Otto EA, Barua M, Al-Hamed MH, Kari JA, Evans J, Bierzynska A, Saleem MA, Böckenhauer D, Kleta R, El Desoky S, Hacihamdioglu DO, Gok F, Washburn J, Wiggins RC, Choi M, Lifton RP, Levy S, Han Z, Salviati L, Prokisch H, Williams DS, Pollak M, Clarke CF, Pei Y, Antignac C, Hildebrandt F. ADCK4 mutations promote steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome through CoQ10 biosynthesis disruption. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5179-89. [PMID: 24270420 DOI: 10.1172/jci69000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of single-gene causes of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) has furthered the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, using a combination of homozygosity mapping and whole human exome resequencing, we identified mutations in the aarF domain containing kinase 4 (ADCK4) gene in 15 individuals with SRNS from 8 unrelated families. ADCK4 was highly similar to ADCK3, which has been shown to participate in coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis. Mutations in ADCK4 resulted in reduced CoQ10 levels and reduced mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activity in cells isolated from individuals with SRNS and transformed lymphoblasts. Knockdown of adck4 in zebrafish and Drosophila recapitulated nephrotic syndrome-associated phenotypes. Furthermore, ADCK4 was expressed in glomerular podocytes and partially localized to podocyte mitochondria and foot processes in rat kidneys and cultured human podocytes. In human podocytes, ADCK4 interacted with members of the CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway, including COQ6, which has been linked with SRNS and COQ7. Knockdown of ADCK4 in podocytes resulted in decreased migration, which was reversed by CoQ10 addition. Interestingly, a patient with SRNS with a homozygous ADCK4 frameshift mutation had partial remission following CoQ10 treatment. These data indicate that individuals with SRNS with mutations in ADCK4 or other genes that participate in CoQ10 biosynthesis may be treatable with CoQ10.
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Nachtergaele S, Whalen DM, Mydock LK, Zhao Z, Malinauskas T, Krishnan K, Ingham PW, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Structure and function of the Smoothened extracellular domain in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2013; 2:e01340. [PMID: 24171105 PMCID: PMC3809587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signal is transduced across the membrane by the heptahelical protein Smoothened (Smo), a developmental regulator, oncoprotein and drug target in oncology. We present the 2.3 Å crystal structure of the extracellular cysteine rich domain (CRD) of vertebrate Smo and show that it binds to oxysterols, endogenous lipids that activate Hh signaling. The oxysterol-binding groove in the Smo CRD is analogous to that used by Frizzled 8 to bind to the palmitoleyl group of Wnt ligands and to similar pockets used by other Frizzled-like CRDs to bind hydrophobic ligands. The CRD is required for signaling in response to native Hh ligands, showing that it is an important regulatory module for Smo activation. Indeed, targeting of the Smo CRD by oxysterol-inspired small molecules can block signaling by all known classes of Hh activators and by clinically relevant Smo mutants. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01340.001.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hedgehog Proteins/chemistry
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Ligands
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smoothened Receptor
- Sterols/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel M Whalen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel K Mydock
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Philip W Ingham
- A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London/Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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Xu J, Shen C, Wang T, Quan J. Structural basis for the inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:1047-53. [PMID: 23893132 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a master regulator of mitosis and is considered a potential drug target for cancer therapy. PLK1 is characterized by an N-terminal kinase domain (KD) and a C-terminal Polo-box domain (PBD). The KD and PBD are mutually inhibited, but the molecular mechanisms of the autoinhibition remain unclear. Here we report the 2.3-Å crystal structure of the complex of the Danio rerio KD and PBD together with a PBD-binding motif of Drosophila melanogaster microtubule-associated protein 205 (Map205(PBM)). The structure reveals that the PBD binds and rigidifies the hinge region of the KD in a distinct conformation from that of the phosphopeptide-bound PBD. This structure provides a framework for understanding the autoinhibitory mechanisms of PLK1 and also sheds light on the activation mechanisms of PLK1 by phosphorylation or phosphopeptide binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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70
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Abstract
Wnt signaling is involved in many aspects of development and in the homeostasis of stem cells. Its importance is underscored by the fact that misregulation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in numerous diseases, especially colorectal cancer. However, how Wnt signaling regulates itself is not well understood. There are several Wnt negative feedback regulators, which are active antagonists of Wnt signaling, but one feedback regulator, Nkd1, has reduced activity compared to other antagonists, yet is still a negative feedback regulator. Here we describe our efforts to understand the role of Nkd1 using Wnt signaling compromised zebrafish mutant lines. In several of these lines, Nkd1 function was not any more active than it was in wild type embryos. However, we found that Nkd1’s ability to antagonize canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was enhanced in the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity mutants silberblick (slb/wnt11) and trilobite (tri/vangl2). While slb and tri mutants do not display alterations in canonical Wnt signaling, we found that they are hypersensitive to it. Overexpression of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin ligand Wnt8a in slb or tri mutants resulted in dorsalized embryos, with tri mutants being much more sensitive to Wnt8a than slb mutants. Furthermore, the hyperdorsalization caused by Wnt8a in tri could be rescued by Nkd1. These results suggest that Nkd1 functions as a passive antagonist of Wnt signaling, functioning only when homeostatic levels of Wnt signaling have been breached or when Wnt signaling becomes destabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Angonin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence J. Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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71
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Kwong RWM, Kumai Y, Perry SF. The role of aquaporin and tight junction proteins in the regulation of water movement in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2013; 8:e70764. [PMID: 23967101 PMCID: PMC3743848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish living in freshwater are challenged by passive water influx; however the molecular mechanisms regulating water influx in fish are not well understood. The potential involvement of aquaporins (AQP) and epithelial tight junction proteins in the regulation of transcellular and paracellular water movement was investigated in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). We observed that the half-time for saturation of water influx (Ku) was 4.3±0.9 min, and reached equilibrium at approximately 30 min. These findings suggest a high turnover rate of water between the fish and the environment. Water influx was reduced by the putative AQP inhibitor phloretin (100 or 500 μM). Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy revealed that AQP1a1 protein was expressed in cells on the yolk sac epithelium. A substantial number of these AQP1a1-positive cells were identified as ionocytes, either H+-ATPase-rich cells or Na+/K+-ATPase-rich cells. AQP1a1 appeared to be expressed predominantly on the basolateral membranes of ionocytes, suggesting its potential involvement in regulating ionocyte volume and/or water flux into the circulation. Additionally, translational gene knockdown of AQP1a1 protein reduced water influx by approximately 30%, further indicating a role for AQP1a1 in facilitating transcellular water uptake. On the other hand, incubation with the Ca2+-chelator EDTA or knockdown of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-b significantly increased water influx. These findings indicate that the epithelial tight junctions normally act to restrict paracellular water influx. Together, the results of the present study provide direct in vivo evidence that water movement can occur through transcellular routes (via AQP); the paracellular routes may become significant when the paracellular permeability is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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72
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Yu Y, Schachner M. Syntenin-a promotes spinal cord regeneration following injury in adult zebrafish. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2280-9. [PMID: 23607754 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish recover locomotor function after spinal cord injury, in part due to the capacity of the central nervous system to repair severed connections. To identify molecular cues that underlie regeneration, we conducted mRNA expression profiling and found that syntenin-a expression is upregulated in the adult zebrafish spinal cord caudal to the lesion site after injury. Syntenin is a scaffolding protein involved in mammalian cell adhesion and movement, axonal outgrowth, establishment of cell polarity, and protein trafficking. It could thus be expected to be involved in supporting regeneration in fish. Syntenin-a mRNA and protein are expressed in neurons, glia and newly generated neural cells, and upregulated caudal to the lesion site on days 6 and 11 following spinal cord injury. Treatment of spinal cord-injured fish with two different antisense morpholinos to knock down syntenin-a expression resulted in significant inhibition of locomotor recovery at 5 and 6 weeks after injury, when compared to control morpholino-treated fish. Knock-down of syntenin-a reduced regrowth of descending axons from brainstem neurons into the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site. These observations indicate that syntenin-a is involved in regeneration after traumatic insult to the central nervous system of adult zebrafish, potentially leading to novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that require activation in the regeneration-deficient mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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73
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Bischel LL, Mader BR, Green JM, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. Zebrafish Entrapment By Restriction Array (ZEBRA) device: a low-cost, agarose-free zebrafish mounting technique for automated imaging. Lab Chip 2013; 13:1732-6. [PMID: 23503983 PMCID: PMC4446983 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as a useful model system for a variety of studies, including the investigation of inflammation and immunity. However, current zebrafish imaging techniques, such as agraose mounting, can be time-consuming and detrimental for long-term imaging. Alternatively, automated sorting and imaging systems can be costly and/or complicated to assemble. Here we describe the Zebrafish Entrapment by Restriction Array (ZEBRA) device, a microfluidic device that can be used to quickly and repeatably position zebrafish embryos in a predictable array using only a pipette. This technique is well suited for use with automated microscope stages leading to decreased imaging time and increased throughput compared to traditional methods. The addition of access ports above the embryo can be used to administer treatments, and potentially wounding or injections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this device for a neutrophil migration screening application using larvae 3 days post fertilization (dpf) Tg(mpx:dendra2). Larvae were loaded into ZEBRA devices and treated with a neutrophil attractant (LTB4) or LTB4 with and without a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. Treatment with LY294002 impaired neutrophil motility into the fin induced by LTB4 treatment. The findings report the development of ZEBRA a device that can be used to screen for small molecules that affect leukocyte motility and inflammation using live zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Bischel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, USA. Tel: +1-608-262-2260
| | - Brianah R. Mader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, USA. Tel: +1-608-262-2260
| | - Julie M. Green
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, USA. Tel: +1-608-262-2260
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74
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Smadja Storz S, Tovin A, Mracek P, Alon S, Foulkes NS, Gothilf Y. Casein kinase 1δ activity: a key element in the zebrafish circadian timing system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54189. [PMID: 23349822 PMCID: PMC3549995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have become a popular model for studies of the circadian timing mechanism. Taking advantage of its rapid development of a functional circadian clock and the availability of light-entrainable clock-containing cell lines, much knowledge has been gained about the circadian clock system in this species. However, the post-translational modifications of clock proteins, and in particular the phosphorylation of PER proteins by Casein kinase I delta and epsilon (CK1δ and CK1ε), have so far not been examined in the zebrafish. Using pharmacological inhibitors for CK1δ and CK1ε, a pan-CK1δ/ε inhibitor PF-670462, and a CK1ε -selective inhibitor PF-4800567, we show that CK1δ activity is crucial for the functioning of the circadian timing mechanism of zebrafish, while CK1ε plays a minor role. The CK1δ/ε inhibitor disrupted circadian rhythms of promoter activity in the circadian clock-containing zebrafish cell line, PAC-2, while the CK1ε inhibitor had no effect. Zebrafish larvae that were exposed to the CK1δ/ε inhibitor showed no rhythms of locomotor activity while the CK1ε inhibitor had only a minor effect on locomotor activity. Moreover, the addition of the CK1δ/ε inhibitor disrupted rhythms of aanat2 mRNA expression in the pineal gland. The pineal gland is considered to act as a central clock organ in fish, delivering a rhythmic hormonal signal, melatonin, which is regulated by AANAT2 enzymatic activity. Therefore, CK1δ plays a key role in the circadian timing system of the zebrafish. Furthermore, the effect of CK1δ inhibition on rhythmic locomotor activity may reflect its effect on the function of the central clock in the pineal gland as well as its regulation of peripheral clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Smadja Storz
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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75
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Hsieh FY, Ma TL, Shih HY, Lin SJ, Huang CW, Wang HY, Cheng YC. Dner inhibits neural progenitor proliferation and induces neuronal and glial differentiation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2013; 375:1-12. [PMID: 23328254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Delta/notch-like epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related receptor (DNER) is a single-pass transmembrane protein found to be a novel ligand in the Notch signaling pathway. Its function was previously characterized in the developing cerebellum and inner ear hair cells. In this study, we isolated a zebrafish homolog of DNER and showed that this gene is expressed in the developing nervous system. Overexpression of dner or the intracellular domain of dner was sufficient to inhibit the proliferation of neural progenitors and induce neuronal and glial differentiation. In contrast, the knockdown of endogenous Dner expression using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides increased the proliferation of neural progenitors and maintained neural cells in a progenitor status through inhibition of neuronal and glial differentiation. Through analysis of the antagonistic effect on the Delta ligand and the role of the potential downstream mediator Deltex1, we showed that Dner acts in Notch-dependent and Notch-independent manner. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for Dner in neural progenitors and neuronal differentiation and provides new insights into mediation of neuronal development and differentiation by the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yu Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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76
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Taylor HB, Liepe J, Barthen C, Bugeon L, Huvet M, Kirk PDW, Brown SB, Lamb JR, Stumpf MPH, Dallman MJ. P38 and JNK have opposing effects on persistence of in vivo leukocyte migration in zebrafish. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:60-9. [PMID: 23165607 PMCID: PMC3540327 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment and migration of macrophages and neutrophils is an important process during the early stages of the innate immune system in response to acute injury. Transgenic pu.1:EGFP zebrafish permit the acquisition of leukocyte migration trajectories during inflammation. Currently, these high-quality live-imaging data are mainly analysed using general statistics, for example, cell velocity. Here, we present a spatio-temporal analysis of the cell dynamics using transition matrices, which provide information of the type of cell migration. We find evidence that leukocytes exhibit types of migratory behaviour, which differ from previously described random walk processes. Dimethyl sulfoxide treatment decreased the level of persistence at early time points after wounding and ablated temporal dependencies observed in untreated embryos. We then use pharmacological inhibition of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases to determine their effects on in vivo leukocyte migration patterns and discuss how they modify the characteristics of the cell migration process. In particular, we find that their respective inhibition leads to decreased and increased levels of persistent motion in leukocytes following wounding. This example shows the high level of information content, which can be gained from live-imaging data if appropriate statistical tools are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet B Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Barthen
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maxime Huvet
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul DW Kirk
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon B Brown
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Lamb
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael PH Stumpf
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Dallman
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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77
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Kumai Y, Nesan D, Vijayan MM, Perry SF. Cortisol regulates Na+ uptake in zebrafish, Danio rerio, larvae via the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 364:113-25. [PMID: 22963886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other freshwater fish previously examined, zebrafish are capable of increasing their rate of Na(+) uptake during chronic exposure to acidic water (pH 4). In the present study, the potential role of cortisol in the induction of Na(+) uptake during acid-exposure was investigated. When zebrafish larvae (4 days post-fertilization) were treated with waterborne cortisol, the rate of Na(+) uptake was significantly increased; this effect was blocked by co-incubating larvae with RU-486, an antagonist selective for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). A similar induction in Na(+) uptake, which was also blocked by RU-486, was observed when larvae were treated with dexamethasone, a selective GR agonist. Conversely, treating larvae with aldosterone, a selective agonist for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) had no effect on Na(+) uptake. Acid-exposure increased whole body cortisol levels and translational knockdown of GR using antisense morpholinos prevented the full induction of Na(+) uptake during exposure to acidic water, further confirming the role of cortisol and GR in Na(+) uptake stimulation. Using immunohistochemistry, GR was localized to ionocytes known to be responsible for Na(+) uptake (HR-cells). Knockdown of Rhcg1, an apical membrane ammonia channel or Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3b (NHE3b), proteins known to play an important role in facilitating Na(+) uptake in acidic water, prevented the stimulatory effects of cortisol treatment on Na(+) uptake, suggesting that cortisol regulates Na(+) uptake by stimulating an Rhcg1-NHE3b "functional metabolon".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kumai
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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78
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Cardenas-Rodriguez M, Osborn DPS, Irigoín F, Graña M, Romero H, Beales PL, Badano JL. Characterization of CCDC28B reveals its role in ciliogenesis and provides insight to understand its modifier effect on Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hum Genet 2012; 132:91-105. [PMID: 23015189 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that is generally inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. However, in some families, trans mutant alleles interact with the primary causal locus to modulate the penetrance and/or the expressivity of the phenotype. CCDC28B (MGC1203) was identified as a second site modifier of BBS encoding a protein of unknown function. Here we report the first functional characterization of this protein and show it affects ciliogenesis both in cultured cells and in vivo in zebrafish. Consistent with this biological role, our in silico analysis shows that the presence of CCDC28B homologous sequences is restricted to ciliated metazoa. Depletion of Ccdc28b in zebrafish results in defective ciliogenesis and consequently causes a number of phenotypes that are characteristic of BBS and other ciliopathy mutants including hydrocephalus, left-right axis determination defects and renal function impairment. Thus, this work reports CCDC28B as a novel protein involved in the process of ciliogenesis whilst providing functional insight into the cellular basis of its modifier effect in BBS patients.
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79
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Gao J, Zhang C, Yang B, Sun L, Zhang C, Westerfield M, Peng G. Dcc regulates asymmetric outgrowth of forebrain neurons in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36516. [PMID: 22606267 PMCID: PMC3351449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The guidance receptor DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) ortholog UNC-40 regulates neuronal asymmetry development in Caenorhabditis elegans, but it is not known whether DCC plays a role in the specification of neuronal polarity in vertebrates. To examine the roles of DCC in neuronal asymmetry regulation in vertebrates, we studied zebrafish anterior dorsal telencephalon (ADt) neuronal axons. We generated transgenic zebrafish animals expressing the photo-convertible fluorescent protein Kaede in ADt neurons and then photo-converted Kaede to label specifically the ADt neuron axons. We found that ADt axons normally project ventrally. Knock down of Dcc function by injecting antisense morpholino oligonucleotides caused the ADt neurons to project axons dorsally. To examine the axon projection pattern of individual ADt neurons, we labeled single ADt neurons using a forebrain-specific promoter to drive fluorescent protein expression. We found that individual ADt neurons projected axons dorsally or formed multiple processes after morpholino knock down of Dcc function. We further found that knock down of the Dcc ligand, Netrin1, also caused ADt neurons to project axons dorsally. Knockdown of Neogenin1, a guidance receptor closely related to Dcc, enhanced the formation of aberrant dorsal axons in embryos injected with Dcc morpholino. These experiments provide the first evidence that Dcc regulates polarized axon initiation and asymmetric outgrowth of forebrain neurons in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Gao
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwen Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Sun
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gang Peng
- Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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80
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Schumacher JA, Hashiguchi M, Nguyen VH, Mullins MC. An intermediate level of BMP signaling directly specifies cranial neural crest progenitor cells in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27403. [PMID: 22102893 PMCID: PMC3216922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of the neural crest progenitor cell (NCPC) population in the early vertebrate embryo requires an elaborate network of signaling pathways, one of which is the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway. Based on alterations in neural crest gene expression in zebrafish BMP pathway component mutants, we previously proposed a model in which the gastrula BMP morphogen gradient establishes an intermediate level of BMP activity establishing the future NCPC domain. Here, we tested this model and show that an intermediate level of BMP signaling acts directly to specify the NCPC. We quantified the effects of reducing BMP signaling on the number of neural crest cells and show that neural crest cells are significantly increased when BMP signaling is reduced and that this increase is not due to an increase in cell proliferation. In contrast, when BMP signaling is eliminated, NCPC fail to be specified. We modulated BMP signaling levels in BMP pathway mutants with expanded or no NCPCs to demonstrate that an intermediate level of BMP signaling specifies the NCPC. We further investigated the ability of Smad5 to act in a graded fashion by injecting smad5 antisense morpholinos and show that increasing doses first expand the NCPCs and then cause a loss of NCPCs, consistent with Smad5 acting directly in neural crest progenitor specification. Using Western blot analysis, we show that P-Smad5 levels are dose-dependently reduced in smad5 morphants, consistent with an intermediate level of BMP signaling acting through Smad5 to specify the neural crest progenitors. Finally, we performed chimeric analysis to demonstrate for the first time that BMP signal reception is required directly by NCPCs for their specification. Together these results add substantial evidence to a model in which graded BMP signaling acts as a morphogen to pattern the ectoderm, with an intermediate level acting in neural crest specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schumacher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megumi Hashiguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vu H. Nguyen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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81
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Abstract
Estrogens regulate a diverse range of physiological processes and affect multiple tissues. Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate transcription by binding to DNA at conserved estrogen response elements, and such elements have been used to report ER activity in cultured cells and in transgenic mice. We generated stable, transgenic zebrafish containing five consecutive elements upstream of a c-fos minimal promoter and green fluorescent protein (GFP) to visualize and quantify transcriptional activation in live larvae. Transgenic larvae show robust, dose-dependent estrogen-dependent fluorescent labeling in the liver, consistent with er gene expression, whereas ER antagonists inhibit GFP expression. The nonestrogenic steroids dexamethasone and progesterone fail to activate GFP, confirming ER selectivity. Natural and synthetic estrogens activated the transgene with varying potency, and two chemicals, genistein and bisphenol A, preferentially induce GFP expression in the heart. In adult fish, fluorescence was observed in estrogenic tissues such as the liver, ovary, pituitary gland, and brain. Individual estrogen-responsive neurons and their projections were visualized in the adult brain, and GFP-positive neurons increased in number after 17β-estradiol exposure. The transgenic estrogen-responsive zebrafish allow ER signaling to be monitored visually and serve as in vivo sentinels for detection of estrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Gorelick
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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82
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Celeghin A, Benato F, Pikulkaew S, Rabbane MG, Colombo L, Dalla Valle L. The knockdown of the maternal estrogen receptor 2a (esr2a) mRNA affects embryo transcript contents and larval development in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:120-9. [PMID: 21199655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish, ovulated oocytes are loaded with maternal estrogen receptor 2a (esr2a) mRNA which is spread as granular and filamentous structures throughout the central ooplasm and is promptly relocated inside the blastodisc area at the 1-cell stage (0.2h post-fertilization, hpf), as shown by in situ hybridization. This transcript is available for translation until its sharp decline from 4 to 8 hpf, being replaced by low levels of zygotic esr2a mRNA mainly localized in the head region and around the yolk sac from 24 hpf until hatching at 48 hpf. To test the functional role of the maternal esr2a mRNA, 1- or 2-cell embryos were injected with 10.3 ng each of morpholino (MO) to knockdown translation (MO2-esr2a) of both maternal and zygotic esr2a transcripts, with a missplicing MO (MO3-esr2a) to effectively block post-transcriptionally the zygotic transcript alone, and with a non-specific MO-control. Treatment with MO2-esr2a increased apoptosis in embryos, especially in the brain, and caused severe malformations in 63% of 1-5 dpf larvae, as compared to 10-11% in those treated with MO3-esr2a and MO-control. Defects included body growth delay with curved shape, persistent yolk sac with reduced sub-intestinal veins and swollen yolk extension, abnormal brain and splanchnocranium development, smaller eyes and otic vesicles, pericardial oedema, uninflated swim bladder and rudimentary caudal fin with aberrant circular swimming. Affected larvae could survive for only 12-14 days. The MO2-esr2a phenotype was rescued with co-injection of 30 pg/embryo of mutated zebrafish esr2a mRNA encoding the full length of Esr2a, but containing eight silent mutations in the region recognised by MO2-esr2a. A lower dosage (15 pg) failed to recover mortality and abnormality. Raising the dosage to 60 and 90 pg increased abnormality, but not mortality, whereas with 120 pg both mortality and abnormality worsened, indicating a strict quantitative requirement of Esr2a. Co-injection of an anti-p53 MO failed to rescue the MO2-esr2a phenotype, eliminating the possibility of off-target effects. Pangenomic microarray analysis revealed that 240 and 219 significantly expressed transcripts were up- and down-regulated, respectively, by maternal Esr2a protein deficiency in 8-hpf MO2-esr2a embryos. Also at 48 hpf, 162 and 120 presumably zygotic transcripts were up- and down-regulated, respectively, but only 18 were in common with each of the 8-hpf sets. In total, the transcripts from 705 genes were affected by Esr2a knockdown. These findings suggest the involvement of maternal esr2a mRNA, presumably transactivated by maternal 17β-estradiol stored in the oocyte from enveloping granulosa cells, in the epigenetic programming of zebrafish development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Cartilage/embryology
- Cartilage/growth & development
- Cartilage/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/chemistry
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Estrogen Receptor beta
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Larva/genetics
- Larva/growth & development
- Larva/metabolism
- Microarray Analysis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger, Stored/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger, Stored/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Validation Studies as Topic
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Celeghin
- Comparative Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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83
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Cha SH, Ko SC, Kim D, Jeon YJ. Screening of marine algae for potential tyrosinase inhibitor: those inhibitors reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in zebrafish. J Dermatol 2011; 38:354-63. [PMID: 21544943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to find new anti-browning and whitening agents in this study, we investigated 43 indigenous marine algae for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The extracts from Endarachne binghamiae, Schizymenia dubyi, Ecklonia cava (EC) and Sargassum silquastrum (SS) evidenced potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity similar to that of positive control, kojic acid. Among those marine algae, EC and SS are distributed abundantly on Jeju Island. Therefore, we selected those two species for further studies. Our results evidenced that both species reduced cellular melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity. On the other hand, we utilized zebrafish as an alternative in vivo model. All the tested samples evidenced excellent inhibitory effects on the pigmentation of zebrafish, most likely due to their potential tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In simultaneous in vivo toxicity tests, no toxicity was observed in either algal species, on the other hand, toxicity was observed in positive controls. These results provided that EC and SS extract could be used as an ingredient for whiting cosmetics and that zebrafish is an alternative in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Heui Cha
- Jeju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju, Korea
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84
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Züchner S, Dallman J, Wen R, Beecham G, Naj A, Farooq A, Kohli MA, Whitehead PL, Hulme W, Konidari I, Edwards YJK, Cai G, Peter I, Seo D, Buxbaum JD, Haines JL, Blanton S, Young J, Alfonso E, Vance JM, Lam BL, Peričak-Vance MA. Whole-exome sequencing links a variant in DHDDS to retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:201-6. [PMID: 21295283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, mutations in genes causing Mendelian disease will be supported by individual and small families only; however, exome sequencing studies have thus far focused on syndromic phenotypes characterized by low locus heterogeneity. In contrast, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is caused by >50 known genes, which still explain only half of the clinical cases. In a single, one-generation, nonsyndromic RP family, we have identified a gene, dehydrodolichol diphosphate synthase (DHDDS), demonstrating the power of combining whole-exome sequencing with rapid in vivo studies. DHDDS is a highly conserved essential enzyme for dolichol synthesis, permitting global N-linked glycosylation. Zebrafish studies showed virtually identical photoreceptor defects as observed with N-linked glycosylation-interfering mutations in the light-sensing protein rhodopsin. The identified Lys42Glu variant likely arose from an ancestral founder, because eight of the nine identified alleles in 27,174 control chromosomes were of confirmed Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity. These findings demonstrate the power of exome sequencing linked to functional studies when faced with challenging study designs and, importantly, link RP to the pathways of N-linked glycosylation, which promise new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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85
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Abstract
Functional chemicals are very useful tools for molecular biology studies. Due to its small size, large progeny clutch, and embryonic transparency, zebrafish serves as a superb in vivo animal model for chemical compound screens and characterization. During zebrafish embryogenesis, multiple developmental phenotypes can be easily examined under the microscope, therefore allowing a more comprehensive evaluation for identifying novel functional chemicals than cell-based assays. Ever since the first zebrafish-based chemical screen was conducted in the year 2000, many functional chemicals have been discovered using this strategy. In this chapter, we describe how to perform a typical zebrafish-based chemical screen and discuss the details of the protocol by using the example of the identification and characterization of two new Smo inhibitors with a Gli:GFP transgenic line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Zhong
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, China.
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86
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Jeong K, Jeong JY, Lee HO, Choi E, Lee H. Inhibition of Plk1 induces mitotic infidelity and embryonic growth defects in developing zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2010; 345:34-48. [PMID: 20553902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is central to cell division. Here, we report that Plk1 is critical for mitosis in the embryonic development of zebrafish. Using a combination of several cell biology tools, including single-cell live imaging applied to whole embryos, we show that Plk1 is essential for progression into mitosis during embryonic development. Plk1 morphant cells displayed mitotic infidelity, such as abnormal centrosomes, irregular spindle assembly, hypercondensed chromosomes, and a failure of chromosome arm separation. Consequently, depletion of Plk1 resulted in mitotic arrest and finally death by 6days post-fertilization. In comparison, Plk2 or Plk3 morphant embryos did not display any significant abnormalities. Treatment of embryos with the Plk1 inhibitor, BI 2536, caused a block in mitosis, which was more severe when used to treat plk1 morphants. Finally, using an assay to rescue the Plk1 morphant phenotype, we found that the kinase domain and PBD domains are both necessary for Plk1 function in zebrafish development. Our studies demonstrate that Plk1 is required for embryonic proliferation because its activity is crucial for mitotic integrity. Furthermore, our study suggests that zebrafish will be an efficient and economical in vivo system for the validation of anti-mitotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilhun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 599, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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87
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Landsverk ML, Weiser DC, Hannibal MC, Kimelman D. Alternative splicing of sept9a and sept9b in zebrafish produces multiple mRNA transcripts expressed throughout development. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10712. [PMID: 20502708 PMCID: PMC2873287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septins are involved in a number of cellular processes including cytokinesis and organization of the cytoskeleton. Alterations in human septin-9 (SEPT9) levels have been linked to multiple cancers, whereas mutations in SEPT9 cause the episodic neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA). Despite its important function in human health, the in vivo role of SEPT9 is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we utilize zebrafish to study the role of SEPT9 in early development. We show that zebrafish possess two genes, sept9a and sept9b that, like humans, express multiple transcripts. Knockdown or overexpression of sept9a transcripts results in specific developmental alterations including circulation defects and aberrant epidermal development. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work demonstrates that sept9 plays an important role in zebrafish development, and establishes zebrafish as a valuable model organism for the study of SEPT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Landsverk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Weiser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Hannibal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Kimelman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Zhang LF, Gui YH, Wang YX, Jiang Q, Song HY. Effect of Tbx1 knock-down on cardiac performance in zebrafish. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123:1182-1189. [PMID: 20529560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tbx1 is the major candidate gene for DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). Similar to defects observed in DGS patients, the structures disrupted in Tbx1(-/-) animal models are derived from the neural crest cells during development. Although the morphological phenotypes of some Tbx1 knock-down animal models have been well described, analysis of the cardiac performance is limited. Therefore, myocardial performance was explored in Tbx1 morpholino injected zebrafish embryos. METHODS To elucidate these issues, Tbx1 specific morpholino was used to reduce the function of Tbx1 in zebrafish. The differentiation of the myocardial cells was observed using whole mount in situ hybridization. Heart rates were observed and recorded under the microscope from 24 to 72 hours post fertilization (hpf). The cardiac performance was analyzed by measuring ventricular shortening fraction and atrial shortening fraction. RESULTS Tbx1 morpholino injected embryos were characterized by defects in the pharyngeal arches, otic vesicle, aortic arches and thymus. In addition, Tbx1 knock down reduced the amount of pharyngeal neural crest cells in zebrafish. Abnormal cardiac morphology was visible in nearly 20% of the Tbx1 morpholino injected embryos. The hearts in these embryos did not loop or loop incompletely. Importantly, cardiac performance and heart rate were reduced in Tbx1 morpholino injected embryos. CONCLUSIONS Tbx1 might play an essential role in the development of pharyngeal neural crest cells in zebrafish. Cardiac performance is impaired by Tbx1 knock down in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-feng Zhang
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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89
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Alexa K, Choe SK, Hirsch N, Etheridge L, Laver E, Sagerström CG. Maternal and zygotic aldh1a2 activity is required for pancreas development in zebrafish. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8261. [PMID: 20011517 PMCID: PMC2788244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a novel zebrafish pancreas mutant. Mutant embryos lack expression of isl1 and sst in the endocrine pancreas, but retain isl1 expression in the CNS. Non-endocrine endodermal gene expression is less affected in the mutant, with varying degrees of residual expression observed for pdx1, carbA, hhex, prox1, sid4, transferrin and ifabp. In addition, mutant embryos display a swollen pericardium and lack fin buds. Genetic mapping revealed a mutation resulting in a glycine to arginine change in the catalytic domain of the aldh1a2 gene, which is required for the production of retinoic acid from vitamin A. Comparison of our mutant (aldh1a2um22) to neckless (aldh1a2i26), a previously identified aldh1a2 mutant, revealed similarities in residual endodermal gene expression. In contrast, treatment with DEAB (diethylaminobenzaldehyde), a competitive reversible inhibitor of Aldh enzymes, produces a more severe phenotype with complete loss of endodermal gene expression, indicating that a source of Aldh activity persists in both mutants. We find that mRNA from the aldh1a2um22 mutant allele is inactive, indicating that it represents a null allele. Instead, the residual Aldh activity is likely due to maternal aldh1a2, since we find that translation-blocking, but not splice-blocking, aldh1a2 morpholinos produce a phenotype similar to DEAB treatment. We conclude that Aldh1a2 is the primary Aldh acting during pancreas development and that maternal Aldh1a2 activity persists in aldh1a2um22 and aldh1a2i26 mutant embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Alexa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Letitiah Etheridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Laver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Sagerström
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Yang SL, Yan S, Niu RL, Lin XK. VEGF gene silencing by cytomegalovirus promoter driven shRNA expression vector results in vascular development defects in zebrafish. Genetika 2009; 45:1187-1193. [PMID: 19824538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish has been generally considered as an excellent model in case of drug screening, disease model establishment, and vertebrate embryonic development study. In this work, the ability of human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV promoter)-driven short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector to induce shRNA against VEGF gene in zebrafish was tested, and its effect on vascular development was assed, too. Using RT-qPCR, blood vessel staining, and in situ hybridization, we confirmed certain transcriptional activity and down regulation of gene expression by the vector. In situ hybridization analysis indicated selective inhibition of NRP1 expression in the VEGF gene loss of function model, which might imply in turn that VEGF could not only activate endothelial cells directly but also could contribute to stimulating angiogenesis in vivo by a mechanism that involved up-regulation of its cognate receptor expression in zebrafish. This contributed to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular development. The system improved the success rate in making inducible knockdown and widened the possibilities for better therapeutic targets in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable Development, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
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91
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92
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Leung T, Humbert JE, Stauffer AM, Giger KE, Chen H, Tsai HJ, Wang C, Mirshahi T, Robishaw JD. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 161 is required for left-right patterning. Dev Biol 2008; 323:31-40. [PMID: 18755178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gpr161 (also known as RE2) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed during embryonic development in zebrafish. Determining its biological function has proven difficult due to lack of knowledge regarding its natural or synthetic ligands. Here, we show that targeted knockdown of gpr161 disrupts asymmetric gene expression in the lateral plate mesoderm, resulting in aberrant looping of the heart tube. This is associated with elevated Ca(2+) levels in cells lining the Kupffer's vesicle and normalization of Ca(2+) levels, by over-expression of ncx1 or pmca-RNA, is able to partially rescue the cardiac looping defect in gpr161 knockdown embryos. Taken together, these data support a model in which gpr161 plays an essential role in left-right (L-R) patterning by modulating Ca(2+) levels in the cells surrounding the Kupffer's vesicle.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Body Patterning/genetics
- Body Patterning/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- In Situ Hybridization
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinchung Leung
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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93
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Elling RA, Fucini RV, Hanan EJ, Barr KJ, Zhu J, Paulvannan K, Yang W, Romanowski MJ. Structure of the Brachydanio rerio Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) catalytic domain in complex with an extended inhibitor targeting the adaptive pocket of the enzyme. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:686-91. [PMID: 18678933 PMCID: PMC2494981 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108019623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a member of the Polo-like kinase family of serine/threonine kinases involved in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cytokinesis and is an attractive target for the development of anticancer therapeutics. The catalytic domain of this enzyme shares significant primary amino-acid homology and structural similarity with another mitotic kinase, Aurora A. While screening an Aurora A library of ATP-competitive compounds, a urea-containing inhibitor with low affinity for mouse Aurora A but with submicromolar potency for human and zebrafish Plk1 (hPlk1 and zPlk1, respectively) was identified. A crystal structure of the zebrafish Plk1 kinase domain-inhibitor complex reveals that the small molecule occupies the purine pocket and extends past the catalytic lysine into the adaptive region of the active site. Analysis of the structures of this protein-inhibitor complex and of similar small molecules cocrystallized with other kinases facilitates understanding of the specificity of the inhibitor for Plk1 and documents for the first time that Plk1 can accommodate extended ATP-competitive compounds that project toward the adaptive pocket and help the enzyme order its activation segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Elling
- Department of Structural Biology, Sunesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
| | | | - Emily J. Hanan
- Department of Chemistry, Sunesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
| | | | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Sunesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
| | | | - Wenjin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Sunesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA
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94
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Kiener TK, Selptsova-Friedrich I, Hunziker W. Tjp3/zo-3 is critical for epidermal barrier function in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2008; 316:36-49. [PMID: 18275946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TJP3/ZO-3 is a scaffolding protein that tethers tight junction integral membrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and links the conserved Crumbs polarity complex to tight junctions. The physiological function of TJP3/ZO-3 is not known and mice lacking TJP3/ZO-3 show no apparent phenotype. Here we show that Tjp3/Zo-3 is a component of tight junctions present in the enveloping cell layer of zebrafish embryos. Silencing tjp3/zo-3 using morpholinos leads to edema, loss of blood circulation and tail fin malformations in the embryos. The ultrastructure of tight junctions of the enveloping cell layer is disrupted, without affecting the asymmetric distribution of plasma membrane proteins. Morphants show a loss of the epidermal barrier, as assessed by an increased permeability of the enveloping cell layer to low molecular weight tracers and a higher sensitivity of the embryos to osmotic stress. Subjecting wild-type embryos to osmotic stress mimicks the morphant phenotype, consistent with the phenotype being a direct consequence of failed osmoregulation. Thus, Tjp3/Zo-3 is critical for barrier function of the enveloping cell layer and osmoregulation in early stages of zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K Kiener
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
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95
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Timme-Laragy AR, Cockman CJ, Matson CW, Di Giulio RT. Synergistic induction of AHR regulated genes in developmental toxicity from co-exposure to two model PAHs in zebrafish. Aquat Toxicol 2007; 85:241-50. [PMID: 17964672 PMCID: PMC2139898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pollutants created by the incomplete combustion of carbon, and are increasing in the environment largely due to the burning of fossil fuels. PAHs occur as complex mixtures, and some combinations have been shown to cause synergistic developmental toxicity in fish embryos, characterized by pericardial edema and craniofacial malformations. Previous studies have indicated that in the zebrafish model, this toxicity is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2), and enhanced by inhibition of CYP1A activity. In this study, we further examined this interaction of the model PAH and AHR agonist beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) with and without the AHR partial agonist/antagonist and CYP1A inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) to determine (1) whether ANF was acting as an AHR antagonist, (2) what alterations BNF and ANF both alone and in combination had on mRNA expression of the AHR regulated genes cytochrome P450 (cyp) 1a, 1 b 1, and 1 c 1, and the AHR repressor (ahrr2) prior to versus during deformity onset, and (3) compare CYP1A enzyme activity with mRNA induction. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 24-48 or 24-96 hpf to BNF, 1-100 microg/L, ANF, 1-150 microg/L, a BNF+ANF co-exposure (1 microg/L+100 microg/L), or a DMSO solvent control. RNA was extracted and examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Both BNF and ANF each individually resulted in a dose dependent increase CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, and AHRR2 mRNA, confirming their activities as AHR agonists. In the BNF+ANF co-exposures prior to deformity onset, expression of these genes was synergistic, and expression levels of the AHR regulated genes resembled the higher doses of BNF alone. Gene induction during deformities was also significantly increased in the co-exposure, but to a lesser magnitude than prior to deformity onset. EROD measurements of CYP1A activity showed ANF inhibited activity induction by BNF in the co-exposure group; this finding is not predicted by mRNA expression, which is synergistically induced in this treatment. This suggests that inhibition of CYP1A activity may alter metabolism and/or increase the half-life of the AHR agonist(s), allowing for increased AHR activation. This study furthers a mechanistic understanding of interactions underlying PAH synergistic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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96
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Nakamura Y, Weidinger G, Liang JO, Aquilina-Beck A, Tamai K, Moon RT, Warman ML. The CCN family member Wisp3, mutant in progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, modulates BMP and Wnt signaling. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3075-86. [PMID: 17823661 PMCID: PMC1964511 DOI: 10.1172/jci32001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3) cause the autosomal-recessive skeletal disorder progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD). However, in mice there is no apparent phenotype caused by Wisp3 deficiency or overexpression. Consequently, the in vivo activities of Wisp3 have remained elusive. We cloned the zebrafish ortholog of Wisp3 and investigated its biologic activity in vivo using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches. Overexpression of zebrafish Wisp3 protein inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling in developing zebrafish. Conditioned medium-containing zebrafish and human Wisp3 also inhibited BMP and Wnt signaling in mammalian cells by binding to BMP ligand and to the Wnt coreceptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and Frizzled, respectively. Wisp3 proteins containing disease-causing amino acid substitutions found in patients with PPD had reduced activity in these assays. Morpholino-mediated inhibition of zebrafish Wisp3 protein expression in developing zebrafish affected pharyngeal cartilage size and shape. These data provide a biologic assay for Wisp3, reveal a role for Wisp3 during zebrafish cartilage development, and suggest that dysregulation of BMP and/or Wnt signaling contributes to cartilage failure in humans with PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Nakamura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer O. Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allisan Aquilina-Beck
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keiko Tamai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall T. Moon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Departments of Genetics and Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neuroscience, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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97
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Seguchi O, Takashima S, Yamazaki S, Asakura M, Asano Y, Shintani Y, Wakeno M, Minamino T, Kondo H, Furukawa H, Nakamaru K, Naito A, Takahashi T, Ohtsuka T, Kawakami K, Isomura T, Kitamura S, Tomoike H, Mochizuki N, Kitakaze M. A cardiac myosin light chain kinase regulates sarcomere assembly in the vertebrate heart. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2812-24. [PMID: 17885681 PMCID: PMC1978424 DOI: 10.1172/jci30804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Marked sarcomere disorganization is a well-documented characteristic of cardiomyocytes in the failing human myocardium. Myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v), which is involved in the development of human cardiomyopathy, is an important structural protein that affects physiologic cardiac sarcomere formation and heart development. Integrated cDNA expression analysis of failing human myocardia uncovered a novel protein kinase, cardiac-specific myosin light chain kinase (cardiac-MLCK), which acts on MLC2v. Expression levels of cardiac-MLCK were well correlated with the pulmonary arterial pressure of patients with heart failure. In cultured cardiomyocytes, knockdown of cardiac-MLCK by specific siRNAs decreased MLC2v phosphorylation and impaired epinephrine-induced activation of sarcomere reassembly. To further clarify the physiologic roles of cardiac-MLCK in vivo, we cloned the zebrafish ortholog z-cardiac-MLCK. Knockdown of z-cardiac-MLCK expression using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in dilated cardiac ventricles and immature sarcomere structures. These results suggest a significant role for cardiac-MLCK in cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Seguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Asakura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Shintani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Wakeno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Furukawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Asuka Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohtsuka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kitamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitonobu Tomoike
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and
Health Care Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
Core Technology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
Hayama Heart Center, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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98
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Varga M, Maegawa S, Bellipanni G, Weinberg ES. Chordin expression, mediated by Nodal and FGF signaling, is restricted by redundant function of two beta-catenins in the zebrafish embryo. Mech Dev 2007; 124:775-91. [PMID: 17686615 PMCID: PMC2156153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using embryos transgenic for the TOP-GFP reporter, we show that the two zebrafish beta-catenins have different roles in the organizer and germ-ring regions of the embryo. beta-Catenin-activated transcription in the prospective organizer region specifically requires beta-catenin-2, whereas the ventrolateral domain of activated transcription is abolished only when both beta-catenins are inhibited. chordin expression during zebrafish gastrulation has been previously shown in both axial and paraxial domains, but is excluded from ventrolateral domains. We show that this gene is expressed in paraxial territories adjacent to the domain of ventrolateral beta-catenin-activated transcription, with only slight overlap, consistent with the now well-known inhibitory effects of Wnt8 on dorsal gene expression. Eliminating both Wnt8/beta-catenin signaling and organizer activity by inhibition of expression of the two beta-catenins results in massive ectopic circumferential expression of chordin and later, by formation of a distinctive embryonic phenotype ('ciuffo') that expresses trunk and anterior neural markers with correct relative anteroposterior patterning. We show that chordin expression is required for this neural gene expression. The Nodal gene squint has been shown to be necessary for optimal expression of chordin and is sufficient in some contexts for its expression. However, chordin is not normally expressed in the ventrolateral germ-ring despite robust expression of squint in this domain. We show the ectopic circumferential expression of chordin and other dorsal genes to be completely dependent on Nodal and FGF signaling, and to be independent of a functional organizer. We propose that whereas the axial domain of chordin expression is formed by cells that are derived from the organizer, the paraxial domain is the result of axial-derived anti-Wnt signals, which relieve the repression that otherwise is set by the Wnt8/beta-catenin/vox,vent pathway on latent germ-ring Nodal/FGF-activated expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Maegawa
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Eric S. Weinberg
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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99
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Carney TJ, von der Hardt S, Sonntag C, Amsterdam A, Topczewski J, Hopkins N, Hammerschmidt M. Inactivation of serine protease Matriptase1a by its inhibitor Hai1 is required for epithelial integrity of the zebrafish epidermis. Development 2007; 134:3461-71. [PMID: 17728346 DOI: 10.1242/dev.004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial integrity requires the adhesion of cells to each other as well as to an underlying basement membrane. The modulation of adherence properties is crucial to morphogenesis and wound healing, and deregulated adhesion has been implicated in skin diseases and cancer metastasis. Here, we describe zebrafish that are mutant in the serine protease inhibitor Hai1a (Spint1la), which display disrupted epidermal integrity. These defects are further enhanced upon combined loss of hai1a and its paralog hai1b. By applying in vivo imaging, we demonstrate that Hai1-deficient keratinocytes acquire mesenchymal-like characteristics, lose contact with each other, and become mobile and more susceptible to apoptosis. In addition, inflammation of the mutant skin is evident, although not causative of the epidermal defects. Only later, the epidermis exhibits enhanced cell proliferation. The defects of hai1 mutants can be phenocopied by overexpression and can be fully rescued by simultaneous inactivation of the serine protease Matriptase1a (St14a), indicating that Hai1 promotes epithelial integrity by inhibiting Matriptase1a. By contrast, Hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf), a well-known promoter of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and a prime target of Matriptase1 activity, plays no major role. Our work provides direct genetic evidence for antagonistic in vivo roles of Hai1 and Matriptase1a to regulate skin homeostasis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Carney
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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100
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Gouttenoire J, Valcourt U, Bougault C, Aubert-Foucher E, Arnaud E, Giraud L, Mallein-Gerin F. Knockdown of the intraflagellar transport protein IFT46 stimulates selective gene expression in mouse chondrocytes and affects early development in zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30960-73. [PMID: 17720815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act as multifunctional regulators in morphogenesis during development. In particular they play a determinant role in the formation of cartilage molds and their replacement by bone during endochondral ossification. In cell culture, BMP-2 favors chondrogenic expression and promotes hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes. In mouse chondrocytes we have identified a BMP-2-sensitive gene encoding a protein of 301 amino acids. This protein, named mIFT46, is the mouse ortholog of recently identified Caenorhabditis elegans and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins. After generation of a polyclonal antibody against mIFT46, we showed for the first time that the endogenous protein is located in the primary cilium of chondrocytes. We also found that mIFT46 is preferentially expressed in early hypertrophic chondrocytes located in the growth plate. Additionally, mIFT46 knockdown by small interfering RNA oligonucleotides in cultured chondrocytes specifically stimulated the expression of several genes related to skeletogenesis. Furthermore, Northern blotting analysis indicated that mIFT46 is also expressed before chondrogenesis in embryonic mouse development, suggesting that the role of mIFT46 might not be restricted to cartilage. To explore the role of IFT46 during early development, we injected antisense morpholino oligonucleotides in Danio rerio embryos to reduce zebrafish IFT46 protein (zIFT46) synthesis. Dramatic defects in embryonic development such as a dorsalization and a tail duplication were observed. Thus our results taken together indicate that the ciliary protein IFT46 has a specific function in chondrocytes and is also essential for normal development of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5086, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, IFR 128 BioSciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, 7 passage du Vercors, Lyon F-69367, France
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