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Stepanova OV, Chadin AV, Masiutin AG, Kulikova TG, Gurin IV, Sergeeva IA, Shirinskiĭ VP. [Rho-associated protein kinase is involved in establishing the contractile phenotype of cardiomyocytes]. Biofizika 2010; 55:880-885. [PMID: 21033356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-associated kinase, delays sarcomere assembly in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes pretreated with angiotensin II. Y-27632 affects the beat rate of cardiomyocytes; however, this effect is only observed at high cell density and, therefore, seems to be related to the formation of gap junctions between adjacent cardiomyocytes. Consistent with this suggestion, we established that Rho-associated kinase is localized in myofibrillar Z-discs of human myocardium and intercalated discs, the structures enriched in gap junctions. We propose that Rho-associated kinase participates in the maturation of the myocardial contractile system through phosphorylation of its molecular targets in Z-discs and intercalated discs.
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Allahdadi KJ, Hannan JL, Tostes RC, Webb RC. Endothelin-1 induces contraction of female rat internal pudendal and clitoral arteries through ET(A) receptor and rho-kinase activation. J Sex Med 2010; 7:2096-2103. [PMID: 20412427 PMCID: PMC3061306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, acts mainly through the Gprotein-coupled ET(A) receptor (ET(A)R). Increased vascular ET-1 production and constrictor sensitivity have been observed in various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, as well as erectile dysfunction. The internal pudendal artery (IPA) supplies blood to the vagina and clitoris. Inadequate blood flow through the IPA may lead to insufficient vaginal engorgement and clitoral tumescence. AIM Characterize the effects of ET-1 on the IPA and clitoral artery (CA). METHODS IPA and CA from female Sprague Dawley rats (225-250 g) were mounted in myograph chambers. Arterial segments were submitted to increasing concentrations of ET-1 (10-10-10-6 M). Segments were incubated with the ET(A)R antagonist, atrasentan (10-8 M) or the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (10-6 M) 30 minutes prior to agonist exposure. All E(max) values are expressed as % KCl-induced maximal contraction. ET(A)R, RhoA, and Rho-kinase expression from IPA was evaluated by Western blot. mRNA of preproET-1, ET(A)R, ET(B)R, RhoA, and Rho-kinase were measured by real time PCR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ET-1 constrictor sensitivity in IPA and CA, protein expression and messenger RNA levels of ET-1-mediated constriction components. RESULTS ET-1 concentration-dependently contracted IPA (% Contraction and pD2, respectively: 156 ± 18, 8.2 ± 0.1) and CA (163 ± 12, 8.8 ± 0.08), while ET(A)R antagonism reduced ET-1-mediated contraction (IPA: 104 ± 23, 6.4 ± 0.2; CA: 112 ± 17, 6.6 ± 0.08). Pretreatment with Y-27632 significantly shifted ET-1 pD2 in IPA (108 ± 24, 7.9 ± 0.1) and CA (147 ± 58 and 8.0 ± 0.25). Protein expression of ET(A)R, ET(B)R, RhoA, and Rho-kinase were detected in IPA. IPA and CA contained preproET-1, ET(A)R, ET(B)R, RhoA, and Rho-kinase message. CONCLUSION We observed that the IPA and CA are sensitive to ET-1, signaling through the ET(A)R and Rho-kinase pathway. These data indicate that ET-1 may play a role in vaginal and clitoral blood flow and may be important in pathologies where ET-1 levels are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- Medical College of Georgia-Physiology, Augusta, GA, USA; University of Sao Paulo-Pharmacology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Watts EJ, Rose MT. Platelet-derived growth factor acts via both the Rho-kinase and p38 signaling enzymes to stimulate contraction in an in vitro model of equine wound healing. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2010; 38:253-9. [PMID: 20036481 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Horses are more prone to complications in the wound healing process than other species, and problems such as chronic inflammation, delayed epithelialization, poor wound contraction, and exuberant granulation tissue are commonly seen, particularly in wounds on the distal limbs. In comparison, wounds of the oral mucosa heal rapidly in a scarless fashion with a high degree of wound contraction. The effect of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) on the contraction of a fibroblast-populated collagen matrix (FPCM) as a model of equine wound contraction was investigated using equine oral fibroblasts. The fibroblasts were embedded into floating FPCM and treated with PDGF, IGF-1, and TGFbeta1. The surface areas of the FPCM were determined daily for 5 d. Platelet-derived growth factor significantly stimulated the contraction of the FPCM at an optimal concentration of 10 ng/mL (P=0.025). Insulin-like growth factor-1 and TGFbeta1 did not significantly affect the contraction of the FPCM relative to the control. To elucidate the mechanisms by which PDGF stimulated contraction of FPCM, the Rho-kinase and p38 cell signaling pathways were blocked, resulting in a significant inhibition (P<0.001) of PDGF-stimulated contraction. Platelet-derived growth factor BB is a potent stimulator of fibroblast migration, and hence the FPCM contraction generated here is probably a result of its effects on cell migration. The results of the present experiment suggest that this effect is stimulated via both the Rho-kinase and p38 signaling pathways in equine oral fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Watts
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom.
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Routhier A, Astuccio M, Lahey D, Monfredo N, Johnson A, Callahan W, Partington A, Fellows K, Ouellette L, Zhidro S, Goodrow C, Smith A, Sullivan K, Simone P, Le L, Vezuli B, Zohni M, West E, Gleason D, Bryan B. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho-kinase signaling with Y-27632 blocks melanoma tumor growth. Oncol Rep 2010; 23:861-867. [PMID: 20127030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primarily through in vitro studies, the Rho-family of small GTPases and their effector proteins have been implicated in mediating oncogenic properties of cancer cells. We sought to determine if pharmacological inhibition of the RhoA effector proteins known as Rho-kinases (ROCK) with the small molecule inhibitor Y-27632 could inhibit melanoma in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that Y-27632 treatment of a panel of melanoma cells alters cellular morphology leading to spindly cells with decreased lamellipodia and increased filopodia formation. Y-27632 treatment decreases invasion and alters cell survival of cultured melanoma cells. IP injection of Y-27632 in tumor-bearing mice resulted in a reduction in melanoma tumor volume compared to control treated mice. These findings suggest that ROCK inhibition can reduce melanoma tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Routhier
- Ghosh Science and Technology Center, Department of Biology, Worcester State College, Worcester, MA 01602, USA
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Honjo M. [The possibility of selective Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors as a medical treatment for glaucoma]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2009; 113:1071-1081. [PMID: 19994585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Some of the cytokines and growth factors in the aqueous humor activate Rho, and the Rho/ROCK signal transduction participates in signaling pathways via rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton that leads to various cellular reactions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a selective ROCK inhibitor significantly reduced intraocular pressure, the mechanism of which was attributed to improved outflow. ROCK inhibitors induced the actomyosin assembly, cell adhesive interactions, and the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in cultured TM cells. The inhibition of Rho also has been implicated in pathological wound healing by regulating neovascularization, migration, and ECM in scar tissue. In this study, we investigated the role of ROCK inhibitor in regulating human Tenon fibroblast (HTF) activity and postoperative scar formation in a rabbit sclerostomy model. ROCK inhibitor showed decreased aSMA expression in HTF, and prevented enhanced contractility, assembly of actin stress fibers, and myofibroblastic transdifferentiation. In vivo sclerostomy studies showed that the bleb survival was significantly improved in ROCK inhibitor-treated eyes. In another study by us, ROCK inhibitor showed neuroprotective effects against rat retinal ischemia reperfusion injury. Collectively, ROCK inhibitors are thus a potential new strategy for developing medical therapy for glaucomatous dis-
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Japan.
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Xin H, Gao ZL, Han ZG. [Mechanism of endothelial Rho/Rho kinase in extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cell]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2009; 31:594-597. [PMID: 19968078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of endothelial Rho/Rho kinase in extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cell. METHODS We used an in vitro model of fibrosarcoma cell transmigration across a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultured on collagen gel to observe extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cells, and then calculated the electrical resistance of HUVEC monolayer and endothelial myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cells. RESULTS Fibrosarcoma cells migrated through endothelial cells into collagen gel. The electrical resistance of a HUVEC monolayer reduced and endothelial MLC phosphorylation enhanced in the extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cells. Endothelial Rho inhibitor (C3 transferase) and Rho kinase inhibitor (Y-27632) inhibited the extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cells and inhibited the reduction of electrical resistance of a HUVEC monolayer and the enhancement of endothelial MLC phosphorylation in extravascular migration of fibrosarcoma cells. CONCLUSION Endothelial Rho/Rho kinase may regulate fibrosarcoma cell transendothelial migration through MLC phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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Xu SZ, Zhong W, Ghavideldarestani M, Saurabh R, Lindow SW, Atkin SL. Multiple mechanisms of soy isoflavones against oxidative stress-induced endothelium injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:167-75. [PMID: 19393315 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic vascular complications are related to a combination of oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Here we investigate the effect and mechanism of soy isoflavones on oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell injury. Oxidative stress was modeled in primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by incubation with H(2)O(2) and high glucose. Genistein and daidzein protected the cells against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis and their protective actions were abolished by ICI 182780, an estrogen receptor antagonist. The inhibition of cell proliferation by oxidative stress was prevented by genistein and daidzein under normal glucose conditions, but they were less effective at high glucose levels. Genistein and daidzein upregulated the estrogen receptor ERbeta and increased Bcl-2 expression. Silencing of Bcl-2 with siRNA abolished the protection of genistein. Moreover, inhibition of the PI3K and Rho A/Rho kinase pathways by wortmannin and Y-27632 altered the effects of genistein and daidzein on cell survival. We conclude that oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation inhibition can be prevented by soy isoflavones via the regulation of ERbeta and Bcl-2/Bax expression and modulation of cell survival signaling, such as the PI3K pathway. These findings imply that multiple mechanisms are involved in the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone supplements for diabetic endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhong Xu
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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Zhang Z, Ottens AK, Larner SF, Kobeissy FH, Williams ML, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Direct Rho-associated kinase inhibition [correction of inhibiton] induces cofilin dephosphorylation and neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 11:12-29. [PMID: 16847745 PMCID: PMC6276008 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons fail to regenerate in the adult central nervous system (CNS) following injury. Developing strategies to promote axonal regeneration is therapeutically attractive for various CNS pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Because the RhoA pathway is involved in neurite outgrowth, Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), downstream effectors of GTP-bound Rho, are potentially important targets for axonal repair strategies in CNS injuries. We investigated the effects and downstream mechanisms of ROCK inhibition in promoting neurite outgrowth in a PC-12 cell model. Robust neurite outgrowth (NOG) was induced by ROCK inhibitors Y-27632 and H-1152 in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization was noticed upon ROCK inhibition. NOG initiated within 5 to 30 minutes followed by neurite extension between 6 and 10 hours. Neurite processes were then sustained for over 24 hours. Rapid cofilin dephosphorylation was observed within 5 minutes of Y-27632 and H-1152 treatment. Re-phosphorylation was observed by 6 hours after Y-27632 treatment, while H-1152 treatment produced sustained cofilin dephosphorylation for over 24 hours. The results suggest that ROCK-mediated dephosphorylation of cofilin plays a role in the initiation of NOG in PC-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun Zhang
- Centers for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Andrew K. Ottens
- Centers for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Stephen F. Larner
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Firas H. Kobeissy
- Centers for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Melissa L. Williams
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Ronald L. Hayes
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
| | - Kevin K. W. Wang
- Centers for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Traumatic Brain Injury Studies, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
- Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100256, 100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610 USA
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Abstract
CONTEXT Macular edema contributes to visual impairment, and albuminuria is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These microvascular complications result from increased capillary leakage of plasma proteins whose causation is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to test whether plasma from type 2 diabetes with maculopathy/albuminuria or control subjects contains autoantibodies that can induce apoptosis or activate Rho kinase (ROCK) in endothelial cells. DESIGN A cohort of Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial adults (>40 yr of age) was randomized to standard vs. intensive glycemic treatment lasting 5-7.5 yr. SETTING The study was conducted in outpatient clinics. PATIENTS Case and age-matched control subjects who differed for the baseline presence of significant diabetic maculopathy and/or progression to macro-albuminuria were included in the study. INTERVENTION Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial generally resulted in substantially improved glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid levels. RESULTS Autoantibodies from patients with macular edema or progression to albuminuria potently induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in endothelial cells (up to 60%), whereas IgG from age-matched normal plasma caused much less apoptosis (<10%; P < 0.0001). The active inhibitory autoantibodies triggered stress fiber formation in endothelial cells likely through the activation of Rho guanosine 5'-triphosphatase, which could be nearly completed inhibited by 10 microm Y27632, a specific ROCK inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that autoantibodies from a subset of advanced type 2 diabetes may contribute to diabetic vascular complications by activating ROCK, inducing stress fiber formation and apoptosis in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Zimering
- Medical Service111, Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, 151 Knollcroft Road, Lyons, New Jersey 07939, USA.
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix has a beneficial impact on beta-cell spreading and function, but the underlying signaling pathways have yet to be fully elucidated. In other cell types, Rho, a well-characterized member of the family of Rho GTPases, and its effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), play an important role as downstream mediators of outside in signaling from extracellular matrix. Therefore, a possible role of the Rho-ROCK pathway in beta-cell spreading, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and function was investigated. Rho was inhibited using a new cell-permeable version of C3 transferase, whereas the activity of ROCK was repressed using the specific ROCK inhibitors H-1152 and Y-27632. Inhibition of Rho and of ROCK increased spreading and improved both short-term and prolonged glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but had no impact on basal secretion. Inhibition of this pathway led to a depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the impact of the inhibition of ROCK on stimulated insulin secretion was acute and reversible, suggesting that rapid signaling such as phosphorylation is involved. Finally, quantification of the activity of RhoA indicated that the extracellular matrix represses RhoA activity. Overall these results show for the first time that the Rho-ROCK signaling pathway contributes to the stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in primary pancreatic beta-cells. Furthermore, they indicate that inhibition of this pathway might be one of the mechanisms by which the extracellular matrix exerts its beneficial effects on pancreatic beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hammar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, University Medical Center, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Knock GA, Snetkov VA, Shaifta Y, Connolly M, Drndarski S, Noah A, Pourmahram GE, Becker S, Aaronson PI, Ward JPT. Superoxide constricts rat pulmonary arteries via Rho-kinase-mediated Ca(2+) sensitization. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:633-42. [PMID: 19103285 PMCID: PMC6016743 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play a key role in vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. We investigated contractile responses, intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)), Rho-kinase translocation, and phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT-1) and of myosin light chain (MLC(20)) in response to LY83583, a generator of superoxide anion, in small intrapulmonary arteries (IPA) of rat. LY83583 caused concentration-dependent constrictions in IPA and greatly enhanced submaximal PGF(2alpha)-mediated preconstriction. In small femoral or mesenteric arteries of rat, LY83583 alone was without effect, but it relaxed a PGF(2)alpha-mediated preconstriction. Constrictions in IPA were inhibited by superoxide dismutase and tempol, but not catalase, and were endothelium and guanylate cyclase independent. Constrictions were also inhibited by the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 and the Src-family kinase inhibitor SU6656. LY83583 did not raise [Ca(2+)](i), but caused a Y27632-sensitive constriction in alpha-toxin-permeabilized IPA. LY83583 triggered translocation of Rho-kinase from the nucleus to the cytosol in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and enhanced phosphorylation of MYPT-1 at Thr-855 and of MLC(20) at Ser-19 in IPA. This enhancement was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and abolished by Y27632. Hydrogen peroxide did not activate Rho-kinase. We conclude that in rat small pulmonary artery, superoxide triggers Rho-kinase-mediated Ca(2+) sensitization and vasoconstriction independent of hydrogen peroxide.
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Hata Y. [Preventive strategy for the treatment of diabetic vitreoretinopathy]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2009; 113:379-402. [PMID: 19348184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable recent advances in vitreoretinal surgery, generally performed in more advanced stages of diabetic vitreoretinopathy (DVR), a satisfying visual acuity cannot always be achieved. Even in the early DVR stages that might be detected by routine eye exams, management of general factors, such as blood glucose concentration and blood pressure, currently constitutes the only proven preventive measures. New approaches for amelioration and treatment of DVR are needed. The Hisayama study, an ongoing prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in a community in Hisayama Town adjoining Fukuoka City, revealed that the cut-off point for diagnostic fasting glucose level is lower (116 mg/dl) than that of the current diagnostic criteria (126 mg/ dl), indicating that more rigid diagnostic criteria might reduce the incidence of DVR in the Japanese population. In early stages of DVR, leukocyte adhesion in the retinal microvasuculature substantially contributes to DVR. We investigated the involvement of the Rho/ ROCK pathway in diabetic microvasculopathy and the therapeutic potential of fasudil, a selective ROCK inhibitor, and demonstrated that the Rho/ROCK pathway plays a critical role in leukocyte adhesion in diabetic retinal microvasculature and endothelial damage. Fasudil protects the vascular endothelium at least in part by inhibiting neutrophil adhesion and reducing neutrophil-induced endothelial injury via endothelial nitric oxide. In later stages of DVR, namely proliferative diabetic retinopathy, tractional retinal detachment associated with a cicatrical contraction of proliferative membranes can cause severe vision loss. We demonstrated the possible involvement of hyalocytes in proliferative membrane formation and its contraction mainly mediated through the function of TGF-beta 2 resulting in myofibroblastic transdifferentiation and phosphorylation of the myosin light chain, a downstream mediator of ROCK. ROCK inhibition by fasudil or statins successfully inhibited cicatrical contraction of the proliferative membranes both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies for direct evidence demonstrating whether altered diagnostic criteria of diabetes may lead to a lower incidence of DVR and determination of the therapeutic potential of ROCK inhibition in the clinic could provide new avenues of intervention for inhibiting DVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Hata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Taniguchi M, Ito M. [Roles of Rho/Rho-kinase signaling in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 133:134-138. [PMID: 19282615 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.133.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Kikuchi A, Yamamoto H, Sato A. [Activation of the beta-catenin-independent pathway by Wnt and the diseases due to its abnormality]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:1-10. [PMID: 19195220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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67
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Rodríguez-Vita J, Sánchez-Galán E, Santamaría B, Sánchez-López E, Rodrigues-Díez R, Blanco-Colio LM, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ruiz-Ortega M. Essential role of TGF-beta/Smad pathway on statin dependent vascular smooth muscle cell regulation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3959. [PMID: 19088845 PMCID: PMC2597201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors (also called statins) exert proven beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases. Recent data suggest a protective role for Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in atherosclerosis by regulating the balance between inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation. However, there are no studies about the effect of statins on TGF-β/Smad pathway in atherosclerosis and vascular cells. Methodology In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) statins enhanced Smad pathway activation caused by TGF-β. In addition, statins upregulated TGF-β receptor type II (TRII), and increased TGF-β synthesis and TGF-β/Smad-dependent actions. In this sense, statins, through Smad activation, render VSMCs more susceptible to TGF-β induced apoptosis and increased TGF-β-mediated ECM production. It is well documented that high doses of statins induce apoptosis in cultured VSMC in the presence of serum; however the precise mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated. We have found that statins-induced apoptosis was mediated by TGF-β/Smad pathway. Finally, we have described that RhoA inhibition is a common intracellular mechanisms involved in statins effects. The in vivo relevance of these findings was assessed in an experimental model of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice: Treatment with Atorvastatin increased Smad3 phosphorylation and TRII overexpression, associated to elevated ECM deposition in the VSMCs within atheroma plaques, while apoptosis was not detected. Conclusions Statins enhance TGF-β/Smad pathway, regulating ligand levels, receptor, main signaling pathway and cellular responses of VSMC, including apoptosis and ECM accumulation. Our findings show that TGF-β/Smad pathway is essential for statins-dependent actions in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Atorvastatin
- Cells, Cultured
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Smad Proteins/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- rho-Associated Kinases/physiology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Vita
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Sánchez-Galán
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Santamaría
- Dialysis Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Sánchez-López
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Díez
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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68
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Ishida Y. Pulse pressure to vascular cells: novel methods for solving pathogenesis in cell migration. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:326-7. [PMID: 18829700 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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69
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Ongusaha PP, Qi HH, Raj L, Kim YB, Aaronson SA, Davis RJ, Shi Y, Liao JK, Lee SW. Identification of ROCK1 as an upstream activator of the JIP-3 to JNK signaling axis in response to UVB damage. Sci Signal 2008; 1:ra14. [PMID: 19036714 PMCID: PMC2649725 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1161938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although apoptosis triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is mediated by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, the mechanism of initiation of JNK activation remains obscure. Here, we report the characterization of the JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP-3) scaffolding protein as an interacting partner of Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1), as determined by tandem affinity protein purification. Upon UVB-induced stress in keratinocytes, ROCK1 was activated, bound to JIP-3, and activated the JNK pathway. Moreover, phosphorylation of JIP-3 by ROCK1 was crucial for the recruitment of JNK. Inhibition of the activity of ROCK1 in keratinocytes resulted in decreased activation of the JNK pathway and thus a reduction in apoptosis. ROCK1(+/-) mice exhibited decreased UVB-mediated activation of JNK and apoptosis relative to wild-type mice. Our findings present a new molecular mechanism by which ROCK1 functions as a UVB sensor that regulates apoptosis, an important event in the prevention of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat P Ongusaha
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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70
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Mochalov SV, Kalenchuk VU, Gaĭnullina DK, Vorotnikov AV, Tarasova OS. [The contribution of protein kinase C and Rho-kinase to the control of the receptor-dependent artery contraction decreases with age independently of sympathetic innervation]. Biofizika 2008; 53:1102-1108. [PMID: 19137699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The age-related dynamics of the activity of signalling pathways coupled to alpha1-adrenergic receptors and their dependence on the sympathetic innervation of arterial smooth muscle have been studied. The effects of the protein kinase C inhibitor (GF109203X, 10(-6) M) and the Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y27632, 10(-5) M) on the isometric contraction of the rat saphenous artery, induced by the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine, were examined. It was shown that the sensitivity to methoxamine of arteries from 2-week-old rats that are partially innervated was reduced as compared to adults, but the effects of both inhibitors were more prominent. The denervation induced by the excision of sympathetic ganglia increased the arterial sensitivity to methoxamine but was not accompanied by changes in sensitivity to the inhibitors. Therefore, the postnatal development of the arterial smooth muscle is characterized by a decrease in the contribution of protein kinase C and Rho-kinase to the regulation of contraction; however, these changes do not correlate with changes in the sensitivity of arteries to methoxamine and development of sympathetic innervation.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists
- Age Factors
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arteries/growth & development
- Arteries/innervation
- Arteries/physiology
- Ganglionectomy
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Isometric Contraction
- Maleimides/pharmacology
- Methoxamine/pharmacology
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/growth & development
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/physiology
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71
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Tokuyama H, Wakino S, Ito H. [Obesity in CKD]. Nihon Rinsho 2008; 66:1770-1777. [PMID: 18788408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome, characterized by truncal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated blood pressure, and insulin resistance, is recognized increasingly as a major risk factor for kidney disease and also is a common feature of patients who are on dialysis. Obesity is considered a major generator of metabolic syndrome. Early in the course of obesity-initiated metabolic syndrome, structural and functional changes similar to diabetic kidney disease occur. Previous studies examined the histologic and functional changes that occur in the kidney in the early stages of obesity caused by a high-fat diet. They reported that a high-fat diet caused increased arterial pressure, hyperinsulinemia, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, glomerular hyperfiltration, and structural changes in the kidney that may be the precursors of more severe glomerular injury associated with prolonged obesity. Among several factors causing renal injury, Rho-kinase also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related renal disease. We further propose that perinephric adipose tissues could be a source of inflammatory chemokines, which acts in concert with the renal Rho-kinase stimulated in situ to exacerbate renal inflammation. In this review, we note the mechanisms inducing chronic kidney disease (CKD) by obesity, especially the relation between insulin resistance and CKD.
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72
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Harb N, Archer TK, Sato N. The Rho-Rock-Myosin signaling axis determines cell-cell integrity of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3001. [PMID: 18714354 PMCID: PMC2500174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem (ES) cells self-renew as coherent colonies in which cells maintain tight cell-cell contact. Although intercellular communications are essential to establish the basis of cell-specific identity, molecular mechanisms underlying intrinsic cell-cell interactions in ES cells at the signaling level remain underexplored. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that endogenous Rho signaling is required for the maintenance of cell-cell contacts in ES cells. siRNA-mediated loss of function experiments demonstrated that Rock, a major effector kinase downstream of Rho, played a key role in the formation of cell-cell junctional assemblies through regulation of myosin II by controlling a myosin light chain phosphatase. Chemical engineering of this signaling axis by a Rock-specific inhibitor revealed that cell-cell adhesion was reversibly controllable and dispensable for self-renewal of mouse ES cells as confirmed by chimera assay. Furthermore, a novel culture system combining a single synthetic matrix, defined medium, and the Rock inhibitor fully warranted human ES cell self-renewal independent of animal-derived matrices, tight cell contacts, or fibroblastic niche-forming cells as determined by teratoma formation assay. Conclusions/Significance These findings demonstrate an essential role of the Rho-Rock-Myosin signaling axis for the regulation of basic cell-cell communications in both mouse and human ES cells, and would contribute to advance in medically compatible xeno-free environments for human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Harb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Trevor K. Archer
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noboru Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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Tokuda H, Takai S, Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Hanai Y, Adachi S, Minamitani C, Mizutani J, Otsuka T, Kozawa O. Function of Rho-kinase in prostaglandin D2-induced interleukin-6 synthesis in osteoblasts. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:41-6. [PMID: 18771907 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) stimulates interleukin-6 (IL-6), a potent bone resorptive agent, in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether Rho-kinase is implicated in the PGD2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis in MC3T3-E1 cells. PGD2 time-dependently induced the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT-1), a Rho-kinase substrate. Y27632, a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, significantly reduced the PGD2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis as well as the MYPT-1 phosphorylation. Fasudil, another inhibitor of Rho-kinase, suppressed the PGD2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis. The PGD2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis was reduced by PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, and SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but not SP600125, an inhibitor of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). However, Y27632 and fasudil failed to affect the PGD2-induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase. On the other hand, Y27632 as well as fasudil markedly attenuated the PGD2-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. In addition, PGD2 additively induced IL-6 synthesis in combination with endothelin-1 which induces IL-6 synthesis through p38 MAP kinase regulated by Rho-kinase. These results strongly suggest that Rho-kinase regulates PGD2-stimulated IL-6 synthesis via p38 MAP kinase activation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Tokuda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital for Geriatric Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 36-3 Gengo, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
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74
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Riddick N, Ohtani KI, Surks HK. Targeting by myosin phosphatase-RhoA interacting protein mediates RhoA/ROCK regulation of myosin phosphatase. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1158-70. [PMID: 17661354 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell contractile state is the primary determinant of blood vessel tone. Vascular smooth muscle cell contractility is directly related to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLCs), which in turn is tightly regulated by the opposing activities of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin phosphatase. Myosin phosphatase is the principal enzyme that dephosphorylates MLCs leading to relaxation. Myosin phosphatase is regulated by both vasoconstrictors that inhibit its activity to cause MLC phosphorylation and contraction, and vasodilators that activate its activity to cause MLC dephosphorylation and relaxation. The RhoA/ROCK pathway is activated by vasoconstrictors to inhibit myosin phosphatase activity. The mechanism by which RhoA and ROCK are localized to and interact with myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) is not well understood. We recently found a new member of the myosin phosphatase complex, myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein, that directly binds to both RhoA and the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase in vitro, and targets myosin phosphatase to the actinomyosin contractile filament in smooth muscle cells. Because myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein binds both RhoA and MLCP, we investigated whether myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein was required for RhoA/ROCK-mediated myosin phosphatase regulation. Myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein silencing prevented LPA-mediated myosin-binding subunit phosphorylation, and inhibition of myosin phosphatase activity. Myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein did not regulate the activation of RhoA or ROCK in vascular smooth muscle cells. Silencing of M-RIP lead to loss of stress fiber-associated RhoA, suggesting that myosin phosphatase-rho interacting protein is a scaffold linking RhoA to regulate myosin phosphatase at the stress fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeene Riddick
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and the Division of Cardiology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Box 80, 750 Washington St., Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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75
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Salhia B, Hwang JH, Smith CA, Nakada M, Rutka F, Symons M, Rutka JT. Role of myosin II activity and the regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation in astrocytomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:12-24. [PMID: 17896341 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The generation of contractile force mediated by actin-myosin interactions is essential for cell motility. Myosin activity is promoted by phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC). MLC phosphorylation in large part is controlled by kinases that are effectors of Rho family GTPases. Accordingly, in this study we examined the effects of ROCK and Rac1 inhibition on MLC phosphorylation in astrocytoma cells. We found that low concentrations of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 increased the phosphorylation state of the Triton X-100 soluble fraction of MLC, whereas higher concentrations of Y27632 decreased soluble phospho-MLC. These effects of Y27632 were dependent on Rac1. The soluble form of phospho-MLC comprises about 10% of total phospho-MLC in control cells. Interestingly, ROCK inhibition led to a decrease in the phosphorylation state of total MLC, whereas Rac1 inhibition had little effect. Thus, the soluble form of MLC is differentially regulated by ROCK and Rac1 compared with MLC examined in a total cell extract. We also observed that astrocytoma migration is stimulated by low concentrations of the myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin. However, higher concentrations of blebbistatin inhibit migration leading us to believe that migration has a biphasic dependence on myosin II activity. Taken together, our data show that modulation of myosin II activity is important in determining optimal astrocytoma migration. In addition, these findings suggest that there are at least two populations of MLC that are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodour Salhia
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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76
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Abstract
Our previous research showed that Rho kinase took part in the regulation of vascular hyporeactivity after shock. The objective of the present study was to investigate its mechanism. With isolated superior mesenteric artery (SMA) from hemorrhagic shock rats, we studied the relationship of Rho kinase regulating vascular reactivity to calcium sensitivity and myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The vascular reactivity and calcium sensitivity of SMA were observed by measuring the contraction initiated by accumulative norepinephrine (NE) and calcium under depolarizing condition (120 mM K(+)) with an isolated organ perfusion system. Hypoxia-treated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were used to study the effects of Rho kinase on the activity of MLCP and MLCK and the phosphorylation of 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC(20)). Myosin light chain (20 kDa) phosphorylation of VSMC in mesenteric artery was detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The activity of MLCP and MLCK was assayed by enzymatic catalysis. The contractile response of VSMC was measured by the ratio of accumulative infiltration of fluorescent isothiocyanate-conjugated bovine serum albumin through transwell. The results indicated that the vascular reactivity and calcium sensitivity of SMA to NE and calcium following hemorrhagic shock and the contractile response of VSMC to NE following hypoxia were significantly decreased. Angiotensin II (Ang-II), the Rho kinase stimulator, significantly improved hypoxia or hemorrhagic shock-induced decrease of vascular reactivity and calcium sensitivity. These effects of Ang-II on vascular reactivity were abolished by Y-27632, the specific Rho kinase inhibitor. Calyculin A, the MLCP inhibitor, further enhanced Ang-II-induced increase of calcium sensitivity, but ML-9, the MLCK inhibitor, had no effect. Further studies showed Ang-II reversed the hypoxia-induced increase of MLCP activity and increased the hypoxia-induced decrease of MLC(20) phosphorylation in VSMC. It was suggested that Rho kinase played an important role in the regulation of vascular reactivity after hemorrhagic shock. The mechanisms may be related to its calcium sensitivity regulation. Rho kinase up-regulates calcium sensitivity of VSMC possibly through inhibiting the activity of MLCP and increasing the phosphorylation of MLC(20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, The 2nd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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77
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Goel A, Zhang Y, Anderson L, Rahimian R. Gender difference in rat aorta vasodilation after acute exposure to high glucose: involvement of protein kinase C beta and superoxide but not of Rho kinase. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76:351-360. [PMID: 17678882 PMCID: PMC2128745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several reports suggest that acute hyperglycemia affects male and female vascular beds differently. However, little is known about the interactions between hyperglycemia and gender in the vasculature. The objectives of our study were to investigate if there is a gender-based difference in the relaxation response of rat aorta after acute exposure to high glucose concentration, and the potential role of protein kinase C-beta (PKCbeta), superoxide, and Rho kinase in the gender-specific effect of acute high glucose on the relaxation response. METHODS Endothelium-dependent dilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-8) to 10(-5) M) were obtained before and after 3 h treatment with Krebs' solution containing high glucose (46 mM) in aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (2 microM) taken from female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar experiments were generated in the presence of 1 microM LY379196, a selective PKCbeta inhibitor, 25 microM MnTMPyP, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, or 1 microM Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, protein expression of PKCbeta isoforms was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS We demonstrated that a 3 h incubation with elevated level of glucose impairs ACh responses only in the female rat aortic rings. Inhibition of PKCbeta or superoxide production but not Rho kinase prevents the high glucose-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of female rat aorta. In addition, PKCbeta2 expression is significantly higher in the female rat aorta than that in male rat aorta. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the gender difference in the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation after acute exposure to high glucose in rat aorta is possibly due to differences in PKCbeta2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Goel
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
| | - Yingmin Zhang
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
| | - Leigh Anderson
- LA, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific (San Francisco, CA 94115)
| | - Roshanak Rahimian
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
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78
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Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) play key roles in mediating the control of the actin cytoskeleton by Rho family GTPases in response to extracellular signals. Such signaling pathways contribute to diverse neuronal functions from cell migration to axonal guidance to dendritic spine morphology to axonal regeneration to cell survival. In this review, the authors summarize biochemical knowledge of ROCK function and categorize neuronal ROCK-dependent signaling pathways. Further study of ROCK signal transduction mechanisms and specificities will enhance our understanding of brain development, plasticity, and repair. The ROCK pathway also provides a potential site for therapeutic intervention to promote neuronal regeneration and to limit degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmandke
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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79
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Hikita H, Sato A. [Exercise-induced vasospastic angina]. Nihon Rinsho 2007; Suppl 5 Pt 2:20-23. [PMID: 17952969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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80
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Ina K, Kitamura H, Tatsukawa S, Miyazaki T, Abe H, Fujikura Y. Contraction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis tissue in diabetic nephropathy, as demonstrated in an in vitro fibrosis model. Virchows Arch 2007; 451:911-21. [PMID: 17899181 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-007-0511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) was investigated using an in vitro tissue model of remodeling, to determine the pathogenic mechanism of fibrosis that leads to renal atrophy, i.e., renal failure. The remodeling model consisted of a renal fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL). The overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the diabetic kidney gave rise to FPCL contraction. FPCL relaxation was induced by the subsequent addition of cytochalasin D. The FPCL failed to contract when exposed to TGF-beta1 plus Y27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor. TGF-beta1 induced the phosphorylation of myosin light chains, and Y27632 blocked this activity. TGF-beta1-induced FPCL contraction was suppressed by the addition of 2,3-butanedione monoxime, a myosin ATPase inhibitor. As shown in the video, the contraction rate of the projections of the cells in the FPCL was significantly greater in the TGF-beta1 group than in the control group. Collectively, these results indicate that TGF-beta1-induced FPCL contraction is attributable to actin-myosin interactions in the fibroblasts through the activation of Rho kinase, the phosphorylation of myosin light chains, and the subsequent activation of myosin ATPase. We propose that via these mechanisms, tubulointerstitial fibrosis generates tissue contraction that leads to renal atrophy and renal failure in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ina
- Division of Morphological Analysis, Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, Japan.
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81
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Ardanaz N, Beierwaltes WH, Pagano PJ. Comparison of H2O2-induced vasoconstriction in the abdominal aorta and mesenteric artery of the mouse. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 47:288-94. [PMID: 17900993 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is generally perceived as an arterial vasodilator. Due to the emerging importance of H(2)O(2) as a possible vasoconstrictor, we examined whether H(2)O(2) constricts both the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery and postulated that H(2)O(2) is a ubiquitous constrictor of quiescent mouse arteries. Moreover, we postulated that KCl depolarization discloses and/or exaggerates H(2)O(2)-induced constriction. Under quiescent conditions, H(2)O(2) constricted the mouse abdominal aorta but not the mesenteric artery. Vessel depolarization (a) exaggerated this constrictor response in the aorta, and (b) unmasked a contractile response in the mesenteric artery. Our final hypothesis tested whether tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and/or Rho-kinase are uniformly involved in H(2)O(2)-induced vasoconstriction. We observed a marked difference in the ability of tyrosine kinase inhibitor to block H(2)O(2)-induced vasoconstriction. p38 and ERK 1/2MAPK inhibitors reduced the maximal response to H(2)O(2), whereas JNK inhibitor had no effect. Finally, Rho-kinase inhibitor decreased the H(2)O(2) response in the mesenteric artery but not in the aorta. These data demonstrate a variable yet tightly regulated H(2)O(2) vasoconstrictor effect. Furthermore, we found that p38, ERK 1/2 and Rho-kinase play a role in H(2)O(2) constriction, which may be critical pathways involved in H(2)O(2)-induced constriction across vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ardanaz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202-2689, USA
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82
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Turna B, Cinar MG, Canda AE, Orhan EC, Tiftik NR, Nazli O, Buyukafsar K. Role of Rho-kinase in contractions of ureters from rabbits with unilateral ureteric obstruction. BJU Int 2007; 100:1166-71. [PMID: 17711509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of two isoforms of Rho-kinase (ROCK) and its functional role in the pathophysiological control of smooth muscle contraction in rabbits with unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO). MATERIAL AND METHODS Left UUO was created in 14 rabbits and eight other rabbits (controls) had sham operations. After 2 weeks all the rabbits were killed. Ureteric strips suspended in an organ bath were used for functional studies and the effects of Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho-kinase, on spontaneous contractions and electrical field stimulation (EFS; 50 V, 1 ms, 16 Hz, for 20 s), carbachol- (10(-7)-10(-4)m), phenylephrine- (10(-7)-10(-4)m) and KCl- (50 mm) induced contractions were analysed. Western blotting was used to determine expression levels of Rho-kinase protein in the ureters of UUO and control rabbits. RESULTS In the functional analysis, the contractions induced by EFS, KCl, phenylephrine and carbachol in the ureteric strips from rabbits with UUO were significantly greater than those from the control rabbits. Y-27632 considerably suppressed the ureter contractile responses in both UUO and control rabbits. Western blot analysis showed that both ROCK-1 and ROCK-2 proteins were expressed in the rabbit ureter. In accordance with the functional studies, the expression levels of both ROCK-1 and ROCK-2 were significantly greater in the ureters of UUO rabbits than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS Y-27632 suppressed ureteric contractions in the rabbits with UUO. Western blot analysis also confirmed greater expression levels of ROCK-1 and ROCK-2 in the ureters of UUO rabbits. It is important to elucidate by which mechanisms the Rho-kinase pathway affects ureteric function after obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Turna
- Department of Urology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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83
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for erectile dysfunction. The condition degrades both neural and vascular endothelium penile control systems. Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that both hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia contribute to the etiology. These are the driving forces for elevated oxidative stress and the formation of advanced glycation and lipoxygenation end products, the major target being the nitric oxide systems of nerve and endothelium. This causes reversible functional loss followed by less reversible degenerative changes. These mechanisms have direct effects, such as the nitric oxide quenching, but perhaps more importantly, indirect effects on the regulation of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, which can involve recruitment of proinflammatory cell signaling pathways. The latter include protein kinase C, mitogen-activated kinases, and the nuclear factor kappa B cascade. Diabetes also changes the trophic influences on nerve and endothelium. Together, these form potential therapeutic targets against diabetic erectile function, and indeed vascular disease in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman E Cameron
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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84
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Goel A, Zhang Y, Anderson L, Rahimian R. Gender difference in rat aorta vasodilation after acute exposure to high glucose: involvement of protein kinase C beta and superoxide but not of Rho kinase. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76:351-60. [PMID: 17678882 PMCID: PMC2128745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several reports suggest that acute hyperglycemia affects male and female vascular beds differently. However, little is known about the interactions between hyperglycemia and gender in the vasculature. The objectives of our study were to investigate if there is a gender-based difference in the relaxation response of rat aorta after acute exposure to high glucose concentration, and the potential role of protein kinase C-beta (PKCbeta), superoxide, and Rho kinase in the gender-specific effect of acute high glucose on the relaxation response. METHODS Endothelium-dependent dilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-8) to 10(-5) M) were obtained before and after 3 h treatment with Krebs' solution containing high glucose (46 mM) in aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (2 microM) taken from female and male Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar experiments were generated in the presence of 1 microM LY379196, a selective PKCbeta inhibitor, 25 microM MnTMPyP, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, or 1 microM Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, protein expression of PKCbeta isoforms was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS We demonstrated that a 3 h incubation with elevated level of glucose impairs ACh responses only in the female rat aortic rings. Inhibition of PKCbeta or superoxide production but not Rho kinase prevents the high glucose-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation of female rat aorta. In addition, PKCbeta2 expression is significantly higher in the female rat aorta than that in male rat aorta. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the gender difference in the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation after acute exposure to high glucose in rat aorta is possibly due to differences in PKCbeta2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Goel
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
| | - Yingmin Zhang
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
| | - Leigh Anderson
- LA, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific (San Francisco, CA 94115)
| | - Roshanak Rahimian
- AG, YZ, RR, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific (Stockton, CA 95211)
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85
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Hansen-Schwartz J, Vajkoczy P, Macdonald RL, Pluta RM, Zhang JH. Cerebral vasospasm: looking beyond vasoconstriction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007; 28:252-6. [PMID: 17466386 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm is an important syndrome that afflicts 30% of patients in the aftermath of, and secondary to, subarachnoid hemorrhage. Starting approximately one week after the hemorrhage, the condition worsens the prognosis of the hemorrhage significantly. Apart from general supportive care, no treatment exists for cerebral vasospasm. During the past 50 years, it was thought that the ischemia that signifies poor outcome is more or less exclusively caused by arterial narrowing. However, this idea has recently been challenged by the failure of the drug clazosentan to improve patient outcome, despite reversing vasoconstriction. In this article, we discuss the opinion that factors other than vasoconstriction are important in the pathophysiology and prognosis of cerebral vasospasm. Such factors include global ischemia, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, activation of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways, and cortical spreading depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hansen-Schwartz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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86
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Shimokawa H, Rashid M. Development of Rho-kinase inhibitors for cardiovascular medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007; 28:296-302. [PMID: 17482681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rho-kinase (ROCK) is one of the downstream effectors of the small G-protein Rho. The Rho-ROCK pathway has an important role in mediating various cellular functions, including contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, proliferation, cytokinesis and gene expression, all of which are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, adventitial cells, cardiomyocytes and nerve cells all undergo pathophysiological changes through the ROCK pathway. Abnormal activation of this pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary and cerebral vasospasm, restenosis, atherosclerosis, stroke and heart failure, although the roles of the ROCK isoforms (ROCK1 and ROCK2) remain to be elucidated. In this article, we review the information about the therapeutic importance of the ROCK pathway and summarize the current status of the development of ROCK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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87
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Shimada T, Nishimura Y, Nishiuma T, Rikitake Y, Hirase T, Yokoyama M. Adenoviral transfer of rho family proteins to lung cancer cells ameliorates cell proliferation and motility and increases apoptotic change. Kobe J Med Sci 2007; 53:125-34. [PMID: 17684444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is still a very severe disease which has a low survival rate due to local invasion and metastasis potentials in spite of many clinical challenges using anti-cancer drugs. Rho family small GTPases play pivotal roles in cell invasion and metastasis during carcinogenesis. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effect of adenoviral vector encoding dominant negative mutants of Rac, RhoA, and ROCK in human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and SQ5) and mouse carcinoma cell line (Lewis lung carcinoma, LLC). These cells showed high expression of Rac, Rho, and ROCK, whereas only faint bands were detected in normal human lung epithelial cells, BET-1A. The efficiency of adenoviral vector transfer was stronger in A549 and SQ5 cells than LLC cells. Dominant negative forms of RhoA (Rho-DN) and Rac (Rac-DN) decreased cell proliferation in WST-8 assay and increased the number of apoptotic cells in both A549 and SQ5 cells by Hoechst 33258 and TUNEL staining. On the other hand, DN form of ROCK (ROCK-DN) did not show any apparent changes compared with the other proteins. Transwell chamber analysis showed that migration/invasion activity was significantly suppressed by gene transfection both in A549 and SQ5 cells and that ROCK-DN gene transfer required a higher multiplicity of infection to show effects similar to Rho and Rac. Although the effect of gene therapy is cell-dependent, these data suggest that adenoviral gene transfer with Rho family small GTPases is one good approach to lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temiko Shimada
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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88
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Zhang Q, Li ZC, Luo Y, Peng LJ, Zhang B, Liu Y, Yan ZQ, Li ZB. [Effect of Rho kinase on hypoxia stimulated proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2006; 18:452-5. [PMID: 16887050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether Rho kinase is involved in the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) induced by hypoxia. METHODS Rat's PASMCs were isolated and cultured. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was used to determine the growth of cells. The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to assess the expression of Rho kinase. RESULTS The results of MTT showed that the number of PASMCs was increased after exposure to low oxygen tension for 12 hours compared with PASMCs in normoxia. After exposure of PASMCs to hypoxia for 24 hours,the cellular proliferation peaked,and was higher than that of PASMCs exposed to normal oxygen tension, hypoxia and Y27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) groups,then it declined when exposed for 48 hours. Analysis of cell cycle indicated that the ability of cell proliferation increased significantly in PASMCs exposed to hypoxia compared with normoxia. Rho kinase level was higher in PASMCs exposed to hypoxia compared with normoxia. CONCLUSION Hypoxia stimulates proliferation of PASMCs and promotes PASMCs into the phase of mitosis. The expression of Rho kinase is increased in PASMCs that are exposed to hypoxia, and it shows that Rho kinase is activated by hypoxia in PASMCs. Rho kinase maybe involve in the proliferation of PASMCs induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710033, Shanxi, China.
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Ryu SK, Ahn DS, Cho YE, Choi SK, Kim YH, Morgan KG, Lee YH. Augmented sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced Ca2+-sensitization of mesenteric artery contraction in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 373:30-6. [PMID: 16521007 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a vasoconstricting lysosphingolipid, and the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays an important role in SPC-induced contraction. Since RhoA/Rho-kinase-mediated signaling is involved in the generation and/or maintenance of hypertension, we compared the effect of SPC on the contractility of endothelium-denuded small mesenteric arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Fura-2 Ca2+ signals, contractile responses, and phosphorylation of 20-kDa myosin light chains (MLC20) were measured. Ten microM SPC induced a gradual and sustained vasoconstriction, which was greater in arteries of the SHR (82.5 +/- 4.3%, n=9) than in those of the WKY (26.7 +/- 4.5%, n=10). In Ca2+-free media, SPC gradually increased vascular tone in the SHR, but caused little vasoconstriction in the WKY. In the SHR and WKY, SPC evoked a greater vasoconstriction than did high K+ depolarization at a given Ca2+ ratio, and the Ca2+ ratio-tension curve induced by SPC was significantly shifted to the left compared with that induced by high K+ depolarization. However, the magnitude of shift to the left was greater in the SHR than in the WKY. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 significantly inhibited SPC-induced contractions, but neither the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin-C nor PD98059, which inhibits activation of some mitogen-activated protein kinases, had any effect on the SHR or the WKY. SPC significantly increased the phosphorylation of MLC20 in both the SHR and the WKY, and Y-27632 inhibited the SPC-induced increase in MLC(20) phosphorylation in the SHR. Our results suggest that SPC induces greater vascular tone in the SHR than in the WKY. Furthermore, our results indicate that activation of the Rho-kinase pathway plays an important role in the SPC-induced Ca2+ sensitization in the SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kyung Ryu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, C.P.O. Box 8044, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
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