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Duplantier AJ, Biggers MS, Chambers RJ, Cheng JB, Cooper K, Damon DB, Eggler JF, Kraus KG, Marfat A, Masamune H, Pillar JS, Shirley JT, Umland JP, Watson JW. Biarylcarboxylic acids and -amides: inhibition of phosphodiesterase type IV versus [3H]rolipram binding activity and their relationship to emetic behavior in the ferret. J Med Chem 1996; 39:120-5. [PMID: 8568798 DOI: 10.1021/jm9505066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In addition to having desirable inhibitory effects on inflammation, anaphylaxis, and smooth muscle contraction, PDE-IV inhibitors also produce undesirable side effects including nausea and vomiting. In general, compounds that inhibit PDE-IV also potently displace [3H]rolipram from a high-affinity binding site in rat cortex. While this binding site has not been identified, it has been proposed to be an allosteric binding site on the PDE-IV enzyme. Preliminary studies have suggested that the emetic potency of PDE-IV inhibitors is correlated with affinity for the brain rolipram binding site rather than potency at inhibiting PDE-IV enzyme activity. Efforts to eliminate the emetic potential of PDE-IV inhibitors were directed toward developing compounds with decreased [3H]rolipram binding affinity while retaining PDE-IV potency. Thus, a novel series of 4-(3-alkoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)benzoic acids and their corresponding carboxamides were prepared and evaluated for their PDE-IV inhibitory and rolipram binding site properties. Modification of the catechol ether moiety led to phenylbutoxy and phenylpentoxy analogues that provided the desired activity profile. Specifically, 4-[3-(5-phenylpentoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-methylbenzoic acid, 18, was found to exhibit potent PDE-IV inhibitory activity (IC50 0.41 microM) and possessed 400 times weaker activity than rolipram for the [3H]rolipram binding site. In vivo, compound 18 was efficacious in the guinea pig aerosolized antigen induced airway obstruction assay (ED50 8.8 mg/kg, po) and demonstrated a significant reduction in emetic side effects (ferret, 20% emesis at 30 mg/kg, po).
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Cheng JB, Cooper K, Duplantier AJ, Eggler JF, Kraus KG, Marshall SC, Marfat A, Masamune H, Shirley JT, Tickner JE, Umland JP. Synthesis and in vitro profile of a novel series of catechol benzimidazoles. The discovery of potent, selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitors with greatly attenuated affinity for the [3H]rolipram binding site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00334-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Masamune H, Cheng JB, Cooper K, Eggier JF, Marfat A, Marshall SC, Shirley JT, Tickner JE, Umland JP, Vazquez E. Discovery of micromolar PDE IV inhibitors that exhibit much reduced affinity for the [3H]rolipram binding site: 3-norbornyloxy-4-methoxyphenylmethylene oxindoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00333-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Marfat A, Chambers R, Cheng J, Cooper K, Damon D, Delehunt J, Eggler J, Masamune H, Melvin L, Watson J. The discovery of CP-96,021 and CP-96,486, balanced, combined, potent and orally active leukotriene D4 (LTD4)/platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00227-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chambers RJ, Marfat A. Aldol condensation of 6-alkoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-4-ones with substituted benzaldehydes using tetramethylorthosilicate and potassium fluoride. J Heterocycl Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570320451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Masamune H, Eggler JF, Marfat A, Melvin LS, Rusek FW, Tickner JE, Cheng JB, Shirley JT. LTD4 Receptor binding activity of novel pyridine chromanols: qualitative correlation with pKa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00226-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Masamune H, Breslow R, Cheng J, Conklyn M, Eggler J, Marfat A, Melvin L, Pillar J, Shirley J, Showell H, Tickner J. Synthesis and in vitro profile of 7-substituted quinoline chromanols as novel, non-acidic LTB4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00135-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Chambers RJ, Marfat A. Development of a stereoselective and chemoselective approach totrans-2,3-disubstituted-4-chromanones. J Heterocycl Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570310617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carty TJ, Marfat A, Moore PF, Falkner FC, Twomey TM, Weissman A. Ampiroxicam, an anti-inflammatory agent which is a prodrug of piroxicam. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1993; 39:157-65. [PMID: 8304243 DOI: 10.1007/bf01998969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ampiroxicam is a nonacidic ether carbonate prodrug of piroxicam. Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to piroxicam, ampiroxicam does not possess detectable prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory activity in vitro. Ampiroxicam, however, has similar in vivo potency to piroxicam in suppressing paw swelling in rat adjuvant arthritis. In an acute model of paw inflammation in rats, ampiroxicam is less potent than piroxicam itself: the ED50's of ampiroxicam are 9- and 3.5-fold higher than those of piroxicam following a single or multiple (5) daily oral doses, respectively. Using the phenylbenzoquinone stretching test as a method of evaluating acute analgetic activity, the ED50 for ampiroxicam is about 3-fold higher than that of piroxicam. These tests of activity share the property of being partially prostaglandin-dependent. Ampiroxicam itself is not observed in plasma after oral dosing to man, nor in the rat, dog, and monkey as reported here. Bioavailability studies show that conversion to piroxicam is about 100%, 90%, 70%, and 50% in these four species, respectively. These results indicate that ampiroxicam's anti-inflammatory activity is produced in vivo by conversion to piroxicam and support its credentials as an efficacious prodrug of piroxicam.
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Marfat A, Chambers RJ. Regiospecific synthesis of 2-methyl-4-arylcarbonyl-2 H-1, 2-benzothiazin-3(4 H)-one 1, 1-dioxides. J Heterocycl Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570260361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marfat A, Chambers RJ. Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-3-oxo-N-aryl-2H-[1]benzothieno[3,2-e1,2-thiazine-4-carboxamide 1,1-Dioxides. J Heterocycl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570250250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marfat A, Carta MP. An Improved Alkylation of 2H-1,4-Benzothiazin-3(4H-one and Related Heterocyclic Anilides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 1987. [DOI: 10.1055/s-1987-27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gerard C, McPhail LC, Marfat A, Stimler-Gerard NP, Bass DA, McCall CE. Role of protein kinases in stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative metabolism by various agonists. Differential effects of a novel protein kinase inhibitor. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:61-5. [PMID: 3003155 PMCID: PMC423309 DOI: 10.1172/jci112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoquinoline sulfonamides have recently been shown to exert novel inhibitory effects on mammalian protein kinases by competitively binding to the ATP substrate site (Hidaka, H., M. Inagaki, S. Kawamoto, and Y. Sasaki, 1984, Biochemistry, 23: 5036-5041). We synthesized a unique analog of the previously reported compounds, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) piperazine (C-I), in order to assess the role of protein kinases in modulating the agonist-stimulated oxidative burst of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Compound C-I, at micromolar concentration, markedly inhibited the release of superoxide anion from human PMN stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or the synthetic diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl glycerol. These data are consonant with previously reported data which indicate that the calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, serves as the intracellular receptor for these agonists. In contrast, superoxide anion production stimulated by the complement anaphylatoxin peptide C5a or the synthetic chemotaxin formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine were not inhibited by C-I. These data suggest that parallel pathways exist for the agonist-stimulated respiratory burst of human neutrophils, only one of which utilizes the calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase.
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Lewis RA, Mencia-Huerta JM, Soberman RJ, Hoover D, Marfat A, Corey EJ, Austen KF. Radioimmunoassay for leukotriene B4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7904-8. [PMID: 6296855 PMCID: PMC347458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.24.7904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A rabbit immunized with leukotriene B(4) [LTB(4); (5S,12R)-6, 14-cis-8, 10-trans-icosatetraenoic acid] coupled to bovine serum albumin via the 12-oxy function of the lipid produced antibodies having an average association constant (K(a)) for [14,15-(3)H]LTB(4) of 3.2 x 10(9) M(-1) at 37 degrees C and in a concentration of 0.37 mug/ml of the immune plasma. When 10 mul of anti-LTB(4) and 3.9 nCi of [14,15-(3)H]LTB(4) (28 Ci/mmol; 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10(10) becquerels) were incubated in a volume of 250 mul, 50% inhibition of radioligand binding was achieved with 0.31 ng of LTB(4) and with 1.95 ng of (5S,12S)-6-trans-8-cis-LTB(4). The sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, LTC(4) and LTD(4), displaced the radioligand from this antibody with less than 1/100th the activity of LTB(4), and the diastereoisomers of 6-trans-LTB(4), 5-L-hydroxy-6-trans-8,11,14-cis-icosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), and three prostaglandins were minimally effective. The specificity of this radioimmunoassay was further shown by assessment of the immunoreactive products generated from calcium ionophore (A23187)-activated rat serosal mast cells and human neutrophils after reversed-phase HPLC. Resolution of the supernatants from each cell type yielded a single immunoreactive peak that coeluted with synthetic LTB(4) and quantitatively correlated with the physical measurement by integrated A(269) in that peak; UV-absorbing peaks eluting at other retention times were not immunoreactive. The immunoreactive LTB(4) generated averaged 4.6 ng per 10(6) rat mast cells and resolution of the supernatants by reversed-phase HPLC without a prior extraction step gave a recovery of 54%, validating the direct applicability of this sensitive and specific assay for LTB(4), a highly potent chemotactic factor, to unfractionated biologic fluids.
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Showell HJ, Otterness IG, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Inhibition of leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil degranulation by leukotriene B4-dimethylamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 106:741-7. [PMID: 6288032 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Levine L, Morgan RA, Lewis RA, Austen KF, Clark DA, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Radioimmunoassay of the leukotrienes of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:7692-6. [PMID: 6950409 PMCID: PMC349336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A rabbit immunized with a conjugate of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and bovine albumin via the icosanoid carboxyl produced antibodies with comparable affinities for leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) and their 11-trans stereoisomers. The antibodies bound 3H-labeled 11-trans-LTC4 and 11-trans-LTC4 with the same average association constant (Ka) of 2.8 x 10(9) M-1 at 37 degrees C and were present at a concentration of 0.32 microgram/ml of the immune rabbit plasma. When 9.5 microliter of anti-LTD4 and 108 pmol of 11-trans-[3H]LTC4 (40 Ci/mmol) were incubated in a volume of 300 microliter with LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, or their 11-trans stereoisomers, 50% inhibition of 11-trans-[3H]LTC4 binding was achieved at levels varying between 0.3 and 0.7 ng. As assessed with synthetic analogs of the natural leukotrienes, the antibodies recognized neither those changes within the 6-sulfidopeptide unit of LTD4 produced by deamination or modest peptide lengthening nor the specific stereochemistry of the delta 14-cis double bond. However, the antibodies did recognize the triene lipid domain and the position and spatial orientation of the glutathione or cysteinylglycine function. Binding of 11-trans-[3H]LTC4 by anti-LTD4 was not inhibited by glutathione, cystinylbisglycine, arachidonic acid, or 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was about 1/1000th as active as LTC4, LTD4, or LTE4. Mouse lymphoma (WEHI-5) and rat basophil leukemia (RBL-1) cells, when stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187, each produced immunoreactive leukotrienes; and LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 from RBL-1 cells were individually quantitated by radioimmunoassay after resolution by high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Lewis RA, Drazen JM, Austen KF, Toda M, Brion F, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Contractile activities of structural analogs of leukotrienes C and D: role of the polar substituents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4579-83. [PMID: 6270684 PMCID: PMC319836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three structural analogs of the leukotriene components of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), in which the polar regions of the leukotriene were systematically modified, were tested for their contractile activities on guinea pig pulmonary parenchymal strips and guinea pig ileum. The structural modifications allowed evaluation of the separate contributions of the four polar units in the C-1 to C-6 region of the SRS-A leukotrienes to smooth muscle spasmogenic activity. The free NH2-terminal amino group of the S-linked peptide was necessary for full activity, and its deletion or substitution reduced activity by more than one but less than two orders of magnitude. A similar level of importance was apparent for the free glycine carboxyl group. In contrast, a free eicosanoid carboxyl at C-1 is not required for full activity on the airway and for substantial activity on the ileum. A role for the C-5 hydroxyl is indicated by the inactivity of the one available 5-desoxy analog. Nucleophilic, divalent sulfur is not critical to leukotriene D (LTD) activity, in that one sulfoxide had substantial function. The conformational relationship between the eicosanoid and peptide moieties of LTD is of considerable importance in that epimers at the C-5 or C-6 position were less active than LTD by more than two orders of magnitude. Several lines of evidence suggest that the relative geometrical arrangement of the C20 chain and the peptide unit is important to activity, consistent with the existence of a true receptor for LTD.
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Drazen JM, Lewis RA, Austen KF, Toda M, Brion F, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Contractile activities of structural analogs of leukotrienes C and D: necessity of a hydrophobic region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:3195-8. [PMID: 6942424 PMCID: PMC319527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen structural analogs of leukotrienes C and D were tested for their contractile activities on guinea pig pulmonary parenchymal strip and ileum. The analogs differed from the native structures in the position of either the thioether-linked peptide side chain or the hydroxyl group (or both) or in the number and positions of ethylenic bonds. Analogs in which the thioether-linked peptide chain was attached other than at the C-6 position had substantial reductions in activity on both smooth muscle preparations, whereas analogs in which the various ethylenic bonds were saturated retained substantial contractile activity in both assays. These observations demonstrate that, although a hydrophobic region of the eicosinoid is necessary for contractile activity, the length of this segment is more critical than its precise stereochemistry. Analogs of leukotrienes based on the possibility of parallel biosynthetic routes deriving from 8-, 11-, and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid as precursors were found to effect a comparatively weak contractile response so that their role as biological agents in this respect seems unlikely.
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Corey E, Marfat A, Hoover DJ. Stereospecific total synthesis of 12-()- and 12- ()-forms of 6- leukotriene B. Tetrahedron Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Corey E, Marfat A, Munroe J, Kim KS, Hopkins PB, Brion F. A Stereocontrolled and effective synthesis of leukotriene B (1). Tetrahedron Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)90241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rådmark O, Malmsten C, Samuelsson B, Goto G, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Leukotriene A. Isolation from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:11828-31. [PMID: 6254983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene A, an unstable intermediate in the conversion of arachidonic acid to stable leukotrienes, was isolated from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The allylic epoxide intermediate is rapidly hydrolyzed under acidic conditions. A method was therefore developed for esterification and extraction of the intermediate as the methyl ester from an alkaline aqueous phase, into an aprotic solvent. This was achieved by addition of methanol and an excess of diazomethane in ether to the incubatio mixture, followed by addition of water, and phase separation. The identity of the isolated compound with the previously synthesized methyl ester of 5 (S)-trans-5,6-oxido-7,9-trans-11,14-cis-eicostatetraenoic acid (leukotriene A), was established by comparing chromatographic and chemical properties of the isolated compound and synthetic leukotriene A.
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Rådmark O, Malmsten C, Samuelsson B, Goto G, Marfat A, Corey E. Leukotriene A. Isolation from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Drazen JM, Austen KF, Lewis RA, Clark DA, Goto G, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Comparative airway and vascular activities of leukotrienes C-1 and D in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4354-8. [PMID: 6933488 PMCID: PMC349833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacologic activities of leukotrienes C-1 and D(LTC-1 and LTD), constituents of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), were evaluated in vitro on airway contractile tissues and in vivo on pulmonary mechanical function, mean systemic arterial pressure, and cutaneous microcirculation. In vitro both LTC-1 and LTD were potent and selective peripheral airway agonists, being more active than histamine; furthermore, LTD was active on peripheral airways at concentrations 1/100th those of LTC-1. The concentration-effect relationship for LTD and the profile of antagonism by FPL 55712 are consistent with the activity of this molecule at two separate peripheral airway receptors. In vivo, LTC-1 and LTD were nearly equally active in their effects on pulmonary mechanics, and the pattern of alterations was consistent with the predominant site of action being in the lung periphery. Furthermore, both agents had a direct systemic arterial hypotensive effect and were vasoactive on the cutaneous microcirculation. Thus, these compounds are likely to be major mediators of the pathologic alterations in immediate type hypersensitivity reactions in which peripheral airway constriction and hypotension are prominent features.
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Clark DA, Goto G, Marfat A, Corey EJ, Hammarström S, Samuelsson B. 11-Trans leukotriene C: a naturally occurring slow reacting substance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 94:1133-9. [PMID: 6772184 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lewis RA, Austen KF, Drazen JM, Clark DA, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis: identification of leukotrienes C-1 and D from human and rat sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3710-4. [PMID: 6106193 PMCID: PMC349688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow reacting substance(s) of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was isolated from both human (lung) and rat sources and compared with three synthetic SRS-As of known structure-leukotrienes (LTs) C-1, C-2, and D. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was used both as a final purification step and a means of comparison of biologically derived and synthetic substances. Two major peaks of SRS-A activity of both rat and human origin corresponded chromatographically with LTC-1 and LTD, respectively, and had equivalent specific activities on the guinea pig ileum. With guinea pig ileum, the specific activities (units/pmol) for synthetic leukotrienes and anaphylactic peaks were (mean +/- SEM): synthetic LTC-1, 1.93 +/- 0.13; SRS-A(rat) peak I, 1.69 +/- 0.43; synthetic LTD, 6.10 +/- 1.15; SRS-A(rat) peak II, 7.14 +/- 0.51; and SRS-A(hu) peak II, 1.90. Both synthetic LTC-1 and LTD and their SRS-A natural counterparts had a preferential contractile activity on guinea pig peripheral airway compared to central airways and were at least 200 times more active than histamine on peripheral airways on a molar basis. Leukotriene D is the major SRS-A of human lung and accounts for almost all of the biological activity. It likely is formed from leukotriene C-1 in vivo by an enzymic process of the well-known gamma-glutamyltransferase type.
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