26
|
Ruhla S, Arafat A, Osterhoff M, Weickert M, Mai K, Spranger J, Schöfl C, Pfeiffer A, Möhlig M. Levothyroxine Medication is Associated with Adiposity Independent of TSH. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012; 120:351-4. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Bobbert T, Mai K, Brechtel L, Schulte HM, Weger B, Pfeiffer AFH, Spranger J, Diederich S. Leptin and endocrine parameters in marathon runners. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33:244-8. [PMID: 22261828 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1291251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training may lead to different hormonal alterations e. g., exercised induced hypothalamic ovarian/testicular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to reveal new connections between physical exercise, leptin and hormonal responses. 36 male participants of the Berlin-Marathon had their blood samples taken 2 days before the marathon. Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and leptin were correlated with the training status and the achieved marathon time. Leptin correlated with the achieved marathon time after being adjusted for age and BMI (r=0.607, p<0.001) and was lowest in the best trained runners. Additionally, when the group was divided into quartiles of their achieved marathon time, significantly increased cortisol, fT4, cortisol/DHEAS ratio and decreased IGF-1 levels were observed in the slowest group. In the better trained group, a decrease of testosterone/DHT ratio and an increase of testosterone/cortisol ratio were observed. Our study supports the thesis of a linear relationship between physical fitness and leptin variations in the physiological range. We found an increased anabolic hormonal response in well trained marathon runners and hormonal reactions of increased stress in less trained runners. As the stress-induced neuroendocrine adaptations in our study group are associated with more higher leptin values, the pathophysiological role of decreased leptin values seems to be limited to overtrained athletes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Goehring I, Sauter NS, Catchpole G, Assmann A, Shu L, Zien KS, Moehlig M, Pfeiffer AFH, Oberholzer J, Willmitzer L, Spranger J, Maedler K. Identification of an intracellular metabolic signature impairing beta cell function in the rat beta cell line INS-1E and human islets. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2584-94. [PMID: 21796486 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Chronic hyperglycaemia promotes the progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a clinically highly relevant phenomenon known as glucotoxicity. The intracellular metabolic consequences of a chronically high availability of glucose in beta cells are, as yet, poorly understood in its full complexity. METHODS An unbiased metabolite profiling analysis (GC-time-of-flight-MS) was used to identify the time course of core metabolite patterns in rat beta cell line INS-1E during exposure to high glucose concentrations and its relation to insulin expression. RESULTS We report here that pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites accumulate remarkably during chronic but not acute glucose treatment, indicating altered processing of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway. Subsequent functional studies in INS-1E cells and human islets revealed that a disturbance in this pathway contributes to decreases in insulin gene expression and a lack of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects were found to depend on the activation of extracellular-regulated-kinase (ERK1/2). Long-term inhibition of 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase resulted in accumulation of PPP metabolites, induced ERK1/2 activation independently of high glucose and impaired beta cell function. In turn, inhibition of ERK1/2 overstimulation during chronic glucose exposure partly inhibited metabolite accumulation and restored beta cell function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Based on unbiased metabolite analyses, the data presented here provide novel targets, namely the inhibition of PPP metabolite accumulation towards the therapeutic goal to preserve and potentially improve beta cell function in diabetes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Isken F, Abraham U, Weickert MO, Keyhani-Nejad F, Arafat AM, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH, Möhlig M. Annual change in insulin sensitivity. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43:720-2. [PMID: 21932177 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1286310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 2 diabetes and cardiac events is reported to be higher during winter, indicating a putative annual periodic change in insulin sensitivity (IS). Annual differences in IS - quantified as HOMA-%S and Matsuda-Sensitivity Index - were analyzed using a cosine wave-fitting algorithm in a cross-sectional study group including 2 385 participants. Additionally, semi-annual differences in IS were compared. We found periodicity for HOMA-%S and Matsuda-Sensitivity Index (p=0.02 or 0.006), which was strengthened after restriction to participants without diabetes (p=0.009 or 0.004). The rhythm amplitude of 0.08 indicated moderate changes in IS throughout the year. IS was significantly higher when participants were enrolled during the second vs. the first half of the year (HOMA-%S 112.0±3.0% vs. 97.4±2.4%, p<0.001). The impact of the half-year on IS, which remained significant after adjustment for confounders, was again moderate and explained only 0.5% of the variation. IS showed a significant moderate annual periodicity, which may affect the interpretation of studies reporting small changes in IS.
Collapse
|
30
|
Langenberg C, Sharp S, Forouhi NG, Franks PW, Schulze MB, Kerrison N, Ekelund U, Barroso I, Panico S, Tormo MJ, Spranger J, Griffin S, van der Schouw YT, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Beulens JWJ, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Buijsse B, Chirlaque Lopez MD, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillan B, Deloukas P, Dorronsoro M, Drogan D, Froguel P, Gonzalez C, Grioni S, Groop L, Groves C, Hainaut P, Halkjaer J, Hallmans G, Hansen T, Huerta Castaño JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Koulman A, Mattiello A, Navarro C, Nilsson P, Norat T, Overvad K, Palla L, Palli D, Pedersen O, Peeters PH, Quirós JR, Ramachandran A, Rodriguez-Suarez L, Rolandsson O, Romaguera D, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Sandbaek A, Slimani N, Sluijs I, Spijkerman AMW, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Verschuren WMM, Tuomilehto J, Feskens E, McCarthy M, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Design and cohort description of the InterAct Project: an examination of the interaction of genetic and lifestyle factors on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the EPIC Study. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2272-82. [PMID: 21717116 PMCID: PMC4222062 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Studying gene-lifestyle interaction may help to identify lifestyle factors that modify genetic susceptibility and uncover genetic loci exerting important subgroup effects. Adequately powered studies with prospective, unbiased, standardised assessment of key behavioural factors for gene-lifestyle studies are lacking. This case-cohort study aims to investigate how genetic and potentially modifiable lifestyle and behavioural factors, particularly diet and physical activity, interact in their influence on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. METHODS Incident cases of type 2 diabetes occurring in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts between 1991 and 2007 from eight of the ten EPIC countries were ascertained and verified. Prentice-weighted Cox regression and random-effects meta-analyses were used to investigate differences in diabetes incidence by age and sex. RESULTS A total of 12,403 verified incident cases of type 2 diabetes occurred during 3.99 million person-years of follow-up of 340,234 EPIC participants eligible for InterAct. We defined a centre-stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals for comparative analyses. Individuals with incident diabetes who were randomly selected into the subcohort (n = 778) were included as cases in the analyses. All prevalent diabetes cases were excluded from the study. InterAct cases were followed-up for an average of 6.9 years; 49.7% were men. Mean baseline age and age at diagnosis were 55.6 and 62.5 years, mean BMI and waist circumference values were 29.4 kg/m(2) and 102.7 cm in men, and 30.1 kg/m(2) and 92.8 cm in women, respectively. Risk of type 2 diabetes increased linearly with age, with an overall HR of 1.56 (95% CI 1.48-1.64) for a 10 year age difference, adjusted for sex. A male excess in the risk of incident diabetes was consistently observed across all countries, with a pooled HR of 1.51 (95% CI 1.39-1.64), adjusted for age. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION InterAct is a large, well-powered, prospective study that will inform our understanding of the interplay between genes and lifestyle factors on the risk of type 2 diabetes development.
Collapse
|
31
|
Isken† F, Abraham U, Weickert MO, Keyhani-Nejad F, Arafat AM, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH, Möhlig M. Jahreszeitliche Schwankung der Insulinsensitivität. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1277549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Foryst-Ludwig A, Kreissl M, Sprang C, Thalke B, Böhm C, Benz V, Spranger J, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Unger T, Kintscher U. Sex differences in cardiac hypertrophy are linked to adipose tissue lipolysis. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1277387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Mai K, Meinus S, Assmann A, Bobbert T, Andres J, Biedasek K, Maser-Gluth C, Wudy S, Hartmann M, Pfeiffer A, Diederich S, Spranger J. Potential mechanism of rosiglitazone induced myocellular insulin sensitivity-effects of rosiglitazone on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in skeletal muscle. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1277365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
34
|
Benz V, Bloch M, Foryst-Ludwig A, Böhm C, Winkler R, Wardat S, Herbst L, Giersch K, Wiedmer P, Spranger J, Kintscher U. Sex-specific differences in adipose tissue lipolysis during body weight cycling. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1277370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Mai K, Reinecke F, Andres J, Bobbert T, Kraatz J, Wudy SA, Hartmann MF, Maser-Gluth C, Pfeiffer AFH, Spranger J. Effects of hyperlipidaemia on glucocorticoid metabolism: results of a randomized controlled trial in healthy young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 74:551-7. [PMID: 21470279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is altered in obese individuals. Hyperlipidaemia with elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) is also frequently seen in obesity and in the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized, therefore, that hyperlipidaemia may alter the activity of the HPA axis. PATIENTS AND METHODS The effects of hyperlipidaemia, including increased circulating FFAs, on ACTH secretion and cortisol metabolism were analysed in 13 healthy young women during the early follicular phase of two subsequent cycles. We administered a 20% lipid/heparin (LHI) or a saline/heparin infusion (SHI) using a crossover design in random order for 330 min. A detailed characterization of glucocorticoid metabolism was performed by measurement of plasma ACTH, cortisol and urinary excretion rates of adrenal glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid metabolites. RESULTS We observed that LHI-induced hyperlipidaemia elevated serum cortisol levels compared to SHI. No changes in plasma ACTH levels, daily urinary excretion rates of adrenal glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid precursors/metabolites and the calculated activities of the 5α-reductase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 11-, 17-, 21-hydroxylase and 11β-HSD 1 or 2 were found. CONCLUSION Our randomized controlled trial suggests that the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH may be enhanced by LHI-induced hyperlipidaemia in normal-weight healthy young women. This effect might contribute to the disturbances of the HPA axis described in women with abdominal obesity and impaired lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ruhla S, Arafat AM, Weickert MO, Osterhoff M, Isken F, Spranger J, Schöfl C, Pfeiffer AFH, Möhlig M. T3/rT3-ratio is associated with insulin resistance independent of TSH. Horm Metab Res 2011; 43:130-4. [PMID: 21104580 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1267997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance (IR). This may involve peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, which is assumed to be reflected by the ratio triiodothyronine/reverse triiodothyronine (T3/rT3-ratio). To explore a potential association between the T3/rT3-ratio and IR we investigated pairs which differed in IR, but were matched by sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). For this purpose, matched pair analyses were embedded into a cross sectional study group. 22 pairs were matched from either the first or the third tertile of HOMA%S of a cohort of 353 euthyroid subjects with normal glucose metabolism who did not take any medication. The T3/rT3-ratio was compared in the matched pairs. The T3/rT3-ratio was significantly increased in the insulin resistant subjects compared to their insulin sensitive partners (8.78 ± 0.47 vs. 7.33 ± 0.33, p=0.019). Furthermore the T3/rT3-ratio was lower in men compared to women (p for the within-subject effect=0.046) both in the insulin sensitive and the insulin resistant subjects. Here we show that the T3/rT3-ratio, which is supposed to reflect the tissue thyroid hormone metabolism, is significantly increased in insulin resistant subjects. This further supports a link between thyroid function and IR.
Collapse
|
37
|
Schneider J, Adams S, Bierbrauer J, Weber-Carstens S, Spranger J, Spuler S. P1.53 GLUT4 expression in early critical illness myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
38
|
Arafat AM, Möhlig M, Weickert MO, Schöfl C, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH. Improved insulin sensitivity, preserved beta cell function and improved whole-body glucose metabolism after low-dose growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency: a pilot study. Diabetologia 2010; 53:1304-13. [PMID: 20372873 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Growth hormone-deficient patients show deterioration of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. High-dose growth hormone treatment often induces further impairment of insulin sensitivity, leading to an increase in insulin and glucose levels or even, in cases of preexisting beta cell defect, to overt diabetes. However, low-dose treatment may improve insulin sensitivity, although data in humans with detailed metabolic phenotyping are as yet not available. We postulated that long-term low-dose growth hormone replacement, restoring IGF-1 to the low-normal range, might beneficially affect glucose metabolism. METHODS We studied prospectively the metabolic responses to 24 and 48 weeks of growth hormone treatment in a small group of six adults with severe growth hormone deficiency (four men, two women; age 40-59 years; BMI 30.2 +/- 1 kg/m(2); mean growth hormone dose 0.3 +/- 0.04 mg/day). All participants underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp and hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp plus i.v. L: -arginine on three occasions. Insulin sensitivity was measured by calculating the M value during the steady state of the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Insulin secretion and clearance were estimated from AUC(C-peptide), AUC(insulin) and their ratio at each phase of the hyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. RESULTS Growth hormone significantly improved insulin sensitivity (M value 13.8 +/- 2.6 [baseline] vs 19.6 +/- 2.6 [24 weeks] and 23.7 +/- 1.9 [48 weeks] micromol kg(-1) min(-1); p < 0.01). Although the insulin response to glucose and arginine decreased slightly, the disposition index, integrating insulin sensitivity and secretion, significantly increased (p < 0.01), indicating an improvement in whole-body glucose metabolism. Insulin clearance was not affected during treatment (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data indicate that long-term low-dose growth hormone treatment may improve insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose metabolism in adults with severe growth hormone-deficiency.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mai K, Bobbert T, Andres J, Assmann A, Reinecke F, Möhlig M, Pfeiffer A, Spranger J. Modulation of circulating human Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein by FFAs. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
40
|
Bobbert T, Raila J, Schwarz F, Mai K, Henze A, Pfeiffer AFH, Spranger J. Relation between the retinoid system and carotid intima media thickness. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Andres J, Gögebakan Ö, Biedasek K, Isken F, Mai K, Osterhoff M, Nauck M, Spranger J, Pfeiffer A. Glucose-abhängige insulinotrope Polypeptid (GIP) vermindert die Lipolyse in-vitro und in-vivo. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
42
|
Bloch M, Prock A, Paonessa F, Foryst-Ludwig A, Kappert K, Spranger J, Unger T, Fusco A, Sedding D, Brunetti A, Kintscher U. Glitazone-mediated vascular protection requires high mobility group A1 protein – a new PPARgamma coregulator. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1254012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
43
|
Möhlig M, Öztürk C, Osterhoff M, Arafat AM, Ruhla S, Isken F, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH. Fernsehzeit und Kohlenhydrataufnahme sind assoziiert mit dem Body-Mass-Index (BMI). DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1253953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
44
|
Spranger J, Bidder U, Voelz C. Chondrodysplasia punctata (Chondrodystrophia calcificans) II. Der rhizomele Typ*. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1229041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Spranger J, Albrecht C, Rohwedder HJ, Wiedemann HR. Die Dysosteosklerose — eine Sonderform der generalisierten Osteosklerose. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1228480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Spranger J. Bedeutung von Ernährung und genetischen Faktoren bei der Entstehung von Insulinresistenz und Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1224522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
48
|
Sabath M, Bähr V, Andres J, Arafat AM, Weickert MO, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH, Möhlig M. Effekt der Acetylsalicylsäure auf die Lipid-induzierte Insulinresistenz abhängig von der eingesetzten Fettsäure. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1222053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
49
|
Bobbert T, Mai K, Groth C, Thurm U, Arafat AM, Pfeiffer AFH, Pani MA, Spranger J. Schnellere Stoffwechsel-Normalisierung durch Blutketon-Messung. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1221909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
50
|
Mai K, Andres J, Weicht J, Meinus S, Bobbert T, Reinecke F, Möhlig M, Weickert M, Pfeiffer A, Spranger J. The metabolic regulator FGF-21 is induced by free fatty acids but not by PPARχ stimulation in man: Results of two randomized, controlled trials. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1221953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|