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Bunderson M, Armstrong K, Mayes LC, McCrory EJ, Thompson-Booth C, Rutherford HJV. Facial recognition during early motherhood: Investigating the persistence of age and affect biases. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 210:103136. [PMID: 32768610 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence demonstrates increased levels of sensitivity to infant faces in mothers. This may be reflective of a series of psychological and neurobiological changes that occur in the transition to, and during early, parenthood for the purpose of appropriate caregiving; however, this enhanced infant facial recognition is in contrast with the general adult literature regarding facial processing. In the current study, we aimed to replicate a prior study of emotion facial recognition in pregnant women in a sample of mothers with children under a year old, utilizing a paradigm in which adult and infant faces gradually changed from neutral expressions to either happy or sad expressions. Mothers were faster at the recognition of adult faces in comparison to infant faces, and were also faster at happy faces in comparison to sad faces. Results are discussed in context of the current processing literature regarding the perinatal period, and implications for the persistence of the own-age bias and happy face advantage are considered.
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Condon EM, Londono Tobon A, Mayes LC, Sadler LS. Acceptability and Feasibility of Hair and Salivary Biomarker Collection Among Multiethnic School-Age Children. Matern Child Health J 2020; 24:865-874. [PMID: 32356128 PMCID: PMC7378972 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As noninvasive biological markers gain increasing popularity in pediatric research, it is critical to understand how study participants perceive these measures, especially among groups underrepresented in biobehavioral research, like children and people of color. The purpose of this study was to examine acceptability and feasibility of hair and salivary biomarker collection in an urban community sample of ethnically diverse children (age 4 to 10 years). METHODS Ninety-seven mother-child dyads were recruited for a cross-sectional follow up study of the Minding the Baby® home visiting intervention. Children were Hispanic (63%), Black (34%), and multi-racial (3.1%). A conventional content analysis was conducted using two sources of data: (1) mothers' responses to open-ended interview questions on their views and suggestions regarding biomarker collection, and (2) field notes recorded by investigators. RESULTS Forty-four percent of mothers reported biomarker-related questions or concerns, including questions about the purpose of biomarker testing, and concerns about cosmetic issues, child discomfort, and future use of biomarker data. Mothers also offered positive feedback and advice for collection. Issues affecting feasibility included children's hair length and style, refusal to participate, and behavioral or developmental issues. CONCLUSIONS Hair and salivary biomarker collection was largely acceptable and feasible in this sample. Strategies for promoting ethical and sensitive biomarker collection include respectful explanations and parental involvement, creating a comfortable and safe environment for the child, flexible collection strategies, and attention to development, cultural preferences and perspectives.
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Banz BC, Wu J, Camenga DR, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ, Vaca FE. Brain-based limitations in attention and secondary task engagement during high-fidelity driving simulation among young adults. Neuroreport 2020; 31:619-623. [PMID: 32366810 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Distracted driving remains a leading factor in fatal motor vehicle crashes, particularly in young drivers. Due to ongoing neuromaturation, attention capabilities are changing and improving throughout young adulthood. Here, we sought to bridge neuroscience with driving simulation by evaluating the effects of driving on attention processing through a selective auditory attention task. Participants (18-25 years old) engaged in an auditory attention task during LOAD (driving a high-fidelity simulator) and No-LOAD conditions (sitting in the parked simulator). For the auditory task, participants responded to a target auditory tone in a target ear. The event-related potential components, collected from frontal and posterior regions, P2 and P3, were used to evaluate attention processing across LOAD and No-LOAD conditions for attended and unattended stimuli. Data from 24 participants were evaluated in repeated measures ANOVAs, considering interactions between load and attention conditions for the P2 and P3 components of the cortical region. We observed a significant difference between response to attended and unattended stimuli for posterior P2 and P3 responses at the frontal and posterior midline sites. Comparing LOAD and No-LOAD conditions, there was a significant difference for P2 response at the posterior site and P3 response at the frontal site. A significant interaction between load and attended stimuli was found for P3 response at the posterior site. These data document differences in neural processing of auditory stimuli during high-fidelity simulated driving versus sitting parked in the simulator. Findings suggest the cognitive load of driving affects auditory attention.
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Morie KP, Zhai ZW, Potenza MN, Mayes LC. Alexithymia, Emotion-Regulation Strategies, and Traumatic Experiences in Prenatally Cocaine-Exposed Young Adults. Am J Addict 2020; 29:492-499. [PMID: 32436341 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Exposure to early-life trauma may lead to maladaptive characteristics such as alexithymia, and thus to poorer emotional regulation. This relationship may also be influenced by exposure to substances prenatally. We hypothesized that increased alexithymia would be seen in those with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). Additionally, we hypothesized that early-life trauma would be associated with alexithymia, and that alexithymia would be associated with poor emotional reappraisal and emotional suppression. METHODS A moderated mediation model was developed to examine whether the hypothesized indirect relationship between trauma and emotional reappraisal through alexithymia was different in young adults with and without PCE (Total N = 57). Thirty-seven young adults with PCE and 20 with no such exposure, all of whom were members of a longitudinal cohort, were recruited for the study, and data concerning childhood trauma, alexithymia, and emotional regulation were collected. Intercorrelations were performed between the scores on each measure and moderated mediation models were constructed separately with emotional neglect or emotional abuse as the independent variable and emotional reappraisal or emotional suppression as the dependent variable. RESULTS PCE status was associated with alexithymia, and alexithymia mediated the relationship between emotional neglect and emotional reappraisal in individuals with PCE but not those without. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that alexithymia is a mechanism underlying poor use of emotional reappraisal in PCE individuals. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Individuals with early-life trauma and substance exposure may represent a vulnerable population, and alexithymia may play a key role in the development of emotional regulation skills in this population. (Am J Addict 2020;29:492-499).
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Wiley M, Schultheis A, Francis B, Tiyyagura G, Leventhal JM, Rutherford HJV, Mayes LC, Bechtel K. Parents' Perceptions of Infant Crying: A Possible Path to Preventing Abusive Head Trauma. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:448-454. [PMID: 31629119 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infant crying can lead to parental frustration and is the most common trigger for abusive head trauma (AHT). We used qualitative methodology with an activating stimulus (an audiotape of an infant crying) to prime the participants to engage in open dialogue for the purpose of understanding their perceptions of infant crying and its association with AHT, with the aim that information from these interviews and the impact of hearing the activating stimulus could be used to inform interventions to prevent AHT that would resonate with parents. METHODS We conducted 25 initial qualitative interviews and 16 subsequent interviews with mothers and fathers of newborns. Before the initial interview, parents listened to a 1-minute audio clip of a crying infant, followed by a preventive message regarding AHT. The transcribed data were analyzed, and themes were developed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory. Data collection and analysis continued past the point of thematic saturation. RESULTS Four themes emerged from the initial interviews: 1) previous experience is helpful to manage infant crying, 2) babies cry for a reason, 3) shaking an infant is incomprehensible to parents, and 4) the role of safety planning to manage frustration with crying. Analysis of the subsequent interviews revealed 2 additional themes: 1) use of supports for infant crying (eg, technology and physician advice) and 2) effects of the audio clip on caregiving practices. CONCLUSION Previous experiences and beliefs about crying affect parents' perceptions of infant crying and AHT. After discharge, parents reported using technology for information and support and thinking about the audio clip when caring for their infant. These experiences, beliefs, and practices may aid in shaping effective prevention strategies to prevent AHT.
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Lowell AF, Maupin AN, Landi N, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Rutherford HJV. Substance use and mothers' neural responses to infant cues. Infant Ment Health J 2020; 41:264-277. [PMID: 32057121 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Substance use may influence mothers' responsiveness to their infants and negatively impact the parent-infant relationship. Maternal substance use may co-opt neural circuitry involved in caregiving, thus reducing the salience of infant cues and diminishing the sense of reward experienced by caring for infants. Gaps in understanding exist with regard to the mechanisms by which substance use operates to influence mothers' processing of infant cues and how this translates to caregiving. Therefore, we examined how substance use might relate to maternal neural responses to infant cues using event-related potentials (ERPs). Substance-using (n = 29) and nonsubstance-using (n = 29) mothers viewed photographs of infant faces and heard recordings of infant vocalizations while electroencephalography was recorded simultaneously. Three specific ERP components were used to examine initial processing of infant faces (N170) and cries (N100), and attentional allocation to infant faces and cries (P300). Substance-using mothers did not discriminate facial affect at early encoding stages (N170), were generally slower to orient to infant cries (N100), showed heightened responses to neutral faces (P300), and failed to adaptively differentiate between high-distress versus low-distress cries (P300). These differences may be important to caregiving behaviors associated with the formation of mother-child attachment. Implications are discussed, as are limitations and future directions.
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Rutherford HJV, Yip SW, Worhunsky PD, Kim S, Strathearn L, Potenza MN, Mayes LC. Differential responses to infant faces in relation to maternal substance use: An exploratory study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 207:107805. [PMID: 31874448 PMCID: PMC7060928 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal substance use and addiction has been associated with negative consequences for parenting and may increase addiction vulnerability in the developing child. Neuroimaging research suggests that substance use may decrease the reward of caring for infants and heighten stress reactivity to affective infant cues. METHODS Thirty-two substance-using mothers and twenty-two non-substance-using mothers were presented with emotional face and cry stimuli generated from their own and a demographically matched unknown infant during fMRI scanning. Between-group differences in neural activity during task performance were assessed using whole-brain, mixed-effects models corrected for multiple comparisons (voxel-level p < 0.001, pFWE<0.05). RESULTS Relative to non-substance-using mothers, substance-using mothers exhibited greater activation when viewing their own infant's face as compared to an unknown infant's face across multiple brain regions, including superior medial frontal, inferior parietal, and middle temporal regions. Substance-using mothers also had a decreased response to sad infant faces in the ventral striatum relative to the non-substance-using mothers. Neural responses to own vs. unknown infant cries did not significantly differ between substance-using and non-substance-using mothers. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest overlapping cortical and subcortical brain regions implicated in responding to infant faces, with activation differences related to infant familiarity, emotional expression, and maternal substance use. While prior work has focused on attenuated neural responses to infant cues, greater attention is needed toward understanding the increased reactivity to affective infant cues observed in substance-using mothers.
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Condon EM, Dettmer AM, Gee DG, Hagan C, Lee KS, Mayes LC, Stover CS, Tseng WL. Commentary: COVID-19 and mental health equity in the United States. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2020; 5:584390. [PMID: 33869513 PMCID: PMC8022536 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.584390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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Rutherford HJV, Mayes LC. Parenting stress: A novel mechanism of addiction vulnerability. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100172. [PMID: 31193862 PMCID: PMC6543178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction remains a significant public health concern. Despite numerous public health initiatives, many parents continue to use substances during the prenatal and postpartum period. While stress has been implicated in the maintenance of substance use disorders more generally, we propose that parenting stress specifically increases vulnerability to substance use in adults caring for young children. To explore this notion, we first consider the neurobiology of the adult transition to parenthood and the value of adopting a parenting-specific approach to understanding addictive processes. Next, we consider the neurobiology of addiction and parenting before directly addressing parenting stress in the context of addiction. Finally, we describe current interventions with parents that incorporate the management of negative affect to enhance caregiving quality and decrease substance use. Taken together, this article proposes that the unique demands of caring for a developing child may be more stressful above and beyond other forms of stress. As a consequence, intervention approaches that target stress in the parenting role hold promise for decreasing parental substance abuse.
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Alvarez-Monjaras M, Rutherford HJV, Mayes LC. Personality organization and maternal addiction: A structural-developmental psychodynamic contribution. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/pap0000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rutherford HJ, Xu J, Worhunsky PD, Zhang R, Yip SW, Morie KP, Calhoun VD, Kim S, Strathearn L, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Gradient theories of brain activation: A novel application to studying the parental brain. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2019; 6:119-125. [PMID: 32154064 PMCID: PMC7062306 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-019-00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parental brain research primarily employs general-linear-model-based (GLM-based) analyses to assess blood-oxygenation-level-dependent responses to infant auditory and visual cues, reporting common responses in shared cortical and subcortical structures. However, this approach does not reveal intermixed neural substrates related to different sensory modalities. We consider this notion in studying the parental brain. RECENT FINDINGS Spatial independent component analysis (sICA) has been used to separate mixed source signals from overlapping functional networks. We explore relative differences between GLM-based analysis and sICA as applied to an fMRI dataset acquired from women while they listened to infant cries or viewed infant sad faces. SUMMARY There is growing appreciation for the value of moving beyond GLM-based analyses to consider brain functional organization as continuous, distributive, and overlapping gradients of neural substrates related to different sensory modalities. Preliminary findings suggest sICA can be applied to the study of the parental brain.
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Morie KP, Wu J, Landi N, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. Oscillatory Dynamics of Feedback Processing in Adolescents with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:429-442. [PMID: 31353953 PMCID: PMC6690776 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2019.1645143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has ramifications for feedback processing. Measuring neural oscillatory dynamics (during electroencephalography) provides insight into the time signatures and neural processes of feedback processing in adolescents with PCE. We measured spectral power in alpha and theta frequency bands while 49 adolescents with PCE and 34 non-drug exposed (NDE) performed a task with win/no-win feedback. Compared to NDE individuals, those with PCE showed reduced alpha power and increased theta power in response to no-win feedback. These findings suggest altered reactivity in PCE adolescents.
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Condon EM, Holland ML, Slade A, Redeker NS, Mayes LC, Sadler LS. Associations Between Maternal Caregiving and Child Indicators of Toxic Stress Among Multiethnic, Urban Families. J Pediatr Health Care 2019; 33:425-436. [PMID: 30683581 PMCID: PMC6589109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our purpose was to examine associations between maternal caregiving and child indicators of toxic stress among multiethnic, urban families with children of early school age. METHOD We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of 54 maternal-child dyads. Mothers reported on parenting behaviors and parental reflective functioning (PRF). Child indicators of toxic stress included hair/salivary biomarkers, anthropometric characteristics, and maternally reported health and behavior. RESULTS Hostile/coercive parenting behaviors were associated with child externalizing behavioral problems (r = 0.43, p = .001, but lower interleukin (IL) 6 levels (r = 0.31, p = .03). High PRF was associated with fewer child emergency department visits (ρ = -0.43, p = .009), whereas impaired PRF was associated with more behavioral problems (ρ = 0.52, p < .0001). DISCUSSION PRF and supportive parenting behaviors may protect against toxic stress among vulnerable families, but additional research is needed to better understand these relationships. Resources are available to help clinicians screen for family risk factors and model responsive caregiving in pediatric settings.
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Hammond CJ, Shirk SD, Foster DW, Potenza NB, Kraus SW, Mayes LC, Hoff RA, Potenza MN. Cannabis use, problem-gambling severity, and psychiatric disorders: Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:230-241. [PMID: 31246071 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use and related disorders are common in adults and frequently co-occur with subsyndromal and pathological gambling. However, understanding how cannabis use may moderate relationships between problem-gambling severity and psychiatric disorders remains poorly understood. Data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093 adults) were examined to investigate how cannabis use moderated associations between problem-gambling severity (with gambling groups based on the 10 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM-IV] inclusionary criteria for pathological gambling) and Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders. Problem-gambling severity groups included low frequency/nongambling, low-risk gambling, at-risk gambling, and problem/pathological gambling (PPG). Among both the group with lifetime cannabis use and that which never used cannabis, greater problem-gambling severity was associated with more psychopathology across mood, anxiety, substance-use and Axis II disorders. Significant Cannabis Use × Problem-Gambling Severity Group interactions were observed between PPG and major depression (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = [0.14-0.85]), cluster A personality disorders (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = [0.16-0.86])-especially paranoid personality disorder (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = [0.14-0.81])-and cluster B personality disorders (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = [0.18-0.75])-especially antisocial personality disorder (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = [0.11-0.60]). In all cases, associations between problem-gambling severity and psychopathologies were weaker among the lifetime-cannabis-using group as compared to the never-using group. Cannabis use moderates the relationships between problem-gambling severity and psychiatric disorders, with cannabis use appearing to account for some of the variance in the associations between greater problem-gambling severity and specific forms of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Wu J, Phillip TM, Doretto V, van Noordt S, Chaplin TM, Hommer RE, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. An inactive control of the 'Trier Social Stress Test' for Youth 10-17 years: Neuroendocrine, cardiac, and subjective responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:152-164. [PMID: 30849721 PMCID: PMC6488376 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C) adapted from TSST is one of the most commonly used laboratory paradigms for investigating the effects of stress on cognitive, affective and physiological responses in children and adolescents. Considering that laboratory procedures generate a significant amount of stress to children and adolescents, even in the absence of a stress paradigm, it is important to validate TSST-C against an inactive control condition in which the stress components were absent. Using a randomized design, we tested an inactive control condition, which replaced the TSST-C with a benign video clip (nature scenes viewed while standing), thus removing the stress associated components of the TSST-C. Eighty-eight youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years were randomly assigned to complete the TSST-C or the Inactive Control (IC). Subjective anxiety rating, salivary cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were collected at eight time points. Subjects in the Inactive Control condition showed no significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased anxiety rating and salivary cortisol level throughout the study. Subjects in the stress condition (TSST-C) showed increased anxiety ratings, salivary cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate immediately following TSST-C stress induction. Our findings validated that the TSST-C induced a systemic stress response, and that the Inactive Control can be a promising standardized control condition for the TSST-C and a tool for future psychobiological research. Our results also showed that anxiety reactivity decreased with age while HR reactivity increased with age. Cortisol reactivity did not fall in a linear relationship with age but rather via a quadratic curve, suggesting the mid-age adolescents had the highest cortisol responses to stress compared to their younger and older peers, potentially due to a dual factor of pubertal development and self-control and emotion regulation capacity.
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Shahar G, Mayes LC. [인지-인본주의적 정신 역동들 : Sidney Blatt의 이론적-철학적 업적 (Congnitive-Humanistic Psychodynamics : Sidney Blatt's Theoretical-Philosophical Legacy)]. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2019; 67:NP1-NP12. [PMID: 30095989 DOI: 10.1177/0003065118774562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
( 초록 ) 수많은 이론적-철학적 명제들이 Blatt의 광범위하고 탁월한 학문적 업적으로부터 나왔다. 그의 주요 연구 주제들은 (1) 인지, 특히 현실에 대한 마음의 지형도 혹은 표상; (2) 인본주의적인 요소들의 영향 (예컨데, 에이전시, 성장에 대한 열망, 게슈탈트, 균형 욕구 그리고 회복 탄력성); (3) 프로이트가 말한 역동적 무의식에 대한 끝없는 통찰, 이렇게 요약할 수 있을 것이다. 철학적 입장에서, Blatt은 '인지-인본주의적 정신역동'이라고 부를만한, 통합적 역량과 추종을 불허하는 업적들을 남겼다.
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Morie KP, Crowley MJ, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Prenatal drug exposure from infancy through emerging adulthood: Results from neuroimaging. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 198:39-53. [PMID: 30878766 PMCID: PMC6688747 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure may have important repercussions across the lifespan for cognition and behavior. While alcohol is a recognized teratogen, the influences of other substances may also be substantial. The neural underpinnings of the influences of prenatal drug exposure have been examined using longitudinal approaches and multiple imaging techniques. Here we review the existing literature on the neural correlates of prenatal drug exposure. We focused the review on studies that have employed functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography and on substances other than alcohol. We also framed the review through the lens of four developmental life stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood). We included papers that have examined any drug use, including tobacco, opiates, cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamines, or polysubstance use. Data suggest that prenatal drug exposure has long-lasting, deleterious influences on cognition and reward processing in infancy and childhood that persist into adolescence and emerging adulthood and may underlie some behavioral tendencies, such as increased externalizing and risk-taking behaviors, seen in these groups.
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Schultheis AM, Mayes LC, Rutherford HJ. Associations Between Emotion Regulation and Parental Reflective Functioning. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:1094-1104. [PMID: 31156323 PMCID: PMC6538273 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-018-01326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation encapsulates the capability to successfully manage an ongoing emotional experience, particularly in social interactions, and thus may be especially significant to early parent-child relationships. In particular, the capacity to adjust emotions may support parental mentalization and reflective functioning - how parents think about their own and their child's mental states and how these mental states effect behavior. To examine this issue, we investigated the association between emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, and parental reflective functioning in a maternal sample (N=97). We found that mothers with higher tendencies to suppress their emotions and who had more difficulties with emotion regulation engaged in greater levels of pre-mentalizing (i.e., a non-mentalizing mode). Mothers with poorer emotional awareness also evidenced less interest and curiosity in their child's mental states. Finally, mothers who reported greater difficulty setting goals also evidenced a reduced capacity to recognize that their infant's mental states are not directly observable. Taken together, our findings support the relationship between different aspects of emotion regulation and maternal reflective functioning, suggesting that emotion regulation should be integrated in empirical and intervention work that targets maternal mentalization.
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Byrne SP, Mayo A, O’Hair C, Zankman M, Austin GM, Thompson-Booth C, McCrory EJ, Mayes LC, Rutherford HJ. Facial emotion recognition during pregnancy: Examining the effects of facial age and affect. Infant Behav Dev 2019; 54:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rutherford HJ, Crowley MJ, Gao L, Francis B, Schultheis A, Mayes LC. Prenatal neural responses to infant faces predict postpartum reflective functioning. Infant Behav Dev 2018; 53:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stover CS, Choi MJ, Mayes LC. The Moderating Role of Attachment on the Association between Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Dating Violence. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2018; 94:679-688. [PMID: 31680710 PMCID: PMC6824549 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Approximately twenty percent of female and ten percent of male adolescents report violence in their dating relationships and there is a significant association between dating violence in adolescence and later perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood. Identification of factors associated with dating violence can inform intervention and prevention efforts. This study was designed to examine the associations of early childhood maltreatment experience and involvement in adolescent dating violence. It also aimed to identify the moderating effect of insecure attachment styles on these associations. One hundred fifty adolescent who participated in a larger longitudinal study on prenatal drug exposure participated in this study. Participants completed self-report measures of childhood maltreatment at a standard follow-up visit between the ages of 15-19 years. Approximately 18 month later, they completed questionnaires on their attachment styles and level of dating violence perpetration and victimization. Hierarchical regression modeling revealed a significant main effect for childhood abuse but not insecure attachment on perpetration and victimization of dating violence. Avoidant attachment significantly moderated the relationship between childhood abuse exposure and dating violence: For adolescents who reported an avoidant attachment style, an increase in the level of experienced childhood maltreatment predicted significantly higher increases in victimization by dating violence, compared to those did not have avoidant attachment. Results suggest adolescents with child maltreatment history and avoidant attachment styles may be at higher risk for involvement in dating violence and support intervention efforts for fostering attachment relationship to attenuate the association between early exposures to maltreatment and involvement in dating violence later.
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Zhai ZW, Yip SW, Lacadie CM, Sinha R, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Childhood trauma moderates inhibitory control and anterior cingulate cortex activation during stress. Neuroimage 2018; 185:111-118. [PMID: 30342975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is critical for both stress and inhibitory control processes and has been implicated in childhood trauma. This prospective study tested the hypothesis that early trauma moderates the association between inhibitory control during late childhood and ACC stress reactivity during adolescence. METHOD Sixty-four adolescents were stratified into higher- or lower-childhood-trauma groups. Inhibitory control was indicated by fewer errors on a Stroop Color-Word task. Personalized stress cues during functional magnetic resonance imaging assessed neural correlates of stress in adolescents. RESULTS Using a priori-defined anterior (rCZa) and posterior rostral cingulate zones of the ACC, associated with Stroop Color-Word task performance in prior meta-analyses, Stroop errors correlated inversely with activation in the rCZa during stress-cue exposure (r = -.23, p = .04). Childhood trauma moderated the association between Stroop errors and rCZa stress reactivity (interaction = -1.26, p = .02, 95%CI = -2.33,-0.20), where Stroop errors were inversely associated with brain activation among those with higher childhood trauma (simple slopes = -.83, p = .007, 95%CI = -1.40,-0.25). Low stress-related rCZa activation inversely (R2 = 0.19, b = -0.43, p = .001, 95%CI = -4.11,-1.06) and Stroop errors directly (R2 = 0.09, b = 0.27, p = .048, 95%CI = 0.02, 5.8) associated with baseline subjective anxiety while controlling for childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate a moderating role of childhood trauma on the relationship between inhibitory control and stress-related ACC activation. Childhood trauma may portend neurodevelopmental changes that impede recruitment of control-associated ACC-functioning during distress, which may relate to dysregulation of stress-induced affective responses. Further work is needed to elucidate relationships between childhood trauma and addictive behaviors precipitated by stress.
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Brennan GM, Crowley MJ, Wu J, Mayes LC, Baskin-Sommers AR. Neural processing of social exclusion in individuals with psychopathic traits: Links to anger and aggression. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:263-271. [PMID: 30071390 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a cluster of personality traits associated with high rates of aggression. While research on psychopathic traits largely focuses on neurobiological factors implicated in aggression, other research suggests that contextual factors, such as social exclusion, also contribute to promoting aggression. Yet, the relationships among psychopathic traits, neural processing of exclusion, and aggression remain unknown. A sample of 76 adolescents and young adults completed Cyberball, a task involving conditions of social inclusion, ambiguous exclusion, and unambiguous exclusion. During Cyberball, a slow wave (SW) event-related potential (an index of elaborative processing) and self-reported anger were measured. Additionally, acts of real-world aggression were assessed. Results indicated that as psychopathic traits increased, SW during ambiguous exclusion also increased, but SW during inclusion decreased. However, the combination of smaller SW during ambiguous exclusion and higher psychopathic traits predicted heightened anger following Cyberball and more frequent real-world aggression. This response to social exclusion among individuals with elevated psychopathic traits may represent an unreflective, reactive style that exacerbates anger and aggression in certain contexts. These data suggest that neurobiological dysfunction in elaborative processing is related to psychopathic traits, and social context comprises another important influence on the aggression of individuals with elevated psychopathic traits.
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Rutherford HJ, Maupin AN, Mayes LC. Parity and neural responses to social and non-social stimuli in pregnancy. Soc Neurosci 2018; 14:545-548. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2018.1518833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Thompson-Booth C, Viding E, Puetz VB, Rutherford HJV, Mayes LC, McCrory EJ. Ghosts in the nursery: An experimental investigation of a parent's own maltreatment experience, attention to infant faces, and dyadic reciprocity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:1093-1102. [PMID: 30234333 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the experience of childhood maltreatment can influence recognition and processing of emotional cues and that these effects can extend into adulthood. Such alterations in cognitive processing may have important implications for processing of infant affect and parenting behavior. This study investigated whether the experience of childhood maltreatment altered attentional processing of infant faces in a community sample of mothers, using an established visual search task. Increased scores on a measure of childhood maltreatment were associated with decreased preferential bias toward infant faces (indexed by slower reaction times to infant compared to adult faces). Exploratory analysis of the relationship between attentional processing and actual "own child" parenting behavior (as measured by a video-recorded mother-child interaction) found that lower attentional bias to infant faces mediated the relationship between higher levels of childhood maltreatment and lower levels of mother-infant Dyadic Reciprocity. This suggests that childhood maltreatment may have enduring effects on the preferential processing of infant cues as well as parenting behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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