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Paik YH, Kim JK, Lee JI, Kang SH, Kim DY, An SH, Lee SJ, Lee DK, Han KH, Chon CY, Lee SI, Lee KS, Brenner DA. Celecoxib induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through inhibition of Akt activation and suppresses hepatic fibrosis in rats. Gut 2009; 58:1517-27. [PMID: 19201774 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.157420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) but not quiescent HSCs express cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), suggesting that the COX-2/prostanoid pathway has an active role in hepatic fibrogenesis. However, the role of COX-2 inhibitors in hepatic fibrogenesis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifibrotic effects of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. METHODS The effects of various COX inhibitors-that is, ibuprofen, celecoxib, NS-398 and DFU, were investigated in activated human HSCs. Then, the antifibrotic effect of celecoxib was evaluated in hepatic fibrosis developed by bile duct ligation (BDL) or peritoneal thioacetamide (TAA) injection in rats. RESULTS Celecoxib, NS-398 and DFU inhibited platelet-derived growth facor (PDGF)-induced HSC proliferation; however, only celecoxib (> or =50 microM) induced HSC apoptosis. All COX inhibitors completely inhibited prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and PGI(2) production in HSCs. Separately, PGE(2) and PGI(2) induced cell proliferation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in HSCs. All COX inhibitors attenuated ERK activation, but only celecoxib significantly inhibited Akt activation in HSCs. Celecoxib-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in HSCs infected with adenovirus containing a constitutive active form of Akt (Ad5myrAkt). Celecoxib had no significant effect on PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) expression in HSCs. Celecoxib inhibited type I collagen mRNA and protein production in HSCs. Oral administration of celecoxib (20 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased hepatic collagen deposition and alpha-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) expression in BDL- and TAA-treated rats. Celecoxib treatment significantly decreased mRNA expression of COX-2, alpha-SMA, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and collagen alpha1(I) in both models. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib shows a proapoptotic effect on HSCs through Akt inactivation and shows antifibrogenic effects in BDL- and TAA-treated rats, suggesting celecoxib as a novel antifibrotic agent of hepatic fibrosis.
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Myung IS, Kim JW, An SH, Lee JH, Kim SK, Lee YK, Kim WG. Wildfire of Soybean Caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, a New Disease in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:1214. [PMID: 30754606 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-11-1214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2006 and 2007, a new bacterial disease was observed in field-cultivated soybeans in Boeun District and Munkyung City of Korea. The disease caused severe blighting of soybean (Glycine max) leaves. Soybean leaves in fields showed yellowish spots with brown centers. Brown and dead areas of variable size and shape were surrounded by wide, yellow haloes with distinct margins. Spots might coalesce and affected leaves fell readily. Seven bacterial strains were isolated from chlorotic areas of soybean leaves and all produced white colonies on trypticase soy agar. With the Biolog Microbial Identification System, version 4.2, (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) all strains and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci CFBP2106T were identified as P. syringae pv. tabaci with a Biolog similarity index of 0.28 to 0.52 and 0.48 after 24 h. Pathogenicity of the strains (three plants per strain) on soybean leaves at the V5 stage (cv. Hwanggeum) was confirmed by rub inoculation with bacterial suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) in sterile distilled water on the lesions cut 1 cm long on the upper side of the leaves with razor blades and by pinprick on 3-week-old leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) in the greenhouse. Wildfire symptoms on the soybean leaves and faint halos on tobacco leaves were observed 4 days after inoculation. The identification of reisolated bacterial strains was confirmed with the metabolic fingerprintings on Biolog. LOPAT tests (1) and phenotypic characteristics (3) of the strains were similar to those of the CFBP2106T. Colonies were levan positive, oxidase negative, potato soft rot negative, arginine dihydrase negative, and tobacco hypersensitivity negative. All strains were gram-negative, aerobic rods with a polar flagellum. Strains were negative for esculin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, urea production, accumulation of poly-β-hydroxy butyrate, starch hydrolysis, ornithine dihydrolase, lysine dihydrolase, growth at 37°C, utilization of geraniol, benzoate, cellobiose, sorbitol, trehalose, l-rhamnose, and adonitol. Positive reactions were catalase and arbutin hydrolysis, utilization of sorbitol, d-arabinose, and dl-serine. The strains were variable in utilization of mannitol, sucrose, and d-arabinose. The 1,472-bp PCR fragments of strains, BC2366 (GenBank Accession No. FJ755788) and BC2367 (No. FJ755789) was sequenced using 16S rDNA universal primers (2). The sequences shared 100% identity with the analogous sequences of P. syringae pv. glycenea (GenBank Accession No. AB001443) available in NCBI databases. Based on the phenotypic, genetic, and pathological characteristics, all strains were identified as P. syringae pv. tabaci. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. syringae pv. tabaci causing wildfire on soybean in Korea. References: (1) R. A. Lelliott et al. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 29:470, 1966. (2) I.-S. Myung et al. Plant Dis. 92:1472, 2008. (3) N. W. Schaad et al., eds. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.
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Chae CH, Jung SL, An SH, Park BY, Wang SW, Cho IH, Cho JY, Kim HT. Treadmill exercise improves cognitive function and facilitates nerve growth factor signaling by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1665-73. [PMID: 19800940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of regular treadmill exercise on nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, the improvement of cognitive function in the hippocampus of diabetic rats, and to understand the molecular mechanisms through which the relevant signaling factors act. We investigated the effects of regular treadmill exercise for 6 weeks on NGF, tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA), p75 receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and caspase-3 protein levels; we also assessed cell survival and cognitive function. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) normal control group (NCG: n=10); (2) normal exercise group (NEG: n=10); (3) diabetes control group (DCG: n=10), and (4) diabetes exercise group (DEG: n=10). Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg dissolved in 0.05 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5, i.p.) into rats. Rats were subjected to treadmill exercise for 5 days a week over 6 weeks, and the speed of the treadmill was gradually increased. In a passive avoidance test, the retention latency in the DCG was significantly shorter than that in the DEG (P<0.05). Increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-mono-phosphate (BrdU)-labeled cells (P<0.001) and significant increases in NGF and TrkA protein levels were observed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the NEG and DEG (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The p75 receptor protein level significantly increased in the NEG but decreased in the DCG (P<0.001). The p-PI3-K and t-CREB protein levels significantly increased in the NEG (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively), whereas t-Erk1/2 significantly decreased in the DCG (P<0.01, P<0.01, respectively). p-Erk1/2 and p-CREB protein levels significantly increased in the NEG and DEG (P<0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.01, respectively). Caspase-3 protein levels significantly increased in the DCG (P<0.001). These results show that treadmill exercise improves cognitive function, increases the number of BrdU-labeled cells, and increases NGF levels, by the activation of the MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathway in the hippocampus of diabetic rats.
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Myung IS, Kim DG, An SH, Lee YK, Kim WG. First Report of Bacterial Canker of Tomato Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2008; 92:1472. [PMID: 30769542 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-92-10-1472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, a new bacterial disease was observed in greenhouse-cultivated cherry tomatoes in Cheorwon and Iksan provinces, Korea. The disease caused severe wilt of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Koko). Infected young petioles were curled downward. Margins of the leaves rolled upward and whole leaves were distorted. Stem cankers had reddish or dark brown cavities. Vascular tissues in stems cut longitudinally were brown to deep brown, but no bird's eye lesions were observed. Eight bacterial strains recovered from the stems of wilted tomatoes produced yellow colonies on nutrient broth-yeast extract agar and pink colonies on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Pathogenicity of the strains (three plants per strain) on 18-day-old tomatoes (cv. Koko) was confirmed by clip inoculation of petioles of second leaves and spray inoculation with bacterial suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) in sterile distilled water. Wilt and canker symptoms were observed 2 weeks after inoculation. Symptoms produced by both inoculation methods were systemic and localized. Clip inoculation of tomatoes resulted in wilt, defoliation, and open stem cankers, whereas small, white spots (2 to 3 mm in diameter) and sometimes water-soaked, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins were observed with spray inoculation. Bacteria were reisolated from stems and leaves of the inoculated plants and their identities confirmed by direct PCR using specific primer set CMM5/CMM6 (1). No symptoms were observed on negative control plants inoculated with sterile water. All strains were gram-positive aerobic rods with no polar flagella. Strains were positive for esculin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, H2S production from peptone, utilization of citrate and succinate, and acid from d(+)mannose and negative for starch hydrolysis, casein hydrolysis, methyl red reaction, acid from inulin, mannitol, d(+)-melezitose and d(-)sobitol, and utilization of acetate, formate, lactate, propionate, and ribose. Identification as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was confirmed using 16S rDNA universal primers fD1 and rP2 (4) and internal primers (3). The 1,439-bp PCR fragment of strain BC2643 was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU685335) and compared with reference C. michiganensis subspecies strains in GenBank: AM410696 (C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), AM410693 (C. michiganensis subsp. tessellarius), AM410697 (C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis), AM410694 (C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus), and AM410695 (C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus). The sequence had a similarity index of 0.999 calculated by Juke-Cantor model (2) with the 16S rRNA sequence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (AM410696). The fragment size of eight strains amplified by PCR using CMM5/CMM6 (1) was identical to that of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis reference strain KACC20122. On the basis of the physiological, genetic, and pathological characteristics, all strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis causing bacterial canker on tomato in Korea. References: (1) J. A. Dreier et al. Phytopathology 85:464, 1995. (2) S. Kumar et al. Brief. Bioinform. 5:50, 2004. (3) S. W. Kwon et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:1061, 1997. (4) W. G. Weinsburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173, 697, 1991.
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Ozawa Y, Makino S, Park JY, Chang JH, Kim JH, An SH. A review of recent unexpected animal disease events in Japan and Korea and the follow-up action taken. REV SCI TECH OIE 2007; 25:125-35. [PMID: 16796042 DOI: 10.20506/rst.25.1.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, the need to improve countermeasures against biological weapons was recognised after the Aum Shinrikyo cult attempted to use biological weapons in 1995. This paper describes how the two relevant ministries in Japan worked together to cope with recent disease outbreaks, including cases of classical swine fever (CSF) and avian influenza, which evidence suggests might have been the result of the deliberate misuse of unauthorised vaccines that had been illegally imported. By implementing successful control measures the two ministries were able to eradicate all the diseases within very short periods. In the past few years, the Republic of Korea has also experienced outbreaks of foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, and CSF, all of which had previously been absent (or had been eradicated) in Korea. A review of the historical background, major events of the outbreaks and the control measures which were implemented are presented here.
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Wee SH, Park JY, Joo YS, Lee JH, An SH. Control measures implemented during the 2002 foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreak in the Republic of Korea. Vet Rec 2004; 154:598-600. [PMID: 15162790 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.19.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Traceback systems in most countries of Asia are not well developed, as indicated by responses to a questionnaire by veterinary officials in thirteen countries. Marking of animals for traceback is practised only in a limited number of countries in specific areas or zones and for specific purposes only. In Malaysia, traceback has been undertaken by marking farm code tattoos on pigs. This enables the identification of the farm of origin of pigs found to be infected by Nipah virus in sero-surveillance programmes. The origin of the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus that surfaced in the Republic of Korea in March 2000 was investigated through several epidemiological studies of suspected sources of contamination such as imported hay, yellow sand, milk collection trucks and feed delivery trucks. None of these studies gave results that indicated the origin of the FMD virus. The origin of the FMD virus that was recorded in Japan in March 2000 was also investigated in epidemiological studies; in this case, imported wheat straw was incriminated as the most likely source of infection. Comparative studies of the pathogenicities of FMD (type O) viruses isolated in Taipei China, the Republic of Korea and Japan, suggest that these viruses might have originated as vaccine strains used in a third country.
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Hahn J, Park SH, Song JY, An SH, Ahn BY. Construction of recombinant swinepox viruses and expression of the classical swine fever virus E2 protein. J Virol Methods 2001; 93:49-56. [PMID: 11311343 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the swinepox virus (SPV) as a potential live vector for immunization, a vector was developed for the construction of a recombinant SPV carrying foreign genes. In this system, a foreign gene placed under the strong vaccinia virus promoter P(11) can be inserted into the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene, and the recombinant virus can be isolated in a non-selective medium by the co-expression of E. coli lacZ gene. Compared with the wild type virus, the TK(-)recombinant SPV showed a modest level of attenuation in porcine cells while more attenuation was observed in monkey or human cells. Using this system, a recombinant virus expressing the E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) was produced. Engineered with the gX signal sequence of the pseudorabies virus, and transmembrane domain of E2, the E2 protein was expressed as a dimeric form in the cytoplasm of the infected cells.
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Choi JY, Woo SD, Lee HK, Hong HK, Je YH, Park JH, Song JY, An SH, Kang SK. High-level expression of canine parvovirus VP2 using Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus vector. Arch Virol 2000; 145:171-7. [PMID: 10664415 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For the potential use as recombinant vaccine, canine parvovirus (CPV) major capsid protein VP2 was expressed using Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) vector. CPV VP2 gene was introduced into polyhedrin-based BmNPV transfer vector pBmKSK3, and recombinant virus BmK1-Parvo was prepared. When anti-CPV.VP2 monoclonal antibody was employed in immunofluorescence staining, an intense signal was observed within BmK1-Parvo-infected Bm5 cells but not within uninfected cells or cells infected with a wild-type BmNPV-K1. In hemagglutination assay, the expression level of VP2 were 3.2 x 10(3) HA units/ml from infected Bm5 cells, 2.1x 10(5) HA units/larvae from infected larval fat body, and 1.6x 10(6) HA units/ml from infected larval hemolymph. These results suggested that BmNPV vector system using B. mori larva as host could be applied to efficient mass-production of recombinant vaccines.
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Kweon CH, Yoon YD, An SH, Lee YS. Expression of envelope protein (E2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus in insect cells. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:415-9. [PMID: 9192369 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein (E2) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was expressed in a baculovirus. The expressed protein was detected on the surface of infected cells by immunofluorescence. Western blotting analysis showed the presence of the expressed protein of a similar molecular size to the E2 protein. The antigenicity of expressed protein were tested in guinea pigs and cattle. The immunized animals developed neutralizing antibodies against BVDV.
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Hong CI, An SH, Nechaev A, Kirisits AJ, Vig R, West CR. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of optical isomers of ether and thioether lipids. Lipids 1993; 28:1021-6. [PMID: 8277825 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates (ara-C) (1a, b and 2a, b) of sn-1 and sn-3 isomers of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol and its 1-S-alkyl analogue have been synthesized, and their antitumor activity against L1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice were compared with those of the previous conjugates (3a, b) of racemates in order to determine the significance of chirality of the glycerol moieties for activity. Administration (i.p.) of a single dose (300 mg/kg) of conjugates of sn-1 (1a), sn-3 (2a) and rac (3a) isomers of the ether lipid increased lifespan of i.p. implanted L1210 lymphoid leukemic DBA/2J mice by 169, 175 and 236%, respectively. The sn-1 (1b), sn-3 (2b), and rac (3b) isomers of the thioether lipid with a single dose of 300 mg/kg produced an increase in lifespan values of 238, 263 and 250%, respectively. The results indicate that chirality of the glycerol moieties appears not to be critical for the activity, and racemates 3a and 3b are promising prodrugs of ara-C for further clinical investigations.
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Nakajima K, Kweon CH, An SH, Shibayama T, Wakamiya N, Kato S, Hirai K. Identification of the cross-reactive antigens between Marek's disease virus and pseudorabies virus by monoclonal antibodies. Avian Dis 1990; 34:479-84. [PMID: 2164393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Among the 33 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against pseudorabies virus (PRV) examined, three MAbs (24-17, 74-26, and 8) were found to react with cells infected with Marek's disease virus (MDV)-related viruses by immunofluorescence test. Two of the MAbs (24-17 and 74-26) reacted with the nuclei of cells infected with MDV serotype 1 (MDV1), MDV serotype 2 (MDV2), and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), whereas MAb 8 reacted with the cytoplasm of MDV2- and HVT-infected cells. However, none of the MAbs against MDV1, MDV2, and HVT that were examined reacted with PRV-infected cells. None of these three MAbs against PRV reactive with MDV-related viruses cross-reacted with the cells infected with other herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, or human herpesvirus 6. Southern-blot hybridization under stringent or less-stringent conditions showed that no significant DNA homology was detected between PRV DNA and MDV DNA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesviridae/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Gallid/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
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Bobek M, An SH, Skrincosky D, De Clercq E, Bernacki RJ. 2'-Fluorinated isonucleosides. 1. Synthesis and biological activity of some methyl 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-pyrimidinyl-D-arabinopyranosides. J Med Chem 1989; 32:799-807. [PMID: 2704026 DOI: 10.1021/jm00124a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
New reactions of methyl 2,2-difluoro glycosides are described that were utilized for synthesis of some novel nucleoside derivatives. Thus, treatment of methyl 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro-3,4-O-isopropylidene-alpha (beta)-D-erythro-pyranoside (2) with anhydrous HCl resulted in selective displacement of one fluorine atom with chlorine to give a 2-deoxy-2-chloro-2-fluoro glycoside 3. Reaction of 3 with silylated uracil in the presence of SnCl4 provided a 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-2-uracil-substituted glycoside 4. 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy glycosides substituted with other pyrimidines at C-2 were prepared similarly by the reaction of acylated 2,2-difluoro or 2-fluoro-2-bromo derivatives (5 and 6, respectively) with silylated pyrimidines. The resulting 2'-fluorinated isonucleosides were evaluated for their antitumor and antiviral activities. Compounds 7a,b, 8a,b, and 10a,b demonstrated 50% tumor cell growth inhibition in vitro (IC50) at 10(-4)-10(-5) M. At similar concentrations no antiviral activity was observed in vitro. Therapeutic activity was obtained with 7a,b and 8a,b in DBA/2 mice with L1210 leukemia. Administration of 7a,b at 500 mg/kg, ip daily, for 5 consecutive days, resulted in a 55% increase in life span (% ILS) while administration of 8a,b in the same manner at 200 mg/kg caused a 29% ILS. Treatment with 7a,b to mice with drug-resistant L1210 sublines (5-FU and araC) resulted in 22 and 57% increases in life span, respectively. Lewis lung carcinoma and M5076 sarcoma in mice also responded to the administration of 7a,b with reductions in tumor growth for both tumors and significant increases in life span in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. Although the mechanism of action of 7a,b is not known, it has been found to be a relatively fast-acting, cell-cycle nonspecific cytotoxic agent that decreases [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation, blocks L1210 cells at the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and is not reversed by exogenous thymidine. These 2'-fluorinated isonucleosides have demonstrated biological activity and may have potential as antitumor drugs.
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Hong CI, An SH, Schliselfeld L, Buchheit DJ, Nechaev A, Kirisits AJ, West CR. Nucleoside conjugates. 10. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitins. J Med Chem 1988; 31:1793-8. [PMID: 3411602 DOI: 10.1021/jm00117a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitins from L-, D-, and DL-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acids have been synthesized and their antitumor activity against two ara-C2 resistant L1210 lymphoid leukemia sublines in mice were evaluated. These new prodrugs of ara-C include ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin, ara-CDP-D-dipalmitin, and ara-CDP-DL-dipalmitin. The L and DL isomers produced significant increase in life span (greater than 400%) and four to five long-term survivors (greater than 45 days) out of six animals bearing ip implanted partially ara-C resistant L1210 subline [L1210/ara-C (I)], while the D isomer displayed a marginal activity (ILS 100-121%). In contrast, the L isomer was completely ineffective against deoxycytidine kinase deficient ara-C resistant L1210 subline [L1210/ara-C (II)]. However, the results demonstrate that the L and DL isomers of ara-CDP-dipalmitin are promising new prodrugs of ara-C with improved efficacy.
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Hong CI, An SH, Buchheit DJ, Nechaev A, Kirisits AJ, West CR, Berdel WE. Nucleoside conjugates. 7. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether lipids. J Med Chem 1986; 29:2038-44. [PMID: 3761322 DOI: 10.1021/jm00160a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of ether lipids (alkyl glycerols) linked by a pyrophosphate diester bond have been prepared and evaluated against mouse leukemia L1210 and P388. These include ara-CDP-rac-1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (9a) (ara-CDP = 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate), ara-CDP-rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol (9b), and ara-CDP-rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol (9c). Among them, conjugate 9a produced significant increase in life span (200-293%) in mice bearing ip and ic implanted L1210 lymphoic leukemia at a total dose of 400-500 mg (406-508 mumol/kg). Significant schedule dependence was not observed when the conjugate was given ip once daily on day 1, days 1, 5, and 9, and days 1-5. The new conjugates are water soluble by sonication.
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An SH, West CR, Hong CI. Nucleoside conjugates. 8. The preparation of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine conjugates of corticosteroids. Steroids 1986; 47:413-20. [PMID: 2956735 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(86)90056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Three 5'-(steroid-21-phosphoryl)-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridines (VI-VIII) have been prepared and characterized by uv, ir, 1H-nmr, elemental analysis, chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. These new compounds are 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine conjugates of cortisol (VI), cortico-sterone (VII), and prednisolone (VIII). Besides the physical and analytical data, all of the conjugates were demonstrated to be enzymatically hydrolyzed to the corresponding steroid and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (III), and the latter was further shown to be hydrolyzed to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (II) by phosphodiesterase I, 5'-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. However, they were shown to be resistant to hydrolysis by bacterial alkaline phosphatase.
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Madiyalakan R, An SH, Jain RK, Matta KL. Synthesis of methyl 6-(ammonium 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and use of this compound for the determination of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. Carbohydr Res 1985; 145:89-98. [PMID: 3004730 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methyl 6-(ammonium 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside was synthesized and identified by 1H-n.m.r. and 13C-n.m.r. data, acid hydrolysis, and elemental analysis. It was utilized for the determination of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase in an assay procedure that employed methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as an acceptor. The assay product was identified and characterized by thin-layer chromatography with the title reference compound. The present technique does not require [32P]UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, but effectively uses commercially available UDP-[14C]GlcNAc.
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Foye WO, An SH, Maher TJ. Synthesis of N,N'-disubstituted N''-2-(2-quinolinylmethylthio)ethylguanidines as potential anticancer agents. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:1168-70. [PMID: 6491929 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600730838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for obtaining the title compounds was found in the alkaline rearrangement of S-2-aminoethylisothiouronium salts, which were obtained from the condensation of thiourea or substituted thioureas with 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide. No activity was found for the substituted guanidines against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, or as H2-receptor antagonists.
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Hong CI, An SH, Buchheit DJ, Nechaev A, Kirisits AJ, West CR, Ryu EK, MacCoss M. 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine-Phospholipid Conjugates As Prodrugs of Ara-C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 1:181-90. [PMID: 6544120 DOI: 10.1089/cdd.1984.1.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The L-, D-, and D,L-isomers of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-diphosphate-1,2-dipalmitin, new prodrugs of ara-C5, have been evaluated for antitumor activity in L1210 lymphoid leukemic mice. The L-isomer produced significant increase in life span (ILS), and longterm survivors among mice bearing i.p. and i.c. implanted L1210 leukemia and the maximal ILS values found were greater than 543 and greater than 374% with five and four 45-day survivors out of six mice, respectively, at the optimal single doses of 300 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg. The D- and D,L-isomers also displayed significant in vivo antitumor activity against both i.p. and i.c. implanted L1210 leukemia in mice with ILS range of 144-293% at a total dose of 125-250 mg/kg. Significant schedule dependency was not observed when the conjugates were administered i.p. once daily for 5 days, once every 4 days, or as a single dose, but single doses typically produced the best effects. The L-isomer was found to be a more effective prodrug of ara-C than its isomers and other lipophilic prodrugs, 5'-O-palmitoyl-ara-C and N4-acyl-ara-C. Unlike the latter prodrugs, the new conjugates are water soluble by sonication method.
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An SH, Wilkie BN. Mitogen- and viral antigen-induced transformation of lymphocytes from normal mink and from mink with progressive or nonprogressive Aleutian disease. Infect Immun 1981; 34:111-4. [PMID: 6271677 PMCID: PMC350828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.34.1.111-114.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from mink with progressive Aleutian disease (AD) were shown to be significantly less responsive to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen than were PBL from normal mink and from mink with a nonprogressive form of AD. Response to the virus of AD was significantly greater in PBL cultures from mink with nonprogressive AD than in those from normal mink or mink with progressive AD. After experimental infection with AD virus, mink PBL were responsive to viral antigen only transiently. These findings suggest that lymphocyte responsiveness as indicated by transformation induced by mitogens or viral antigen may be an important aspect of host response to infection with the parvovirus of AD.
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Foye WO, An SH. Synthesis of N-glycosylthioureas, N-glycosylrhodanines, and N-glycosyl-2-aminothiazoles and their antimicrobial activity. J Pharm Sci 1981; 70:1059-64. [PMID: 6101156 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600700924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A method for obtaining N-beta-D-glucopyranosylthioureas was found in the aminolysis of N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-aralkylidenerhodan ines. Aminolysis of the triacetylated or tribenzoylated ribosylrhodanines generally did not give ribosylthioureas but resulted in glycosidic cleavage, although N-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)thioureas were obtained using morpholine and hydroxylamine. Ring closure of N-beta-D-glucopyranosylthiourea with ethyl bromopyruvate gave ethyl 2-(N-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)aminothiazole-4-carboxylate, and ammonolysis led to the corresponding 4-carboxamide. Antimicrobial screening against five microorganisms showed that N-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)rhodanine and the glucosylaminothiazole-4-carboxylate had the broadest spectrum of inhibitory activity, although the thioureas usually showed inhibition of some organisms.
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An SH, DePauli FJ, Wright P, Ingram DG. Characteristics of inapparent Aleutian disease virus infection in mink. Res Vet Sci 1978; 24:200-4. [PMID: 206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inapparent of nonprogressive Aleutian disease virus (ADV) infection is a subclinical but persistent virus infection of mink. Mink with the inapparent type of ADV infection when subjected to stress did not develop the progessive form of the disease. However, when challenged with a large dose of the virus, these mink did develop progressive Aleutian disease indicating that they were not highly resistant to the virus. Sera of mink with either the progressive of the inapparent type of ADV infection did not neutralise the virus. The anti-ADV antibody activity in mink with inapparent type of ADV infection was in the IgG fraction of the serum the same as in mink with progressive Aleutian disease. These data indicate that the resistance of the mink with inapparent infection as compared to mink with progressive Aleutian disease was not due to a difference in the class of immunoglobulin response to the virus. However, mink with progressive Aleutian disease showed a greatly increased immunoglobulin response.
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An SH, Ingram DG. Transmission of Aleutian disease from mink with inapparent infections. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39:309-13. [PMID: 204235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In apparent or nonprogressive Aleutian disease virus infection was considered a subclinical but persistent viral infection in which infected mink did not develop tissue lesions, hypergammaglobulinemia, or high antibody titers. Transmission of Aleutian disease virus from mink with this type of infection was measured. Mink with inapparent Aleutian disease appeared healthy and had normal gamma-globulin values, but were capable of transmitting the disease by direct and indirect horizontal contact. The risk of direct or indirect horizontal transmission from mink with inapparent infection was less than from mink with progressive Aleutian disease. Infection also was directly transmitted from the dam to the kits, but again the risk of infection from dams with inapparent infection was less than from dams with progressive Aleutian disease. Mink infected from their dams before weaning developed the disease more slowly than mink which became infected after weaning.
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An SH, Ingram DG. Detection of inapparent Aleutian disease virus infection in mink. Am J Vet Res 1977; 38:1619-24. [PMID: 201189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The normal serum gamma-globulin centration of mink from the Ontario Veterinary College field station was 13.2 +/- 2.6% of total serum proteins. Mink serum gamma-globulin concentrations above 21%, which represented 3 standard deviations above the normal mean, were considered to be hypergammaglobulinemic. About 39% of pastel mink infected naturally with Aleutin disease virus (ADV) exhibited an inapparent or nonprogressive infection. These nonprogressivley infected mink had serum gamma-globulin values below 21% andhad antibody titers less than 256 if tested by the couterimmunoelectrophoresis technique. Mink maintained inapparent infection for at least 10 months after infection with ADV. Neither gross nor histopathologic changes were present in the mink with inapparent ADV infection. The virus persisted in blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, kidney, liver, and spleen of mink with non-progressive infection, although the amount of virus present probably was small.
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An SH. Herpes simplex virus infection detected on routine gynecologic cell specimens. Acta Cytol 1969; 13:354-8. [PMID: 4308189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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