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Sen A, Goswami KK, Mallick A, Saxena AK, Sanyal U, Baral R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 2-chloroethylnitrosourea derivatives as antitumor agents. Exp Oncol 2015; 37:23-29. [PMID: 25804227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate potential of Naphthal-NU, Napro-NU and 5-Nitro-naphthal-NU, 2-chloroethylnitrosourea compounds with substituted naphthalimide in the pre-clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cytotoxicity of three nitrosoureas was determined in human and mouse tumor cell lines by MTT assays. In vivo anti-tumor potential was evaluated in Sarcoma-180 (S-180) and Ehrlich's carcinoma (EC) solid tumors. Apoptosis in S-180 cells was analyzed by using Annexin V-Propidium Iodide (PI). Histological analysis of liver and kidney was performed at optimum dose (50 mg/kg). Expression status of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD25(+) cells in treated mouse were also examined. RESULTS Significant tumor growth retardation by the compounds was noted in early and advanced disease groups, as the life span of drug treated mice increased considerably. Drug induced killing was observed by induction of apoptosis. Naphthal-NU and 5-Nitro-naphthal-NU were effective to normalize the tumor induced structural abnormalities of liver and kidney. The compounds have no immunotoxic effect on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and down regulate CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. CONCLUSION Overall data holds promise for the antitumor activity with lower toxicity of the compounds that can be utilized for the treatment of human malignant tumors.
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Rivkina A, Holodnuka-Kholodyuk I, Murovska M, Soloveichika M, Lejniece S. Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype of ZAP-70⁺ and ZAP-70⁻ patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Exp Oncol 2015; 37:73-76. [PMID: 25804237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, the immune status of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients in association with the expression of zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP-70) in leukemic cells has not been evaluated. AIM The aim of this work was the study of the peripheral blood (PB) T-lymphocyte phenotypes in ZAP-70-positive (ZAP-70(+)) and ZAP-70-negative (ZAP-70(-)) untreated patients with CLL. MATERIALS AND METHODS ZAP-70-, CD25-, CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-positive lymphocytes were enumerated by flow cytometry in PB of 120 untreated CLL patients. CD8+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD25+ cells were counted for the non-leukemic lymphocytes. RESULTS The patients were distributed into two groups: the ZAP-70(+) group of high CLL progression (n = 61), and the ZAP-70(-) group of low CLL progression (n = 59). In the ZAP-70(+) group, the ratio CD4/CD8 (0.33 ± 0.62; p = 0.001) and the numbers of the CD3+ (34.8 ± 8.1%; p = 0.01), CD3+CD4+ (24.4% ± 4.8; p = 0.001), and CD3+CD25+ (6.2 ± 0.91%; p = 0.001) lymphocytes were reduced and the percentage of the CD8+ cells (73.1 ± 4.6%; p = 0.0001) was above the norm. In the ZAP-70(-) group, the number of the CD3+CD4+ cells (36.9 ± 6.1%; p = 0.001) was within the norm, but the numbers of the CD8+ (11.3 ± 1.1%; p = 0.0001) and CD3+ (41.2 ± 5.3%; p = 0.05) lymphocytes were reduced; the ratio CD4/CD8 (3.26 ± 0.88; p = 0.001) and the percentage of the CD3+CD25+ cells (27.1 ± 3.4%; p = 0.0001) were above the norm. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the increased CD4/CD8 ratio, caused by the reduced number of the CD8+ lymphocytes, and the increased number of CD3+CD25+ cells are characteristic for the ZAP-70(-) group (slow progressing) of untreated CLL patients. In ZAP-70(+) patients, the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly below the norm indicating an active disease process. Results of our study contribute to identification of CLL patients with different prognosis in routine diagnostic/prognostic procedures.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/analysis
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Fujimoto N, Kito K, Yoshida T, Tanaka T. Primary cutaneous CD4/CD8-/- TCRαβ T-cell lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol 2015; 95:106-7. [PMID: 24890876 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biopsy
- Blotting, Southern
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Disease Progression
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Prednisone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Scalp/drug effects
- Scalp/immunology
- Scalp/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
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Getachew Y, Cusimano FA, James LP, Thiele DL. The role of intrahepatic CD3+/CD4-/CD8- double negative T (DN T) cells in enhanced acetaminophen toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:264-71. [PMID: 25168425 PMCID: PMC4253711 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of the immune system, specifically NK, NKT and CD3 cells, in acetaminophen (APAP) induced liver injury remains inconsistently defined. In the present study, wild type (C57BL/6J) mice and granzyme B deficient (GrB -/-) mice were treated with acetaminophen to assess the role of the immune system in acute liver injury. Doses of acetaminophen that induced sub lethal liver injury in wild type mice unexpectedly produced fatal hepatotoxicity in granzyme B deficient (GrB -/-) mice. Analysis revealed that GrB -/- mice had an increased population of intrahepatic CD3 (+), CD4 (-), and CD8 (-) lymphocytes expressing the CD69 activation marker and Fas ligand. Depletion of these cells in the GrB -/- and wild type mice made them less susceptible to APAP injury, while depletion of NK1.1 (+) cells or both CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T cells failed to provide the same hepatoprotection. Transfer of the GrB -/- IHLs further exacerbated liver injury and increased mortality in wild type mice but not in LRP/LPR mice, lacking fas expression. CONCLUSIONS Acetaminophen toxicity is enhanced by the presence of activated, FasL expressing intrahepatic CD3 (+), CD4 (-), CD8 (-), NK1.1 (-) T cells. Depletion of these cells from GrB -/- mice and wild type mice greatly reduces mortality and improves the course of liver injury recovery.
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Pinheiro D, Chang YM, Bryant H, Szladovits B, Dalessandri T, Davison LJ, Yallop E, Mills E, Leo C, Lara A, Stell A, Polton G, Garden OA. Dissecting the regulatory microenvironment of a large animal model of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: evidence of a negative prognostic impact of FOXP3+ T cells in canine B cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105027. [PMID: 25119018 PMCID: PMC4132014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer microenvironment plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis, containing a number of regulatory cells that attenuate the anti-neoplastic immune response. While the negative prognostic impact of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of most solid tissue tumors is well established, their role in lymphoid malignancies remains unclear. T cells expressing FOXP3 and Helios were documented in the fine needle aspirates of affected lymph nodes of dogs with spontaneous multicentric B cell lymphoma (BCL), proposed to be a model for human non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Multivariable analysis revealed that the frequency of lymph node FOXP3+ T cells was an independent negative prognostic factor, impacting both progression-free survival (hazard ratio 1.10; p = 0.01) and overall survival (hazard ratio 1.61; p = 0.01) when comparing dogs showing higher than the median FOXP3 expression with those showing the median value of FOXP3 expression or less. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of a population of Tregs operational in canine multicentric BCL that resembles thymic Tregs, which we speculate are co-opted by the tumor from the periphery. We suggest that canine multicentric BCL represents a robust large animal model of human diffuse large BCL, showing clinical, cytological and immunophenotypic similarities with the disease in man, allowing comparative studies of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Porcelli S, Yockey CE, Brenner MB, Balk SP. Pillars article: analysis of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression by human peripheral blood CD4-8- α/β T cells demonstrates preferential use of several Vβ genes and an invariant TCR α chain. J. Exp. Med. 1993. 178: 1-16. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:977-992. [PMID: 25049428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Garzuly F, Hahn K, Iványi LJ, Kereskai L, Gábor V, Kovács GG, Budka H, Kalman B. ASSOCIATION OF TEMPORAL LOBE INFLAMMATORY LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY WITH TWO B CELL MALIGNANCIES. IDEGGYOGYASZATI SZEMLE 2014; 67:135-139. [PMID: 26118258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of etiological connections among virtually distinct diseases in a patient may be sometimes challenging. We report a unique case with two B cell malignancies and an inflammatory leukoencephalopathy. Three days prior to admission, the elderly male patient developed fatigue, headaches, recurrent vomiting, memory disturbances, depression and somnolence. Clinical, laboratory and imaging evaluations as well as post mortem histological studies were performed. Simultaneous presence of primary central nervous system B cell lymphoma, temporal lobe inflammatory leukoencephalopathy and multiple (smoldering) myeloma, was revealed by the detailed work up in the treatment-naïve patient. Based on recent data from genomic studies, we propose that a sequential evolution of molecular pathology lead to the co-occurrence of multiple myeloma and primary central nervous system B cell lymphoma in this patient, and interpret the development of the temporal lobe leukoencephalopathy as a likely paraneoplastic complication of smoldering myeloma.
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Nagase K, Shirai R, Okawa T, Inoue T, Misago N, Narisawa Y. CD4/CD8 double-negative mycosis fungoides mimicking erythema gyratum repens in a patient with underlying lung cancer. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:89-90. [PMID: 23694996 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Aranami T, Iclozan C, Iwabuchi K, Onoé K. IL-7-Dependent Homeostatic Proliferation in the Presence of a Large Number of T Cells inGldMice. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:477-84. [PMID: 15215622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In gld mice, CD4 and 8-double-negative (DN) T cells as well as naive and memory-phenotype T cells accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Although Fas ligand (L) defect accounts for the progressive accumulation of abnormal DN T cells, the existence of other mechanisms which may be involved in the defective homeostasis in gld mice has been unclear. In this study, we analyze T-cell homeostasis in gld mice using adoptive transfer systems. It was shown that a gld, but not C57BL/6 (B6), environment led to augmented proliferation of B6 T cells transferred without up-regulation of CD69. Thus, the augmented T-cell proliferation seemed to result from mal-homeostatic proliferation even in the presence of a large number of recipient T cells. T cells from lpr mice showed no significant proliferation in the B6 environment, suggesting that the absence of Fas-Fas L interaction was not responsible for the mal-homeostatic proliferation. Although similar levels of IL-7 mRNA were detected in gld and B6 spleens, the intensity of CD127 and the proportion of CD127+ cells in the T cells were significantly lower in gld mice than in B6 mice, suggesting that IL-7 excess in a gld environment is responsible for the abnormal proliferation of transferred T cells. The administration of anti-CD127 antibody inhibited the proliferation of transferred lymphocytes. Thus, IL-7-dependent proliferation seems to be involved in the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes in gld recipients.
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de Kruijf EM, Engels CC, van de Water W, Bastiaannet E, Smit VTHBM, van de Velde CJH, Liefers GJ, Kuppen PJK. Tumor immune subtypes distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:355-64. [PMID: 24197659 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that the host's cellular immune response is linked to tumor progression, however its impact on patient outcome in breast cancer is poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to define tumor immune subtypes, focusing on cellular immune responses and investigate their prognostic effect in breast cancer patients. Our training (n = 440) and validation cohort (n = 382) consisted of all early breast cancer patients primarily treated with surgery in our center between 1985 and 1996. Tumor tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for CD8 (CTL) and PEN5 (NK cells). Tumor expression of classical and non-classical human leukocyte antigen class I, and tumor-infiltrating Tregs were previously determined. Tumor immune subtypes were constructed based on quantification of these markers and biological rationale. High, intermediate, and low immune susceptible tumor immune subtypes were found, respectively, in 16, 63, and 20 % of patients in the training cohort and 16, 71, and 13 % in the validation cohort. The subtypes showed to be statistically significant prognostic in multivariate analyses for relapse free period (RFP) [p < 0.0001, intermediate versus high: hazard ratio (HR) 1.95; low versus high HR 2.98] and relative survival (RS) (p = 0.006, intermediate versus high HR 3.84; low versus high: HR 4.26). Validation of these outcome analyses confirmed the independent prognostic associations: RFP (p = 0.025) and RS (p = 0.040). The tumor immune subtypes that we present represent a prognostic profile with solid underlying biological rationale and with high discriminative power confirmed in an independent validation cohort. Our results emphasize the importance of tumor immune surveillance in the control of tumor development and, therefore, in determining patient prognosis. Tumor immune subtype profiling is promising for prognosis prediction and the achievement of tailored treatment for breast cancer patients.
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Dervovic DD, Liang HCY, Cannons JL, Elford AR, Mohtashami M, Ohashi PS, Schwartzberg PL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Cellular and molecular requirements for the selection of in vitro-generated CD8 T cells reveal a role for Notch. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1704-15. [PMID: 23851691 PMCID: PMC3801448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD8 single-positive (SP) T cells is predicated by the ability of lymphocyte progenitors to integrate multiple signaling cues provided by the thymic microenvironment. In the thymus and the OP9-DL1 system for T cell development, Notch signals are required for progenitors to commit to the T cell lineage and necessary for their progression to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development. However, it remains unclear whether Notch is a prerequisite for the differentiation of DP cells to the CD8 SP stage of development. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch receptor-ligand interactions allow for efficient differentiation and selection of conventional CD8 T cells from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. However, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells isolated from Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice gave rise to T cells with decreased IFN-γ production, but gained the ability to produce IL-17. We further reveal that positive and negative selection in vitro are constrained by peptide-MHC class I expressed on OP9 cells. Finally, using an MHC class I-restricted TCR-transgenic model, we show that the commitment of DP precursors to the CD8 T cell lineage is dependent on Notch signaling. Our findings further establish the requirement for Notch receptor-ligand interactions throughout T cell differentiation, including the final step of CD8 SP selection.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Coculture Techniques
- Crosses, Genetic
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Gonçalves AS, Costa NL, Arantes DAC, de Cássia Gonçalves Alencar R, Silva TA, Batista AC. Immune response in cervical lymph nodes from patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:535-40. [PMID: 23278174 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient immune response in the cervical lymph nodes of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma may contribute to dissemination of metastatic neoplastic cells. This study evaluates the immune response in cervical lymph nodes from patients with primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). METHODS The density of immature (CD1a(+)) and mature (CD83(+)) dendritic cells (DCs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes CD8(+) /perforin(+) (CTLs), and Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Tregs) cells in the lymph nodes of patients with OCSCC without cervical lymph node metastases (LN1) (negative) (n = 10) were identified through immunohistochemistry. From patients with cervical lymph node metastases, samples were obtained of lymph nodes both with (LM2) (positive) (n = 10) and without (LN2) (negative) (n = 10) metastases. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the number of CD1a(+) and Foxp3(+) cells was significantly higher in the LM2 group than in either the LN1 or the LN2 group. In addition, the number of CD8(+) /perforin(+) and CD83(+) cells was significantly lower in the LM2 group than in the other groups. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate a higher density of immature DCs and Tregs cells and a lower density of mature DCs and activated CTLs in metastatic than in non-metastatic lymph nodes. These findings might indicate an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which could be involved in the spread of neoplastic cells to cervical lymph nodes.
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Romarheim OH, Hetland DL, Skrede A, Øverland M, Mydland LT, Landsverk T. Prevention of soya-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by bacteria grown on natural gas is dose dependent and related to epithelial MHC II reactivity and CD8α+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1062-70. [PMID: 22813713 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512002899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was carried out to study the preventive effect of bacterial meal (BM) produced from natural gas against plant-induced enteropathy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Salmon were fed a diet based on fish meal (FM) or seven diets with 200 g/kg solvent-extracted soyabean meal (SBM) to induce enteritis in combination with increasing levels of BM from 0 to 300 g/kg. Salmon fed a SBM-containing diet without BM developed typical SBM-induced enteritis. The enteritis gradually disappeared with increasing inclusion of BM. By morphometry, no significant (P>0.05) differences in the size of stretches stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen were found with 150 g/kg BM compared with the FM diet. Increasing BM inclusion caused a gradual decline in the number of cluster of differentiation 8 α positive (CD8α+) intraepithelial lymphocytes, and fish fed BM at 200 g/kg or higher revealed no significant difference from the FM diet. Histological sections stained with antibody for MHC class II (MHC II) showed that fish with intestinal inflammation had more MHC II-reactive cells in the lamina propria and submucosa, but less in the epithelium and brush border, compared with fish without inflammation. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in growth among the diets, but the highest levels of BM slightly reduced protein digestibility and increased the weight of the distal intestine. In conclusion, the prevention of SBM-induced enteritis by BM is dose dependent and related to intestinal levels of MHC II- and CD8α-reactive cells.
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Williams GP, Denniston AKO, Oswal KS, Tomlins PJ, Barry RJ, Rauz S, Curnow SJ. The dominant human conjunctival epithelial CD8αβ+ T cell population is maintained with age but the number of CD4+ T cells increases. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:1517-1528. [PMID: 21948184 PMCID: PMC3528370 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The conjunctiva is a highly specialized ocular mucosal surface that, like other mucosa, houses a number of leukocyte populations. These leukocytes have been implicated in age-related inflammatory diseases such as dry-eye, but their phenotypic characteristics remain largely undetermined. Existing literature provides rudimentary data from predominantly immunohistochemical analyses of tissue sections, prohibiting detailed and longitudinal examination of these cells in health and disease. Using recovered cells from ocular surface impression cytology and flow cytometry, we examined the frequency of leukocyte subsets in human conjunctival epithelium and how this alters with age. Of the total CD45+ leukocyte population within the conjunctival epithelium, 87% [32-99] (median) [range] comprised lymphocytes, with 69% [47-90] identified as CD3 + CD56- T cells. In contrast to peripheral blood, the dominant conjunctival epithelial population was TCRαβ + CD8αβ + (80% [37-100]) with only 10% [0-56%] CD4+ cells. Whilst a significant increase in the CD4+ population was seen with age (r = 0.5; p < 0.01) the CD8+ population remained unchanged, resulting in an increase in the CD4:CD8 ratio (r = 0.5;p < 0.01). IFNγ expression was detectable in 18% [14-48] of conjunctival CD4+ T cells and this was significantly higher among older individuals (<35 years, 7[4-39] vs. >65 years, 43[20-145]; p < 0.05). The elevation of CD4+ cells highlights a potentially important age-related alteration in the conjunctival intra-epithelial leukocyte population, which may account for the vulnerability of the aging ocular surface to disease.
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Bhattarai N, Rydze RT, Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. GB virus C viremia is associated with higher levels of double-negative T cells and lower T-cell activation in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1469-72. [PMID: 22927453 PMCID: PMC3466998 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-negative T cells (DNTCs; ie, CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells) play a role in limiting chronic immune activation. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is associated with reduced T-cell activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. T-cell activation and DNTCs were measured in HIV-infected subjects with a nondetectable HIV load. GBV-C-viremic subjects had significantly reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell activation (P = .003 and .034, respectively) and significantly increased DNTCs (P = .038), compared with nonviremic subjects. GBV-C load correlated with DNTC percentage (P = .004). Thus, GBV-C infection is associated with an increase in DNTCs, which may contribute to reduced immune activation during HIV infection.
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Liu H, Zhang T, Ye J, Li H, Huang J, Li X, Wu B, Huang X, Hou J. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to chemotherapy in patients with advance non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1849-56. [PMID: 22456757 PMCID: PMC11029471 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that anticancer immune responses contribute to the success of chemotherapy. The predictive significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of TIL subtypes in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In total, 159 patients with stage III and IV NSCLC were retrospectively enrolled. The prevalence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) TILs was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue obtained before chemotherapy. The density of TILs subgroups was treated as dichotomous variables using the median values as cutoff. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in overall survival between groups were determined using the Log-rank test. Prognostic effects of TIL subsets density were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. The presence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and FOXP3(+) TILs was not correlated with any clinicopathological features. Neither the prevalence of TILs nor combined analysis displayed obvious prognostic performances for overall survival in Cox regression model. Instead, higher FOXP3(+)/CD8(+) ratio in tumor sites was an independent factor for poor response to platinum-based chemotherapy in overall cohort. These findings suggest that immunological CD8(+) and FOXP3(+)Tregs cell infiltrate within tumor environment is predictive of response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. The understanding of the clinical relevance of the microenvironmental immunological milieu might provide an important clue for the design of novel strategies in cancer immunotherapy.
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Staab J, Barth PJ, Meyer T. Cell-type-specific expression of STAT transcription factors in tissue samples from patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Endocr Pathol 2012; 23:141-50. [PMID: 22527947 PMCID: PMC3417099 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-012-9204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cytokine-regulated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins was histochemically assessed in patients diagnosed as having Hashimoto's disease or focal lymphocytic thyroiditis (n = 10). All surgical specimens showed histological features of lymphocytic thyroiditis, including a diffuse infiltration with mononuclear cells and an incomplete loss of thyroid follicles, resulting in the destruction of glandular tissue architecture. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated differential expression patterns of the various members of the STAT transcription factors examined, indicating that each member of this conserved protein family has its distinct functions in the development of the disease. Using an antibody that specifically recognized the phosphorylated tyrosine residue in position 701, we detected activated STAT1 dimers in numerous germinal macrophages and infiltrating lymphocytes as well as in oncocytes. In contrast, STAT3 expression was restricted to epithelial cells and showed a clear colocalization with the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, expression of phospho-STAT3 was associated with low levels of stromal fibrosis, suggesting that STAT3 serves as a protective factor in the remodeling of the inflamed thyroid gland. Phospho-STAT5 immunoreactivity was detected in numerous infiltrating cells of hematopoietic origin and, additionally, in hyperplastic follicular epithelia. This tissue distribution demonstrated that activated STAT5 molecules participate in both lymphocytopoiesis and possibly also in the buildup of regenerating thyroid follicles. Taken together, the cell-type-specific expression patterns of STAT proteins in human lymphocytic thyroiditis reflect their distinct and partially antagonistic roles in orchestrating the balance between degenerating and regenerating processes within a changing cytokine environment.
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Zhang L, Katselis GS, Moore RE, Lekpor K, Goto RM, Hunt HD, Lee TD, Miller MM. MHC class I target recognition, immunophenotypes and proteomic profiles of natural killer cells within the spleens of day-14 chick embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:446-456. [PMID: 22446732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chicken natural killer (NK) cells are not well defined, so little is known about the molecular interactions controlling their activity. At day 14 of embryonic development, chick spleens are a rich source of T-cell-free CD8αα(+), CD3(-) cells with natural killing activity. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays revealed complex NK cell discrimination of MHC class I, suggesting the presence of multiple NK cell receptors. Immunophenotyping of freshly isolated and recombinant chicken interleukin-2-stimulated d14E CD8αα(+) CD3(-) splenocytes provided further evidence for population heterogeneity. Complex patterns of expression were found for CD8α, chB6 (Bu-1), CD1-1, CD56 (NCAM), KUL01, CD5, and CD44. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed an array of NK cell proteins, including the NKR2B4 receptor. DAVID and KEGG analyses and additional immunophenotyping revealed NK cell activation pathways and evidence for monocytes within the splenocyte cultures. This study provides an underpinning for further investigation into the specificity and function of NK cells in birds.
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Nielsen JS, Sahota RA, Milne K, Kost SE, Nesslinger NJ, Watson PH, Nelson BH. CD20+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have an atypical CD27- memory phenotype and together with CD8+ T cells promote favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3281-92. [PMID: 22553348 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), in particular CD8(+) T cells and CD20(+) B cells, are strongly associated with survival in ovarian cancer and other carcinomas. Although CD8(+) TIL can mediate direct cytolytic activity against tumors, the role of CD20(+) TIL is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the possible contributions of CD20(+) TIL to humoral and cellular tumor immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor and serum specimens were obtained from patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer. CD8(+) and CD20(+) TIL were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin molecules were evaluated by DNA sequencing. Serum autoantibody responses to the tumor antigens p53 and NY-ESO-1 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The vast majority of CD20(+) TIL were antigen experienced, as evidenced by class-switching, somatic hypermutation, and oligoclonality, yet they failed to express the canonical memory marker CD27. CD20(+) TIL showed no correlation with serum autoantibodies to p53 or NY-ESO-1. Instead, they colocalized with activated CD8(+) TIL and expressed markers of antigen presentation, including MHC class I, MHC class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. The presence of both CD20(+) and CD8(+) TIL correlated with increased patient survival compared with CD8(+) TIL alone. CONCLUSIONS In high-grade serous ovarian tumors, CD20(+) TIL have an antigen-experienced but atypical CD27(-) memory B-cell phenotype. They are uncoupled from serum autoantibodies, express markers of antigen-presenting cells, and colocalize with CD8(+) T cells. We propose that the association between CD20(+) TIL and patient survival may reflect a supportive role in cytolytic immune responses.
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Rizzo FA, Vilar EG, Pantaleão L, Fonseca EC, Magrin PF, Henrique-Xavier M, Rochael MC. [Mycosis fungoides in children and adolescents: a report of six cases with predominantly hypopigmentation, along with a literature review]. Dermatol Online J 2012; 18:5. [PMID: 22483516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is mainly manifested in the elderly. However, it has been described in children and teenagers. OBJECTIVES To report six patients with mycosis fungoides diagnosed in patients under 20 years of age. Our focus is on epidemiologic data, clinical features, histopathological aspects, and immunophenotypical findings. METHODS The files of all patients diagnosed with CTCL at Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (HUAP) / Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil, from 2007 to 2010 were searched to identify patients under 20 years of age. Slides were reviewed with routine methods (H&E) and immunohistochemical stains by two dermatopathologists and one surgical pathologist. RESULTS Among a total of 66 patients with MF, six were children and adolescents between five and nineteen years of age. Most of them had dark skin and presented with the hypopigmented variant of MF; some expressed the T cell CD8+ phenotype, although the prognosis remains the same as for classical CTCL. The main histopathological findings were basilar lymphocytes, Pautrier microabscesses, eccrine infiltration, and dermal fibrosis. One patient had shown pityriasis lichenoides chronica for 10 years before the diagnosis of MF. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of juvenile mycosis fungoides has increased, corresponding to 9.1 percent of patients diagnosed with MF in our institution in four years. In this sample, 83.3 percent of the patients had the hypopigmented variant and 50 percent of them showed the CD3+/CD8+ T cells phenotype. We emphasize the occurrence of pityriasis lichenoides chronica before the onset of MF in one of our cases. This association, although rare, must be considered in cases of atypical evolution of PLC. The diagnosis of hypopigmented MF should also be considered in patients when hypochromic patches are persistent. We would like to highlight the importance of Pautrier microabscesses, basilar distribution, and eccrine involvement by neoplastic lymphocytes as histopathological diagnostic criteria for this variant of MF.
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Arismendi MI, Kallás EG, Santos BAND, Carneiro-Sampaio MMS, Kayser C. Thymopoiesis and regulatory T cells in healthy children and adolescents. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:425-9. [PMID: 22666784 PMCID: PMC3351266 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(05)04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between T cell receptor excision circle levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and regulatory T cells that co-express CD25 and Foxp3 in healthy children and adolescents of different ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS The quantification of signal-joint T-cell receptor excision circle levels in the genomic DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed using real-time quantitative PCR. The analysis of CD4, CD8, CD25, and Foxp3 expression was performed using flow cytometry. RESULTS Ninety-five healthy controls (46 females and 49 males) ranging in age from 1 to 18 years were analyzed. The mean T-cell receptor excision circle count in all individuals was 89.095 ± 36.790 T-cell receptor excision circles per microgram of DNA. There was an inverse correlation between T-cell receptor excision circles counts and age (r = -0.846; p<0.001) as well as between the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and age (r = -0.467; p = 0.04). In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the amount of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and the amount of T-cell receptor excision circles per microgram of DNA in individuals of all ages (r = -0.529; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed a decrease in the thymic function with age based on the fact that the level of T-cell receptor excision circles in the peripheral blood positively correlated with the proportion of regulatory T cells in healthy children and adolescents. These findings indicate that although T-cell receptor excision circles and regulatory T cells levels decrease with age, homeostasis of the immune system and relative regulatory T cells population levels are maintained in the peripheral blood.
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Wen K, Li G, Bui T, Liu F, Li Y, Kocher J, Lin L, Yang X, Yuan L. High dose and low dose Lactobacillus acidophilus exerted differential immune modulating effects on T cell immune responses induced by an oral human rotavirus vaccine in gnotobiotic pigs. Vaccine 2011; 30:1198-207. [PMID: 22178726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strain-specific effects of probiotics in pro- or anti-inflammatory immune responses have been well recognized. Several proinflammatory Lactobacillus strains have been shown to act as adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines. However, dose effects of probiotics in modulating immune responses are not clearly understood. This study examined the dose effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) NCFM strain on T cell immune responses to rotavirus vaccination in a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model. METHODS Frequencies of IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and IL-10 and TGF-β producing CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25- regulatory T (Treg) cell responses were determined in the intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs vaccinated with an oral human rotavirus vaccine in conjunction with low dose (5 feedings; up to 10(6) colony forming units [CFU]/dose) or high dose (14 feedings; up to 10(9)CFU/dose) or without LA feeding. RESULTS Low dose LA significantly promoted IFN-γ producing T cell responses and down-regulated Treg cell responses and their TGF-β and IL-10 productions in all the tissues compared to the high dose LA and control groups. To the contrary, high dose LA increased the frequencies of Treg cells in most of the tissues compared to the control groups. The dose effects of LA on IFN-γ producing T cell and CD4+CD25- Treg cell immune responses were similar in the intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues and were independent from the vaccination. CONCLUSION Thus the same probiotic strain in different doses can either promote or suppress IFN-γ producing T cell or Treg cell immune responses. These findings have significant implications in the use of probiotic lactobacilli as immunostimulatory versus immunoregulatory agents. Probiotics can be ineffective or even detrimental if not used at the optimal dosage for the appropriate purposes.
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Sotillo J, Trelis M, Fried B, Marcilla A, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Cellular immune responses in Echinostoma caproni experimentally infected mice. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1033-6. [PMID: 21845414 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Echinostoma caproni-mice system is extensively used as an experimental model for the study of the factors involved in the establishment of chronic intestinal helminth infections. Although several parameters of the immunobiology of the host-parasite system have been studied in detail, the current knowledge of the cellular responses in these infections is still scarce. In the present paper, we analyze the kinetics of the circulating CD3(+) and CD19(+) cell populations and the different T-cell phenotype profiles in mice experimentally infected with E. caproni. Whereas the CD3(+) populations remained stable during the complete experiment, a marked increase in CD19(+) cells was observed from 4 weeks post-infection and beyond. Similarly, a marked increase in CD8(+) cell populations was observed in the 2 week post-infection. Our results show that E. caproni infection in mice alters the peripheral lymphoid cell populations, which may be important to determine the course of the infection. In this sense, CD8(+) cells can be essential in relation to their role as a source of IFN-γ.
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Morrot A, Terra-Granado E, Pérez AR, Silva-Barbosa SD, Milićević NM, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Berbert LR, De Meis J, Takiya CM, Beloscar J, Wang X, Kont V, Peterson P, Bottasso O, Savino W. Chagasic thymic atrophy does not affect negative selection but results in the export of activated CD4+CD8+ T cells in severe forms of human disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1268. [PMID: 21858238 PMCID: PMC3156684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrathymic CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells are increased in some pathophysiological conditions, including infectious diseases. In the murine model of Chagas disease, it has been shown that the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is able to target the thymus and induce alterations of the thymic microenvironment and the lymphoid compartment. In the acute phase, this results in a severe atrophy of the organ and early release of DP cells into the periphery. To date, the effect of the changes promoted by the parasite infection on thymic central tolerance has remained elusive. Herein we show that the intrathymic key elements that are necessary to promote the negative selection of thymocytes undergoing maturation during the thymopoiesis remains functional during the acute chagasic thymic atrophy. Intrathymic expression of the autoimmune regulator factor (Aire) and tissue-restricted antigen (TRA) genes is normal. In addition, the expression of the proapoptotic Bim protein in thymocytes was not changed, revealing that the parasite infection-induced thymus atrophy has no effect on these marker genes necessary to promote clonal deletion of T cells. In a chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic system, the administration of OVA peptide into infected mice with thymic atrophy promoted OVA-specific thymocyte apoptosis, further indicating normal negative selection process during the infection. Yet, although the intrathymic checkpoints necessary for thymic negative selection are present in the acute phase of Chagas disease, we found that the DP cells released into the periphery acquire an activated phenotype similar to what is described for activated effector or memory single-positive T cells. Most interestingly, we also demonstrate that increased percentages of peripheral blood subset of DP cells exhibiting an activated HLA-DR+ phenotype are associated with severe cardiac forms of human chronic Chagas disease. These cells may contribute to the immunopathological events seen in the Chagas disease. The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ that plays an important role on the development of the immune system and maturation of the T cell repertoire. During the normal life span, this organ undergoes involution during the aging and also in the presence of a wide variety of infectious diseases. It has been shown that the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is able to target the thymus and induce alterations of the thymic microenvironment. In the acute phase, this results in a severe atrophy of the organ and early release of immature double-positive (DP) T cells into the periphery. The effect of the changes promoted by the parasite infection on thymic central tolerance has remained not clear. The present study shows that the intrathymic key elements that promote the negative selection of thymocytes during the thymopoiesis remains functional in the acute chagasic thymic atrophy. However, we found that the DP cells released into the periphery acquire an activated phenotype and its high frequency in the peripheral blood are associated with severe cardiac forms of human chronic Chagas disease.
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Li Q, Ruan Z, Zhang H, Peng N, Zhao S, Qin L, Chen X. Characterization of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in Chinese rhesus macaques with repeated or long-term infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:961-9. [PMID: 21842385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a vital role in antimalaria immunity, but there is little information about the role of T cells in malaria infection. In order to explore the profile of T cells in malaria immunity, we infected Chinese rhesus macaques with the malaria parasite (Plasmodium cynomolgi) and examined the dynamics of T cell subsets. Both repeated and long-term infections were involved. Our results showed that the monkeys in the repeated infection group acquired protective immunity through primary infection, which was evidenced by a much lower parasitemia, milder anemia, and milder fever during reinfection; the monkeys in the long-term infection group also developed protective immunity, but this was not sufficient to eliminate the parasite. The total counts of leukocytes, neutrophils, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, and naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells declined during the acute phase of malaria but increased after the parasite was controlled. The total number of activated CD4+ T cells significantly increased during malaria in animals with a long-term infection, which remained at least 3 months after the termination of malaria. However, the activated CD4+ T cells decreased during the acute phase of infection in the repeated infection group and converted to preinfection levels after malaria was cured. Regulatory CD4+ T cells continued to increase during the malaria infections and quickly reverted to preinfection levels after the parasite was controlled. Our study provides a systematic analysis of the kinetic profiles of T lymphocyte subsets during malaria infections and provides some experimental insight into malaria immunology.
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