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Haugh R. Legal. E-disclosures. HOSPITALS & HEALTH NETWORKS 2006; 80:22, 24. [PMID: 16964892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Hsu DJ, Huang HL, Lin HY, Lin TS. Potential volatile organic compound exposure from dry process photocopiers in operation-idle mode. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2006; 76:922-9. [PMID: 16855896 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-006-1006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Raths D. Image is everything. Many healthcare organizations are finding that document imaging is a first critical step in the long march toward electronic medical records. HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS : THE BUSINESS MAGAZINE FOR INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2006; 23:26-9. [PMID: 16749229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
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Thorsen O, Grimsmo A. [Should patients in general practice be offered a copy of their medical record?]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2006; 126:603-4. [PMID: 16505870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Is it useful for patients in general practice to have a copy of their medical record, and will this increase the quality of the record? What do patients and their doctors think about such a practice? MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight general practitioners participated in a study where they should ask their patients if they wanted at copy of their medical record after the consultation. The doctors were asked about what they felt about such a practice. 181 patients participated. RESULTS 126 patients (70%) wanted to read their medical record. Among these, 118 (94%) reported that the record covered the problem they came for, 104 (83%) that it was useful to read what the doctor had written, and 96 (76%) that this practice should be more common. The doctors answered that the records became somewhat changed and longer and were more time-consuming. Most of the doctors thought that the quality of the medical record improved and that the procedure could well be standardised. INTERPRETATION The results indicate that many patients in general practice will find it useful to read their medical record. The study may indicate a better quality of the record when doctors are aware that the patients will have a copy.
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Lee CW, Dai YT, Chien CH, Hsu DJ. Characteristics and health impacts of volatile organic compounds in photocopy centers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:139-49. [PMID: 16045905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the indoor air quality of typical photocopy centers in Taiwan to evaluate the human health risk following inhalation exposure. Both personal and area samplings were conducted at seven photocopy centers in the Tainan area from July 2002 to March 2003, which covered both summer and winter seasons in Taiwan. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and styrene (BTEXS) measurements indicated no difference between personal and area samplings (P>0.05) and found that air conditioning improves indoor air quality. The additive factor at each photocopy center was significantly below 1.0, based on the current BTEXS permissible exposure limits in Taiwan. However, the mean benzene and styrene levels in the current study were 138 and 18 times, respectively, higher than those in another study conducted in the United States. Comparison of mass ratios of BTEXS with those of several chamber studies revealed that the photocopier is not the only volatile organic compound (VOC) source in photocopy centers. The lifetime cancer and noncancer risks for workers exposed to VOCs were also assessed. Results show that all seven centers in this study had a lifetime cancer risk exceeding 1x10(-6) (ranging from 2.5x10(-3) to 8.5x10(-5)). Regarding noncancer risk, levels of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and styrene were below the reference levels in all photocopy centers; however, the hazard indices for all still exceeded 1.0 (range 26.2-1.8) because of the high level of benzene in the photocopy centers.
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Dunn R. A quick scan of bar coding. When planning document imaging systems, don't forget the bar codes. JOURNAL OF AHIMA 2006; 77:50-2, 54. [PMID: 16475736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Hsu DJ, Huang HL, Chien CH, Lin TS. Potential exposure to VOCs caused by dry process photocopiers: results from a chamber study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2005; 75:1150-5. [PMID: 16402305 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-005-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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Hicks D, McGeorge B. Copying clinic letters to patients. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE 2005; 31:337. [PMID: 16274579 DOI: 10.1783/jfp.31.2.337d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Charif RA, Cortopassi KA, Figueroa HK, Fitzpatrick JW, Fristrup KM, Lammertink M, Luneau MD, Powers ME, Rosenberg KV. Notes and double knocks from Arkansas. Science 2005; 309:1489. [PMID: 16141046 DOI: 10.1126/science.309.5740.1489c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Manning JT, Fink B, Neave N, Caswell N. Photocopies yield lower digit ratios (2D:4D) than direct finger measurements. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2005; 34:329-33. [PMID: 15971015 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-005-3121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ratio between 2nd and 4th digit length (2D:4D) may be a negative correlate of prenatal testosterone. This possibility has led to a number of studies of 2D:4D and its relationship with sexual orientation and other sex-dependent traits. At first, 2D:4D ratio was calculated from measurements made directly on the fingers but recently a number of studies have used measurements from photocopies of the hands. Here, we compared finger lengths (2D, 3D, 4D, and 5D) and ratios obtained from these two measurement techniques. Our sample consisted of 30 homosexual men and 50 men and 70 women who were not selected for their sexual orientation. We found evidence that (1)2D:4D from photocopies tended to be lower than that from direct measurements, (2) there were differences in finger lengths such that 2D from photocopies tended to be shorter or equal in length to direct measurements, while 4D from photocopies tended to be longer or equal in length to direct measurements, (3) the sex differences in 2D:4D tended to be stronger for photocopy measurements, and (4) the pattern for length differences across 2D to 5D appeared to be different for homosexual men compared to men and women recruited without regard to sexual orientation. We conclude that there are differences in digit ratios obtained from photocopies and direct measurements, and these differences arise from length differences recorded from the different protocols. Therefore, 2D:4D ratios obtained from photocopies and direct measurements should not be combined within one study nor should they be used together in comparative studies. We suggest that finger length differences between the two techniques could result from the shapes of fat-pads at the tips of the fingers and these may be dependent on sex and sexual orientation.
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Al-Dashti AA, Cook PA, Curzon ME. A comparative study on methods of measuring mesiodistal tooth diameters for interceptive orthodontic space analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY 2005; 6:97-104. [PMID: 16004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to find the most reliable method of measurement of mesiodistal tooth diameter. METHODS Measurements were made of all erupted permanent teeth of 14 orthodontic study casts. These measurements were made directly by using A) a digital calliper, B) measuring photocopies of casts with a calliper, C) a Magiscan Image Analysis using a photocopy of the casts. Measurements derived from the two methods were compared by statistical analysis. RESULTS These showed that the electronic digital calliper was the most reliable method of measuring mesiodistal tooth diameter using dental study casts. The measurement of photocopies was unreliable and the image analysis method had a too high error factor.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors conducted this study to determine if proximal caries diagnoses made using bitewing radiographic images printed on photographic paper were comparable with diagnoses made using traditional radiographic film images. METHODS The authors digitized 15 posterior bitewing radiographs that contained 74 carious and 127 sound unrestored proximal surfaces and printed them on photographic paper. Fourteen dentists evaluated the radiographs and two printed image formats (4 x 3 centimeters and 8 x 6 cm) for evidence of caries. The diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement for caries diagnoses obtained in the two printed image formats were compared with those for radiographic film images. RESULTS Overall, the diagnostic accuracy of printed images did not differ significantly from radiographic film images for dentinal caries. However, for caries limited to the enamel surface, a decrease in sensitivity was noted in six of the 14 observers for the smaller print images, while no significant differences in the diagnoses of enamel caries were observed among any of the observers in the enlarged print format. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that printed images can be used to diagnose dental caries reliably. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The results of this study indicate that the diagnostic information obtained by viewing printed images is equivalent to that obtained by viewing standard radiographs. Size of the printed image also may be important in caries diagnosis and care must be taken to print bitewing radiographic images at a size that optimizes interpretation. Other factors that must be considered are the type of printer, printer resolution, paper quality and type of ink used. With careful consideration of printing parameters, clinicians can be assured of diagnostic quality in printed images.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of radiographic film holders, from their inception in the early 1900s to present day. METHODS A Medline literature search was conducted for dental studies that used keywords that pertain to radiographic film holders. Hand searches of the bibliographies were also conducted. Sixty articles (dating from 1896 to 1998) that describe new or improved film holders are reviewed here. RESULTS From the earliest days of dental radiography, dentists attempted to standardize radiographic images and techniques. The focus of researchers in the 1950s to the 1970s was to develop a film holder that would hold the film and allow easy and predictable alignment of the X-ray tube. As research projects became more dependent on dental radiographic measurements, the focus shifted to producing reproducible radiographic images, from which highly repeatable measurements could be made. CONCLUSION Existing devices have strengths and weaknesses. Readily available devices are adequate for routine clinical use; however, user-friendly and patient-friendly film-holding devices that result in highly reliable and accurate measurements have yet to be introduced.
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Self-determination form documents patient choices. Form includes information in triplicate. HOSPITAL CASE MANAGEMENT : THE MONTHLY UPDATE ON HOSPITAL-BASED CARE PLANNING AND CRITICAL PATHS 2005; 13:23-6. [PMID: 15709557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE This article aims to explore the value of deconstruction in the analysis of a health policy document. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Following a brief overview of the philosophy and concepts of deconstruction, the historical and political context of the document Copying Letters to Patients: Good Practice Guidelines is clarified. Deconstructive techniques are employed to systematically analyse the document, pursuing concepts such as the identification and exploration of marginalisation within the text; analysis of figures of self-reference; the revelation of asymmetrical oppositions within the text; identification of tensions and instabilities within the text; and analysis of ways in which the text suggests a difference in emphasis from the apparent primary intention. FINDINGS Through utilisation of the key concepts of deconstruction, it is revealed how the policy document in question becomes freed from a passive acceptance of the words as fact, and its authority is brought into question. The masquerade of coherence and continuity within the article is dismantled and its inconsistencies and contradictions are exposed. The authors' stated attempts to prioritise the wishes and wellbeing of patients over the medical hierarchy are revealed as being subject to question and the influence of politics over health policy highlighted. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This article reveals how, by using deconstruction as a focus, the linguistic means by which a text exercises its power can be interrogated and the ideological assumptions underpinning its production revealed. As such a new and informative perspective is added.
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Levy N. Plagiarism. NURSE AUTHOR & EDITOR 2005; 15:7-8. [PMID: 15989151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Theodorakou C, Horrocks JA, Marshall NW, Speller RD. A novel method for producing x-ray test objects and phantoms. Phys Med Biol 2004; 49:1423-38. [PMID: 15152683 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/8/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for producing customized x-ray test objects and clinically realistic phantoms has been developed. Test objects can be created with a drawing software package and the digital images can be printed on a standard inkjet printer but using potassium iodide solution in place of the cartridge's ink. The reproducibility and the consistency, the limiting spatial resolution, the uniformity as well as the potassium iodide thickness per print have been evaluated. The relationship between the number of prints, grey levels and the radiation contrast was investigated and quantified. A copy of the Leeds TO10 contrast detail test object was printed and the x-ray images of the Leeds TO10 and of the printed Leeds TO10 were compared. In addition, the potential use of this method was demonstrated by reproducing a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty clinical digital image. The reproducibility and consistency of this method was found to be better than 0.1%. The limiting spatial resolution of the printer using ink was found to be 3.55 1p mm(-1) but it deteriorated when the ink was replaced with potassium iodide and as the print density increases. The uniformity across the printed area was found to be satisfactory although an artefact due to the printer was present in the x-ray images. The comparison between the Leeds TO10 and the printed Leeds TO10 gave differences less than 10%. A good agreement between the clinical image and the printed clinical image was found. In conclusion, the method is a reliable, cost-effective, flexible and alternative way for producing x-ray test objects and clinically related phantoms.
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Goud KI, Hasan Q, Balakrishna N, Rao KP, Ahuja YR. Genotoxicity evaluation of individuals working with photocopying machines. Mutat Res 2004; 563:151-8. [PMID: 15364281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Revised: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Photocopying machines are a common sight in the cities of India. There is ample evidence showing that the components of toners individually or in the form of a complex mixture are genotoxic. Toxic components of the photocopiers are from their emissions, toners and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). In the present study micronucleus test (MNT) on buccal epithelial cells, cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay and chromosomal aberration analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed on 98 workers occupationally involved in photocopying and 90 age and sex matched controls. The results showed a significant increase in the frequency of MN in buccal epithelial cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as chromosomal aberrations in the exposed as compared to the control subjects.
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Binkert CA, Baker PD, Petersen BD, Szumowski J, Kaufman JA. Peripheral Vascular Disease: Blinded Study of Dedicated Calf MR Angiography versus Standard Bolus-Chase MR Angiography and Film Hard-Copy Angiography. Radiology 2004; 232:860-6. [PMID: 15333800 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2323030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the accuracy of contrast material-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) dedicated calf magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with that of bolus-chase MR angiography, with conventional angiography as the reference standard, in patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease (PVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty men with symptomatic PVD were examined. MR angiography was performed at 1.5 T before conventional angiography. MR angiographic examination included 3D contrast-enhanced dedicated calf MR angiography and three-station bolus-chase MR angiography. Two radiologists blinded to conventional angiographic results evaluated the MR angiograms independently. Two angiographers evaluated the conventional angiograms in consensus. Calf artery segments were graded as having 50% or less stenosis, greater than 50% stenosis, or occlusion or as being nondiagnostic. Statistical analyses were performed with paired permutation testing. RESULTS Analyses of 472 calf segments and 420 pelvic and thigh segments were performed. Of the 472 calf segments, three and 75 segments (reader 1) and seven and 91 segments (reader 2) were graded as nondiagnostic at dedicated calf MR angiography and bolus-chase MR angiography, respectively. Differences in diagnostic grade between the two examinations were significant (P <.001), accounting for within-subject correlations, with a mean estimated difference of -17.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -25.8%, -8.4%). In the calf arteries, the dedicated and bolus-chase MR angiographic sequences had diagnostic accuracies, respectively, of 81.5% (reader 1) and 79.1% (reader 2) and of 67.8% (reader 1) and 63.4% (reader 2). The dedicated calf sequence was significantly more accurate than the bolus-chase sequence (P =.001). The point estimate of the difference was 14.7%, with estimated correct diagnosis rates of 80.3% and 65.6% for the dedicated calf and bolus-chase examinations, respectively (95% CI for difference: 4.0%, 25.4%). The diagnostic accuracy of bolus-chase MR angiography at the pelvis-thigh level was slightly higher when it was performed first: 81.9% (reader 1) and 83.8% (reader 2) versus 74.3% (reader 1) and 80.0% (reader 2) when it was performed last. The difference was not significant (P =.21). CONCLUSION Use of dedicated calf MR angiography led to significantly increased diagnostic accuracy in the calf arteries compared with standard bolus-chase MR angiography. Use of the dual-bolus technique did not jeopardize the diagnostic accuracy in the pelvic and thigh arteries.
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Goo JM, Choi JY, Im JG, Lee HJ, Chung MJ, Han D, Park SH, Kim JH, Nam SH. Effect of monitor luminance and ambient light on observer performance in soft-copy reading of digital chest radiographs. Radiology 2004; 232:762-6. [PMID: 15273338 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2323030628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the combined effects of monitor luminance and ambient light on observer performance for detecting abnormalities in a soft-copy interpretation of digital chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 254 digital chest radiographs were displayed on a high-resolution cathode ray tube monitor at three luminance levels (25, 50, and 100 foot-lamberts) under three ambient light levels (0, 50, and 460 lux). Six chest radiologists reviewed each image in nine modes of combined luminance and ambient light. The observers were allowed to adjust the window width and level of the soft-copy images. The abnormalities included nodule, pneumothorax, and interstitial disease. Observer performance was analyzed in terms of the receiver operating characteristics. The observers reported their subjective level of visual fatigue with each viewing mode. A statistical test was conducted for each of the abnormalities and for fatigue score by using repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance with an interaction. RESULTS The detection of nodules was the only reading that was affected by the ambient light with a statistically significant difference (P <.05). Otherwise, observer performance for detecting a nodule, pneumothorax, and interstitial disease was not significantly different in the nine-mode comparison. There was no evidence that the luminance of the monitors was related to the ambient light for any of the abnormalities. The fatigue score showed a statistically significant difference due to both the luminance and ambient light. CONCLUSION When adequate window width and level are applied to soft-copy images, the primary diagnosis with chest radiographs on the monitor is unlikely to be affected under low ambient light and a monitor luminance of 25 foot-lamberts or more.
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Rybicki BA, Amend KL, Maliarik MJ, Iannuzzi MC. Photocopier exposure and risk of sarcoidosis in African-American sibs. SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES 2004; 21:49-55. [PMID: 15127975 DOI: 10.1007/s11083-004-2862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a family study of sarcoidosis in African-Americans, we detected a positive association between sarcoidosis and ever working in a sales or clerical occupation. This finding, and case reports of granulomatous lung disease in patients with photocopier toner dust exposure, led us to hypothesize that sarcoidosis risk may increase as a result of photocopier exposure. METHODS Retrospective data on photocopier use and maintenance were collected from African-American sarcoidosis cases and their first degree relatives. The study sample consisted of 181 African-American sibships where one or more members had a history of sarcoidosis (n = 540). RESULTS Sarcoidosis was statistically significantly associated with ever using a photocopier (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-2.46), and ever changing photocopier toner or carrying out photocopier maintenance (OR = 2.88, 95% CI 1.83-4.54). In a conditional logistic regression model that adjusted for age and sex, the OR associated with a sarcoidosis history and being in the highest tertile of photocopier exposure ranged from 1.83 to 2.19 depending on the exposure measure used. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that photocopier toner dust may be a previously unrecognized antigen in the pathophysiology of some patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis.
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Gijbels F, Sanderink G, Pauwels H, Jacobs R. Subjective image quality of digital panoramic radiographs displayed on monitor and printed on various hardcopy media. Clin Oral Investig 2004; 8:25-9. [PMID: 14652733 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-003-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 10/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The subjective image quality of panoramic radiographs shown on a diagnostic computer monitor were compared with professional direct thermal prints and with common inkjet prints on different paper qualities. Indirect digital panoramic radiographs were obtained from 15 patients. The images were printed with a direct thermal printer in their original format. Afterwards, these were loaded in an imaging software programme (Microsoft Photo Editor) and assessed both on computer monitor and inkjet prints on transparency, glossy, satin and regular paper. Five observers assessed subjective image quality for different regions and anatomical landmarks on a 5-point rating scale. Data were statistically analysed and inter- and intra-observer performances were calculated. Best image quality was obtained with direct thermal prints, followed in descending order by panoramic images viewed on the monitor, inkjet prints on transparencies, glossy paper, satin paper and finally regular paper. The differences were significant except for monitor images versus direct thermal prints, inkjet-transparencies and inkjet-glossy images and inkjet-satin versus inkjet-glossy images. The subjective image quality of indirect digital panoramic images is different for images shown on the computer monitor and for printed images depending on both the printer and paper type used.
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Kouble RF, Craig GT. A comparison between direct and indirect methods available for human bite mark analysis. J Forensic Sci 2004; 49:111-8. [PMID: 14979355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Comparison techniques used in bite mark analysis are many and varied, the choice of technique depending largely on personal preference. Until recently, no one technique has been shown to be better than the others, and very little research has been carried out to compare different methods. This study evaluates and compares the accuracy of direct comparisons between suspects' models and bite marks with indirect comparisons in the form of conventional traced overlays of suspects' models or a new method using photocopier-generated overlays. Artificial bite marks in pigskin were made using standardized sets of models and recorded as photographs and fingerprint powder lifts on tape. The bite mark photographs and fingerprint lifts were coded and randomized so that a blind comparison could be made with the models, traced overlays, and photocopier-generated overlays using a modified version of the American Board of Forensic Odontology Scoring (ABFO) System for Bite Marks. It was found that the photocopier-generated overlays were significantly more accurate at matching the correct bite mark to the correct models irrespective of whether the bite mark was recorded photographically or as a fingerprint lift. The photocopier-generated overlays were also found to be more sensitive at matching the correct bite marks to the correct models than the other two methods used. The modified ABFO scoring system was able to discriminate between a correct match and several incorrect matches by awarding a high score to the correct match.
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Henschel DB, Fortmann RC, Roache NF, Liu X. Potential for reducing indoor styrene exposure from copied paper through use of low-emitting toners. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2003; 53:1347-1354. [PMID: 14649754 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tests were conducted using 53-L dynamic chambers to determine airborne styrene emission rates over time from freshly copied paper. Copies were produced on a single photocopier using two toners manufactured for this copier but having different styrene contents. The resulting emission models were used to predict whether indoor styrene concentrations resulting from copied paper in a typical office might be significantly reduced by use of a low-emitting toner for a given copier. The styrene emissions were best represented by either a 3rd-order decay model or by a power law model having an exponent between 0.3 and 0.5 (R2 = 0.94-0.99). The two toners resulted in copied paper having significantly different styrene emissions (p < 0.01), with unit mass emissions over 1000 hr being nine times greater with the higher-emitting toner. But copied paper is predicted to produce peak indoor styrene concentrations in a typical office no more than 1% of the World Health Organization health-based guideline. Thus, for the toners considered here, indoor styrene exposures from copied paper appear to be too limited to provide incentive for switching to the lower-emitting toner. The ability to generalize these conclusions is limited by the fact that only one copier and two toners could be tested.
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Salladay SA. Lab report lapse. Nursing 2003; 33:66. [PMID: 12918491 DOI: 10.1097/00152193-200308000-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hill TW. Hospital libraries and technology. NATIONAL NETWORK (DALLAS, TEX.) 2003; 28:10. [PMID: 12964472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Zhou JF, Chen WW, Tong GZ. Ozone emitted during copying process--a potential cause of pathological oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the bodies of operators. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2003; 16:95-104. [PMID: 12964781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of copying on the indoor air quality, and to investigate whether ozone emitted during such a process induces pathological oxidative stress and potential oxidative damage in the bodies of operators. METHODS 67 copying operators (CO) and 67 healthy volunteers (HV) were enrolled in a random control study, in which levels of lipoperoxide (LPO) in plasma and erythrocytes, and levels of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (beta-CAR) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS Compared with the HV group, the average values of LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CO group were significantly increased (P<0.0001), while those of VC, VE and beta-CAR in plasma as well as those of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CO group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed that with increase of ozone level in copying sites and duration of exposure to ozone, the values of LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the bodies of operators were gradually increased,while those of VC, VE, beta-CAR, SOD, CAT and GPX were decreased in the same manner. Odds ratio (OR) of risk of biochemical parameters reflecting potential oxidative damage of the copying operators ranged from 4.440 to 13.516, and 95% CI of OR was from 2.113 to 34.061. Reliability coefficient (alpha) of the biochemical parameters used to reflect the potential oxidative damage of the operators was 0.8156, standardized item alpha=0.9929, P<0.0001. CONCLUSION Findings in the present study suggest that there exist a series of free radical chain reactions and pathological oxidative stress induced by high dose ozone in the operators, thereby causing potential oxidative and lipoperoxidative damages in their bodies.
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El-Ali H, Ljungberg M, Strand SE, Palmer J, Malmgren L, Nilsson J. Calibration of a radioactive ink-based stack phantom and its applications in nuclear medicine. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2003; 18:201-7. [PMID: 12804045 DOI: 10.1089/108497803765036364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a stack phantom useful for imaging complex activity distributions. It is based on images printed with radioactive ink using a commercial ink-jet printer. The application for the phantom is in the evaluation of planar and SPECT scintillation camera images and for validation of Monte Carlo simulated images. The accuracy in generating the activity distributions on paper sheets is especially important. Here we describe the calibration procedure for the ink-jet printer. The goal of the printer calibration is to find the relationship between the digital image count (voxel grey level) and its corresponding activity on the paper sheets (radioactivity). The relationship between the voxel grey level and the radioactivity on the paper sheets (measured by scanning technique and well counter) was found to be logarithmic, and a 3rd degree polynomial was found to fit the relationship. The distribution of radioactivity in the ink cartridge was investigated by pinhole SPECT. The distribution of (99m)Tc solution was found to be homogeneous in the ink solution. Experimental studies were done directly on Monte Carlo simulated heart images from the NCAT phantom. The result showed that the simulated images are similar to the images measured using the ink-jet technique. This stack phantom could be a promising solution with an advantage that the exact geometry generated in Monte Carlo could be imitated in the phantom. The phantom is a very flexible device and clearly much more versatile than conventional phantoms which have a fixed geometry and spatial limitation.
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Jamba K. What works. Good form. A massive hardware replacement generates efficiency for a New York IDN. HEALTH MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 2003; 24:53. [PMID: 12647618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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80
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Zhou JF, Cai D, Tong GZ. Oxidative stress and potential free radical damage associated with photocopying. A role for ozone? Free Radic Res 2003; 37:137-43. [PMID: 12653202 DOI: 10.1080/1071576021000036623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between oxidative stress and potential free radical damage associated with photocopying and to explore a role for ozone emitted during the photocopying process. METHODS 80 photocopying operators (PO) and 80 healthy volunteers (HV) were enrolled in a random control study design, in which the level of lipoperoxide (LPO, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) in erythrocytes and the levels of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (beta-CAR) in plasma as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS Compared with the average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HV group, the average value of LPO (TBARS) in erythrocytes in the PO group was significantly increased (P < 0.0001), while the average values of VC, VE and beta-CAR in plasma as well as those of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the PO group were significantly decreased (P < 0.0001). Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed that with the increase of the ozone level in photocopying sites and the PO duration of exposure to ozone, the level of LPO in erythrocytes in the operators was increased (P < 0.001), while the levels of VC, VE and beta-CAR in plasma as well as the activities of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the operators were decreased (P < 0.01-0.0001). CONCLUSION The findings in this study suggest that ozone causes oxidative damage in copier operatives.
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Tomlin AC. OPL--small blessings. NATIONAL NETWORK (DALLAS, TEX.) 2002; 27:13, 20. [PMID: 12227135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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83
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Furukawa Y, Aizawa Y, Okada M, Watanabe M, Niitsuya M, Kotani M. Negative effect of photocopier toner on alveolar macrophages determined by in vitro magnetometric evaluation. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2002; 40:214-21. [PMID: 12064564 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.40.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photocopier toner has been implicated in the etiology of some pulmonary diseases. We examined here the in vitro toxicity of toner particles to alveolar macrophages. Cell magnetometry revealed that relaxation was not delayed in macrophages exposed to toner, which represents a rapid decrease in the remaining magnetism emitted by phagocytosed magnetite. However, relaxation was delayed in macrophages exposed to silica (positive controls). The release of intracellular LDH enzyme activity to the extracellular space was negligible in cells exposed to toner compared with negative and positive controls. Morphological examinations by light and electron microscopy revealed no abnormal findings in the exposed cells. A histochemical study using TUNEL staining and the electrophoretic profile of DNA obtained from cells exposed to toner and to silica were negative for apoptosis. The results of the present and other investigations into animal exposure indicate that photocopier toner is toxicologically inert. However, although the present study examined only effects in vitro, exposure to toner should be minimized because lung overloading in animals has been reported.
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Abstract
Leaving out necessary task steps is the single most common human error type. Certain task steps possess characteristics that are more likely to provoke omissions than others, and can be identified in advance. The paper reports two studies. The first, involving a simple photocopier, established that failing to remove the last page of the original is the commonest omission. This step possesses four distinct error-provoking features that combine their effects in an additive fashion. The second study examined the degree to which everyday memory aids satisfy five features of a good reminder: conspicuity, contiguity, content, context, and countability. A close correspondence was found between the percentage use of strategies and the degree to which they satisfied these five criteria. A three stage omission management programme was outlined: task analysis (identifying discrete task steps) of some safety critical activity; assessing the omission likelihood of each step; and the choice and application of a suitable reminder. Such a programme is applicable to a variety of healthcare procedures.
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Henschel DB, Fortmann RC, Roache NF, Liu X. Variations in the emissions of volatile organic compounds from the toner for a specific photocopier. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2001; 51:708-717. [PMID: 11355458 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory thermal desorption apparatus was used to measure emissions from a number of nominally identical photocopier toners--manufactured to meet the specifications of one specific model copier--when these toners were heated to fuser temperature (180-200 degrees C). The objective was to assess how potential volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the toner for a given copier can vary, depending upon the production run and the supplier. Tests were performed on a series of toner (and associated raw polymer feedstock) samples obtained directly from a toner manufacturer, representing two production runs using a nonvented extrusion process, and on toner cartridges purchased from two local retailers, representing three different production lots (histories unknown). The results showed that the retailer toners consistently had up to 350% higher emissions of some major compounds (expressed as microgram of compound emitted/g of toner), and up to 100% lower emissions of others, relative to the manufacturer toners (p < or = 0.01). The manufacturer toners from one production run had emissions of certain compounds, and of total VOCs, that were modestly higher (13-18%) than those from the other run (p < or = 0.01). The emission differences between the retailer and manufacturer toners are probably due to differences in the manufacturing processes and/or feedstocks used to produce the toners from these different sources.
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Laird BJ. What works. Documents on demand. HEALTH MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 2001; 22:61. [PMID: 11213619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Zina AM, Fanan E, Bundino S. Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde and quaternium-15 in photocopier toner. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 43:241-2. [PMID: 11011938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Halazonetis DJ, Abelson MN. Digital image processing: how to retouch your clinical photographs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 118:469-75. [PMID: 11029746 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2000.111244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Graves CG, Tardiff RG. Re: "Office equipment and supplies: a modern occupational health concern?". Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:593-4. [PMID: 10997550 DOI: 10.1093/aje/152.6.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lofton S. Ten steps to selecting a document imaging vendor. JOURNAL OF AHIMA 2000; 71:22-3. [PMID: 11186618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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Tuomi T, Engström B, Niemelä R, Svinhufvud J, Reijula K. Emission of ozone and organic volatiles from a selection of laser printers and photocopiers. APPLIED OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2000; 15:629-34. [PMID: 10957818 DOI: 10.1080/10473220050075635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the impact of office equipment on the quality of indoor air, the emission of ozone and organic volatiles was measured from one photocopier and four laser printers, three of which operated according to traditional corona discharge technology. The laser printers equipped with traditional technology emitted significant amounts of ozone and formaldehyde. Lesser amounts of other volatile aldehydes were emitted during printing. The photocopier emitted mainly ozone. In a well-ventilated office environment, the amounts encountered here for individual volatiles were within recommended maximum exposure limits for a reasonable density of printers. Because it is not known whether the concentration of irritating volatiles, such as formaldehyde, should be kept lower in an ozone rich environment or not, and because emissions in the immediate vicinity of the printers exceeded recommendations, the authors recommend that laser printers equipped with the traditional corona rods not be placed beside or immediately at the working site of office personnel. This way, ozone concentrations can be kept below recommended maximum exposure limits, provided that the ventilation rate is adequate. Further, it seems that if a reliable quantitative comparison of total organic volatiles prior to and during printing is to be made, the inertness of the sorbent toward ozone should be confirmed.
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Stefaniak AB, Breysse PN, Murray MP, Rooney BC, Schaefer J. An evaluation of employee exposure to volatile organic compounds in three photocopy centers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2000; 83:162-173. [PMID: 10856189 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2000.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Personal and area samples from three copy centres were collected in thermal desorption tubes and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Real-time personal total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were measured using a data-logging photoionization detector. Fifty-four different VOCs were detected in the area samples. The maximum concentration measured was 1132.0 ppb (toluene, copy center 3, day 1). Thirty-eight VOCs were detected in the personal samples and concentrations ranged from 0.1 ppb (1,1-biphenyl, p-dichlorobenzene, propylbenzene, styrene, and tetrachloroethylene) to 689.6 ppb (toluene). Real-time TVOC measurements indicated daily fluctuations in exposure, ranging from <71 to 21,300 ppb. The time-weighted average exposures for the photocopier operators on days 1 and 2 were 235 and 266 ppb and 6155 and 3683 ppb, in copy centers 2 and 3, respectively. Personal exposure measurements of individual VOCs were below accepted occupational standards and guidelines. For example, the maximum concentration was 0.3% of the permissible exposure limits (toluene, copy center 3). Exposures were highest in copy center 3; this is likely due to the presence of offset printing presses. It is concluded that photocopiers contribute a wide variety of VOCs to the indoor air of photocopy centers; however, exposures are at least 100 times below established standards.
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Schmidt CJ, Tebbett IR, Couch MW. Carbonless copy paper: a review of its chemical components and health hazards. AIHAJ : A JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 2000; 61:214-22. [PMID: 10782193 DOI: 10.1080/15298660008984530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The components of carbonless copy paper (CCP) and the chemistry involved in its manufacture are reviewed. Claims that the routine use of CCP can cause health problems ranging from skin, eye, and lung irritation to severe headaches and neurological damage are described; yet no definitive studies have been conducted that show correlation between CCP use and these symptoms. The toxicological properties of CCP components, many of them precursors to the dye-containing microcapsules or dye solvents that may be causing these problems, are discussed. Recommendations for the minimization of possible physiological reactions to CCP include reduction of usage time; use of the CCP in a well-ventilated area; storing large quantities of CCP, both new or archived, away from work area; and the practice good hand hygiene.
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Abstract
Processes involved in pollutant emissions from a dry-process photocopier have been investigated in a controlled room dynamic environmental chamber. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions occurred at a constant rate dependent on copy speed. However, VOC emission rates per copy were increased by increases in chamber temperature (e.g., a 20% increase resulted from increasing temperature from 23 degrees C to 32 degrees C) or changing from single- to double-sided operation (40% increase). Respirable particle emissions occurred under copier-idle mode (probably from residues in the machine) as well as with copying. No significant chamber sink effects were observed for VOCs or respirable particles. Small emissions of nitrogen dioxide, ozone and formaldehyde were observed but were difficult to interpret. A procedure for assessing pollutant emissions from photocopiers is recommended.
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Abstract
The Helsinki Office Environment Study, a population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Finland in 1991 among 2,678 workers in 41 randomly selected office buildings. The aim was to evaluate the relations between work with office equipment and supplies and the occurrence of eye, nasopharyngeal, skin, and general symptoms (often denoted as sick building syndrome (SBS)), chronic respiratory symptoms, and respiratory infections. Work with self-copying paper was significantly related to weekly work-related eye, nasopharyngeal, and skin symptoms, headache and lethargy, as well as to the occurrence of wheezing, cough, mucus production, sinusitis, and acute bronchitis. Photocopying was related to nasal irritation, and video display terminal work to eye symptoms, headache, and lethargy.
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Hotlist. Document imaging and management. HEALTH MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY 1999; 20:54-8. [PMID: 10787525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Thunthy KH. Everything you wanted to know about radiographic duplication. GENERAL DENTISTRY 1999; 47:522-5. [PMID: 10687485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
If dental radiographs are not duplicated correctly, the resulting duplicates will be of inferior quality. This article discusses the characteristics of a duplicating film, the principle of radiographic duplication, a description of dental duplicators, the selection of optimum duplicating time, a technique of duplicating radiographs, an alternate technique of duplicating radiographs, errors in duplication and their correction, and the maintenance of duplicators.
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Zimmermann M, Veeck J, Wolf K. Minimizing the exposure to UV light when extracting DNA from agarose gels. Biotechniques 1998; 25:586. [PMID: 9793638 DOI: 10.2144/98254bm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Oestreich AE. Paper radiologic images. Radiographics 1998; 18:1336. [PMID: 9747628 DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.18.5.9747628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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