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Matsui N, Tanaka K, Izumi Y. [Stiff-Person Syndrome]. BRAIN AND NERVE = SHINKEI KENKYU NO SHINPO 2021; 73:640-646. [PMID: 34006698 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416201808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a neurological disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle rigidity and painful spasms that occur spontaneously or are triggered by diverse stimuli. Partial or segmental forms of the disorder, such as stiff-limb syndrome (SLS) and the more severe disease called progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), are usually considered within the spectrum of SPS. SPS responds to immunotherapies, and several autoantigens have been identified. Most patients with SPS have high titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that limits the rate of the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and up to 15% have antibodies against the glycine receptor α-subunit.
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Ayzenberg I, Kleiter I. [Treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis : Strategies for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease]. DER NERVENARZT 2021; 92:334-348. [PMID: 33783551 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-021-01090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody-associated astrocytopathy belong to a group of newly described autoimmune diseases. AIM Presentation of the treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis with a focus on NMOSD and MOGAD. METHODS Selective literature search in PubMed taking the consultation version of the S2k guidelines of the German Society of Neurology (DGN) on the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), NMOSD and MOG IgG-associated diseases into account. RESULTS Acute relapses are treated with high-dose steroid pulse therapy or apheresis therapy (plasma exchange or immunoadsorption). It is crucial to start treatment as quickly as possible and apheresis therapy can also be used as first-line treatment under certain conditions. For prophylactic immunotherapy, steroids, classical immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies with specific mechanisms of action are used. Eculizumab, inebilizumab and satralizumab are the first drugs approved for NMOSD. Symptomatic treatment and neurorehabilitation are important complementary measures. CONCLUSION Treatment of antibody-mediated encephalomyelitis differs from treatment of multiple sclerosis and requires specific measures.
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Kang T, Liu N, Sun X, Liu M. Efficacy of postoperative radiotherapy combined with taxol+carboplatin chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer. JOURNAL OF B.U.ON. : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BALKAN UNION OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 26:561-568. [PMID: 34077006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and safety of postoperative extrapelvic irradiation intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)+concurrent chemotherapy and vaginal brachytherapy (VBT)+concurrent chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer, and analyze the influencing factors for the prognosis of patients. METHODS A total of 126 patients with high-risk stage Ic-IIa endometrial cancer were divided into extrapelvic irradiation IMRT + concurrent taxol+carboplatin (TC) chemotherapy group (IMRT group, n=63) and VBT + concurrent TC chemotherapy group (VBT group, n=63). Then, the efficacy and the incidence rate of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups of patients. Additionally, the possible influencing factors for the prognosis of patients were analyzed. RESULTS In the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General Version 4 (FACT-G-V4) scale for the quality of life of patients, the scores of physiological status, social/family status, emotional status and functional status were dramatically higher in the VBT group than in the IMRT group at 3 months after treatment. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 87.3% and 73.0% in the IMRT group and 82.5% and 66.7% in the VBT group, respectively. Furthermore, advanced age, lower uterine segment involvement and anemia before treatment were independent risk factors for tumor progression in patients with endometrial cancer. CONCLUSIONS For patients with high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer, postoperative VBT + concurrent TC chemotherapy has similar efficacy to postoperative extrapelvic irradiation IMRT + concurrent TC chemotherapy, but patients receiving the former have fewer adverse reactions and high quality of life. Advanced age, lower uterine segment involvement and anemia before treatment are independent risk factors affecting tumor progression in such patients.
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Nan D, Zhang Y, Han J, Jin T. Clinical features and management of coexisting anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated encephalomyelitis: a case report and review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:847-855. [PMID: 33409829 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis caused by antibodies targeting the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disorders are now widely accepted as peculiar neuroimmunological diseases with specific clinical and pathological features. Some rare cases of overlapping anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated diseases have been reported, presenting complex clinical symptoms that make the disease more difficult to recognize. METHOD In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the terms "NMDAR" and "MOG," "NMDAR" and "demyelination," and "MOG" and "encephalitis" were searched in PubMed. Clinical cases with dual-positive anti-NMDA cerebrospinal fluid receptors and MOG serum antibodies during the disease course were included in this study. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were analyzed in this study. The age at onset ranged from 3 to 54 years. The median number of relapses was 2.8. Administration of intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin was the most widely used treatment strategy (19/25 patients). Second-line treatments such as administration of mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, interferon-β, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and temozolomide were also reported, followed by good outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The rates of coexisting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis may be underestimated. Clinical symptoms such as seizures and cognitive decline accompanied by atypical central nervous system demyelination serve as warning signs of possible coexisting anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis. These patients could achieve good outcomes under proper immunotherapies.
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Kuznetsova V, Tyakht A, Akhmadishina L, Odintsova V, Klimenko N, Kostryukova E, Vakhitova M, Grigoryeva T, Malanin S, Vladimirtsev V, Nikitina R, Volok V, Osakovskiy V, Sivtseva T, Platonov F, Alexeev D, Karganova G. Gut microbiome signature of Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in Yakuts includes an increase in microbes linked to lean body mass and eating behaviour. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:327. [PMID: 33218345 PMCID: PMC7678198 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is a rare endemic neurodegenerative disease occurring in the Yakut population of Northeastern Siberia. The main clinical features of VE are spasticity, dysarthria, dementia, central paresis and paralysis, and cortical atrophy observed via MRI. Many hypotheses have been proposed regarding its etiology, including infectious agents, genetics, environmental factors, and immunopathology. Each of these hypotheses has been supported to some extent by epidemiological and experimental data. Nevertheless, none of them has been decisively proven. Gut microbiome is one of the factors that might be involved in VE pathogenesis. RESULTS Here we performed a pilot survey of the stool microbiomes of Yakut subjects with VE (n = 6) and without VE (n = 11). 16S rRNA sequencing showed that in comparison with the control group, the Yakuts with VE had increased proportions of Methanobrevibacter and Christensenella, which are reported to be linked to body mass index, metabolism, dietary habits and potentially to neurodegenerative disorders. The identified associations suggest that the microbiome may be involved in VE. Overall, the Yakut microbiome was quite specific in comparison with other populations, such as metropolitan Russians and native inhabitants of the Canadian Arctic. CONCLUSIONS Describing the gut microbiome of indigenous human populations will help to elucidate the impact of dietary and environmental factors on microbial community structure and identify risks linked to the lifestyles of such groups as well as endemic diseases.
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Calvier L, Demuth G, Manouchehri N, Wong C, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Monson NL, Kounnas MZ, Stüve O, Herz J. Reelin depletion protects against autoimmune encephalomyelitis by decreasing vascular adhesion of leukocytes. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay7675. [PMID: 32801146 PMCID: PMC7860587 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation as a result of immune cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, current anti-inflammatory interventions depleting immune cells or directly targeting their trafficking into the CNS can have serious side effects, highlighting a need for better immunomodulatory strategies. We detected increased Reelin concentrations in the serum of patients with MS, resulting in increased endothelial permeability to leukocytes through increased nuclear factor κB-mediated expression of vascular adhesion molecules. We thus investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of Reelin immunodepletion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and further validated the results in Reelin knockout mice. Removal of plasma Reelin by either approach protected against neuroinflammation and largely abolished the neurological consequences by reducing endothelial permeability and immune cell accumulation in the CNS. Our findings suggest Reelin depletion as a therapeutic approach with an inherent good safety margin for the treatment of MS and other diseases where leukocyte extravasation is a major driver of pathogenicity.
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Ripamonti E, Gaffuri M, Molteni F. Cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and motor profile in post tick-borne flaviviral encephalomyelitis. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3759-3760. [PMID: 32588365 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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SZEGO G, ANDERSON RM, ROBERTS JT. EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: ITS RELATION TO DISSEMINATED SCLEROSIS1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:114-20. [PMID: 14171876 DOI: 10.1111/imj.1964.13.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yoneda M. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Immunization with Human Papillomavirus Vaccines. Intern Med 2016; 55:3077-3078. [PMID: 27803397 PMCID: PMC5140852 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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PANTAZOPOULOS PE, CONSTANTINIDES AS. XVIII Infectious Conditions of the Brain Stem Masquerading as a Labyrinth Syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 74:194-202. [PMID: 14265622 DOI: 10.1177/000348946507400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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SCHMIDT JR, ELMANSOURY HK. Natural and Experimental Infection of Egyptian Equines with West Nile Virus. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016; 57:415-27. [PMID: 14101930 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1963.11686194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Razak A, Nagesh NK. Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis in a Neonate Secondary to Dengue Infection. Indian Pediatr 2015; 52:534. [PMID: 26121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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LABZOFFSKY NA. Effect of time of contact at 37 C and hydrogen ion concentration on the degree of neutralization of equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern type) by immune serum. J Infect Dis 2010; 79:63-8. [PMID: 20996929 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/79.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tsuhako MH, Augusto O, Linares E, Chadi G, Giorgio S, Pereira CA. Tempol ameliorates murine viral encephalomyelitis by preserving the blood-brain barrier, reducing viral load, and lessening inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:704-12. [PMID: 20035861 PMCID: PMC7126783 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory and/or demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS). Most of the knowledge about the pathogenesis of MS has been derived from murine models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and viral encephalomyelitis. Here, we infected female C57BL/6 mice with a neurotropic strain of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-59A) to evaluate whether treatment with the multifunctional antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) affects the ensuing encephalomyelitis. In untreated animals, neurological symptoms developed quickly: 90% of infected mice died 10 days after virus inoculation and the few survivors presented neurological deficits. Treatment with tempol (24 mg/kg, ip, two doses on the first day and daily doses for 7 days plus 2 mM tempol in the drinking water ad libitum) profoundly altered the disease outcome: neurological symptoms were attenuated, mouse survival increased up to 70%, and half of the survivors behaved as normal mice. Not surprisingly, tempol substantially preserved the integrity of the CNS, including the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, treatment with tempol decreased CNS viral titers, macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration, and levels of markers of inflammation, such as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and protein nitration. The results indicate that tempol ameliorates murine viral encephalomyelitis by altering the redox status of the infectious environment that contributes to an attenuated CNS inflammatory response. Overall, our study supports the development of therapeutic strategies based on nitroxides to manage neuroinflammatory diseases, including MS.
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Key Words
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- ifn-γ, interferon-γ
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- tempol, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy
- tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- multiple sclerosis
- encephalomyelitis
- mouse hepatitis virus
- tempol
- antioxidant
- anti-inflammatory
- inflammation
- redox status
- nitric oxide-derived oxidants
- free radicals
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BERG O, KALLEN B. WHITE BLOOD CELLS FROM ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS TESTED ON GLIA CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:33-42. [PMID: 13970614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb04826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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ASSMANN H. Seröse interstitielle Nephritis und Neuro-Enzephalomyelitis nach Ausräumung dentaler Infektionsherde. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2009; 75:1611-4. [PMID: 14793194 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1117736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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KALM H, STRAUBE W. Zur Behandlung der disseminierten Enzephalomyelitis mit Dexamethason. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2009; 88:479-85. [PMID: 13961989 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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GOEBEL WF, OLITSKY PK, SAENZ AC. The inactivation of biologically active proteins, and the virus of western equine encephalomyelitis by periodic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 87:445-55. [PMID: 18912894 PMCID: PMC2135787 DOI: 10.1084/jem.87.5.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The action of periodic acid on two biologically active proteins, crystalline ribonuclease and pneumococcus Type III immune globulin, and on the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis has been studied. The biological activity of the two proteins and the pathogenic action of the virus were destroyed by the reagent; the specific antigenicity of the immune globulin was retained, however, but that of the equine virus was lost. The bearing of these reactions on the chemical alteration of the respective substances has been discussed.
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KABAT EA, WOLF A, BEZER AE. Studies on acute disseminated encephalomyelitis produced experimentally in rhesus monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 88:417-26. [PMID: 18884901 PMCID: PMC2135837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.88.4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The factor in brain tissue which induces acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, when injected into rhesus monkeys as an emulsion with adjuvants, has been found in human, monkey, rabbit, and chicken brain but is absent from frog and fish brain. It is unaffected by fixation of the brain in formalin, by boiling, and by treatment with ultrasound. It is present in the spinal cord of 3 day old rabbits but does not appear in the rabbit cerebrum until about the 12th day of life; in this respect it parallels the laying down of myelin. Attempts to produce the encephalomyelitis passively with large quantities of serum or of cell exudates, and suspensions of cells from spleen and lymph node from monkeys with encephalomyelitis, were unsuccessful.
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LIVESAY HR. Isolation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from naturally infected monkey (Macacus philippinensis). J Infect Dis 2007; 84:306-9. [PMID: 18127637 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/84.3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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CHEEVER FS, DANIELS JB. A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 90:181-210. [PMID: 18137294 PMCID: PMC2135905 DOI: 10.1084/jem.90.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of a murine virus causing disseminated encephalomyelitis accompanied by extensive destruction of myelin in the central nervous system, and focal necrosis of the liver has been described. Young mice can be infected by a number of parenteral routes. Both encephalitic and paralytic signs can be observed. After intracerebral inoculation the virus has been isolated from brain, spinal cord, liver, lung, spleen, and kidney, but not from blood or from intestinal walls and contents. Hamsters, cotton rats, and Hisaw rats can be infected by the intracerebral route. Guinea pigs and rabbits appear to be insusceptible. Attempts to infect chick embryos have so far met with failure. Under proper conditions the agent can pass through the usual bacterial filters. No inclusion bodies have been seen. No serological relationship to other neurotropic viruses has been demonstrated as yet.
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VON MAGNUS H, VON MAGNUS P. Breeding of a colony of white mice free of encephalomyelitis virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 26:175-7. [PMID: 18117526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1949.tb03153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Disseminated encephalomyelitis was readily induced in mice of the Swiss strain by means of repeated intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of apparently normal mouse brain mixed with an adjuvant. The latter consisted of autoclaved virulent tubercle bacilli and heavy liquid petrolatum, a modification of the Freund adjuvant. The syndrome and the histopathological picture of the induced malady were essentially similar to those in monkeys, rabbits, and guinea pigs, previously reported by others. Certain exceptional characteristics of the affection, as occurring in mice, suggest that they may be the animals of choice for its study as well as for that of other encephalitides. Not only were the signs indicative of marked involvement of the central nervous system but also of the respiratory mechanism, and only a few injections of mouse brain-adjuvant mixture were required to evoke the neurological symptom complex in almost every animal.
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LAHELLE O, HORSFALL FL. Hemagglutination with the GDVII strain of mouse encephalo myelitis virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007; 71:713-8. [PMID: 18139856 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-71-17308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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PAIT CF, PEARSON HE. Rabies vaccine encephalomyelitis in relation to the incidence of animal rabies in Los Angeles. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2007; 39:875-7. [PMID: 18131887 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.39.7.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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