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Jarlenski M, Bleich SN, Bennett WL, Stuart EA, Barry CL. Medicaid enrollment policy increased smoking cessation among pregnant women but had no impact on birth outcomes. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33:997-1005. [PMID: 24889949 PMCID: PMC4248559 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an important cause of poor maternal and infant health outcomes in the population eligible for Medicaid. These outcomes may be avoided or attenuated by timely, high-quality prenatal care. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for the period 2004-10, we examined the effects of two optional state Medicaid enrollment policies on smoking cessation, preterm birth, and having an infant who was small for gestational age. We used a natural experiment to compare outcomes before and after nineteen states adopted either of the two policies. The first policy, presumptive eligibility, permits women to receive prenatal care while their Medicaid application is pending. Its adoption led to a 7.7-percentage-point increase in smoking cessation but did not reduce adverse birth outcomes. The second policy, the unborn-child option, permits states to provide coverage to pregnant women who cannot document their citizenship or residency. Its adoption was not significantly associated with any of the three outcomes. The presumptive-eligibility enrollment policy will continue to be an important tool for promoting timely prenatal care and smoking cessation.
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Mohanan M, Bauhoff S, La Forgia G, Babiarz KS, Singh K, Miller G. Effect of Chiranjeevi Yojana on institutional deliveries and neonatal and maternal outcomes in Gujarat, India: a difference-in-differences analysis. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92:187-94. [PMID: 24700978 PMCID: PMC3949592 DOI: 10.2471/blt.13.124644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme, a public-private partnership to improve maternal and neonatal health in Gujarat, India. METHODS A household survey (n = 5597 households) was conducted in Gujarat to collect retrospective data on births within the preceding 5 years. In an observational study using a difference-in-differences design, the relationship between the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme and the probability of delivery in health-care institutions, the probability of obstetric complications and mean household expenditure for deliveries was subsequently examined. In multivariate regressions, individual and household characteristics as well as district and year fixed effects were controlled for. Data from the most recent District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) wave conducted in Gujarat (n = 6484 households) were used in parallel analyses. FINDINGS Between 2005 and 2010, the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme was not associated with a statistically significant change in the probability of institutional delivery (2.42 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, CI: -5.90 to 10.74) or of birth-related complications (6.16 percentage points; 95% CI: -2.63 to 14.95). Estimates using DLHS-3 data were similar. Analyses of household expenditures indicated that mean household expenditure for private-sector deliveries had either not fallen or had fallen very little under the Chiranjeevi Yojana programme. CONCLUSION The Chiranjeevi Yojana programme appears to have had no significant impact on institutional delivery rates or maternal health outcomes. The absence of estimated reductions in household spending for private-sector deliveries deserves further study.
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Zhang S, Cardarelli K, Shim R, Ye J, Booker KL, Rust G. Racial disparities in economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:1518-25. [PMID: 23065298 PMCID: PMC4039287 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To explore racial-ethnic disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes among Medicaid recipients, and to estimate excess Medicaid costs associated with the disparities. Cross-sectional study of adverse pregnancy outcomes and Medicaid payments using data from Medicaid Analytic eXtract files on all Medicaid enrollees in fourteen southern states. Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, African American women tended to be younger, more likely to have a Cesarean section, to stay longer in the hospital and to incur higher Medicaid costs. African-American women were also more likely to experience preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm birth, small birth size for gestational age, and fetal death/stillbirth. Eliminating racial disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes (not counting infant costs), could generate Medicaid cost savings of $114 to $214 million per year in these 14 states. Despite having the same insurance coverage and meeting the same poverty guidelines for Medicaid eligibility, African American women have a higher rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White or Hispanic women. Racial disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes not only represent potentially preventable human suffering, but also avoidable economic costs. There is a significant financial return-on-investment opportunity tied to eliminating racial disparities in birth outcomes. With the Affordable Care Act expansion of Medicaid coverage for the year 2014, Medicaid could be powerful public health tool for improving pregnancy outcomes.
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Long H, Cundy T. Establishing consensus in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes following HAPO: where do we stand? Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13:43-50. [PMID: 23054748 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New proposals for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM), promulgated by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), will substantially increase the number of women diagnosed with GDM. This will have an enormous impact on healthcare resources, diverting attention away from genuinely high risk diabetic pregnancies. Randomized trials in 'mild' GDM indicate that the main effects of treatment are a 2 %-3 % reduction in birth weight, fewer 'big babies', and less shoulder dystocia. However, these studies used different diagnostic criteria, and women diagnosed by the broader IADPSG criteria may not derive the same modest benefit. Modeling indicates a very high cost per QALY, unless later development of type 2 diabetes can be prevented. Far from producing consensus, the IADPSG suggestion has thrown sharply into focus the need to assess critically the risks, costs and benefits of adopting criteria that may pathologize a large number of otherwise normal pregnancies.
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Garvey M. The national birth center study II: Research confirms low Cesarean rates and health care costs at birth centers. MIDWIFERY TODAY WITH INTERNATIONAL MIDWIFE 2013:40-68. [PMID: 23847895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Sullivan AE, Hopkins PN, Weng HY, Henry E, Lo JOT, Varner MW, Esplin MS. Delivery of monochorionic twins in the absence of complications: analysis of neonatal outcomes and costs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:257.e1-7. [PMID: 22284957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate the optimal time to deliver uncomplicated monochorionic-diamnionic (MCDA) twins. STUDY DESIGN Data were retrospectively obtained from twin pregnancies from 2000 through 2009. The gestational week-specific prospective perinatal mortality risk was calculated. A cohort of MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries was analyzed separately. Neonatal outcomes and costs were compared between MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries born at specific weeks of gestation, and those born the subsequent week. RESULTS There were 5894 dichorionic-diamnionic twins and 1704 MCDA twins. After 28 weeks, the gestational week-specific prospective risk of perinatal mortality did not differ between groups. There were 948 MCDA twins with nonindicated deliveries. Until 37 weeks, the risk of severe neonatal morbidity, perinatal mortality, and hospital costs were greater for fetuses delivered compared to fetuses born in a subsequent week. CONCLUSION To optimize neonatal outcome and decrease hospital costs, MCDA twins should not be delivered <37 weeks unless medically indicated.
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Gee RE, Johnson KA. Louisiana Birth Outcomes Initiative: improving birth outcomes with interventions before, during, and after pregnancy. THE JOURNAL OF THE LOUISIANA STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY : OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE LOUISIANA STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2012; 164:6-9. [PMID: 22533105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The costs of poor birth outcomes to the United States in both human and fiscal terms are large and a continuing concern. Louisiana has among the worst birth outcomes in our nation, which include preterm and low birth weight births, and maternal and infant mortality. In response to these poor birth outcomes, the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals is implementing a statewide, multi-faceted Birth Outcomes Initiative at the level of the secretary. The Birth Outcomes Initiative aims to adopt evidence-based and best practices along the continuum of care for women and infants. Of particular importance is ending all non-medically indicated deliveries prior to 39 weeks, administration of the hormone 17-hydroxyprogesterone to eligible women for prematurity prevention, optimal behavioral health counseling and referral for reproductive aged women, and ensuring optimal health for women between pregnancies. Opportunities exist to improve outcomes for primary care and obstetrical providers. Louisiana is the first state to aim at improving birth outcomes with interventions before, during, and after pregnancy.
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Abstract
Gordon Smith argues for more and better research in screening for pregnancy outcomes, using the example of previous trials in pre-eclampsia.
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Bijlenga D, Bonsel GJ, Birnie E. Eliciting willingness to pay in obstetrics: comparing a direct and an indirect valuation method for complex health outcomes. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2011; 20:1392-406. [PMID: 20967891 DOI: 10.1002/hec.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare direct and indirect willingness to pay (WTP) elicitation methods in terms of feasibility, reliability, and comparability. The application is obstetrics, where always both a mother's and a child's health are at stake. METHODS An open-ended contingent valuation method (CVM) as a direct WTP elicitation method, and the discrete choice experiment (DCE) as an indirect WTP elicitation method. Vignettes to be valued were based on clinical patient data. Participants were 88 laypersons who received their questionnaires by postal mail. RESULTS The DCE task was completed faster (p=0.006) and was regarded easier (p<0.001) than the CVM task. Test-retest for CVM was substantial (ICC=0.76), and for DCE moderate (k=0.49). Female sex (p<0.001), age≥50 years (p=0.013), higher income (p<0.001), and higher education (p<0.001) were associated with higher WTP. Correlation between CVM and DCE was 0.79 (Kendall's Tau-b; p<0.001). The implied WTP as derived with DCE was between 2.3 and 10.2 times higher than with CVM. The relationship between the WTPs was linear. CONCLUSION It is yet unclear what lies behind the numbers of DCE. DCE has no methodological benefits over the conventional CVM when eliciting WTP for complex health outcomes in obstetrics.
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Garrouste C, Le J, Maurin E. The choice of detecting Down syndrome: does money matter? HEALTH ECONOMICS 2011; 20:1073-1089. [PMID: 21671303 DOI: 10.1002/hec.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome (amniocentesis) presents parents with a complex dilemma which requires comparing the risk of giving birth to an affected child and the risk of losing an unaffected child through amniocentesis-related miscarriage. Building on the specific features of the French Health insurance system, this paper shows that variation in the monetary costs of the diagnosis procedure may have a very significant impact on how parents solve this ethical dilemma. The French institutions make it possible to compare otherwise similar women facing very different reimbursement schemes and we find that eligibility to full reimbursement has a largely positive effect on the probability of taking an amniocentesis test. By contrast, the sole fact of being labelled 'high-risk' by the Health system seems to have, as such, only a modest effect on subsequent choices. Finally, building on available information on post-amniocentesis outcomes, we report new evidence suggesting that amniocentesis increases the risk of premature birth and low weight at birth.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Induced
- Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology
- Adult
- Amniocentesis/adverse effects
- Amniocentesis/economics
- Amniocentesis/standards
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/blood
- Decision Making
- Down Syndrome/diagnosis
- Down Syndrome/economics
- Down Syndrome/genetics
- Female
- France/epidemiology
- Humans
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement/economics
- Insurance, Health, Reimbursement/standards
- Maternal Age
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Outcome/economics
- Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology
- Premature Birth/epidemiology
- Premature Birth/etiology
- Regression Analysis
- Risk Assessment
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Guo Y, Longo CJ, Xie R, Wen SW, Walker MC, Smith GN. Cost-effectiveness of transdermal nitroglycerin use for preterm labor. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2011; 14:240-246. [PMID: 21296600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of using transdermal nitroglycerin (GTN) for cases of preterm labor. METHODS The study included 153 women with clinical preterm labor, who were randomly allocated to either a GTN or placebo arm. All randomized cases were included in the final economic analysis. Differences between the two arms in gestational age at delivery, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, length of NICU stay, and NICU cost were assessed. Costs for non-NICU cases were calculated using Ottawa Hospital data through the Ontario Case Costing Initiative (OCCI). Cost-effectiveness and sensitivity analyses using a hospital perspective were both conducted. RESULTS In the 153 randomized cases, 55 babies were admitted to NICU (GTN = 24; placebo = 31). We found no significant differences between the two arms in gestational age at delivery, NICU admission rate (32.4% vs. 39.2%), NICU length of stay (42.7 days vs. 52.8 days), or NICU cost (CAN $34,306 vs. CAN $44,326). Overall, (based on all randomized cases) the cost-effectiveness analyses showed that the GTN arm was the dominant strategy, with both lower cost (CAN $13,397 vs. CAN $18,427) and higher NICU admission avoided rate (67.6% vs. 60.8%) compared to the placebo arm. This dominance persisted in all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION The use of GTN patch for preterm labor could reduce NICU costs, while improving important neonatal outcomes.
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Ward TCS, Mori N, Patrick TB, Madsen MK, Cisler RA. Influence of socioeconomic factors and race on birth outcomes in urban Milwaukee. WMJ : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 2010; 109:254-260. [PMID: 21066930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A national study found that infants born in low socioeconomic areas had the worst infant mortality rates (IMRs) and the highest racial disparity. Racial disparities in birth outcomes are also evident in the city of Milwaukee, with African American infants at 3 times greater the risk than white infants. This study was conducted to examine the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) and race on birth outcomes in the city of Milwaukee. METHODS Milwaukee ZIP codes were stratified into lower, middle, and upper SES groups. IMR, low birth weight, and preterm birth rates by race were analyzed by SES group for the years 2003 to 2007. RESULTS The overall IMR for the lower, middle, and upper SES groups were 12.4, 10.7, and 7.7, respectively. The largest racial disparity in IMR (3.1) was in the middle SES group, versus lower (1.6) and upper (1.8) SES groups. The overall percent of low birth weight infants for the lower, middle, and upper SES groups was 10.9%, 9.5%, and 7.5%, respectively. Racial disparity ratios in low birth weight were 2.0, 1.9, and 1.9 for lower, middle and upper SES groups. The overall percent of preterm birth was 15.4%, 13.2%, and 10.6% of births within the lower, middle, and upper SES groups, respectively, with a disparity ratio of 1.6 across all SES groups. CONCLUSIONS For all outcomes, African American infants born in the upper SES group fared the same or worse than white infants born in the lower SES group. Although higher SES appeared to have a protective effect for whites in Milwaukee, it did not have the same protective effect for African Americans.
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Parappil H, Rahman S, Salama H, Rifai HA, Parambil NK, Ansari WE. Outcomes of 28+1 to 32+0 weeks gestation babies in the state of Qatar: finding facility-based cost effective options for improving the survival of preterm neonates in low income countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:2526-42. [PMID: 20644688 PMCID: PMC2905565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7062526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study we did a comparative analysis of the outcome of 28(+1) to 32(+0) weeks gestation babies between the State of Qatar and some high income countries with an objective of providing an evidence base for improving the survival of preterm neonates in low income countries. Data covering a five year period (2002-2006) was ascertained on a pre-designed Performa. A comparative analysis with the most recent data from VON, NICHD, UK, France and Europe was undertaken. Qatar's 28(+1) to 32(+0) weeks Prematurity Rate (9.23 per 1,000 births) was less than the UK's (p < 0.0001). Of the 597 babies born at 28(+1) to 32(+0) weeks of gestation, 37.5% did not require any respiratory support, while 31.1% required only CPAP therapy. 80.12% of the MV and 96.28% of CPAP therapy was required for <96 hours. 86.1% of the mothers had received antenatal steroids. The 28(+1) to 32(+0) weeks mortality rate was 65.3/1,000 births with 30.77% deaths attributable to a range of lethal congenital and chromosomal anomalies. The survival rate increased with increasing gestational age (p < 0.001) and was comparable to some high income countries. The incidence of in hospital pre discharge morbidities in Qatar (CLD 2.68%, IVH Grade III 0.84%, IVH Grade IV 0.5%, Cystic PVL 0.5%) was less as compared to some high income countries except ROP >/= Stage 3 (5.69%), which was higher in Qatar. The incidence of symptomatic PDA, NEC and severe ROP decreased with increasing gestational age (p < 0.05). We conclude that the mortality and in hospital pre discharge morbidity outcome of 28(+1) to 32(+0) weeks babies in Qatar are comparable with some high income countries. In two thirds of this group of preterm babies, the immediate postnatal respiratory distress can be effectively managed by using two facility based cost effective interventions; antenatal steroids and postnatal CPAP. This finding is very supportive to the efforts of international perinatal health care planners in designing facility-based cost effective options for low income countries.
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Baird J, Ma S, Ruger JP. Effects of the World Bank's maternal and child health intervention on Indonesia's poor: evaluating the safe motherhood project. Soc Sci Med 2010; 72:1948-55. [PMID: 20619946 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the impact of the World Bank's Safe Motherhood Project (SMP) on health outcomes for Indonesia's poor. Provincial data from 1990 to 2005 was analyzed combining a difference-in-differences approach in multivariate regression analysis with matching of intervention (SMP) and control group provinces and adjusting for possible confounders. Our results indicated that, after taking into account the impact of two other concurrent development projects, SMP was statistically significantly associated with a net beneficial change in under-five mortality, but not with infant mortality, total fertility rate, teenage pregnancy, unmet contraceptive need or percentage of deliveries overseen by trained health personnel. Unemployment and the pupil-teacher ratio were statistically significantly associated with infant mortality and percentage deliveries overseen by trained personnel, while pupil-teacher ratio and female education level were statistically significantly associated with under-five mortality. Clinically relevant changes (52-68% increase in the percentage of deliveries overseen by trained personnel, 25-33% decrease in infant mortality rate, and 8-14% decrease in under-five mortality rate) were found in both the intervention (SMP) and control groups.
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Luecken LJ, Purdom CL, Howe R. Prenatal care initiation in Low-income Hispanic women: risk and protective factors. Am J Health Behav 2009; 33:264-75. [PMID: 19063648 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.33.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the psychosocial risk (distress, stress, unintended pregnancy) and protective factors (social support, mastery, familism) associated with entry into prenatal care among low-income Hispanic women. METHODS Between April and September 2005, 483 postpartum Medicaid-eligible Hispanic women completed a survey at the hospital. RESULTS Only 69.5% of women initiated prenatal care in their first trimester. Protective factors were associated with earlier entry into prenatal care. Some risk factors were related to later entry, but relations became nonsignificant after considering protective factors. CONCLUSIONS Both protective and risk factors should be considered in evaluating the timing of prenatal care for low-income Hispanic women.
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Hodges JS, Michalowicz BS. Re: Issues and early evidence for the economic evaluation of the effects of periodontal therapy on pregnancy outcomes. Quinonez R, Stearns SC. (J Periodontol 2008;79:203-206). J Periodontol 2008; 79:772; author reply 773. [PMID: 18454653 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Quinonez R, Stearns SC. Issues and early evidence for the economic evaluation of the effects of periodontal therapy on pregnancy outcomes. J Periodontol 2008; 79:203-6. [PMID: 18251634 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sims M, Sims TH, Bruce MA. Community income, smoking, and birth weight disparities in Wisconsin. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL BLACK NURSES' ASSOCIATION : JNBNA 2007; 18:16-23. [PMID: 18318327 PMCID: PMC5014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which community-level income and smoking status were associated with birth-weight disparities in the state of Wisconsin. Data included 1998 and 1999 birth record files with appended census income data for African-American, Latino, and White single births in Wisconsin. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed where the dependent variable included low birth weight (LBW: < 2,500 grams) and very low birth weight (VLBW: < 1,500 grams) relative to normal birth weight. The independent variables included income levels categorized as poor (< $12,499), lower middle ($12,500-34,999), and upper middle to affluent ($35,000 or more) determined by zip code, and smoking status (yes/no). African-American and Latino mothers who lived in poor communities and smoked were almost three times more likely to have a low birth weight (LBW) infant than their more affluent, non-smoking counterparts. Community income and smoking status played significant roles in birth weight disparities.
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Yamamura Y, Swartout JP, Anderson EA, Knapp CM, Ramin KD. Management of mild fetal pyelectasis: a comparative analysis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2007; 26:1539-1543. [PMID: 17957048 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2007.26.11.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare 2 protocols for the antenatal management of isolated mild fetal pyelectasis and perform a cost analysis. METHODS A retrospective analysis of unilateral and bilateral mild fetal pyelectasis followed at our institution from 2003 to 2006 was conducted. Fetuses with additional congenital anomalies or aneuploidy were excluded. Chi(2) analysis was used, and P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Two hundred forty-four cases were identified, of which the majority were male (75.4% versus 24.6%). Eighty-eight patients were reevaluated every 4 weeks (protocol 1). The remaining 156 patients were reevaluated once in the third trimester (protocol 2). The mean number of ultrasound examinations in protocol 1 was 3.24, at a cost of $1187, compared with protocol 2, at $798. Resolution occurred in 59%, stabilization in 29%, and progression in 12%. There were no cases of progression to severe pyelectasis or a need for in utero intervention in either group. CONCLUSIONS Mild fetal pyelectasis can be managed with 1 additional third-trimester ultrasound examination without a compromise in patient care. Average cost savings were $389 per patient for protocol 2, suggesting a benefit from this protocol over protocol 1.
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Chambers GM, Chapman MG, Grayson N, Shanahan M, Sullivan EA. Babies born after ART treatment cost more than non-ART babies: a cost analysis of inpatient birth-admission costs of singleton and multiple gestation pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:3108-15. [PMID: 17905747 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, about one-third of infants born after assisted reproductive technology (ART) worldwide are twins or triplets. This study compared the inpatient birth-admission costs of singleton and multiple gestation ART deliveries to non-ART deliveries. METHODS A cohort of 5005 mothers and 5886 infants conceived following ART treatment were compared to 245 249 mothers and 248 539 infants in the general population. Birth-admission costs were calculated using Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups and weighted national average costs (2003-2004 euro). RESULTS ART infants were 4.4 times more likely to be low birthweight (LBW) compared with non-ART infants, translating into 89% higher birth-admission costs (euro2,832 and euro1,502, respectively). ART singletons were also more likely to be LBW compared with non-ART singletons, translating into 31% higher birth-admission costs (euro1,849 and euro1,415, respectively). After combining infant and maternal admission costs, the average cost of an ART singleton delivery was euro4,818 compared with euro13 890 for ART twins and euro54 294 for ART higher order multiples. Findings were not sensitive to changes in casemix. CONCLUSIONS The poorer neonatal outcomes of ART singletons compared with non-ART singletons are significant enough to impact healthcare resource consumption. The high costs associated with ART multiple births add to the overwhelming clinical and economic evidence in support of single embryo transfer.
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Hu D, Bertozzi SM, Gakidou E, Sweet S, Goldie SJ. The costs, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality in Mexico. PLoS One 2007; 2:e750. [PMID: 17710149 PMCID: PMC1939734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, the lifetime risk of dying from maternal causes is 1 in 370 compared to 1 in 2,500 in the U.S. Although national efforts have been made to improve maternal services in the last decade, it is unclear if Millennium Development Goal 5--to reduce maternal mortality by three-quarters by 2015--will be met. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed an empirically calibrated model that simulates the natural history of pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications in a cohort of 15-year-old women followed over their lifetime. After synthesizing national and sub-national trends in maternal mortality, the model was calibrated to current intervention-specific coverage levels and validated by comparing model-projected life expectancy, total fertility rate, crude birth rate and maternal mortality ratio with Mexico-specific data. Using both published and primary data, we assessed the comparative health and economic outcomes of alternative strategies to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. A dual approach that increased coverage of family planning by 15%, and assured access to safe abortion for all women desiring elective termination of pregnancy, reduced mortality by 43% and was cost saving compared to current practice. The most effective strategy added a third component, enhanced access to comprehensive emergency obstetric care for at least 90% of women requiring referral. At a national level, this strategy reduced mortality by 75%, cost less than current practice, and had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $300 per DALY relative to the next best strategy. Analyses conducted at the state level yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Increasing the provision of family planning and assuring access to safe abortion are feasible, complementary and cost-effective strategies that would provide the greatest benefit within a short-time frame. Incremental improvements in access to high-quality intrapartum and emergency obstetric care will further reduce maternal deaths and disability.
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Abstract
Recently, several claims have been made that free provision of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) will boost our economy. This is premised on the assumption that people provide more in terms of tax and insurance than they consume in resources, leaving an overall gain. Even where these ‘replacement' people are created by means of IVF, it is argued that the costs involved are easily offset by the financial contribution we can expect IVF‐conceived adults to make to our economy. However, although it may be true that the creation of a new person constitutes an overall financial gain to the state, I question the degree to which the arithmetic involved is as simple as the reports suggest.
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Boers KE, Bijlenga D, Mol BWJ, LeCessie S, Birnie E, van Pampus MG, Stigter RH, Bloemenkamp KWM, van Meir CA, van der Post JAM, Bekedam DJ, Ribbert LSM, Drogtrop AP, van der Salm PCM, Huisjes AJM, Willekes C, Roumen FJME, Scheepers HCJ, de Boer K, Duvekot JJ, Thornton JG, Scherjon SA. Disproportionate Intrauterine Growth Intervention Trial At Term: DIGITAT. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 7:12. [PMID: 17623077 PMCID: PMC1933438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Around 80% of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants are born at term. They have an increase in perinatal mortality and morbidity including behavioral problems, minor developmental delay and spastic cerebral palsy. Management is controversial, in particular the decision whether to induce labour or await spontaneous delivery with strict fetal and maternal surveillance. We propose a randomised trial to compare effectiveness, costs and maternal quality of life for induction of labour versus expectant management in women with a suspected IUGR fetus at term. Methods/design The proposed trial is a multi-centre randomised study in pregnant women who are suspected on clinical grounds of having an IUGR child at a gestational age between 36+0 and 41+0 weeks. After informed consent women will be randomly allocated to either induction of labour or expectant management with maternal and fetal monitoring. Randomisation will be web-based. The primary outcome measure will be a composite neonatal morbidity and mortality. Secondary outcomes will be severe maternal morbidity, maternal quality of life and costs. Moreover, we aim to assess neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral outcome at two years as assessed by a postal enquiry (Child Behavioral Check List-CBCL and Ages and Stages Questionnaire-ASQ). Analysis will be by intention to treat. Quality of life analysis and a preference study will also be performed in the same study population. Health technology assessment with an economic analysis is part of this so called Digitat trial (Disproportionate Intrauterine Growth Intervention Trial At Term). The study aims to include 325 patients per arm. Discussion This trial will provide evidence for which strategy is superior in terms of neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality, costs and maternal quality of life aspects. This will be the first randomised trial for IUGR at term. Trial registration Dutch Trial Register and ISRCTN-Register: ISRCTN10363217.
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van der Ham DP, Nijhuis JG, Mol BWJ, van Beek JJ, Opmeer BC, Bijlenga D, Groenewout M, Arabin B, Bloemenkamp KWM, van Wijngaarden WJ, Wouters MGAJ, Pernet PJM, Porath MM, Molkenboer JFM, Derks JB, Kars MM, Scheepers HCJ, Weinans MJN, Woiski MD, Wildschut HIJ, Willekes C. Induction of labour versus expectant management in women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes between 34 and 37 weeks (the PPROMEXIL-trial). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2007; 7:11. [PMID: 17617892 PMCID: PMC1934382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is an important clinical problem and a dilemma for the gynaecologist. On the one hand, awaiting spontaneous labour increases the probability of infectious disease for both mother and child, whereas on the other hand induction of labour leads to preterm birth with an increase in neonatal morbidity (e.g., respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)) and a possible rise in the number of instrumental deliveries. METHODS/DESIGN We aim to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of immediate delivery after PPROM in near term gestation compared to expectant management. Pregnant women with preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes at a gestational age from 34+0 weeks until 37+0 weeks will be included in a multicentre prospective randomised controlled trial. We will compare early delivery with expectant monitoring. The primary outcome of this study is neonatal sepsis. Secondary outcome measures are maternal morbidity (chorioamnionitis, puerperal sepsis) and neonatal disease, instrumental delivery rate, maternal quality of life, maternal preferences and costs. We anticipate that a reduction of neonatal infection from 7.5% to 2.5% after induction will outweigh an increase in RDS and additional costs due to admission of the child due to prematurity. Under these assumptions, we aim to randomly allocate 520 women to two groups of 260 women each. Analysis will be by intention to treat. Additionally a cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed to evaluate if the cost related to early delivery will outweigh those of expectant management. Long term outcomes will be evaluated using modelling. DISCUSSION This trial will provide evidence as to whether induction of labour after preterm prelabour rupture of membranes is an effective and cost-effective strategy to reduce the risk of neonatal sepsis. CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER: ISRCTN29313500.
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MESH Headings
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Female
- Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/economics
- Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/prevention & control
- Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/therapy
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/economics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control
- Labor, Induced/methods
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Outcome/economics
- Pregnancy Trimester, Third
- Prospective Studies
- Term Birth
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