1151
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Kalinichenko VV, Lim L, Stolz DB, Shin B, Rausa FM, Clark J, Whitsett JA, Watkins SC, Costa RH. Defects in pulmonary vasculature and perinatal lung hemorrhage in mice heterozygous null for the Forkhead Box f1 transcription factor. Dev Biol 2001; 235:489-506. [PMID: 11437453 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreased pulmonary expression of Forkhead Box f1 (Foxf1) transcription factor was associated with lethal alveolar hemorrhage in 55% of the Foxf1 +/- newborn mice. The severity of the pulmonary abnormalities correlates with the levels of Foxf1 mRNA. Defects in alveolarization and vasculogenesis were observed in subsets of the Foxf1 +/- mice with relatively low levels of expression from the normal Foxf1 allele. Lung hemorrhage was coincident with disruption of the mesenchymal-epithelial cell interfaces in the alveolar and bronchiolar regions of the lung parenchyma and was associated with increased apoptosis and reduced surfactant protein B (SP-B) expression. Finally, the lung defect associated with the Foxf1 +/- mutation was accompanied by reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk-1), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp-4), and the transcription factors of the Brachyury T-Box family (Tbx2-Tbx5) and Lung Kruppel-like Factor. Reduction in the level of Foxf1 caused neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage and abnormalities in alveologenesis, implicating this transcription factor in the regulation of mesenchyme-epithelial interaction critical for lung morphogenesis.
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1152
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Marszalek A, Daa T, Kashima K, Nakayama I, Yokoyama S. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of CD31 during lung development in the rat. Cells Tissues Organs 2001; 169:49-54. [PMID: 11340261 DOI: 10.1159/000047860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD31 antigen, known also as the platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, has been shown to be a good marker for monitoring the formation of the vasculature in mammals. Available evidence suggests that the expression of CD31 is regulated during embryonal and fetal development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in the expression of CD31 during the development of the rat lung. We studied samples of lung tissue from rat fetuses (17, 19 and 21 days after conception), newborns (1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after birth) and adult animals. The tissue samples from rats in the various age groups were divided into sets, with all age groups being represented in every set. After immunohistochemical localization of the antigen, the amount of chromogen deposited after the immunoreaction (defined in terms of optical density; OD) was evaluated by image analysis in the various sets. Measurements were obtained twice from each set, and the results were reproducible (paired t test, alpha = 0.05). We subjected the results of measurements from all sets to an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The amount of chromogen (OD) decreased from fetal day 19 to 5 days after delivery and then increased again. The decrease in the level of expression of CD31 on days 3 and 5 after delivery was significant (p < 0.0001).
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1153
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Wulff C, Wiegand SJ, Saunders PT, Scobie GA, Fraser HM. Angiogenesis during follicular development in the primate and its inhibition by treatment with truncated Flt-1-Fc (vascular endothelial growth factor Trap(A40)). Endocrinology 2001; 142:3244-54. [PMID: 11416048 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.7.8258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to 1) quantify changes in angiogenesis during follicular growth in a primate model; 2) investigate the molecular regulation using in situ hybridization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its receptor, Flt-1, the angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), and their receptor, Tie-2; 3) elucidate the role of VEGF in follicular angiogenesis by blocking its action by treatment with a soluble truncated form of the Flt-1 receptor, (VEGF Trap(A40)). Changes in angiogenesis were quantified using bromodeoxyuridine to obtain a proliferation index, and CD31 immunocytochemistry to visualize endothelial cell area. Percentage of proliferating endothelial cells was calculated by double labeling for bromodeoxyuridine and CD31. Vascularization was first observed in follicles containing four granulosa cell layers. A significant increase in proliferation in the thecal layer was observed from the early to late secondary stage, and dual staining showed that 25% of proliferating cells were of endothelial cell origin. VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in granulosa cells with an increase of grain density from late secondary to tertiary follicles. Ang-1 was weakly expressed in the theca of tertiary follicles. Ang-2 mRNA was not detected in any follicles. The mRNA for the Flt-1 and Tie-2 receptors was localized in endothelial cells of the theca. Unexpectedly, Tie-2 mRNA was also found in granulosa cells of early follicular stages and its translation was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. VEGF trap treatment for 3 days resulted in an 87% decrease of proliferation in the theca of secondary and tertiary follicles, a reduction in endothelial cell area and a marked decline in Flt-1 mRNA expression. Granulosa cell proliferation also decreased. These results show that onset and establishment of the follicle vasculature takes place early during follicular development. The ability of VEGF trap treatment to severely restrict follicular angiogenesis establishes that VEGF is the major regulator of this process in the primate ovary.
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1154
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Zimmermann RC, Hartman T, Bohlen P, Sauer MV, Kitajewski J. Preovulatory treatment of mice with anti-VEGF receptor 2 antibody inhibits angiogenesis in corpora lutea. Microvasc Res 2001; 62:15-25. [PMID: 11421657 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2001.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian angiogenesis occurs predominantly in female reproductive organs: the ovary and the uterus. Angiogenesis is very active during corpus luteum formation. A key regulator of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is highly expressed during corpus luteum formation. Inhibition of VEGF activity can block the formation and function of the corpora lutea by preventing angiogenesis. The VEGF receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) mediates the angiogenic action of VEGF and is expressed during corpus luteum formation. We hypothesized that treatment with an antibody against VEGF-R2 would inhibit luteal angiogenesis by blocking VEGF/VEGF-R2 interaction. Immature mice were induced to superovulate with PMSG/hCG resulting in neovascularization in the corpora lutea, as evidenced by abundant staining for the endothelial-specific adhesion molecule PECAM. Multiple doses of a monoclonal antibody against the VEGF-R2 (DC101) were administered to immature mice. Treatment was initiated 2 days prior to the induction of superovulation with PMSG/hCG. This antibody inhibited luteal angiogenesis as evidenced by the lack of PECAM staining in the center of the corpora lutea. Multiple dose treatment with antibody initiated prior to gonadotropin administration could not dissociate the luteal inhibition from the consequences of inhibition of angiogenesis in the developing follicle. Administration of a single, preovulatory dose of anti-VEGF-R2 antibody, such that follicular angiogenesis would not be affected, also inhibited luteal development, demonstrating that luteal angiogenesis is required for corpus luteal development. We conclude that VEGF acting through VEGF-R2 has an obligatory role in luteal angiogenesis and corpus luteum formation.
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1155
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Kuin A, Citarella F, Oussoren YG, Van der Wal AF, Dewit LG, Stewart FA. Increased glomerular Vwf after kidney irradiation is not due to increased biosynthesis or endothelial cell proliferation. Radiat Res 2001; 156:20-7. [PMID: 11418069 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0020:igvaki]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Kuin, A., Citarella, F., Oussoren, Y. G., Van der Wal, A. F., Dewit, L. G. H. and Stewart, F. A. Increased Glomerular Vwf after Kidney Irradiation is not due to Increased Biosynthesis or Endothelial Cell Proliferation. Radiat. Res. 156, 20-27 (2001). Irradiation of the kidney induces dose-dependent, progressive renal functional impairment, which is partly mediated by vascular damage. It has previously been demonstrated that reduced renal function is preceded by an increased amount of von Willebrand factor (Vwf) in the glomerulus. The underlying mechanism and significance of this observation are unknown but, since it is an important mediator of platelet adhesion, Vwf in increased amounts could be implicated in glomerular thrombosis, resulting in impairment of renal function. Increased Vwf could be the result of increased biosynthesis by endothelial cells, or from increased numbers of endothelial cells after compensatory proliferation induced by irradiation, or it could be secondary to other events. In the present study, expression levels of mRNA for glomerular Vwf and glomerular cell proliferation rates were measured in control mouse kidneys and after irradiation with a single dose of 16 Gy. There were no significant changes in mRNA ratios for Vwf/beta-actin at 10 to 30 weeks after irradiation compared with unirradiated samples, whereas increased amounts of Vwf protein were seen in the glomeruli at these times. Labeling studies with IdU or staining for Ki67 demonstrated that glomerular proliferation was increased from 10 to 30 weeks after irradiation. Despite the increased proliferation rates, there was an absence of glomerular hyperplasia and no increase in the endothelial cell surface coverage in the glomeruli. Staining with antibodies against smooth muscle actin (SMAalpha) revealed that the observed proliferation mainly involved mesangial cells. These results indicate that the increased presence of glomerular Vwf after irradiation is not due to an increased number of endothelial cells per glomerulus, or to an increased production of Vwf. It is presumably secondary to other events, such as increased release of Vwf by damaged endothelial cells or entrapment of Vwf in the irradiated mesangial matrix.
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1156
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Jasty R, van Golen C, Lin HJ, Solomon G, Heidelberger K, Polverini P, Opipari A, Feldman E, Castle VP. Bcl-2 and M-Myc coexpression increases IGF-IR and features of malignant growth in neuroblastoma cell lines. Neoplasia 2001; 3:304-13. [PMID: 11571630 PMCID: PMC1505862 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2001] [Accepted: 05/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The bcl-2 and c-myc oncogenes cooperate to transform multiple cell types. In the pediatric malignancy NB(2), Bcl-2 is highly expressed. In tumors with a poor prognosis, N-Myc, a protein homologous to c-Myc, is overexpressed as a result of gene amplification. The present study was designed to determine whether Bcl-2 cooperates with N-Myc to bestow a tumorigenic phenotype to neuroblastoma (NB) cells. NB cell lines that at baseline express neither Bcl-2 nor N-Myc were stably transfected to express these gene products. In this model, we found Bcl-2 rescues N-Myc-expressing cells from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. Coexpression of Bcl-2 and N-Myc supports growth in low serum conditions and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Similarly, in vivo tumorigenic and angiogenic activity was dependent on coexpression. Our data further suggests that the mechanism underlying these changes involves the receptor for insulin growth factor type I (IGF-IR).
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1157
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Kragh M, Quistorff B, Lund EL, Kristjansen PE. Quantitative estimates of vascularity in solid tumors by non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy. Neoplasia 2001; 3:324-30. [PMID: 11571632 PMCID: PMC1505857 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2001] [Accepted: 03/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between non-invasive estimates of the tumor hemoglobin concentration by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and histological scores of tumor vascularity by Chalkley counts in seven tumor lines in nude mice [malignant gliomas: U87, U118, U373; small cell lung cancers (SCLC): 54A, 54B, DMS79; prostate cancer: MatLyLu (MLL)]. We also evaluated the effect of continuous anti-angiogenic treatment with TNP-470 on tumor hemoglobin concentration and tumor vascularity in U87 and MLL tumors. Non-invasive NIRS recordings were performed with a custom-built flash near-infrared spectrometer using light guide-coupled reflectance measurements at 800+/-10 nm. Chalkley counts were obtained from CD31-immunostained cryosections. The NIRS recordings in arbitrary absorbance units increased with tumor size in the individual tumors until a plateau was reached at approximately 150 mm(3). This plateau was relatively tumor line-specific. NIRS recordings at the plateau phase were strongly correlated (P<.001, n=71) to the histological vessel score (Chalkley count) of the same individual tumors excised immediately after the NIRS was performed. Non-invasive NIRS recordings of the highly vascularized gliomas (U87, U118, and U373) plus the MatLyLu tumor line were significantly higher than the three less vascularized SCLC tumor lines (P<.001). Continuous treatment with the anti-angiogenic compound TNP-470, an endothelial cell inhibitor, significantly retarded tumor growth in both U87 and MLL tumors, but all tumors eventually grew. When comparing treated and untreated tumors of similar size, both NIRS recordings and Chalkley counts were significantly lower in TNP-470-treated tumors (P<.05). In conclusion, the NIRS technique provides a non-invasive measure of the degree of vascularization in untreated tumors and the NIRS technique can measure modifications in tumor vascularization by anti-angiogenic therapy.
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1158
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Shintani S, Murohara T, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Honma T, Katoh A, Sasaki K, Shimada T, Oike Y, Imaizumi T. Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 103:2776-9. [PMID: 11401930 DOI: 10.1161/hc2301.092122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulate in adult peripheral blood (PB) and contribute to neovascularization. However, little is known regarding whether EPCs and their putative precursor, CD34-positive mononuclear cells (MNC(CD34+)), are mobilized into PB in acute ischemic events in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometry revealed that circulating MNC(CD34+) counts significantly increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction (n=16), peaking on day 7 after onset, whereas they were unchanged in control subjects (n=8) who had no evidence of cardiac ischemia. During culture, PB-MNCs formed multiple cell clusters, and EPC-like attaching cells with endothelial cell lineage markers (CD31, vascular endothelial cadherin, and kinase insert domain receptor) sprouted from clusters. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, more cell clusters and EPCs developed from cultured PB-MNCs obtained on day 7 than those on day 1. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor significantly increased, peaking on day 7, and they positively correlated with circulating MNC(CD34+) counts (r=0.35, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS This is the first clinical demonstration showing that lineage-committed EPCs and MNC(CD34+), their putative precursors, are mobilized during an acute ischemic event in humans.
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1159
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Niimi K, Yoshizawa M, Nakajima T, Saku T. Vascular invasion in squamous cell carcinomas of human oral mucosa. Oral Oncol 2001; 37:357-64. [PMID: 11337268 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of vascular invasion of human oral squamous cell carcinomas was histologically and immunohistochemically studied in surgical and autopsy specimens. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical stainings for Ulex europaeus I lectin binding, CD31, and type IV collagen were done to differentiate lymphatic and blood vessels and to demonstrate basement membranes in vascular walls and around carcinoma cell nests was observed. With growth of tumor, there was mechanical disruption of vascular walls and endothelial cells by carcinoma cell nests. After disrupting vascular walls, they invaded into the lumen as clusters, not as single cells. At the blood vessel invasion sites, inflammatory reactions were seen around carcinoma cell nests inside as well as outside lumina with microthrombotic reactions due to endothelial injury. At the lymphatic invasion sites, carcinoma cell nests maintained their volume inside the lumen and the cells adhered tightly to each other, and inflammatory reaction was scarcely seen. These findings showed that mechanical pressure has an important role in the vascular invasion of human oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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1160
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Noda M, Paddock C, Newman PJ. Construction and expression of an enzymatically active form of PECAM-1 containing the phosphatase domain of the protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 22:113-9. [PMID: 11388808 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31) is a 130-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surfaces of platelets, endothelial cells, and certain leukocyte subsets. The extracellular region of PECAM-1 contains six immunoglobulin homology domains, two of which (domains 1 and 2) mediate PECAM-1 homophilic interactions. Recent evidence suggests that a major function of the extracellular region of PECAM-1 is to determine its localization within the plane of the plasma membrane. The cytoplasmic domain of PECAM-1 contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif that, upon tyrosine phosphorylation, supports recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2. However, neither the targets of this PECAM-1/SHP-2 complex nor the significance of localizing SHP-2 to the borders of opposing PECAM-1-expressing cells is yet known. As a first step in addressing these issues, we designed a cDNA encoding a chimeric protein composed of the PECAM-1 extracellular domain fused to the phosphatase domain of SHP-2, which we call PECAM-1/PhD2. When immunopurified from stably transfected HEK293 cell lines expressing this recombinant protein, PECAM-1/PhD2 was found to possess constitutive enzymatic activity and appropriate border localization. This constitutively active chimeric protein will be useful in future studies designed to define the components of signal transduction pathways modulated by PECAM-1/SHP-2 signaling complexes.
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1161
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Matsumoto G, Ohmi Y, Shindo J. Angiostatin gene therapy inhibits the growth of murine squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Oral Oncol 2001; 37:369-78. [PMID: 11337270 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is an angiogenesis-dependent process and therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting angiogenesis are theoretically attractive. Angiostatin has been shown to potently inhibit endothelial proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We now show that a shift in the balance of tumor angiogenesis by gene transfer of a cDNA coding for mouse angiostatin into mouse squamous cell carcinoma NRS-1 and SCC-VII cells suppresses tumor growth in vivo. The inhibition of an angiostatin-transfected tumor was accompanied by a marked reduction in vascularity and the presence of many apoptotic tumor cells. However, transfected-angiostatin cDNA does not affect the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-R2 in the vascular endothelium. The inhibition mechanisms of neovascularization may be mediated independent of VEGF:VEGF-R2 complex. Our data may provide a useful approach for human oral cancer therapy by gene therapy with angiostatin.
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MESH Headings
- Angiostatins
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- DNA, Complementary
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Plasminogen/genetics
- Plasminogen/therapeutic use
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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1162
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Hofman P, van Blijswijk BC, Gaillard PJ, Vrensen GF, Schlingemann RO. Endothelial cell hypertrophy induced by vascular endothelial growth factor in the retina: new insights into the pathogenesis of capillary nonperfusion. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2001; 119:861-6. [PMID: 11405837 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.119.6.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism leading to capillary nonperfusion of the retina in a monkey model of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF)-induced retinopathy in which capillary closure occurs in a late stage after VEGF treatment. METHODS Two monkeys received 4 intravitreous injections of 0.5 microg of VEGF in one eye and of phosphate-buffered saline in the other eye and were killed at day 9. After perfusion and enucleation, retinal samples were snap frozen for immunohistochemical analysis with the panendothelial cell marker CD31 or were fixed for morphometric analysis at the light and electron microscopic level. RESULTS At the light microscopic level, all capillaries in the retina of VEGF-injected eyes displayed hypertrophic walls with narrow lumina. In a quantitative analysis of the deep capillary plexus in the inner nuclear layer, VEGF-injected eyes had a significant 5- to 7-fold decrease in total capillary luminal volume. CD31 staining showed that this decrease was not accompanied by a change in the number of capillaries. Electron microscopy revealed that the luminal volume of individual capillaries of the inner nuclear layer of VEGF-injected eyes was significantly decreased due to a 2-fold hypertrophy of the endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Luminal narrowing caused by endothelial cell hypertrophy occurs in the deep retinal capillary plexus in VEGF-induced retinopathy in monkeys. This suggests a causal role of endothelial cell hypertrophy in the pathogenesis of VEGF-induced retinal capillary closure. A similar mechanism may operate in retinal conditions in humans associated with ischemia and VEGF overexpression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Capillary nonperfusion occurs in diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic diseases associated with overexpression of VEGF. In addition, VEGF-induced endothelial cell hypertrophy may be causative for capillary closure in these diseases.
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Frachon S, Gouysse G, Dumortier J, Couvelard A, Nejjari M, Mion F, Berger F, Paliard P, Boillot O, Scoazec JY. Endothelial cell marker expression in dysplastic lesions of the liver: an immunohistochemical study. J Hepatol 2001; 34:850-7. [PMID: 11451168 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma usually contains continuous capillary vessels lacking the differentiation markers specific for normal sinusoidal endothelial cells. We therefore aimed to search for alterations in endothelial cell marker expression in precancerous liver lesions. METHODS Expression of the endothelial cell markers CD31, CD34 and BNH9 was analyzed in 138 dysplastic lesions from 40 cirrhotic patients (20 with and 20 without hepatocellular carcinoma). RESULTS No expression of the three endothelial cell markers was detected in cirrhotic nodules and in non dysplastic regenerative macronodules. The three markers were detected in 29.8% of dysplastic lesions and 47% of hepatocellular carcinomas. At least one marker was detected in 75% of dysplastic lesions and 100% of hepatocellular carcinomas. The three markers were more frequently expressed in areas of small cell than of large cell change (34 vs 10%). No correlation was found with the grade of dysplasia, the occurrence of arterialization and the association with hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the hepatic microcirculation comparable to those observed in hepatocellular carcinoma are present in a significant proportion of dysplastic lesions of the liver and may be indirect markers of the process of liver carcinogenesis.
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1164
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Danilov SM, Gavrilyuk VD, Franke FE, Pauls K, Harshaw DW, McDonald TD, Miletich DJ, Muzykantov VR. Lung uptake of antibodies to endothelial antigens: key determinants of vascular immunotargeting. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280:L1335-47. [PMID: 11350815 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.6.l1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular immunotargeting is a mean for a site-selective delivery of drugs and genes to endothelium. In this study, we compared recognition of pulmonary and systemic vessels in rats by candidate carrier monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to endothelial antigens platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 (CD31), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (CD54), Thy-1.1 (CD90.1), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; CD143), and OX-43. Tissue immunostaining showed that endothelial cells were Thy-1.1 positive in capillaries but negative in large vessels. In the lung, anti-ACE MAb provided a positive staining in 100% capillaries vs. 5–20% capillaries in other organs. Other MAbs did not discriminate between pulmonary and systemic vessels. We determined tissue uptake after infusion of 1 μg of 125I-labeled MAbs in isolated perfused lungs (IPL) or intravenously in intact rats. Uptake in IPL attained 46% of the injected dose (ID) of anti-Thy-1.1 and 20–25% ID of anti-ACE, anti-ICAM-1, and anti-OX-43 (vs. 0.5% ID of control IgG). However, after systemic injection at this dose, only anti-ACE MAb 9B9 displayed selective pulmonary uptake (16 vs. 1% ID/g in other organs). Anti-OX-43 displayed low pulmonary (0.5% ID/g) but significant splenic and cardiac uptake (7 and 2% ID/g). Anti-Thy-1.1 and anti-ICAM-1 displayed moderate pulmonary (4 and 6% ID/g, respectively) and high splenic and hepatic uptake (e.g., 18% ID/g of anti-Thy-1.1 in spleen). The lung-to-blood ratio was 5, 10, and 15 for anti-Thy-1.1, anti-ACE, and anti-ICAM-1, respectively. PECAM antibodies displayed low pulmonary uptake in perfusion (2% ID) and in vivo (3–4% ID/g). However, conjugation with streptavidin (SA) markedly augmented pulmonary uptake of anti-PECAM in perfusion (10–54% ID, depending on an antibody clone) and in vivo (up to 15% ID/g). Therefore, ACE-, Thy-1.1-, ICAM-1-, and SA-conjugated PECAM MAbs are candidate carriers for pulmonary targeting. ACE MAb offers a high selectivity of pulmonary targeting in vivo, likely because of a high content of ACE-positive capillaries in the lungs.
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Abstract
To determine whether transplanted metanephroi grow and differentiate after implantation into the omentum in hosts of a different species, we implanted metanephroi from embryonic day 15 (E15) rat embryos into uninephrectomized mice (hosts). Some host mice received human CTLA4Ig (hCTLA4Ig), anti-CD45RB, and anti-CD154 (tolerance-inducing agents). E15 metanephroi contained only metanephric blastema, segments of ureteric bud, and primitive nephrons with no glomeruli. Rat metanephroi did not grow or differentiate in mice that received no tolerance-inducing agents. However, by 2 wk posttransplantation in mice that received hCTLA4Ig, anti-CD45RB, and anti-CD154, metanephroi from E15 rats had enlarged, become vascularized, and formed mature tubules and glomeruli. Rat metanephroi contained cells that stained specifically for mouse CD31, a marker for sprouting endothelial cells. Some rat glomerular capillary loops stained positively for mouse CD31. Here, we show that chimeric kidneys develop from metanephroi transplanted rat→mouse and that glomeruli are vascularized, at least in part, by host vessels.
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Amos C, Romero IA, Schültze C, Rousell J, Pearson JD, Greenwood J, Adamson P. Cross-Linking of Brain Endothelial Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 Induces Association of ICAM-1 With Detergent-Insoluble Cytoskeletal Fraction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:810-6. [PMID: 11348879 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.5.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
—Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 plays a vital role in the process of leukocyte transmigration through endothelial cell (EC) barriers and has been shown to mediate signal transduction events in ECs induced either by its cross-linking or by the binding of T lymphocytes. Immunoblotting of ICAM-1 of Triton X-100 detergent fractions demonstrated that the majority of ICAM-1 was contained within the detergent-soluble fraction (noncytoskeletal associated) under basal conditions. After cross-linking of endothelial ICAM-1 with monoclonal antibody or coculture with T lymphocytes, EC ICAM-1 was observed to partition with a Triton X-100–insoluble (cytoskeletal associated) fraction in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Redistribution of ICAM-1 was specific, inasmuch as no association with the Triton X-100–insoluble fraction was observed after cross-linking of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, nor did cross-linking of ICAM-1 result in a redistribution of the platelet and EC adhesion molecule. ICAM-1 association with the endothelial cytoskeleton after cross-linking was unaffected after treatment of the cells with cytochalasin D, C3-transferase, removal of extracellular calcium ions, or chelation of intracellular calcium ions. These data show that ICAM-1 colocalizes with the endothelial cytoskeleton and associates with a detergent-insoluble fraction after cross-linking.
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1167
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O'Brien CD, Ji G, Wang YX, Sun J, Krymskaya VP, Ruberg FL, Kotlikoff MI, Albelda SM. PECAM-1 (CD31) engagement activates a phosphoinositide-independent, nonspecific cation channel in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:1257-60. [PMID: 11344106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0467fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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1168
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Carrington CA, dos Santos Cruz G. Effect of cell surface concentration of human DAF on transgenic pig aortic endothelial cells on the degree of protection afforded against human complement deposition. Xenotransplantation 2001; 8:100-5. [PMID: 11328580 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3089.2001.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of hDAF transgenic porcine aortic endothelial cells (TPAEs) with levels of cell surface hDAF expression between 2000 and 300 000 molecules per cell have been used to determine the relationship between expression of hDAF and protection from human complement deposition in an in vitro model. At concentrations below 45 000 molecules per cell, the relationship between hDAF expression and degree of protection conferred is linear. Concentrations of 123 000 molecules per cell and higher give maximal protection (60% reduction of susceptibility to neat human serum) in this model. It is concluded that increasing hDAF expression above that displayed by the A74 line of hDAF transgenic pigs (240 000 +/- 15 000 molecules per cell) would not confer any additional benefit.
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1169
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Zibara K, Chettab K, McGregor B, Poston R, McGregor J. Increased ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 transcription levels in the heart of Apo-E deficient mice in comparison to wild type (C57BL6). Thromb Haemost 2001; 85:908-14. [PMID: 11372687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules and chemoattractants are thought to play a critical role in the homing of leukocytes to sites of vascular lesions. Apo-E deficiency in mice creates an atherosclerotic model that mimics vascular lesions in man. Little is known on the effect of Apo-E deficiency on expression of adhesion molecules in the hearts of these animals. In this study, male C57BL6 and Apo-E deficient mice were fed a chow diet over periods of time (0 to 20 weeks). The transcription levels of major adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, PECAM-1), present in the heart, were followed by northern blots. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize these adhesion molecules in the heart. Results show a significant increase in gene transcription levels of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 in Apo-E animals, but not wild type, at 16 and 20 weeks of chow diet. Such increase in levels of transcription was not observed in younger Apo-E and C57BL6 animals (0, 6 weeks of diet). ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 were strongly expressed in the endocardium and heart microvessels. In contrast, VCAM-1 was poorly stained, with only an occasional expression on the endocardium and arterioles. Enhanced gene expression levels of heart ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 observed in Apo-E deficient mice, but not in control animals, appears to induce the initial stages of an inflammatory reaction. Such observations, not previously reported, may induce heart vascular remodeling.
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1170
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Enholm B, Karpanen T, Jeltsch M, Kubo H, Stenback F, Prevo R, Jackson DG, Yla-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Adenoviral expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C induces lymphangiogenesis in the skin. Circ Res 2001; 88:623-9. [PMID: 11282897 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.6.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth of blood and lymphatic vasculature is mediated in part by secreted polypeptides of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. The prototype VEGF binds VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 and is angiogenic, whereas VEGF-C, which binds to VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, is either angiogenic or lymphangiogenic in different assays. We used an adenoviral gene transfer approach to compare the effects of these growth factors in adult mice. Recombinant adenoviruses encoding human VEGF-C or VEGF were injected subcutaneously into C57Bl6 mice or into the ears of nude mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that VEGF-C upregulated VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression and VEGF upregulated VEGFR-2 expression at 4 days after injection. After 2 weeks, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, including staining for the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), the vascular endothelial marker platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) revealed that VEGF-C induced mainly lymphangiogenesis in contrast to VEGF, which induced only angiogenesis. These results have significant implications in the planning of gene therapy using these growth factors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/chemistry
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glycoproteins/analysis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/analysis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Skin/blood supply
- Skin/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- Vesicular Transport Proteins
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/metabolism
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1171
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Liem LK, Choong LH, Woo KT. Action of dipyridamole and warfarin on growth of human endothelial cells cultured in serum-free media. Clin Biochem 2001; 34:141-7. [PMID: 11311224 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(01)00194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the anti-proliferative effect of Dipyridamole (anti-platelet), Dipyridamole with Warfarin, and Warfarin (anticoagulant) alone, in human endothelial cells in vitro. DESIGN AND METHODS Human endothelial cells were harvested from umbilical cords. Primary cultures were usually successful. However, subculture yields were usually contaminated with smooth muscle cells. We have developed an improved method for the isolation of endothelial cells by using Collagenase II, coating the culture flask with fibronectin and using serum-free media. The endothelial cells were characterised by anti-PECAM-1/PE (CD31) using Flow Cytometry with viability of 95% after trypsinization with 0.05% Trypsin and 1 mM EDTA. Growth and proliferation studies were performed in vitro in the presence of 5 microM Dipyridamole, 5 microM Dipyridamole with 5 microM Warfarin, 5 microM Warfarin alone by cell counts, (3)H-thymidine and (3)H-leucine incorporation. RESULTS The incorporation of (3)H-Leucine at day 6 in each test condition revealed no significant change. Control 12678 +/- 2968 CPM, Dipyridamole 8698 +/- 189 CPM, Dipyridamole and Warfarin 7541 +/- 413 CPM, and Warfarin alone 10711 +/- 732 CPM. With the incorporation of (3)H-Thymidine, Dipyridamole alone as well as Dipyridamole with Warfarin reduced the basal proliferation rates significantly when compared to controls. Control 14355 +/- 4441 CPM, Dipyridamole 1100 +/- 152 CPM (p<0.05), Dipyridamole with Warfarin 1092 +/- 272 CPM (p<0.05). Warfarin alone did not reduce proliferation significantly 12870 +/- 2677 CPM (NS). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a method to isolate pure endothelial cells from human umbilical cords using Serum-Free Media (SFM). EC with high purity was characterised by anti-PECAM-1/PE (CD31) using Flow Cytometry. Dipyridamole at a concentration of 5 microM inhibited the proliferation of endothelial cells at day 6 by 93%. These techniques can be used for routine analysis and proliferation studies.
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1172
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Deaglio S, Mallone R, Baj G, Donati D, Giraudo G, Corno F, Bruzzone S, Geuna M, Ausiello C, Malavasi F. Human CD38 and its ligand CD31 define a unique lamina propria T lymphocyte signaling pathway. FASEB J 2001; 15:580-2. [PMID: 11259373 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0522fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD38, a nonlineage-restricted surface glycoprotein, is an ecto-enzyme (ADP ribosyl cyclase/cADPR hydrolase/EC 3.2.2.6) that regulates cytoplasmic Ca2+ and cell-cell interactions. The molecule also delivers trans-membrane signals, despite a structural ineptitude to the scope. To reconcile these issues in a unitarian model, we compared the effects of CD38 signaling in circulating and residential T lymphocytes, the latter represented by those colonizing the intestinal lamina propria. Results are as follows: 1) LP T cells express an enzymatically active form of CD38, characterized by a modified ratio between cyclase and hydrolase functions; 2) LP T cells do not mobilize Ca2+ upon CD38 ligation, as seen in PB T cells (this condition is due to a lack in activation of PLC- g, constantly observed in PB T lymphocytes); 3) The early steps of CD38 signaling involve activation of lck, syk, and LAT; 4) Late events include synthesis and release of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-g and GM-CSF; 5) The uniqueness of the CD38 pathway in LP T cells is not caused by impaired interactions with the CD31 ligand. The differences observed concern the signaling machinery that CD38 exploits for its own use and not the interplay with its ligand.
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1173
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Dickson SE, Bicknell R, Fraser HM. Mid-luteal angiogenesis and function in the primate is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor. J Endocrinol 2001; 168:409-16. [PMID: 11241172 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1680409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for the angiogenesis required for the formation of the corpus luteum; however, its role in ongoing luteal angiogenesis and in the maintenance of the established vascular network is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether VEGF inhibition could intervene in ongoing luteal angiogenesis using immunoneutralisation of VEGF starting in the mid-luteal phase. In addition, the effects on endothelial cell survival and the recruitment of periendothelial support cells were examined. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody to VEGF, or mouse gamma globulin for control animals, commenced on day 7 after ovulation and continued for 3 days. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), used to label proliferating cells to obtain a proliferation index, was administered one hour before collecting ovaries from control and treated animals. Ovarian sections were stained using antibodies to BrdU, the endothelial cell marker, CD31, the pericyte marker, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and 3' end DNA fragments as a marker for apoptosis. VEGF immunoneutralisation significantly suppressed endothelial cell proliferation and the area occupied by endothelial cells while increasing pericyte coverage and the incidence of endothelial cell apoptosis. Luteal function was markedly compromised by anti-VEGF treatment as judged by a 50% reduction in plasma progesterone concentration. It is concluded that ongoing angiogenesis in the mid-luteal phase is primarily driven by VEGF, and that a proportion of endothelial cells of the mid-luteal phase vasculature are dependent on VEGF support.
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1174
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Brown H, Rogerson S, Taylor T, Tembo M, Mwenechanya J, Molyneux M, Turner G. Blood-brain barrier function in cerebral malaria in Malawian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001; 64:207-13. [PMID: 11442219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Binding of parasitized erythrocytes to cerebral endothelium plays a key role in disease pathogenesis. Central nervous system signs and symptoms (coma, seizures, raised intracranial pressure) predominate in African children, whereas in adults, multiorgan system failure is more common. In this study we investigated whether changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) structure and function are compatible with the signs and symptoms observed in Malawian children with CM. Immunohistochemistry on autopsy brain tissues from eight cases of CM showed activation of endothelial cells and macrophages, and disruption of endothelial intercellular junctions in vessels containing sequestered parasitized erythrocytes, but no gross leakage of plasma proteins. Examination of the partition of albumin between circulating plasma and the cerebrospinal fluid from 72 cases of CM showed subtle but measurable changes compatible with impaired BBB function in malaria. These findings suggest that BBB breakdown occurs in areas of parasite sequestration in CM in African children.
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1175
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1176
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Kader KN, Moore LR, Saul JM, Zborowski M, Ziats NP, Bellamkonda RV. Isolation and purification of canine adipose microvascular endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2001; 61:220-6. [PMID: 11254403 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2001.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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1177
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Voermans C, Rood PM, Hordijk PL, Gerritsen WR, van der Schoot CE. Adhesion molecules involved in transendothelial migration of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2001; 18:435-43. [PMID: 11072032 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.18-6-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the process of homing, CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells migrate across the bone marrow endothelium in response to stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1. To develop more efficient stem cell transplantation procedures, it is important to define the adhesion molecules involved in the homing process. Here, we identified the adhesion molecules that control the migration of primary human CD34(+) cells across human bone marrow endothelial cells. Migration of CD34(+) cells is enhanced across interleukin 1beta prestimulated bone marrow endothelium, suggesting an important role for the endothelium in adhesion and formation of the chemotactic gradient. Under these conditions, 30-100 ng/ml SDF-1 induced a rapid and efficient migration of CD34(+) cells (+/- 46% migration in 4 h). In contrast, 600-1,000 ng/ml SDF-1 were required for optimal migration across fibronectin-coated filters. Subsequent studies revealed that transendothelial migration of CD34(+) cells is mediated by beta1- and beta2-integrins and PECAM-1 (CD31) but not by CD34 or E-selectin. Whereas these antibodies individually blocked migration for 25%-35%, migration was reduced by 68% when the antibodies were combined. Thus, these adhesion molecules play specific and independent roles in the transmigration process. Finally, O-glycosylated proteins appeared to play a role, since SDF-1-induced migration of CD34(+) cells (treated with a glycoprotease from Pasteurella haemolytica) across endothelial cells was clearly inhibited. In conclusion, we show that efficient SDF-1-induced migration of primary human CD34(+) cells across bone marrow endothelium is mediated by beta1-integrins, beta2-integrins, CD31 and O-glycosylated proteins.
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1178
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Fernandez A, Udagawa T, Schwesinger C, Beecken W, Achilles-Gerte E, McDonnell T, D'Amato R. Angiogenic potential of prostate carcinoma cells overexpressing bcl-2. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:208-13. [PMID: 11158189 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors commonly outgrow their blood supply, thereby creating hypoxic conditions, which induce apoptosis and increase expression of angiogenic growth factors. The bcl-2 oncogene inhibits apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli, including hypoxia. On the basis of bcl-2's role in regulating apoptosis in response to hypoxia, we hypothesized that this oncogene might affect other responses to hypoxia, such as the expression of angiogenic growth factors. METHODS Three prostate carcinoma cell lines, PC3, LNCaP, and DU-145, were stably transfected with a bcl-2 complementary DNA (cDNA), and transfectants were analyzed in vitro for the expression of angiogenic factors after exposure to either normoxic (19% O(2)) or hypoxic (1% O(2)) conditions. The in vivo angiogenic potential of the transfected cells was determined by analyzing vessel density in xenografts derived from them and by measuring the ability of these xenografts to induce neovascularization when implanted in mouse corneal micropockets. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS When exposed to hypoxic conditions, prostate carcinoma cells overexpressing bcl-2 expressed statistically significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor, than control-transfected cells (P = .001 for PC3, P = .04 for DU-145 after 48 hours). This effect of bcl-2 was independent of its antiapoptotic activity because increased expression of VEGF was detected in PC3 cells overexpressing bcl-2 even though PC3 cells are inherently resistant to hypoxia-induced apoptosis. In vivo, xenograft tumors derived from the bcl-2-overexpressing prostate carcinoma cell lines displayed increased angiogenic potential and grew more aggressively than tumors derived from the control cell lines (P =.03 for PC3). Treatment of bcl-2-overexpressing and control tumors with the antiangiogenic drug TNP-470 neutralized the aggressive angiogenesis in bcl-2-overexpressing tumors (P = .04 for PC3, P = .004 for DU-145) and the moderate angiogenesis in control tumors (P = .01 for PC3, P = .05 for DU-145), resulting in similar growth rates for both tumors. CONCLUSIONS bcl-2 may play a dual role in tumorigenesis by suppressing apoptosis and by stimulating angiogenesis.
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1179
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Ogawa M, Fraser S, Fujimoto T, Endoh M, Nishikawa S, Nishikawa SI. Origin of hematopoietic progenitors during embryogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:21-44. [PMID: 11342296 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109056721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages diverge from a common progenitor referred to as the hemangioblast. Recently, analyses of the potential of progenitor cells purified from mouse embryos as well as embryonic stem cells differentiating in vitro resolved intermediate stages between mesodermal cells and committed precursors for hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. There are two distinct hematopoietic cell lineages which have different origins, i.e., primitive hematopoietic lineage derived from mesoderm or hemangioblasts and definitive hematopoietic lineage derived from endothelial cells. The endothelium is suggested to provide a milieu in which the definitive hematopoietic lineage acquires multiple potentials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Cadherins/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic System/cytology
- Hematopoietic System/embryology
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Organ Specificity
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Yolk Sac/cytology
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1180
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Arihiro K, Inai K. Expression of CD31, Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor and bone morphogenetic protein in bone metastasis of osteosarcoma. Pathol Int 2001; 51:100-6. [PMID: 11169148 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of metastasis of osteosarcoma cells to other bones has not yet fully been clarified. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether various factors involve the formation of osteosarcoma metastatic foci in other bones. Immunohistochemically, CD31 expression in osteosarcoma with no bone metastasis and osteosarcoma with bone metastasis was noted in 10 and 75% of cases, respectively. Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor expression in osteosarcoma with no bone metastasis and osteosarcoma with bone metastasis was noted in 90 and 25% of cases, respectively. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression in osteosarcoma with no bone metastasis and osteosarcoma with bone metastasis was noted in 20 and 75% of cases, respectively. Metastasis of osteosarcoma cells to other bones was significantly correlated with expression of BMP and CD31 and with no expression of Met/HGF receptor protein in osteosarcoma cells. In contrast, expression of insulin-like growth factor receptor in osteosarcoma cells did not correlate significantly with bone metastasis. These results suggest that formation of metastatic foci of osteosarcoma cells in other bones is regulated by CD31, which is associated with migration between endothelial cells, by BMP, which can induce and activate various mesenchymal cells affecting bone formation, and by escape of effect by HGF, which promotes differentiation of osteosarcoma cells.
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1181
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Uranishi R, Baev NI, Ng PY, Kim JH, Awad IA. Expression of endothelial cell angiogenesis receptors in human cerebrovascular malformations. Neurosurgery 2001; 48:359-67; discussion 367-8. [PMID: 11220380 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200102000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To further understand the role of angiogenic growth factors in the development of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), we investigated endothelial cell (EC) expression of receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin systems in patients with surgically resected lesions. METHODS Paraffin-embedded sections of five AVMs, CCMs, and normal control brain tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies to von Willebrand factor and CD31 (to characterize ECs) and angiogenesis growth factor receptors Flt-1 (VEGF-R1), Flk-1 (VEGF-R2), Tie-1, and Tie-2. We counted large and small vessels in each specimen, assessed each specimen's immunoexpression of each antigen, and analyzed differences between CCMs, AVMs, and the normal control brain tissue samples. RESULTS The ECs of CCMs, AVMs, and normal control brain tissue samples expressed the von Willebrand factor uniformly, but the ECs of CCMs were largely negative for CD31 (P < 0.05). Flk-1, Flt-1, and Tie-2 were not expressed in the control brain tissue samples. The proportion of immunopositive vessels to VEGF receptors Flk-1 and Flt-1 was significantly greater in AVMs and CCMs than in the control brain tissue samples (P < 0.05). Tie-2 in AVMs and CCMs was expressed in a higher percentage of immunopositive vessels than in the control brain tissue samples, but the difference was not statistically significant. Tie-1 was expressed in rare vessels of all lesion types and control brain tissue samples. CONCLUSION ECs of CCMs do not seem to express CD31 to the same extent that AVMs and normal brain tissue do. AVMs and CCMs show greater expression of VEGF receptors, but not of angiopoietin receptors, than normal brain tissue does.
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1182
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Zhao T, Newman PJ. Integrin activation by regulated dimerization and oligomerization of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 from within the cell. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:65-73. [PMID: 11149921 PMCID: PMC2193650 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2000] [Accepted: 11/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 is a 130-kD transmembrane glycoprotein having six Ig homology domains within its extracellular domain and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif within its cytoplasmic domain. Previous studies have shown that addition of bivalent anti-PECAM-1 mAbs to the surface of T cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, or platelets result in increased cell adhesion to immobilized integrin ligands. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is not clear, and it is possible that anti-PECAM-1 mAbs elicit this effect by simply sequestering PECAM-1, via antibody-induced patching and capping, away from stimulatory receptors that it normally regulates. To determine whether dimerization or oligomerization of PECAM-1 directly initiates signal transduction pathways that affect integrin function in an antibody-independent manner, stable human embryonic kidney-293 cell lines were produced that expressed chimeric PECAM-1 cDNAs containing one or two FK506-binding protein (FKBP) domains at their COOH terminus. Controlled dimerization initiated by addition of the bivalent, membrane-permeable FKBP dimerizer, AP1510, nearly doubled homophilic binding capacity, whereas AP1510-induced oligomers favored cis PECAM-1/PECAM-1 associations within the plane of the plasma membrane at the expense of trans homophilic adhesion. Importantly, AP1510-induced oligomerization resulted in a marked increase in both adherence and spreading of PECAM/FKBP-2-transfected cells on immobilized fibronectin, a reaction that was mediated by the integrin alpha(5)beta(1). These data demonstrate that signals required for integrin activation can be elicited by clustering of PECAM-1 from inside the cell, and suggest that a dynamic equilibrium between PECAM-1 monomers, dimers, and oligomers may control cellular activation signals that influence the adhesive properties of vascular cells that express this novel member of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif family of regulatory receptors.
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1183
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Han H, Silverman JF, Santucci TS, Macherey RS, d'Amato TA, Tung MY, Weyant RJ, Landreneau RJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in stage I non-small cell lung cancer correlates with neoangiogenesis and a poor prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8:72-9. [PMID: 11206229 DOI: 10.1007/s10434-001-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. We investigated the prognostic significance of VEGF overexpression, intratumoral microvessel density (MVD), and angiolymphatic invasion in stage Ia-b non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS Eighty-five patients undergoing complete surgical resection of pathologic stage Ia-b NSCLC were evaluated. The mean and median clinical follow-up were 37.1 and 39.0 months (range, 30-44 months), respectively. Paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were stained with VEGF and CD31 (a specific endothelial marker) using immunohistochemical methods. VEGF staining was evaluated, by combining both percentage of positive tumor cells and staining intensity, as low (negative and < 20% of tumor cells showing weak positivity), or high (> 20% of tumor cells showing strong positivity). CD31 staining was expressed as MVD per high power field at 400x magnification. Angiolymphatic invasion was expressed as either presence or absence. RESULTS Low VEGF expression was seen in 25 (29%) patients, and high VEGF expression was seen in 60 (71%) patients. The survival rate in patients with low VEGF expression was significantly higher (80%) than that in those with high VEGF expression (48%, P = .018). The mean MVD in the low VEGF group was 23.7 +/- 5.7 vs. 34.4 +/- 9.3 in the high VEGF group (P = .001). Patients with high MVD also had a significantly lower survival rate than did those with low MVD count (46% vs. 73%, P = .0053). Age, sex, tumor type, and tumor differentiation were not found to be associated with overall survival. The presence of angiolymphatic invasion and T2 stage (i.e., tumor size > 3 cm) were associated with decreased survival. High VEGF expression, tumor size, and angiolymphatic invasion emerged as three independent factors predicting worsening prognosis using multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION High VEGF expression within stage I NSCLC is closely associated with high intratumoral angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical evaluation of T stage and VEGF expression along with examination of angiolymphatic invasion perioperatively may aid in predicting prognosis. Adjuvant therapies aimed at retarding tumor angiogenesis may be considered for stage I NSCLC patients with high VEGF levels.
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1184
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Mehta R, Kyshtoobayeva A, Kurosaki T, Small EJ, Kim H, Stroup R, McLaren CE, Li KT, Fruehauf JP. Independent association of angiogenesis index with outcome in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:81-8. [PMID: 11205922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
New molecular factors have been characterized that are associated with the prognosis of prostate carcinoma patients, including p53 status and angiogenesis. We reported recently that mutant p53 (mp53) was associated with decreased expression of an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), and increased microvessel density in melanoma and breast cancer. In this study, we performed a similar analysis on primary prostate carcinoma to determine whether these factors were associated with each other or patient outcomes. Paraffin-embedded specimens of 98 cases of primary prostate carcinoma were obtained and examined to confirm tissue diagnosis and Gleason scores. Carcinoma-specific levels of p53, TSP-1, and tumor angiogenesis were determined using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Acquisition of mp53 was significantly associated with decreased TSP-1 (P = 0.002) and increased angiogenesis (P < 0.0001). An angiogenesis index integrating mp53, TSP-1, and angiogenesis (CD31) scores was found to be an independent predictor of survival in univariate and multivariate analyses that included Gleason score, clinical stage, and patient age. Further validation of the angiogenesis index in prostate carcinoma may provide a new tool to stratify patient risk.
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1185
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Claffey KP, Abrams K, Shih SC, Brown LF, Mullen A, Keough M. Fibroblast growth factor 2 activation of stromal cell vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2001; 81:61-75. [PMID: 11204275 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a key component of human cancer progression and metastasis. In an effort to recapitulate early events in tumor-induced angiogenesis, we have employed a subcutaneous Matrigel implant model using immunodeficient mice as hosts. Matrigel-containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2; 1.2 microg/ml) induced stromal cell infiltration into the Matrigel/skin interface within 4 days and maximal neovascularization at 7 days. Cells staining positive for the endothelial cell marker, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), were present in neovessels and in isolated cells within the Matrigel matrix. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) deposited in the stromal interface present only in the FGF-2-containing but not in control Matrigel implants. VEGF expression was confirmed with in situ hybridization. High VEGF mRNA levels were observed in the infiltrating stromal cells but not in endothelial or endothelial precursors as defined by PECAM-1 staining. In vitro analysis of FGF-2-treated embryonic fibroblasts, Balb/c 3T3 cells, showed an induction of VEGF transcription, mRNA synthesis, and protein secretion as defined by transcriptional reporter, Northern blot, and ELISA assays. The FGF-2-induced VEGF expression was not dependent on select matrix adherence or signaling components because VEGF mRNA expression induced by FGF-2 was equally activated on serum, basement membrane, and fibronectin matrix substrates. Systemic application of anti-VEGF antibodies significantly repressed FGF-2-induced angiogenesis over control antibody by 88% (p < 0.001). These data support an FGF-2 angiogenic model that is dependent on endothelial cell activation, stromal cell infiltration, and VEGF expression by the infiltrating stromal cell population.
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1186
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Deckers M, van der Pluijm G, Dooijewaard S, Kroon M, van Hinsbergh V, Papapoulos S, Löwik C. Effect of angiogenic and antiangiogenic compounds on the outgrowth of capillary structures from fetal mouse bone explants. J Transl Med 2001; 81:5-15. [PMID: 11204273 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal mouse metatarsals are well-known models to study cartilage differentiation and osteoclastic resorption. We show here the outgrowth of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures from the bone rudiments. This feature can be used to study angiogenesis in vitro. The area of outgrowth significantly increased with culture time, as shown by computerized image analysis of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures. Treatment with recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF-A) stimulated the formation of tubelike structures. Treatment of explants with the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin, the chemokine IP-10, and the thalidomide derivative phatolyl glutamic acid (PG-acid) resulted in an inhibition of the formation of PECAM-1 positive tubelike structures of 48.8% (+/- 4%), 50.2% (+/- 12%), and 80.8% (+/- 3%), respectively. Outgrowth of tubelike structures was partly dependent on endogenous VEGF-A because treatment with anti-mVEGF-A and truncated VEGF receptor 1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, sFIt1) strongly inhibited the formation of tubelike structures 74% (+/- 4%) and 38% (+/- 5%), respectively. Neither onset of tube formation nor total area of tubelike structures were changed when metatarsals were cultured on a fibrin gel or collagen type I gel. Tube formation required activation of matrix metalloproteinases because treatment of the bones with an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases completely inhibited migration and tube formation, whereas treatment with an inhibitor of plasmin had no effect. In conclusion, we describe a new in vitro model to study angiogenesis that can be used to test the angiogenic or antiangiogenic potential of novel test compounds that also combines the multicellularity of in vivo assays with the accessibility and flexibility of in vitro assays.
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1187
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Santonja C, Martín-Hita AM, Dotor A, Costa-Subias J. Intimal angiosarcoma of the aorta with tumour embolisation causing mesenteric ischaemia. Virchows Arch 2000; 438:404-7. [PMID: 11355177 DOI: 10.1007/s004280000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary intimal angiosarcomas of the aorta (i.e. mostly intraluminal sarcomas with evidence of endothelial differentiation) are extraordinarily rare. We report a case in which the diagnosis was accurately made using immunohistochemistry in an intestinal resection specimen and confirmed during autopsy. The patient was a 64-year-old woman with mesenteric ischaemia and a "thrombus" in the abdominal aorta. Two segments of the ileum and the right colon were surgically removed. Histological examination showed multiple tumour emboli in small arteries of the submucosa, serosa and mesentery. The highly atypical cells comprising these emboli were positive immunohistochemically with antibodies to Ulex Europaeus, von Willebrand factor and CD31 and negative for CD34. During post-mortem examination, the intraaortic mass was located around the orifices of the coeliac and the superior mesenteric arteries, and gross tumour thrombi were found in the left renal and splenic arteries. This case emphasises the need for a wide panel of immunohistochemical antibodies when tumour emboli of unknown origin are under study.
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1188
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Liao F, Li Y, O'Connor W, Zanetta L, Bassi R, Santiago A, Overholser J, Hooper A, Mignatti P, Dejana E, Hicklin DJ, Bohlen P. Monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial-cadherin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6805-10. [PMID: 11156369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cad) is an endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule that is crucial for proper assembly of vascular tubes. Here we show that a monoclonal antibody (BV13) directed to the extracellular region of VE-cad inhibits formation of adherens junctions and capillary-like structures by endothelial cells and blocks angiogenesis in the mouse cornea and in Matrigel plugs in vivo. Systemic administration of BV13 markedly decreases the growth of s.c. Lewis lung or human A431 epidermoid tumors and strongly suppresses the growth of Lewis lung metastases. These data demonstrate that VE-cad is essential for postnatal angiogenesis and thus validate VE-cad as a novel target for antiangiogenesis agents.
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1189
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Donnini D, Perrella G, Stel G, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Curcio F. A new model of human aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Biochimie 2000; 82:1107-14. [PMID: 11120352 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(00)01195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells play an important role in coagulation regulation of vascular tone and in a variety of synthetic and metabolic functions. Endothelial cells also have a pivotal role in immunological diseases atherogenesis and tumor angiogenesis. Endothelial cells are often used as system to study the pathophysiology of late complications in diabetes mellitus atherosclerotic damages and leukocyte adhesion in inflammatory diseases. Most of the studies have been performed on primary arterial and venous endothelial cell cultures with problems such as availability of autoptic material and reproducibility of cell cultures. We have isolated and characterized a novel system of proliferating long-term cultures of human aortic endothelial cells that maintain their differentiated characteristics for many generations in vitro. They produce antithrombotic and thrombotic factors such as t-PA and PAI-1 and respond to TNFalpha, an important factor correlated with the inflammatory process by modifying growth characteristics by producing cytokines such as GM-CSF by expressing ICAM-1 on the surface and by producing large amounts of nitric oxide and endothelin. This new system may be very useful to understand and study the molecular mechanisms involved in many vascular alteration pathologies and in the aging process.
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1190
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Wakimoto K, Kobayashi K, Kuro-O M, Yao A, Iwamoto T, Yanaka N, Kita S, Nishida A, Azuma S, Toyoda Y, Omori K, Imahie H, Oka T, Kudoh S, Kohmoto O, Yazaki Y, Shigekawa M, Imai Y, Nabeshima Y, Komuro I. Targeted disruption of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger gene leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and defects in heartbeat. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36991-8. [PMID: 10967099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004035200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+), which enters cardiac myocytes through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels during excitation, is extruded from myocytes primarily by the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1) during relaxation. The increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in myocytes by digitalis treatment and after ischemia/reperfusion is also thought to result from the reverse mode of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange mechanism. However, the precise roles of the NCX1 are still unclear because of the lack of its specific inhibitors. We generated Ncx1-deficient mice by gene targeting to determine the in vivo function of the exchanger. Homozygous Ncx1-deficient mice died between embryonic days 9 and 10. Their hearts did not beat, and cardiac myocytes showed apoptosis. No forward mode or reverse mode of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange activity was detected in null mutant hearts. The Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) exchange activity as well as protein content of NCX1 were decreased by approximately 50% in the heart, kidney, aorta, and smooth muscle cells of the heterozygous mice, and tension development of the aortic ring in Na(+)-free solution was markedly impaired in heterozygous mice. These findings suggest that NCX1 is required for heartbeats and survival of cardiac myocytes in embryos and plays critical roles in Na(+)-dependent Ca(2+) handling in the heart and aorta.
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1191
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Healy AM, Morgenthau L, Zhu X, Farber HW, Cardoso WV. VEGF is deposited in the subepithelial matrix at the leading edge of branching airways and stimulates neovascularization in the murine embryonic lung. Dev Dyn 2000; 219:341-52. [PMID: 11066091 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::aid-dvdy1061>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used whole lung cultures as a model to study blood vessel formation in vitro and to examine the role that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play during embryonic pulmonary vascular development. Mouse lungs were isolated at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and cultured for up to 4 days prior to blood vessel analysis. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM/CD31) and thrombomodulin (TM/CD141) immunolocalization demonstrate that vascular development occurs in lung cultures. The vascular structures identified in lung cultures first appear as a loosely associated plexus of capillary-like structures that with time surround the airways. To investigate the potential role of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during pulmonary neovascularization, we immunolocalized VEGF in embryonic lungs. Our data demonstrate that VEGF is uniformly present in the airway epithelium and the subepithelial matrix of E11.5 lungs. At later time points, E13.5 and E15.5, VEGF is no longer detected in the proximal airways, but is restricted to the branching tips of airways in the distal lung. RT-PCR analysis reveals that VEGF(164) is the predominant isoform expressed in lung cultures. Grafting heparin-bound VEGF(164) beads onto lung explants locally stimulates a marked neovascular response within 48 hr in culture. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR reveals an 18% increase in PECAM mRNA in VEGF(164)-treated whole lung cultures as compared with untreated cultures. The restricted temporal and spatial expression of VEGF suggests that matrix-associated VEGF links airway branching with blood vessel formation by stimulating neovascularization at the leading edge of branching airways.
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1192
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Matsubara S, Bourdeau A, terBrugge KG, Wallace C, Letarte M. Analysis of endoglin expression in normal brain tissue and in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 2000; 31:2653-60. [PMID: 11062290 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.31.11.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A high incidence of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1. Endoglin, the gene mutated in this disorder, is expressed at reduced levels on blood vessels of these patients. Since endoglin is a component of the transforming growth factor-beta receptor complex critical for vascular development and homeostasis, we determined its expression in sporadic cerebral AVMs and in normal brain vessels. METHODS Twenty cerebral AVMs and 10 normal brain samples were analyzed for endoglin, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), alpha-smooth muscle cell actin, vimentin, and desmin by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In normal brain, endoglin was found not only on the endothelium of all vessels but also on the adventitial layer of arteries and arterioles. In cerebral AVMs, the numerous vessels present expressed endoglin on both endothelium and adventitia. Arterialized veins, identified by lack of elastin and uneven thickness of smooth muscle cells, revealed endoglin-positive mesenchymal cells in the adventitia and perivascular connective tissue. These cells were fibroblasts since they expressed vimentin but not actin and/or desmin. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of endoglin expression on adventitia of normal brain arteries and on arterialized veins in cerebral AVMs. Increasing numbers of endoglin-positive endothelial and adventitial cells were seen in sporadic cerebral AVMs, but endoglin density was normal. Thus, it is not involved in the generation of these lesions. However, the presence of endoglin on fibroblasts in the perivascular stroma suggests an active role for this protein in vascular remodeling in response to increased blood flow and shear stress.
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1193
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Ratcliffe NR, Hutchins J, Barry B, Hickey WF. Chronic myocarditis induced by T cells reactive to a single cardiac myosin peptide: persistent inflammation, cardiac dilatation, myocardial scarring and continuous myocyte apoptosis. J Autoimmun 2000; 15:359-67. [PMID: 11040076 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent recognition that an autoimmune myocarditis may precede, and result in, dilated cardiomyopathy has focused attention on immune mechanisms of myocardial injury. In this paper, we describe a model of chronic autoimmune myocarditis in the Lewis rat. The production of myocarditis has been previously described by this group and in brief is accomplished by a single tail vein infusion of activated T cells specific for a 17-amino acid peptide from rat cardiac myosin. In this report, animals were followed for approximately 6 months post-T-cell infusion. Hearts from animals which received cardiac myosin specific T cells all showed extensive fibrosis associated with ongoing inflammation. Apoptosis, identified by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL), was identified as a mode of myocyte death in hearts with acute and chronic myocarditis but not in age- and sex-matched controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the immune infiltrate and adhesion molecules in hearts with chronic myocarditis and these findings were compared to hearts with acute myocarditis. We propose that this rat model of chronic myocarditis mimics human disease, since inflammation results in ventricular dilatation and myocyte hypertrophy reminiscent of dilated cardiomyopathy. This model offers potential for further investigation of immune, functional and possible therapeutic aspects of autoimmune related cardiomyopathies.
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1194
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Folpe AL, Johnston CA, Weiss SW. Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in a gouty tophus: report of a unique case and a review of foreign material-associated angiosarcomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22:418-21. [PMID: 11048977 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200010000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rare cases of angiosarcoma have been reported to arise in the setting of retained foreign material or in association with arteriovenous fistulae. No previous case of angiosarcoma, or any other malignancy, has been reported to arise with a gouty tophus. We present a case of an 86-year-old man with a high-grade angiosarcoma that arose within a long-standing tophus.
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1195
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Prager E, Stockinger H. CD31. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2000; 14:307-10. [PMID: 11215827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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1196
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Cutlan RT, Greer JE, Wong FS, Eltorky M. Immunohistochemical characterization of thyroid gland angiomatoid tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2000; 69:159-64. [PMID: 11001864 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2000.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The histogenesis of thyroid gland angiomatoid tumors, probably as a primary angiosarcoma, has been a controversy for many years. These tumors may be variants of undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinomas. We report a thyroid gland angiomatoid carcinoma in a 61-year-old African American male. The tumor had a heterogeneous pattern with both sarcomatous and epithelioid areas. Tumor cells lined some vascular-like spaces and others had intracytoplasmic lumens containing red blood cells. The tumor cells were found to express multiple endothelial (factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, CD34, and Ulex europaeus I lectin) and epithelial (cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen) markers as well as thyroglobulin by immunohistochemistry. This rare presentation demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of thyroid gland angiomatoid carcinoma with both epithelial and endothelial differentiation.
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1197
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Lewis JS, Landers RJ, Underwood JC, Harris AL, Lewis CE. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by macrophages is up-regulated in poorly vascularized areas of breast carcinomas. J Pathol 2000; 192:150-8. [PMID: 11004690 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::aid-path687>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential to the growth and metastasis of solid tumours. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent pro-angiogenic cytokine that is overexpressed in malignant tumours such as invasive carcinoma of the breast. The low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) present in these tumours are known to up-regulate the expression of VEGF by tumour cells. Human macrophages also respond to hypoxia by increasing their release of VEGF in vitro, although the effect of hypoxia on VEGF expression by macrophages in vivo has yet to be demonstrated. The present study compared the expression of VEGF by macrophages in areas of low and high vascularity in 24 invasive breast carcinomas (12 lobular, 12 ductal). The cellular distributions of VEGF protein, CD31 (vessels), and CD68 (macrophages) were compared in sequential sections for each tumour. In ten tumours, both tumour cells and macrophages were immunoreactive for VEGF protein. Use of non-isotopic in situ hybridization to localize VEGF mRNA showed that these cell types also expressed VEGF mRNA. No significant differences in the cellular distribution of VEGF protein were found between lobular and ductal carcinomas. In all tumours, macrophages accumulated in higher numbers in poorly vascularized than in highly vascularized areas. In VEGF-positive tumours, macrophages were immunoreactive for VEGF only in avascular areas where tumour cells also expressed VEGF. This suggests that VEGF expression by these two cell types may be regulated by the same microenvironmental stimuli in breast carcinomas. In addition, significantly more macrophages were present in poorly vascularized areas of VEGF-positive than VEGF-negative tumours. This suggests that VEGF may exert a chemotactic action on macrophages in vivo and guide their migration into avascular tumour sites.
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1198
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Motoike T, Loughna S, Perens E, Roman BL, Liao W, Chau TC, Richardson CD, Kawate T, Kuno J, Weinstein BM, Stainier DY, Sato TN. Universal GFP reporter for the study of vascular development. Genesis 2000; 28:75-81. [PMID: 11064424 DOI: 10.1002/1526-968x(200010)28:2<75::aid-gene50>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation and characterization of transgenic mouse and zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) specifically in vascular endothelial cells in a relatively uniform fashion. These reporter lines exhibit fluorescent vessels in developing embryos and throughout adulthood, allowing visualization of the general vascular patterns with single cell resolution. Furthermore, we show the ability to purify endothelial cells from whole embryos and adult organs by a single step fluorescence activated cell sorting. We expect that these transgenic reporters will be useful tools for imaging vascular morphogenesis, global gene expression profile analysis of endothelial cells, and high throughput screening for vascular mutations.
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1199
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Olsson E, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Böhling T, Asko-Seljavaara S, Lassila R. Immunohistochemical evaluation of failed vessel anastomoses in clinical microsurgery. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2000; 53:567-73. [PMID: 11000072 DOI: 10.1054/bjps.2000.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Failed vessel anastomoses collected from 12 patients during elective free flap surgery, and from one patient after failed mid-hand replantation were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The anastomotic failure was due to an obvious thrombosis, poor flow, an excessively sharp pulse or some other reason causing a non-functioning anastomosis. A total of 17 samples were obtained, 13 of them arterial, three between the artery and vein graft, and one venous. The majority of samples were resected during primary surgery and four of them at reoperation. Variables of coagulation and fibrinolysis were analysed repeatedly during the operation in 7/13 patients. Total occlusion was seen in 6/17 samples and a non-occlusive thrombus in 4/17; two of these were due to suture error. Immunohistochemistry showed that, overall, the endothelial cells (PECAM-l, CD 31) were absent and that the staining pattern for platelets (CD 42b and CD 31) and fibrin (fibrin II, T2G1) correlated. In the absence of a thrombus, however, adherent platelets were positive only for CD 42b, not for PECAM-1. Vessel inflammation was a prominent feature at reoperations. Analysis of coagulation and fibrinolytic markers (thrombin-antithrombin III complex, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 and D-dimer) confirmed the occurrence of thrombosis in three patients undergoing breast reconstruction with clinically obvious thrombosis during primary surgery or at reoperation. Moreover, the patients with active cancer (2/7) were clearly hypercoagulable compared with the other patients. In short, the primary anastomotic failure was associated with loss of endothelial cells, and with co-localised platelet recruitment and fibrin formation at these sites. At reoperation, inflammation was a prominent feature at the vessel site of thrombi.
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1200
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Gamble JR, Drew J, Trezise L, Underwood A, Parsons M, Kasminkas L, Rudge J, Yancopoulos G, Vadas MA. Angiopoietin-1 is an antipermeability and anti-inflammatory agent in vitro and targets cell junctions. Circ Res 2000; 87:603-7. [PMID: 11009566 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.7.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a basic pathological mechanism that underlies many diseases. An important component of the inflammatory response is the passage of plasma components and leukocytes from the blood vessel into the tissues. The endothelial monolayer lining blood vessels reacts to stimuli such as thrombin or vascular endothelial growth factor by changes in cell-cell junctions, an increase in permeability, and the leakage of plasma components into tissues. Other stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), are responsible for stimulating the transmigration of leukocytes. Here we show that angiopoietin-1, a cytokine essential in fetal angiogenesis, not only supports the localization of proteins such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) into junctions between endothelial cells and decreases the phosphorylation of PECAM-1 and vascular endothelial cadherin, but it also strengthens these junctions, as evidenced by a decrease in basal permeability and inhibition of permeability responses to thrombin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, angiopoietin-1 inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated leukocyte transmigration. Angiopoietin-1 may thus have a major role in maintaining the integrity of endothelial monolayers.
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