101
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Kang G, Chang W, Wang L, Zhou X. Reward expectation modulates multiple stages of auditory conflict control. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:148-156. [PMID: 31648025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mounting evidence has shown that reward can improve conflict control in the visual domain, little is known about whether and how reward affects conflict processing in the auditory domain. In the present study, we adopted an auditory Stroop task in which the meaning of a sound word ('male' or 'female') could be either congruent or incongruent with the gender of the voice (male or female speaker), and the participants were asked to discriminate the gender of the voice (the phonetic task) or the meaning of the word (the semantic task). Importantly, an auditory cue signalling a potential reward or no-reward for the current trial was presented prior to the sound word. In both tasks, relative to the congruent sound word, response to the incongruent sound word was delayed, i.e., an auditory Stroop effect. However, this auditory Stroop effect was reduced following a reward cue relative to a no-reward cue. Event-related potentials (ERPs) showed a stronger contingent negativity variation (CNV, 1000-1500 ms) for the reward cue than for the no-reward cue. The conflict negativity Ninc (300-400 ms) was more negative-going for the incongruent word than for the congruent word, but this effect was significantly reduced in the reward condition. However, the late positive complex (LPC) showed at most a weak reward modulation. These findings suggest that reward expectation improves auditory conflict control by modulating different stages of conflict processing: promoting better attentional preparation for the upcoming target (CNV), and facilitating conflict detection (Ninc) on the presentation of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Kang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenshuo Chang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China.
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102
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Banich MT. The Stroop Effect Occurs at Multiple Points Along a Cascade of Control: Evidence From Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2164. [PMID: 31681058 PMCID: PMC6797819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This article argues that the Stroop effect can be generated at a variety of stages from stimulus input to response selection. As such, there are multiple loci at which the Stroop effect occurs. Evidence for this viewpoint is provided by a review of neuroimaging studies that were specifically designed to isolate levels of interference in the Stroop task and the underlying neural systems that work to control the effects of interference at those levels. In particular, the evidence suggests that lateral prefrontal regions work to bias processing toward the task-relevant dimension of a Stroop stimulus (e.g., its color) and away from the task-irrelevant dimension (e.g., the meaning of the word). Medial prefrontal regions, in contrast, tend to be more involved in response-related and late-stage aspects of control. Importantly, it is argued that this control occurs in a cascade-like manner, such that the degree of control that is exerted at earlier stages influences the degree of control that needs to be exerted at later stages. As such, the degree of behavioral interference that is observed is the culmination of processing in specific brain regions as well as their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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103
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Gradwohl BD, Spencer RJ. Minimal benefit to extending the stroop Interference Task among individuals undergoing outpatient assessment. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2019; 28:497-500. [PMID: 31526193 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1658586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The third trial of Golden's Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), which involves identifying the color of words printed in a color that contrasts with its spelling, is usually limited to 45 seconds. Some authors have opined on the benefits of extending this portion of the test beyond 45 seconds to increase sensitivity to cognitive deficits and preliminary data among healthy individuals support this notion. This project examined possible benefits of extending the test beyond the standard 45 second time limit. Fifty-four veteran patients completed the SCWT as part of outpatient neuropsychological assessment. Speed of completing items within 45 seconds was compared to the speed of completing items beyond the first 45 seconds. A composite measure made of neuropsychological tests requiring speed and complex attention served as the criterion measure. Results indicated that extending the interference trial of the SCWT did not improve prediction on criterion measures beyond the standard 45 second SCWT. In conclusion, among individuals undergoing clinical evaluations, extending the SCWT beyond 45 seconds is unlikely to yield sufficient meaningful clinical data to offset the additional administration time and potential frustration to examinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Gradwohl
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert J Spencer
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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104
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Ménétré E, Laganaro M. Attentional Reorientation and Inhibition Adjustment in a Verbal Stroop Task: A Lifespan Approach to Interference and Sequential Congruency Effect. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2028. [PMID: 31551876 PMCID: PMC6743350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several parameters influence the interference effect elicited in a Stroop task, especially contextual information. Contextual effects in the Stroop paradigms are known as the Gratton or Sequential congruency effect (SCE). This research aims at isolating two processes contributing to the SCE in a Stroop paradigm, namely attentional reorientation from the color to the word and vice-versa, as well as inhibition (engagement/disengagement from one trial to the next one). To this end, in Study 1 subprocesses of the SCE were isolated. Specifically, attentional reorientation and inhibition were segregated by submitting young adults to a discrete verbal Stroop task including neutral trials. In Study 2, the same procedure was applied to 124 participants aged from 10 to 80 years old to analyze how interference, SCE, and the aforementioned decomposition of attention and inhibition change across the lifespan. In both studies, the Gratton effect was only partially replicated, while both attentional reorientation and inhibition effects were observed, supporting the idea that these two processes contribute to SCE on top of conflict monitoring and of other processes highlighted in different theories (contingency learning, feature integration, and repetition expectancy). Finally, the classical age-related evolution was replicated in Study 2 on raw interference scores, but no age effect was observed when processing speed was taken into account, nor on the isolated attentional reorientation and inhibition processes, which is in line with the hypothesis of stability of the inhibition processes over age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ménétré
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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105
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Rezaei M. Neuropsychological Decomposing Stroop Interference Into Different Cognitive Monitoring: An Exploratory Factor Analysis. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:475-483. [PMID: 32284837 PMCID: PMC7149954 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are two alternative explanations of the Stroop phenomenon. Several studies have revealed that the difference in performance on congruent and incongruent trials can arise from response interference. On the contrary, many authors have claimed that Stroop interference might occur at earlier processing stages related to semantic or conceptual encoding. The present study aims to determine the number and nature of the factors necessary to account for the multiple components of Stroop interference. METHODS The sample consisted of 247 undergraduate and postgraduate students. We employed the computerized version of the Stroop task adapted to the Iranian population. An exploratory principal components analysis was conducted on the correlations of 6 variables (reaction time under congruent and incongruent conditions, omission error under congruent and incongruent conditions, and commission error under congruent and incongruent conditions). RESULTS Two factors were extracted. The first factor may be semantic interference, and the second factor may be response interference. CONCLUSION The findings of this research are consistent with the multiple-stage account, claiming that Stroop interference is because of both semantic and response interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Rezaei
- Departments of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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106
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Abstract
According to a growing consensus, the Stroop effect is understood as a phenomenon of conflict and cognitive control. A tidal wave of recent research alleges that incongruent Stroop stimuli generate conflict, which is then managed and resolved by top-down cognitive control. We argue otherwise: control studies fail to account for major Stroop results obtained over a century-long history of research. We list some of the most compelling developments and show that no control account can serve as a viable explanation for major Stroop phenomena and that there exist more parsimonious explanations for other Stroop related phenomena. Against a wealth of studies and emerging consensus, we posit that data-driven selective attention best accounts for the gamut of existing Stroop results. The case for data-driven attention is not new: a mere twenty-five years ago, the Stroop effect was considered “the gold standard” of attention (MacLeod, 1992). We identify four pitfalls plaguing conflict monitoring and control studies of the Stroop effect and show that the notion of top-down control is gratuitous. Looking at the Stroop effect from a historical perspective, we argue that the recent paradigm change from stimulus-driven selective attention to control is unwarranted. Applying Occam’s razor, the effects marshaled in support of the control view are better explained by a selectivity of attention account. Moreover, many Stroop results, ignored in the control literature, are inconsistent with any control account of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Algom
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Chajut
- Department of Education and Psychology, Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
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107
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Sámano R, Hernández-Chávez C, Chico-Barba G, Córdova-Barrios A, Morales-Del-Olmo M, Sordo-Figuero H, Hernández M, Merino-Palacios C, Cervantes-Zamora L, Martínez-Rojano H. Breakfast Nutritional Quality and Cognitive Interference in University Students from Mexico City. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16152671. [PMID: 31357381 PMCID: PMC6695580 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skipping breakfast might have an impact on cognitive functions, such as interference, which is a basic capacity of executive functions that denotes the possibility of controlling an automated response. This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional quality of breakfast and cognitive interference in a sample of university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted, a total of 422 students between 18 and 25 years participated. Cognitive interference was assessed with the Stroop Test. Breakfast was assessed with a questionnaire assigning a score for each serving of each food group that was consumed. Logistic regression models were performed. The performance in cognitive tasks was slower in those who had a poor breakfast (32.9 ± 6 vs 29.3 ± 6 s, p < 0.050). Poor cognitive interference was greater in students with poor breakfast (53% versus 23%, p = 0.001). A slower word reading was associated with skipping vegetables (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 0.09-2.13), and cereals (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.03-2.81). Wrong color identification was associated with skipping fruits (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.43-1.99) and animal protein sources (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.07-2.49). Skipping fat-rich cereals was a protector factor (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.85). Difficulty in the ability to inhibit interference was associated with skipping vegetables (OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.25-4.80) and cereals (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.28-4.68). The nutritional quality of breakfast was associated with the time spent answering the Stroop test, but not with cognitive interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Sámano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de México CP 11000, México
| | - Carmen Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de México CP 11000, México.
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de México CP 11000, México
- Escuela de Enfermería, Universidad Panamericana, Augusto Rodin 498, Insurgentes Mixcoac, Alcaldía Benito Juárez CP 03920, México
| | - Armando Córdova-Barrios
- Coordinación de Psicología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de México CP 11000, México
| | - Mayela Morales-Del-Olmo
- Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, Avenida Observatorio 400, 16 de Septiembre, Ciudad de México CP 11810, México
| | - Hortensia Sordo-Figuero
- Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, Avenida Observatorio 400, 16 de Septiembre, Ciudad de México CP 11810, México
| | - Miguel Hernández
- Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, Avenida Observatorio 400, 16 de Septiembre, Ciudad de México CP 11810, México
| | - Carmen Merino-Palacios
- Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, Avenida Observatorio 400, 16 de Septiembre, Ciudad de México CP 11810, México
| | - Lucero Cervantes-Zamora
- Universidad del Valle de México-Chapultepec, Avenida Observatorio 400, 16 de Septiembre, Ciudad de México CP 11810, México
| | - Hugo Martínez-Rojano
- Departamento de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México CP 11340, México
- Coordinación de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P, Miranda 177, col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón C.P, Ciudad de México 01480, México
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108
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Muthyala A, Feuerhak KJ, Harmsen WS, Chakraborty S, Bailey KR, Bharucha AE. Effects of psychosensory stimulation on anal pressures: Effects of alfuzosin. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13618. [PMID: 31032543 PMCID: PMC6559834 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim is to explain the lack of clarity in the ways in which anxiety and depression, which are common in defecatory disorders (DD), may contribute to the disorder. In this study, we evaluate the effects of mental stress and relaxation on anal pressures and the mechanisms thereof. METHODS In 38 healthy women and 36 DD patients, rectoanal pressures were assessed at rest and during mental stressors (ie, word-color conflict [Stroop] and mental arithmetic tests) and mental relaxation, before and after randomization to placebo or the adrenergic α1 -antagonist alfuzosin. KEY RESULTS During the baseline Stroop test, the anal pressure increased by 6 ± 13 mm Hg (mean ± SD, P = 0.004) in healthy women and 9 ± 10 mm Hg (P = 0.0001) in constipated women. During mental arithmetic, the anal pressure increased in healthy (4 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and constipated women (5 ± 9 mm Hg, P = 0.004). After relaxation, anal pressure declined (P = 0.0004) by 3 ± 4 mm Hg in DD patients but not in controls. Alfuzosin reduced (P = 0.0001) anal resting pressure (by 31 ± 19 mm Hg) vs placebo (16 ± 18 mm Hg). However, during the postdrug Stroop test, anal pressure increased (P = 0.0001) in participants who received alfuzosin but not placebo. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES In healthy controls and DD patients, mental stressors likely increased anal pressure by contracting the internal anal sphincter; relaxation reduced anal pressure in DD patients. Alfuzosin reduced anal resting pressure but did not block the Stroop-mediated contractile response, which suggests that this response is not entirely mediated by adrenergic α1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Muthyala
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Kelly J. Feuerhak
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - William S. Harmsen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Subhankar Chakraborty
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
| | - Kent R. Bailey
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adil E. Bharucha
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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109
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Rattray B, Martin K, Hewitt A, Cooper G, McDonald W. Effect of acute modafinil ingestion on cognitive and physical performance following mental exertion. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:e2700. [PMID: 31173409 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modafinil is a psychostimulant that has been shown to enhance cognitive and physical performance. Given its long half-life, it may provide operational advantages if it can improve tolerance to the deleterious effects of prolonged mental exertion. METHODS Physically active males (n = 13, 23 ± 4 years, peak oxygen consumption 45.3 ± 3.2 ml kg-1 min-1 ) took part in a placebo controlled, double-blind randomised crossover study to investigate if modafinil could improve cognitive and physical performance following a prolonged period of mental exertion. RESULTS Overall modafinil improved performance on a task of executive function over time (p = .023; η2 = 0.376) but did not improve subsequent physical endurance performance (mean difference 2.3 ± 11.5%, p = .50), despite improvement in 10 out of the 13 participants. Task demand was reported as lower with modafinil, although perceptual measures of fatigue and motivation did not consistently improve. Heart rate during submaximal exercise was higher (134 ± 11 vs. 119 ± 14 bpm, p < .001), and sleep was reduced (5.5 ± 1.4 vs. 7.5 ± 1.4 hr, p < .001) and less efficient (64 ± 13 vs. 83 ± 9%, p < .001) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Operationally, modafinil may offer advantages given the established longer half-life than other psychostimulants, despite the variable response. The impact of higher heart rates and disrupted sleep on performance must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Rattray
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alex Hewitt
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Cooper
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Warren McDonald
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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110
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Fani N, King TZ, Clendinen C, Hardy RA, Surapaneni S, Blair JR, White SF, Powers A, Ely TD, Jovanovic T, Ressler KJ, Bradley B. Attentional control abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: Functional, behavioral, and structural correlates. J Affect Disord 2019; 253:343-51. [PMID: 31078834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional disruptions are common in PTSD, but findings across neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies have been variable. Few PTSD studies have investigated abnormalities in attention networks using a multi-modal imaging approach and attentional tasks that include emotionally-salient images. This study combined a behavioral task that included these images (emotional Stroop) with functional and structural neuroimaging (fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging; DTI) methods to comprehensively investigate attentional control abnormalities in a highly-traumatized civilian sample. METHODS 48 traumatized women with and without PTSD received clinical assessments, fMRI and DTI. During fMRI, the Affective Stroop (AS), an attentional control task that includes emotionally-salient distractor images (trauma-relevant, positive, neutral) and variable task demands, was administered. RESULTS In response to more difficult AS trials, participants with PTSD demonstrated lower activation in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex and greater activation in the insula. This group also showed comparatively poorer performance on positive AS distractor trials, even after adjusting for trauma exposure. Performance on these trials inversely correlated with structural integrity of the cingulum bundle and uncinate fasciculus. CONCLUSIONS Even after adjusting for trauma exposure, participants with PTSD showed worse performance on an attentional control task in the context of emotional stimuli. They also showed relatively lower cognitive control network activation and greater salience network activation. Fronto-parietal and fronto-limbic white matter connectivity corresponded with AS performance. Our findings indicate that attentional control impairments in PTSD are most evident in the context of emotional cues, and are related to decrements in function and structure of cognitive control and salience networks.
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111
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Cortese MJ, Khanna MM, Von Nordheim D. Incidental memory for colour word associates processed in colour naming and reading aloud tasks: is a blue ocean more memorable than a yellow one? Memory 2019; 27:924-930. [PMID: 31021306 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1607877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Congruency effects for colour word associates (e.g., ocean) have been reported in Stroop colour naming tasks. However, incidental memory for such words after word reading and colour naming tasks has not been examined. In the current study, participants incidentally recalled colour word associates (e.g., ocean) and neutral words (e.g., lawyer) immediately after naming their font colour (Experiment 1a) or reading them aloud (Experiment 1b). In both tasks, recall was better for congruent colour word associates (e.g., ocean appearing in blue) than incongruent colour word associates (e.g., ocean appearing in green) or neutral items (lawyer appearing in blue). This outcome is consistent with the idea that co-activation of a semantic colour code and a lexical representation strengthens the episodic memory representation and makes it more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cortese
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Maya M Khanna
- b Department of Psychological Science , Creighton University , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - David Von Nordheim
- a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
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112
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Babu Henry Samuel I, Wang C, Burke SE, Kluger B, Ding M. Compensatory Neural Responses to Cognitive Fatigue in Young and Older Adults. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:12. [PMID: 30853901 PMCID: PMC6396034 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged performance of a demanding cognitive task induces cognitive fatigue. We examined the behavioral and neural responses to fatigue-induced cognitive impairments in young and older adults. Particular emphasis was placed on whether the brain exhibited compensatory neural activity in response to cognitive fatigue. High-density EEG was recorded from a young (n = 16; 18–33 years of age) and an older (n = 18; 60–87 years of age) cohort who performed a Stroop task continuously for ∼2 h with no breaks. In the young cohort, behavioral performance declined as the experiment progressed, reflecting the deleterious effects of cognitive fatigue. Neurophysiologically, in addition to declining neural activity as cognitive fatigue developed, there is also evidence of region- and time-specific increase in neural activity, suggesting neural compensation. The compensatory activities followed patterns paralleling that of posterior-anterior shift in aging (PASA) and early to late shift in aging (ELSA) observed in cognitive aging and helped to moderate fatigue-induced behavioral deterioration. In the older cohort, behavioral performance did not decline as the experiment progressed, and neural activity either declined or stayed unchanged, showing no evidence of neural compensation, in contrast to the young. These results suggest that young and older adults coped with cognitive fatigue differently by exhibiting differential responses as a function of time-on-task at both the behavioral level and the neural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Babu Henry Samuel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah E Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benzi Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Mingzhou Ding
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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113
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Chmielewski WX, Beste C. RETRACTED: Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of cognitive control by simultaneous conflicts. Cortex 2019; 115:216-30. [PMID: 30852376 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal)
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief with the agreement of the authors.
In a previous version of the paper reviewed in another journal, the reviewer suggested changing the filter settings because the setting used (reported hp 0.5) can produce serious artifactual effects on the ERP components (N200, N400 and P300) that the authors were interested in. In this published version of the article a different filter (0.2Hz HP) setting is reported in the methods. However, the results sections are identical. A change in filter setting should have led to different results. There is reasonable doubt that the reported filter settings were indeed applied on the reported data. However, there is consensus that this was due to an error, acknowledged by the authors who fully co-operated with the investigation and agreed with the decision. There is no indication of any fraudulent motivation.
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Esteves M, Moreira PS, Marques P, Castanho TC, Magalhães R, Amorim L, Portugal‐Nunes C, Soares JM, Coelho A, Almeida A, Santos NC, Sousa N, Leite‐Almeida H. Asymmetrical subcortical plasticity entails cognitive progression in older individuals. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12857. [PMID: 30578611 PMCID: PMC6351824 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural brain asymmetries have been associated with cognition. However, it is not known to what extent neuropsychological parameters and structural laterality covary with aging. Seventy‐five subjects drawn from a larger normal aging cohort were evaluated in terms of MRI and neuropsychological parameters at two moments (M1 and M2), 18 months apart. In this time frame, asymmetry as measured by structural laterality index (ΔLI) was stable regarding both direction and magnitude in all areas. However, a significantly higher dispersion for this variation was observed in subcortical over cortical areas. Subjects with extreme increase in rightward lateralization of the caudate revealed increased M1 to M2 Stroop interference scores, but also a worsening of general cognition (MMSE). In contrast, subjects showing extreme increase in leftward lateralization of the thalamus presented higher increase in Stroop interference scores. In conclusion, while a decline in cognitive function was observed in the entire sample, regional brain asymmetries were relatively stable. Neuropsychological trajectories were associated with laterality changes in subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Esteves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Pedro S. Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Teresa C. Castanho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Carlos Portugal‐Nunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - José M. Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Nadine C. Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite‐Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center – Braga Braga Portugal
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DeVito EE, Kober H, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. fMRI Stroop and behavioral treatment for cocaine-dependence: Preliminary findings in methadone-maintained individuals. Addict Behav 2019; 89:10-14. [PMID: 30240978 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although behavioral treatment for cocaine use disorders is common, the use of cognitive neuroscience methods to investigate these treatments' mechanisms of action remains limited. Cognitive control (e.g., as measured by the Stroop task) has been proposed to be central to cocaine-use disorders, including treatment response. METHODS Participants were methadone-maintained, cocaine-dependent individuals who were participating in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of 8 weeks of treatment for cocaine-use disorder and randomized to outpatient treatment as usual (TAU) or computer-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT) plus TAU. Participants completed fMRI Color-Word Stroop task at beginning-of-treatment (N = 19) and post-treatment (N = 10). Analyses assessed correlations between beginning-of-treatment Stroop effect with methadone dose or within-treatment cocaine abstinence, change in Stroop-effect at post- versus beginning-of-treatment, and correlations between 'change in Stroop effect' with methadone dose or within-treatment cocaine abstinence. RESULTS Higher methadone dose was associated with higher beginning-of-treatment Stroop-related activity in the declive, culmen, and lingual gyrus. Stroop-related activity was reduced at post-treatment relative to beginning-of-treatment in the medial frontal gyrus/cingulate gyrus and thalamus/midbrain/culmen. Greater reduction in Stroop-related activity was associated with better within-treatment abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Diminished Stroop-related activity following treatment may be consistent with improved efficiency of cognitive-control-related activity. Although preliminary, this study is the first to demonstrate a relationship between better treatment outcomes (lower cocaine use during treatment) and greater reduction in Stroop-related activity at post- versus beginning-of-treatment in cocaine users. These findings extend prior work.
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Rauch HGL, Hume DJ, Howells FM, Kroff J, Lambert EV. Food Cue Reactivity and the Brain-Heart Axis During Cognitive Stress Following Clinically Relevant Weight Loss. Front Nutr 2019; 5:135. [PMID: 30662897 PMCID: PMC6328490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful weight loss maintainers are more vulnerable to stress induced eating. The aim of our study was to determine what effect an attention-demanding cognitive performance task had on brain-heart reactivity to visual food cues in women who maintained clinically relevant weight loss vs. women who had never weight cycled. A clinical weight loss group (CWL, n = 17) and a BMI-matched control group (CTL, n = 23) completed modified Stroop tasks that either included high calorie food pictures (Food Stroop) or excluded food cues (Office Stroop). ECG, breathing rate, and EEG were recorded. CWL participants: The Eating Restraint scores (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) of the CWL participants correlated negatively with their heart rates recorded during the Food Stroop task (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). There was no such relationship in CTL participants. The P200 latencies in CWL participants evoked by the Stroop color-word cues at the C3 electrode were positively correlated to the log high frequency power in their cardiac spectrograms during the Food Stroop (r = 0.63, p < 0.02). There were no such relationships in the Office Stroop task nor in CTL participants. Combined Groups: Participants' heart rates were significantly lower (p < 0.05) and their RMSSD values and the log Total Power in their cardiac spectrograms were significantly greater during the Food Stroop vs. Office Stroop (p < 0.01, Bonferroni corrected). In conclusion Eating Restraint scores in CWL participants correlated with their Stroop heart rates, while the P200 latencies evoked by the Stroop cues correlated with the log high frequency power in their cardiac spectrograms (marker of cardiac vagal activation) during the Food Stroop task. This provides evidence that even 12 months after successful weight loss maintenance the cardiac ANS reactivity to food cues while completing a cognitive performance test was still different to that in individuals of normal weight who never weight cycled. Across all participants the cardiac ANS reactivity evoked by performing the Stroop task was lowered by food cues suggesting that the dampening effect of food cues on cardiac ANS reactivity may be one of the drivers of ‘stress induced' eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri G Laurie Rauch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David J Hume
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacolene Kroff
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle Victoria Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Narayanaswamy JC, Jose D, Agarwal SM, Kalmady SV, Baruah U, Shivakumar V, Prasad C, Viswanath B, Rao NP, Venkatasubramanian G, Janardhan Reddy YC. Neuro-hemodynamic endophenotypes of emotional interference in OCD: fMRI study using emotion counting stroop task. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 39:35-41. [PMID: 30528906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to examine the endophenotype pattern of neuro-hemodynamic substrates of emotion counting Stroop (ecStroop) paradigm in patients with OCD, their unaffected siblings [first degree relatives-FDR] and healthy controls (HC). METHODS OCD patients (medication naïve)[N = 16], their unaffected siblings(FDR)[N = 16] and HC [N = 24] were compared using an established ecStroop paradigm in a 3-Tesla fMRI. The relative BOLD signals corresponding to the three types of conditions (neural words-N, words with negative emotional salience-E and words with salience for OCD-O) were examined in the apriori hypothesized brain regions. RESULTS Both in O minus N contrast and O minus E contrast, the groups demonstrated significant differential activation of right insula (BA 13). The post-hoc analyses showed in patients and FDRs relative to HC the following: significant hyperactivation of insula in O minus E contrast; significant hyperactivation of right insula and right DLPFC (BA 9) in O minus N contrast. CONCLUSIONS The neuro-hemodynamic responses corresponding to the obsessive words in insula and DLPFC could be potential endophenotypes. "Threat relatedness" might thus have a vulnerability meaning in the pathogenesis and neurobiological basis of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Dania Jose
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Sunil V Kalmady
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Upasana Baruah
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chandrajit Prasad
- Department of Neuroimaging & Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Spanakis P, Jones A, Field M, Christiansen P. A Stroop in the Hand is Worth Two on the Laptop: Superior Reliability of a Smartphone Based Alcohol Stroop in the Real World. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:692-698. [PMID: 30572780 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1536716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional bias (AB) is the tendency for substance-related stimuli to grab attention. The addiction Stroop task is widely used for measuring AB in the lab, but it has poor reliability and inconsistent predictive validity. Therefore, there is a need to improve the psychometric properties of the task. OBJECTIVES This study contrasts the internal reliability and predictive validity of a basic (general alcohol words) and an upgraded (personalized alcohol pictures) Stroop task delivered in a neutral room on a laptop computer versus a smartphone application on participants' homes. METHODS 120 participants recruited in 2016, completed a basic and an upgraded Stroop task. Half the participants completed the tasks on a laptop computer in a neutral university room and the remainder completed the tasks on a smartphone app in their homes. Participants also self-reported their typical alcohol consumption. RESULTS Acceptable internal reliability was found for both basic (α = .70) and upgraded (α = .74) Stroop tasks in the home-smartphone condition, but neither had acceptable internal reliability when administered in the neutral room-computer condition (basic α = .49; upgraded α = .58). Participants showed AB toward alcohol words, but not for beer pictures, regardless of condition. None of the indices of AB was associated with individual differences in alcohol involvement, regardless of condition. CONCLUSION The internal reliability of the alcohol Stroop was acceptable when administered on smartphones, in naturalistic settings, rather than on laptop computers, in neutral university rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Spanakis
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK.,b UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS) , Nottingham , UK
| | - Matt Field
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK.,b UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS) , Nottingham , UK.,c Department of Psychology , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Paul Christiansen
- a Department of Psychological Sciences , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK.,b UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies (UKCTAS) , Nottingham , UK
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Rey-Mermet A, Gade M, Steinhauser M. Sequential conflict resolution under multiple concurrent conflicts: An ERP study. Neuroimage 2019; 188:411-8. [PMID: 30562575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether responding to multiple concurrent conflicts results in a simultaneous or sequential conflict resolution. To this end, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in a paradigm combining a Stroop and a flanker task. In this paradigm, participants were asked to respond to the color of the central letter while ignoring the meaning of the word (Stroop task) and the color of the flanking letters (flanker task). Trials were either incongruent (i.e., inducing a conflict between two response alternatives) or congruent (i.e., inducing no response conflict) in both tasks, or incongruent in one task and congruent in the other task. The behavioral results showed a smaller Stroop congruency effect (i.e., a smaller difference between Stroop incongruent and congruent trials) for flanker incongruent than for flanker congruent trials, replicating previous findings. The ERP results showed that an early ERP component (i.e., P2) was associated with the resolution of the flanker conflict, whereas a later component (i.e., N450) was associated with the resolution of the Stroop conflict. Together, these findings emphasize a sequential organization of conflict resolution processes in the brain which is adaptive when facing multiple concurrent conflicts.
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White D, Besner D. Attentional constraints on semantic activation: Evidence from Stroop's paradigm. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 189:4-11. [PMID: 27594342 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that semantic activation from print is automatic in the sense that it is capacity free. Two experiments addressed this issue in the context of the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm. Participants identified whether a tone was high or low in pitch in Task 1, and named the color carried by an irrelevant word in Task 2. Tasks 1 and 2 were separated by a short or long SOA. In Experiment 1 incongruent color words and neutral words served as irrelevant distractors, whereas in Experiment 2 the distractors consisted of incongruent color associates (e.g., tomato) and the same set of neutral items. Additionally, the proportion of short and long SOAs between Task 1 and Task 2 varied across blocks, within subjects (e.g., 80:20), so as to determine whether the bottlenecking of semantic activation and response competition reported previously is best construed as structural, or subject to performance optimization. Replicating Miller, Ulrich, and Rolke (2009), SOA Proportion interacted with SOA in both experiments, consistent with performance optimization. In contrast, replicating Besner and Reynolds (2014), SOA and Congruency had additive effects on RT in both experiments, consistent with an account in which both response competition and semantic activation are bottlenecked. The best account to date is that (i) semantic processing and response competition are structurally bottlenecked (require some form of capacity), whereas (ii) other anonymous processes are subject to performance optimization.
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121
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Saban W, Gabay S, Kalanthroff E. More than just channeling: The role of subcortical mechanisms in executive functions - Evidence from the Stroop task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 189:36-42. [PMID: 28291524 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature has long emphasized the role of the cerebral cortex in executive functions. Recently, however, several researchers have suggested that subcortical areas might also be involved in executive functions. The current study explored the possibility that subcortical mechanisms have a functional role in adaptive resolution of Stroop interference. We asked 20 participants to complete a cued task-switching Stroop task with variable cue-target intervals (CTI). Using a stereoscope, we manipulated which eye was shown the relevant dimension and which was shown the irrelevant dimension. This technique allowed us to examine the involvement of monocularly segregated - subcortical - regions of the visual processing stream. The interference effect was modulated by this eye-of-origin manipulation in the 0 CTI condition. This finding provides a novel indication for the notion that subcortical regions have a functional role in the resolution of Stroop interference. This indication suggests that cortical regions are not solely involved and that a dynamic interaction between cortical and subcortical regions is involved in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Saban
- Department of Psychology and the Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shai Gabay
- Department of Psychology and the Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Whitehead PS, Brewer GA, Patwary N, Blais C. Contingency learning is reduced for high conflict stimuli. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 189:12-18. [PMID: 27645133 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent theories have proposed that contingency learning occurs independent of control processes. These parallel processing accounts propose that behavioral effects originally thought to be products of control processes are in fact products solely of contingency learning. This view runs contrary to conflict-mediated Hebbian-learning models that posit control and contingency learning are parts of an interactive system. In this study we replicate the contingency learning effect and modify it to further test the veracity of the parallel processing accounts in comparison to conflict-mediated Hebbian-learning models. This is accomplished by manipulating conflict to test for an interaction, or lack thereof, between conflict and contingency learning. The results are consistent with conflict-mediated Hebbian-learning in that the addition of conflict reduces the magnitude of the contingency learning effect.
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Huang Y, Tse CS, Xie J. The bidirectional congruency effect of brightness-valence metaphoric association in the Stroop-like and priming paradigms. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 189:76-92. [PMID: 29108645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) postulates a unidirectional metaphoric association between abstract and concrete concepts: sensorimotor experience activated by concrete concepts facilitates the processing of abstract concepts, but not the other way around. However, this unidirectional view has been challenged by studies that reported a bidirectional metaphoric association. In three experiments, we tested the directionality of the brightness-valence metaphoric association, using Stroop-like paradigm, priming paradigm, and Stroop-like paradigm with a go/no-go manipulation. Both mean and vincentile analyses of reaction time data were performed. We showed that the directionality of brightness-valence metaphoric congruency effect could be modulated by the activation level of the brightness/valence information. Both brightness-to-valence and valence-to-brightness metaphoric congruency effects occurred in the priming paradigm, which could be attributed to the presentation of prime that pre-activated the brightness or valence information. However, in the Stroop-like paradigm the metaphoric congruency effect was only observed in the brightness-to-valence direction, but not in the valence-to-brightness direction. When the go/no-go manipulation was used to boost the activation of word meaning in the Stroop-like paradigm, the valence-to-brightness metaphoric congruency effect was observed. Vincentile analyses further revealed that valence-to-brightness metaphoric congruency effect approached significance in the Stroop-like paradigm when participants' reaction times were slower (at around 490ms). The implications of the current findings on the conceptual metaphor theory and embodied cognition are discussed.
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Parsons TD, Barnett MD. Virtual apartment stroop task: Comparison with computerized and traditional stroop tasks. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 309:35-40. [PMID: 30144496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of supervisory attentional control is typically performed by placing task-relevant information in conflict with task-irrelevant information. A number of paper-and-pencil versions of the Stroop task have been developed to assess executive functioning and inhibitory control through the presentation of blocks of multiple Stroop stimuli on a card. While multi-item paper-and-pencil Stroop tasks are often used, there are instances when a single-item presentation of Stroop stimuli may be preferable. For example, there may be situations when neuropsychologists are interested in precise analysis of reaction times for individual stimuli. A limitation of these modalities is that they may not reflect the cognitive load found in everyday activities that are replete with distractors. NEW METHOD A potential answer to this issue is to embed Stroop stimuli into a virtual environment that includes distractors. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD We compared the performance of 91 healthy undergraduates on a virtual apartment-based Stroop with traditional (multi-item) and computerized (single item) modalities. RESULTS Results revealed that the classic "Stroop pattern" found in traditional modalities was observed in the Virtual Apartment Stroop task. Furthermore, participants performed more poorly on the Virtual Apartment Stroop task when distractors were present. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the potential of the Virtual Apartment Stroop task to distinguish between prepotent response inhibition and resistance to distractor inhibition in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Parsons
- Computational Neuropsychology and Simulation, Department of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas, Denton, United States.
| | - Michael D Barnett
- Aging, Neuropsychology, and Technology Lab, Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Texas at Tyler, United States
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Vadillo MA, Gold N, Osman M. Searching for the bottom of the ego well: failure to uncover ego depletion in Many Labs 3. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180390. [PMID: 30225026 PMCID: PMC6124090 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
According to a popular model of self-control, willpower depends on a limited resource that can be depleted when we perform a task demanding self-control. This theory has been put to the test in hundreds of experiments showing that completing a task that demands high self-control usually hinders performance in any secondary task that subsequently taxes self-control. Over the last 5 years, the reliability of the empirical evidence supporting this model has been questioned. In the present study, we reanalysed data from a large-scale study-Many Labs 3-to test whether performing a depleting task has any effect on a secondary task that also relies on self-control. Although we used a large sample of more than 2000 participants for our analyses, we did not find any significant evidence of ego depletion: persistence on an anagram-solving task (a typical measure of self-control) was not affected by previous completion of a Stroop task (a typical depleting task in this literature). Our results suggest that either ego depletion is not a real effect or, alternatively, persistence in anagram solving may not be an optimal measure to test it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Vadillo
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Author for correspondence: Miguel A. Vadillo e-mail:
| | - Natalie Gold
- Department of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Magda Osman
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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126
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Abstract
We report an experiment in which we varied the nature of the articulatory suppression task being performed during a filled retention interval in serial recall. During the retention interval participants performed one of three computer-paced colour naming tasks designed to prevent subvocal rehearsal: A Stroop color-interference task with items presented at a rate of one every 750 ms, and two color-consistent control tasks at a rate of either 750 ms or 500 ms per item. Memory performance over a 12 s interval declined much more dramatically with the Stroop task and the 500 ms control task than with the 750 ms control. There was no difference between the Stroop condition and the 500 ms control. These results pose problems for models that assume that loss of information from memory is determined entirely by interference, as there are more interfering events in the control 500 ms condition than the 750 ms Stroop. They also pose problems for models relying solely on time-based decay and articulatory rehearsal because all three conditions should block rehearsal and produce equivalent performance. The results illustrate that articulatory suppression tasks are not all equivalent, and suggest that the rate of decay from short-term memory is strongly influenced by the resource demands of concurrent processing
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Norris
- a MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Jane Hall
- a MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | | | - Michael P A Page
- b Department of Psychology , University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK
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127
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Thothathiri M, Asaro CT, Hsu NS, Novick JM. Who did what? A causal role for cognitive control in thematic role assignment during sentence comprehension. Cognition 2018; 178:162-177. [PMID: 29860176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thematic role assignment - generally, figuring out who did what to whom - is a critical component of sentence comprehension, which is influenced by both syntactic and semantic cues. Conflict between these cues can result in temporary consideration of multiple incompatible interpretations during real-time sentence processing. We tested whether the resolution of syntax-semantics conflict can be expedited by the online engagement of cognitive control processes that are routinely used to regulate behavior across domains. In this study, cognitive control deployment from a previous Stroop trial influenced eye movements during subsequent sentence comprehension. Specifically, when syntactic and semantic cues competed for influence on interpretation, dynamic cognitive control engagement led to (a) fewer overall looks to a picture illustrating the competing but incorrect interpretation (Experiment 1), or (b) steeper growth in looks to a picture illustrating the correct interpretation (Experiment 2). Thus, prior cognitive control engagement facilitated the resolution of syntax-semantics conflict by biasing processing towards the intended analysis. This conflict adaptation effect demonstrates a causal connection between cognitive control and real-time thematic role assignment. Broader patterns demonstrated that prior cognitive control engagement also modulated sentence processing irrespective of the presence of conflict, reflecting increased integration of newly arriving cues with prior sentential content. Together, the results suggest that cognitive control helps listeners determine correct event roles during real-time comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Thothathiri
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, United States.
| | - Christine T Asaro
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, United States
| | - Nina S Hsu
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Jared M Novick
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States; Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, United States.
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128
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Abstract
The Vanderbilt Holistic Processing Test for faces (VHPT-F) is the first standard test designed to measure individual differences in holistic processing. The test measures failures of selective attention to face parts through congruency effects, an operational definition of holistic processing. However, this conception of holistic processing has been challenged by the suggestion that it may tap into the same selective attention or cognitive control mechanisms that yield congruency effects in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Here, we report data from 130 subjects on the VHPT-F, several versions of Stroop and Flanker tasks, as well as fluid IQ. Results suggested a small degree of shared variance in Stroop and Flanker congruency effects, which did not relate to congruency effects on the VHPT-F. Variability on the VHPT-F was also not correlated with Fluid IQ. In sum, we find no evidence that holistic face processing as measured by congruency in the VHPT-F is accounted for by domain-general control mechanisms.
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129
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Douris PC, Handrakis JP, Apergis D, Mangus RB, Patel R, Limtao J, Platonova S, Gregorio A, Luty E. The Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Gaming on Cognitive Performance. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:73-83. [PMID: 29599861 PMCID: PMC5873338 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of video gaming, aerobic exercise (biking), and the combination of these two activities on the domains of cognitive performance: selective attention, processing speed, and executive functioning. The study was a randomized clinical trial with 40 subjects (mean age 23.7 ± 1.8 years) randomized to one of four thirty-minute conditions: video gaming, biking, simultaneous gaming and biking, and a control condition. Cognitive performance was measured pre and post condition using the Stroop test and Trails B test. A mixed design was utilized. While video gaming, biking, simultaneous gaming and biking conditions improved selective attention and processing speed (p < 0.05), only the bike condition improved the highest order of cognitive performance, executive function (p < 0.01). There were no changes in cognitive performance for the control condition. Previous studies have shown that if tasks approach the limits of attentional capacity there is an increase in the overall chance for errors, known as the dual-task deficit. Simultaneous biking and gaming may have surpassed attentional capacity limits, ultimately increasing errors during the executive function tests of our cognitive performance battery. The results suggest that the fatiguing effects of a combined physically and mentally challenging task that extends after the exercise cessation may overcome the eventual beneficial cognitive effects derived from the physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Douris
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - John P Handrakis
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Demitra Apergis
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Robert B Mangus
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Rima Patel
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Limtao
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Svetlana Platonova
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Aladino Gregorio
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Elliot Luty
- Department of Physical Therapy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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130
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Yurtbaşi P, Aldemir S, Bakır MGT, Aktaş Ş, Ayvaz FB, Satılmış ŞP, Münir K. Comparison of Neurological and Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD and Anxiety Disorders. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:472-485. [PMID: 26078398 PMCID: PMC4818207 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715578003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the neuro-cognitive profiles among initial clinic referred medication naive sample of children with anxiety disorders (ANXs) and ADHD in a youth sample. METHOD Three groups of patients, ANX ( n = 40), ADHD ( n = 48), and ANX + ADHD ( n = 33), aged 7 to 12 years, were compared with respect to their Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS) and cognitive measures (digit span, digit symbol, Trail Making Test [TMT]-A and TMT-B, Stroop test). RESULTS ADHD group performed worse than the other two groups with regard to soft signs and cognitive test performance; ANX + ADHD were impaired relative to ANX but better than ADHD. Significant differences were found for gait and station problems, overflows and timed movements, TMT error points, and Stroop interference scores. ADHD patients had more difficulty in warding off irrelevant responses and lower speed of time-limited movements. CONCLUSION This clinical evaluation study suggested that ANX and ADHD seem to have significantly different neuro-cognitive features: Poorest outcomes were observed among children with ADHD; rather than problems of attention, inhibitory control deficits were the most prominent differences between ANX and ADHD; and the presence of ANX appears to have mitigating effect on ADHD-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Yurtbaşi
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,Fogarty International Center Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Program, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seçil Aldemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şule Aktaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betül Ayvaz
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şeyma Piştav Satılmış
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerim Münir
- Fogarty International Center Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Program, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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131
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Delvenne JF, Castronovo J. Reduced inter-hemispheric interference in ageing: Evidence from a divided field Stroop paradigm. Brain Cogn 2018; 122:26-33. [PMID: 29407788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important structural changes that occur in the brain during the course of life relates to the corpus callosum, the largest neural pathway that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. It has been shown that the corpus callosum, and in particular its anterior sections, endures a process of degeneration in ageing. Hence, a primary question is whether such structural changes in the brain of older adults have functional consequences on inter-hemispheric communication. In particular, whether the atrophy of the corpus callosum in ageing may lead to a higher or lower level of inter-hemispheric interference is currently unknown. To investigate this question, we asked young and healthy older adults to perform modified versions of the classic Stroop paradigm in which the target and distracter were spatially separated. Across two experiments, we found that the Stroop effect was significantly reduced in older adults when the two stimuli were distributed in two different hemifields as opposed to the same single hemifield. This new finding suggests that age-related callosal thinning reduces inter-hemispheric interference by facilitating the two hemispheres to process information in parallel.
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132
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Grégoire L, Caparos S, Leblanc CA, Brisson B, Blanchette I. Sexual Abuse Exposure Alters Early Processing of Emotional Words: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:655. [PMID: 29379428 PMCID: PMC5775215 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the time course of emotional information processing between trauma-exposed and control participants, using electrophysiological measures. We conceived an emotional Stroop task with two types of words: trauma-related emotional words and neutral words. We assessed the evoked cerebral responses of sexual abuse victims without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and no abuse participants. We focused particularly on an early wave (C1/P1), the N2pc, and the P3b. Our main result indicated an early effect (55–165 ms) of emotionality, which varied between non-exposed participants and sexual abuse victims. This suggests that potentially traumatic experiences modulate early processing of emotional information. Our findings showing neurobiological alterations in sexual abuse victims (without PTSD) suggest that exposure to highly emotional events has an important impact on neurocognitive function even in the absence of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Grégoire
- CNAPs Lab, Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Serge Caparos
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Carole-Anne Leblanc
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Brisson
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Blanchette
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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133
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Molnar SM, Beaton LE, Happer JP, Holcomb LA, Huang S, Arienzo D, Marinkovic K. Behavioral and Brain Activity Indices of Cognitive Control Deficits in Binge Drinkers. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8010009. [PMID: 29300304 PMCID: PMC5789340 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy episodic drinking is prevalent among young adults and is a public issue of increasing importance. Its initiation and maintenance are associated with deficits in the capacity to inhibit automatic processing in favor of non-habitual responses. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine behavioral and brain activity indices of cognitive control during the Stroop task as a function of binge drinking. Heavy episodic drinkers (HED) reported consuming 5+/6+ drinks in two hours at least five times in the past six months and were compared to light drinkers (LED) who reported two or fewer binge episodes but were matched on demographics, intelligence and family history of alcoholism. Greater conflict-induced activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and thalamus was observed in HED participants and it was positively correlated with alcohol intake and alcohol-related harmful consequences. HEDs maintained intact accuracy but at a cost of prolonged reaction times to high-conflict trials and increased ratings of task difficulty. Greater activation of the areas implicated in cognitive control is consistent with compensatory network expansion to meet higher cognitive demands. These results provide further insight into degradation of cognitive control in HEDs which may benefit development of detection and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Molnar
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lauren E Beaton
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Joseph P Happer
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Lee A Holcomb
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Spatio-Temporal Brain Imaging Lab, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92039, USA.
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134
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Belzeaux R, Annweiler C, Bertrand JA, Beauchet O, Pichet S, Jollant F, Turecki G, Richard-Devantoy S. Association between hypovitaminosis D and cognitive inhibition impairment during major depression episode. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:302-5. [PMID: 28843080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive episode (MDE) has been associated with cognitive functioning alteration and hypovitaminosis D (hypoVD), but the relationship between hypoVD, depression, and cognition is not well understood. We aimed to compare patient with MDE with or without hypoVD in regard of cognitive functioning. METHODS 91 patients (38.5 years old, 65.9% female) with MDE were included in a cross-sectional study and were evaluated with a complete cognitive battery. None of the participants were medicated at the time of the inclusion. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured using LC-MS/MS method, and hypovitaminosis was defined as 25OHD < 50nmol/L. Covariates were gender, season of dosage, first MDE onset, age, body mass index and depression severity RESULTS: Patients with hypoVD demonstrated a higher stroop intereference index time underscoring that means low cognitive inhibition ability. Mutiple logistic regression confirmed that hypoVD was significantly associated with high stroop interference time index after controlling by gender, season of dosage, first MDE onset, age, body mass index and depression severity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that patient with MDE having hypoVD may be more prone to cognitive impairment.
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135
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Cohen RA, Siegel S, Gullett JM, Porges E, Woods AJ, Huang H, Zhu Y, Tashima K, Ding MZ. Neural response to working memory demand predicts neurocognitive deficits in HIV. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:291-304. [PMID: 29280107 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to have adverse effects on cognition and the brain in many infected people, despite a reduced incidence of HIV-associated dementia with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Working memory is often affected, along with attention, executive control, and cognitive processing speed. Verbal working memory (VWM) requires the interaction of each of the cognitive component processes along with a phonological loop for verbal repetition and rehearsal. HIV-related functional brain response abnormalities during VWM are evident in functional MRI (fMRI), though the neural substrate underlying these neurocognitive deficits is not well understood. The current study addressed this by comparing 24 HIV+ to 27 demographically matched HIV-seronegative (HIV-) adults with respect to fMRI activation on a VWM paradigm (n-back) relative to performance on two standardized tests of executive control, attention and processing speed (Stroop and Trail Making A-B). As expected, the HIV+ group had deficits on these neurocognitive tests compared to HIV- controls, and also differed in neural response on fMRI relative to neuropsychological performance. Reduced activation in VWM task-related brain regions on the 2-back was associated with Stroop interference deficits in HIV+ but not with either Trail Making A or B performance. Activation of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) of the default mode network during rest was associated with Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-2 (HVLT-2) learning in HIV+. These effects were not observed in the HIV- controls. Reduced dynamic range of neural response was also evident in HIV+ adults when activation on the 2-back condition was compared to the extent of activation of the default mode network during periods of rest. Neural dynamic range was associated with both Stroop and HVLT-2 performance. These findings provide evidence that HIV-associated alterations in neural activation induced by VWM demands and during rest differentially predict executive-attention and verbal learning deficits. That the Stroop, but not Trail Making was associated with VWM activation suggests that attentional regulation difficulties in suppressing interference and/or conflict regulation are a component of working memory deficits in HIV+ adults. Alterations in neural dynamic range may be a useful index of the impact of HIV on functional brain response and as a fMRI metric in predicting cognitive outcomes.
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136
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Bayer M, Rubens MT, Johnstone T. Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals attention-dependent coupling of early face processing with a distributed cortical network. Biol Psychol 2017; 132:133-142. [PMID: 29246813 PMCID: PMC5809026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Distributed cortical activation to faces covaries with ERPs as early as 100 ms. Covariations depend on both sustained attention and trial-by-trial cognitive conflict. Top-down gating might apply to earlier visual processing stages than previously known.
The speed of visual processing is central to our understanding of face perception. Yet the extent to which early visual processing influences later processing in distributed face processing networks, and the top-down modulation of such bottom-up effects, remains unclear. We used simultaneous EEG-fMRI to investigate cortical activity that showed unique covariation with ERP components of face processing (C1, P1, N170, P3), while manipulating sustained attention and transient cognitive conflict employing an emotional face-word Stroop task. ERP markers of visual processing within 100 ms after stimulus onset showed covariation with brain activation in precuneous, posterior cingulate gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus and frontal operculum, and a left lateral parietal-occipital cluster, illustrating the impact of early stage processing on higher-order mechanisms. Crucially, this covariation depended on sustained attentional focus and was absent for incongruent trials, suggesting flexible top-down gating of bottom-up processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bayer
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| | - Michael T Rubens
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Tom Johnstone
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK
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137
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Melrose RJ, Young S, Weissberger GH, Natta L, Harwood D, Mandelkern M, Sultzer DL. Cerebral metabolic correlates of attention networks in Alzheimer's Disease: A study of the Stroop. Neuropsychologia 2017; 106:383-389. [PMID: 29055679 PMCID: PMC5708591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) show difficulties with attention. Cognitive neuroscience models posit that attention can be broken down into alerting, orienting, and executive networks. We used the Stroop Color-Word test to interrogate the neural correlates of attention deficits in AD. We hypothesized that the Word, Color, and Color-Word conditions of the Stroop would all tap into the alerting and orienting networks. The Color-Word condition would additionally tap into the executive network. A ratio of Color-Word to Color naming performance would isolate the executive network from the others. To identify the neural underpinnings of attention in AD we correlated performance on the Stroop with brain metabolic activity. Sixty-six patients with probable AD completed [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning and neuropsychological testing. Analysis was conducted with SPM12 (p<0.001 uncorrected, extent threshold 50 voxels). Performance on the Word, Color, and Color-Word conditions directly correlated with metabolic rate in right inferior parietal lobules/intraparietal sulci. The Color-Word/Color ratio revealed associations with metabolic rate in right medial prefrontal cortex and insula/operculum. Overall findings were largely consistent with the hypothesized neuroanatomical substrates of the alerting, orienting, and executive networks. As such, attention deficits in AD reflect compromise to multiple large-scale networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Melrose
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Stephanie Young
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; UCLA Department of Medicine, Section of Medicine-Pediatrics, UCLA Santa Clarita Primary and Specialty Care, 25775 McBean Parkway, Suite 202, Valencia, CA 91355, USA
| | - Gali H Weissberger
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Laura Natta
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Dylan Harwood
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Mandelkern
- Nuclear Medicine Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 500, Room 0061, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Physics, University of California, Irvine 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-4575, USA
| | - David L Sultzer
- Brain, Behavior & Aging Research Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Building 158, Room 167, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Dept. of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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138
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Abstract
The item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effect refers to the reduction in the Stroop effect for items (e.g., words) that mostly appear in an incongruent format, as compared to items that mostly appear in a congruent format. It is thought to demonstrate reactive control of word-reading processes. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that using explicit, trial-by-trial congruency precues to proactively guide attention during a color-word Stroop task could reduce the otherwise robust ISPC effect. In Experiment 1, the precueing manipulation was employed alongside a manipulation traditionally thought to influence proactive control of word-reading processes (i.e., list proportion congruence [list PC]). Precueing participants with 100 %-valid precues eliminated both the ISPC effect and the list PC effect. In Experiment 2, we used 70 %-valid congruency precues to direct participants to generally expect conflict or congruence on a given trial. ISPC effects were selectively reduced when the participants expected conflict. These results suggest that precueing influences engagement in proactive control and, as a result, reduces the impact of item-specific and list-based tendencies to direct attention toward or away from word reading.
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139
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Grant LK, Cain SW, Chang AM, Saxena R, Czeisler CA, Anderson C. Impaired cognitive flexibility during sleep deprivation among carriers of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met allele. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:51-55. [PMID: 28947280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to a genetic contribution to explain inter-individual vulnerability to sleep deprivation. A functional polymorphism in the BDNF gene, which causes a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) amino acid substitution at Codon 66, has been associated with cognitive impairment, particularly in populations with impaired frontal functioning. We hypothesised that sleep deprivation, which affects frontal function, may lead to cognitive dysfunction in Met allele carriers. To examine this, we investigated, in different BDNF genotypes, the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive flexibility, as measured by response inhibition using the Stroop Color Naming Task. Thirty healthy, adults of European ancestry, including 12 heterozygous Met allele carriers and 18 Val/Val homozygotes, underwent 30-h of extended wakefulness under constant routine conditions. A computerised Stroop task was administered every 2h. Error rate and reaction times increased with time awake for all individuals. Participants with the Val/Met genotype made more errors on incongruent trials after 20h awake. While Val/Met participants also took significantly longer to respond when inhibiting a prepotent response irrespective of time awake, this was particularly evident during the biological night. Our study shows that carriers of the BDNF Met allele are more vulnerable to the impact of prolonged wakefulness and the biological night on a critical component of executive function, as measured by response inhibition on the Stroop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilah K Grant
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sean W Cain
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Sleep Health Institute and Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Sleep Health Institute and Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Sleep Health Institute and Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clare Anderson
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Sleep Health Institute and Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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140
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Schwartz R, Rozenberg A, Loewenstein A, Goldstein M. The relation of somatotypes and stress response to central serous chorioretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:2307-2315. [PMID: 28875245 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate a possible relationship between central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and specific body types and compositions (somatotypes), and to examine the cortisol stress response among CSC patients of different somatotypes in comparison with healthy subjects. METHODS Prospective case-control study. A group of 28 patients with a previous or current diagnosis of CSC was compared with a group of 26 healthy subjects. Anthropometric measurements were used to estimate somatotype ratings in all subjects. Serum cortisol was measured at rest and following a stress-inducing computerized test in order to estimate response to stress in both groups. The main outcome measures included somatotype categorization and the change in serum cortisol following stress in both groups. RESULTS No significant difference in somatotype composition was found between the groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the elevation of cortisol following the stress-inducing test. The sample size was too small to exclude or find any significant difference between the different 13 subgroups of somatotype composition in the elevation of cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not show a typical somatotype related to CSC. While previous studies showed higher cortisol values in CSC patients, we did not see a higher elevation in blood cortisol following a stress response in this group in comparison with healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Schwartz
- Ophthalmology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weissman st, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Assaf Rozenberg
- Ophthalmology Department, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Loewenstein
- Ophthalmology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weissman st, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michaella Goldstein
- Ophthalmology Department, Tel Aviv Medical Center and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weissman st, 64239, Tel Aviv, Israel
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141
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Raschle NM, Fehlbaum LV, Menks WM, Euler F, Sterzer P, Stadler C. Investigating the Neural Correlates of Emotion-Cognition Interaction Using an Affective Stroop Task. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1489. [PMID: 28919871 PMCID: PMC5585191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain has the capacity to integrate various sources of information and continuously adapts our behavior according to situational needs in order to allow a healthy functioning. Emotion–cognition interactions are a key example for such integrative processing. However, the neuronal correlates investigating the effects of emotion on cognition remain to be explored and replication studies are needed. Previous neuroimaging studies have indicated an involvement of emotion and cognition related brain structures including parietal and prefrontal cortices and limbic brain regions. Here, we employed whole brain event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an affective number Stroop task and aimed at replicating previous findings using an adaptation of an existing task design in 30 healthy young adults. The Stroop task is an indicator of cognitive control and enables the quantification of interference in relation to variations in cognitive load. By the use of emotional primes (negative/neutral) prior to Stroop task performance, an emotional variation is added as well. Behavioral in-scanner data showed that negative primes delayed and disrupted cognitive processing. Trials with high cognitive demand furthermore negatively influenced cognitive control mechanisms. Neuronally, the emotional primes consistently activated emotion-related brain regions (e.g., amygdala, insula, and prefrontal brain regions) while Stroop task performance lead to activations in cognition networks of the brain (prefrontal cortices, superior temporal lobe, and insula). When assessing the effect of emotion on cognition, increased cognitive demand led to decreases in neural activation in response to emotional stimuli (negative > neutral) within prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insular cortex. Overall, these results suggest that emotional primes significantly impact cognitive performance and increasing cognitive demand leads to reduced neuronal activation in emotion related brain regions, and therefore support previous findings investigating emotion–cognition interaction in healthy adults. Moreover, emotion and cognition seem to be tightly related to each other, as indicated by shared neural networks involved in both of these processes. Emotion processing, cognitive control, and their interaction are crucial for healthy functioning and a lack thereof is related to psychiatric disorders such as, disruptive behavior disorders. Future studies may investigate the neural characteristics of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Raschle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn V Fehlbaum
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Willeke M Menks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Euler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
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142
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Thomas RL, Nardini M, Mareschal D. The impact of semantically congruent and incongruent visual information on auditory object recognition across development. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 162:72-88. [PMID: 28595113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to use different sensory signals in conjunction confers numerous advantages on perception. Multisensory perception in adults is influenced by factors beyond low-level stimulus properties such as semantic congruency. Sensitivity to semantic relations has been shown to emerge early in development; however, less is known about whether implementation of these associations changes with development or whether development in the representations themselves might modulate their influence. Here, we used a Stroop-like paradigm that requires participants to identify an auditory stimulus while ignoring a visual stimulus. Prior research shows that in adults visual distractors have more impact on processing of auditory objects than vice versa; however, this pattern appears to be inverted early in development. We found that children from 8years of age (and adults) gain a speed advantage from semantically congruent visual information and are disadvantaged by semantically incongruent visual information. At 6years of age, children gain a speed advantage for semantically congruent visual information but are not disadvantaged by semantically incongruent visual information (as compared with semantically unrelated visual information). Both children and adults were influenced by associations between auditory and visual stimuli, which they had been exposed to on only 12 occasions during the learning phase of the study. Adults showed a significant speed advantage over children for well-established associations but showed no such advantage for newly acquired pairings. This suggests that the influence of semantic associations on multisensory processing does not change with age but rather these associations become more robust and, in turn, more influential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Thomas
- Sensorimotor Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths College, University of London, London SE14 6NW, UK; Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Marko Nardini
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
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143
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Chen G, Ding W, Zhang L, Cui H, Jiang Z, Li Y. Neurophysiological Evidence of Compensatory Brain Mechanisms Underlying Attentional-Related Processes in Symptomatically Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2017; 8:550. [PMID: 28473782 PMCID: PMC5397525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent electrophysiological study suggests existing compensatory brain activity as a mechanism for functional recovery of visual attention detection (the capacity for detecting external cues) in symptomatically remitted schizophrenia patients. Despite such evidence, little is known about other aspects of attentional-related processes in schizophrenia during clinical remission, such as their capacity to concentrate on the task at hands without being interfered by distracting information. To this end, we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from 20 symptomatically remitted schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls while they engaged in a classic Stroop task. Symptomatically remitted patients showed comparable Stroop interference to healthy controls, indicating a degree of functional recovery of such a capacity in these patients. On the neural level, the N450 over the fronto-central and central regions, a component of the ERPs related to conflict detection, was found across both groups, although patients presented a reduced N450 relative to healthy controls. By contrast, the amplitude of the sustained potential (SP) (600-800 ms) over the parieto-central and parietal regions, a component of the ERPs related to conflict resolution, was significantly increased in patients relative to healthy controls. Furthermore, such increased SP amplitude correlated positively with improved behavioral accuracy in symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia. These findings reveal that symptomatically remitted patients with schizophrenia increasingly recruited the parietal activity involving successful conflict resolution to offset reduced conflict detection. Therefore, this provides further insight into compensatory mechanisms potentially involving a degree of functional recovery of attentional-related processes in schizophrenia during clinical remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- 215th Clinical Division, 406th Hospital of PLADalian, China
| | - Weiyan Ding
- 215th Clinical Division, 406th Hospital of PLADalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 215th Clinical Division, 406th Hospital of PLADalian, China
| | - Hong Cui
- Department of Medical Psychology, Military General Hospital of PLABeijing, China
| | | | - Yansong Li
- Reward, Competition and Decision Neuroscience Team, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China.,The Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China.,The Research Center for Social and Behavioral Sciences of Jiangsu ProvinceNanjing, China
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144
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Wittekind CE, Muhtz C, Moritz S, Jelinek L. Performance in a blocked versus randomized emotional Stroop task in an aged, early traumatized group with and without posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:35-43. [PMID: 27308725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attentional biases (AB) for trauma-related stimuli have been examined in many studies assessing different trauma samples. In emotional Stroop tasks (EST), blocked and single-trial formats are used almost interchangeably in clinical research. There is reason to believe that different designs yield different results and assess different processes, which, however, has been hardly examined in studies. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information about AB in older trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress symptoms. METHODS Older adults with (n = 20) and without PTSD symptoms (n = 26) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 21) completed an EST, in which words were presented both blocked and randomized. RESULTS Analyses revealed that individuals with PTSD symptoms showed AB for trauma- and depression-related words; however, mode of administration did not significantly influence reaction times. LIMITATIONS The emotional Stroop task cannot disentangle the underlying cognitive mechanism (i.e., facilitation, interference, avoidance). CONCLUSIONS PTSD symptoms in older trauma survivors are associated with AB. Overall, participants with PTSD symptoms did not show greater impairment of cognitive control in comparison to both control groups. Results also illustrate that methodological differences between task versions need to be considered more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Wittekind
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheray, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Muhtz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheray, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Schoen Klinik Hamburg-Eilbek, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheray, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotheray, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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145
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Read JP, Bachrach RL, Wardell JD, Coffey SF. Examining Cognitive Processes and Drinking Urge in PTSD. Behav Res Ther 2017; 90:159-168. [PMID: 28073047 PMCID: PMC5798901 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite their centrality to learning theories, strikingly little attention has been paid to the role of cognitions in efforts to understand associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol drinking. In the present study, we sought to examine information processing pathways for trauma and alcohol information, and the effects of posttraumatic stress and trauma cue exposure on these pathways. Participants were college students (N = 232; 49% female; Mage = 19.56,SD = 1.44) categorized into three diagnostic groups based on current PTSD status determined by structured clinical interview. These students then were exposed to a personalized trauma or neutral cue script, followed by a Stroop task modified to include trauma, alcohol, and contrast words. Indices of mood and urge to drink alcohol were administered throughout the task. Findings revealed that those with PTSD who were exposed to the personalized trauma cue showed a general response slowing across all stimuli types on the Stroop task. Intriguingly, this slowing effect was significantly associated with urge to drink alcohol for only those PTSD participants who were exposed to the trauma cues. In contrast, we did not find support for the hypothesis that trauma cues would lead to attention bias to trauma and alcohol specific Stroop stimuli among participants with PTSD, nor did slower RT for specific word types predict unique variance in urge to drink alcohol. Findings suggest that individual (PTSD) and environmental (cue) circumstances may work conjointly to precipitate changes in cognitive processing - changes that may have implications for drinking motivation. Given the importance of cognition in the etiology of both PTSD and drinking, this is a mechanism that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L Bachrach
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wardell
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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146
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Dobryakova E, Rocca MA, Valsasina P, DeLuca J, Filippi M. Altered neural mechanisms of cognitive control in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: An effective connectivity study. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2580-2588. [PMID: 28205364 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) leads to physical and cognitive disability. Specifically, cognitive deficits in PPMS have been explained by both grey matter atrophy and white matter lesions. However, existing research still lacks in the understanding of how the brain of a patient with PPMS functions under cognitive control demands. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine information integration in patients with PPMS using a search-based effective connectivity method. Fourteen patients with PPMS and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) performed the Stroop task, a cognitively demanding interference task that taxes neural resources required for cognitive control and response inhibition. Results showed that compared to HC, PPMS patients exhibited poor behavioral performance and alterations in information flow, manifested in the form of the loss of top-down connections, reversal of connections, and hyperconnectivity. Significant correlations were observed between connection strengths and behavioral measures. The connection between the posterior parietal cortex (PCC) and left posterior parietal lobule, which was present in both groups, showed a negative correlation with performance accuracy on incongruent trials. The connection between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and PCC showed a positive correlation with performance accuracy on incongruent trials. However, the adaptive nature of this connection was not significant on a behavioral level as the PPMS group performed significantly worse compared to the HC group during the Stroop task. Thus, the current study provides important evidence about effective connectivity patterns that can be characterized as maladaptive cerebral re-organization in the PPMS brain. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2580-2588, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dobryakova
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey
| | - Maria Assunta Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - John DeLuca
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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147
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De Pauw K, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J, Decroix L, Valente A, Taehee K, Lettan RB 2nd, Carrillo AE, Meeusen R. Do Glucose and Caffeine Nasal Sprays Influence Exercise or Cognitive Performance? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1186-91. [PMID: 28182503 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nasal spray (NAS) containing caffeine (CAF) or glucose (GLUC) activates sensory(motor) cortices. PURPOSE To investigate the influence of CAF or GLUC NAS on exercise and cognitive performance. METHODS Eleven male subjects (age 22 ± 2 y) performed a maximal cycle test and 2 familiarization and 3 experimental trials. Each trial included a 30-s Wingate test and a 30-min time-trial (TT) performance test interspersed by 15 min of rest. Before and after each exercise test a Stroop task was conducted. Placebo NAS with or without CAF or GLUC was provided before each exercise session and at each completed 25% of the TT. Exercise-performance, physiological, and cognitive measures were obtained. Magnitude-based inferences determined the likelihood that NAS solutions would be beneficial, trivial, or negative to exercise-performance measures based on the smallest worthwhile effect. Physiological and cognitive measures were analyzed using (non)parametric tests (P < .05). RESULTS GLUC NAS substantially increased the average power output during the TT (very likely beneficial: 98%). No further worthwhile exercise-performance enhancements were found for both substances. In addition, no significant differences in physiological and cognitive measures were observed. In line with mouth rinsing, GLUC was shown to substantially enhance endurance performance, probably due to the activation of the olfactory pathway and/or extra-oral sweet-taste receptors. CONCLUSION GLUC NAS enhances endurance performance, which indicates a novel administration route. The higher activity in sensory brain cortices probably elicited the ergogenic effect. However, no further physiological and cognitive changes occurred, indicating that higher doses of substrates might be required.
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148
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De Pauw K, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J, Marusic U, Torbeyns T, Meeusen R. Electro-physiological changes in the brain induced by caffeine or glucose nasal spray. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:53-62. [PMID: 27664111 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A direct link between the mouth cavity and the brain for glucose (GLUC) and caffeine (CAF) has been established. The aim of this study is to determine whether a direct link for both substrates also exist between the nasal cavity and the brain. METHODS Ten healthy male subjects (age 22 ± 1 years) performed three experimental trials, separated by at least 2 days. Each trial included a 20-s nasal spray (NAS) period in which solutions placebo (PLAC), GLUC, or CAF were provided in a double-blind, randomized order. During each trial, four cognitive Stroop tasks were performed: two familiarization trials and one pre- and one post-NAS trial. Reaction times and accuracy for different stimuli (neutral, NEUTR; congruent, CON; incongruent INCON) were determined. Electroencephalography was continuously measured throughout the trials. During the Stroop tasks pre- and post-NAS, the P300 was assessed and during NAS, source localization was performed using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION NAS activated the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). CAF-NAS also increased θ and β activity in frontal cortices. Furthermore, GLUC-NAS increased the β activity within the insula. GLUC-NAS also increased the P300 amplitude with INCON (P = 0.046) and reduced P300 amplitude at F3-F4 and P300 latency at CP1-CP2-Cz with NEUTR (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). The existence of nasal bitter and sweet taste receptors possibly induce these brain responses. CONCLUSION Greater cognitive efficiency was observed with GLUC-NAS. CAF-NAS activated cingulate, insular, and sensorymotor cortices, whereas GLUC-NAS activated sensory, cingulate, and insular cortices. However, no effect on the Stroop task was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- K De Pauw
- Research Group Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Roelands
- Research Group Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Van Cutsem
- Research Group Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - U Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre of Koper, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - T Torbeyns
- Research Group Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Meeusen
- Research Group Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium. .,School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville City, QLD, Australia.
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149
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discrepant findings of age-related effects between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on executive function (EF) have been described across different studies. The aim of the present study was to examine longitudinal age effects on inhibition and switching, two key subfunctions of EF, calculated from results on the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT). METHODS One hundred twenty-three healthy aging individuals (average age 61.4 years; 67% women) performed the CWIT up to three times, over a period of more than 6 years. Measures of inhibition, switching, and combined inhibition and switching were analyzed. A longitudinal linear mixed effects models analysis was run including basic CWIT conditions, and measures of processing speed, retest effect, gender, education, and age as predictors. RESULTS After taking all predictors into account, age added significantly to the predictive value of the longitudinal models of (i) inhibition, (ii) switching, and (iii) combined inhibition and switching. The basic CWIT conditions and the processing speed measure added to the predictive value of the models, while retest effect, gender, and education did not. CONCLUSIONS The present study on middle-aged to older individuals showed age-related decline in inhibition and switching abilities. This decline was retained even when basic CWIT conditions, processing speed, attrition, gender, and education were controlled. (JINS, 2017, 23, 90-97).
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150
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Abstract
Social-rank cues communicate social status or social power within and between groups. Information about social-rank is fluently processed in both visual and auditory modalities. So far, the investigation on the processing of social-rank cues has been limited to studies in which information from a single modality was assessed or manipulated. Yet, in everyday communication, multiple information channels are used to express and understand social-rank. We sought to examine the (in)voluntary nature of processing of facial and vocal signals of social-rank using a cross-modal Stroop task. In two experiments, participants were presented with face-voice pairs that were either congruent or incongruent in social-rank (i.e. social dominance). Participants' task was to label face social dominance while ignoring the voice, or label voice social dominance while ignoring the face. In both experiments, we found that face-voice incongruent stimuli were processed more slowly and less accurately than were the congruent stimuli in the face-attend and the voice-attend tasks, exhibiting classical Stroop-like effects. These findings are consistent with the functioning of a social-rank bio-behavioural system which consistently and automatically monitors one's social standing in relation to others and uses that information to guide behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Peschard
- a Psychology Department and the Gonda Brain Science Center , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel.,b Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology , Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Pierre Philippot
- b Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology , Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- a Psychology Department and the Gonda Brain Science Center , Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
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