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Maroney MJ, Hondal RJ. Selenium versus sulfur: Reversibility of chemical reactions and resistance to permanent oxidation in proteins and nucleic acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:228-237. [PMID: 29588180 PMCID: PMC6158117 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the contributions of Jean Chaudière to the field of selenium biochemistry. Chaudière was the first to recognize that one of the main reasons that selenium in the form of selenocysteine is used in proteins is due to the fact that it strongly resists permanent oxidation. The foundations for this important concept was laid down by Al Tappel in the 1960's and even before by others. The concept of oxygen tolerance first recognized in the study of glutathione peroxidase was further advanced and refined by those studying [NiFeSe]-hydrogenases, selenosubtilisin, and thioredoxin reductase. After 200 years of selenium research, work by Marcus Conrad and coworkers studying glutathione peroxidase-4 has provided definitive evidence for Chaudière's original hypothesis (Ingold et al., 2018) [36]. While the reaction of selenium with oxygen is readily reversible, there are many other examples of this phenomenon of reversibility. Many reactions of selenium can be described as "easy in - easy out". This is due to the strong nucleophilic character of selenium to attack electrophiles, but then this reaction can be reversed due to the strong electrophilic character of selenium and the weakness of the selenium-carbon bond. Several examples of this are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Maroney
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Life Sciences Laboratories, 240 Thatcher Road, Room N373, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, United States
| | - Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Building Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405, United States.
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Sochacka M, Giebułtowicz J, Remiszewska M, Suchocki P, Wroczyński P. Effects of Selol 5% supplementation on tissue antioxidant enzyme levels and peroxidation marker in healthy mice. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1073-1078. [PMID: 30296743 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans used in the prevention or treatment of cancer. Selol is a mixture of selenitetriglycerides, containing Se(IV). It does not exhibit mutagenic activity and is less toxic than inorganic sodium selenite containing Se(IV). The antioxidant properties of the Selol were demonstrated using the blood of healthy animals. The aim of the study was to evaluate Selol as a Se supplement by determining the effect of its administration on the Se level and the antioxidant status in the tissues. METHODS We examined the effect of long-term (28-day) Selol 5% supplementation on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including the main selenoenzymes in healthy mice organs, such as liver, brain, lungs, and testis. Enzyme activities of the tissue homogenates and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress were measured using spectrophotometric methods. The selenium concentrations in the tissues were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) as well. RESULTS A significant increase in glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activity as well as the MDA concentration was observed in most of the studied tissues during the Selol 5% supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Long-term supplementation with the new Se(IV) compound - Selol 5% significantly affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the redox state in healthy mice organs. In the healthy population Selol 5% seems to be a promising new antioxidant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sochacka
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Suchocki
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Wroczyński
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drugs Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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103
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Kalita P, Shukla H, Gadhave K, Giri R, Tripathi T. Role of the glutaredoxin domain and FAD in the stabilization of thioredoxin glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 656:38-45. [PMID: 30205085 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGRsec) is a multi-domain flavoprotein that plays a principal role in redox homeostasis maintenance. We have previously demonstrated the role of selenocysteine in maintaining TGRsec structure-function, but the role of the glutaredoxin (Grx) domain and FAD is still unclear. In the present study, the urea-induced unfolding of recombinant Fasciola gigantica TGRsec (FgTGRsec) and its N-terminal truncated variant (ΔNTD-FgTGRsec) were examined to understand the role of the Grx domain and FAD in the stabilization of FgTGRsec and ΔNTD-FgTGRsec. Our results showed that both proteins underwent unfolding in a three state manner. First, the protein undergoes a conformational transition rendering a near-native state with no FAD bound, and then full unfolding of the apo-dimer occurs without dissociation. The Grx domain stabilized the global FgTGRsec structure and positively regulated FgTGRsec activity, and alteration in the FAD microenvironment was directly proportional to the loss of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione reductase activities. Based on these results, we concluded that the Grx domain stabilizes the full-length FgTGRsec protein for efficient catalysis. Thus, we suggest that in platyhelminth parasites, during evolution, the Grx domain merged with the TrxR domain to confer higher catalytic activity and provide additional structural stability to the full-length TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parismita Kalita
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong- 793022, India.
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Teixeira de Macedo G, Miranda-Vizuete A, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Bowman AB, Bornhorst J, Schwerdtle T, Aschner M. The cytoplasmic thioredoxin system in Caenorhabditis elegans affords protection from methylmercury in an age-specific manner. Neurotoxicology 2018; 68:189-202. [PMID: 30138651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental pollutant linked to many neurological defects, especially in developing individuals. The thioredoxin (TRX) system is a key redox regulator affected by MeHg toxicity, however the mechanisms and consequences of MeHg-induced dysfunction are not completely understood. This study evaluated the role of the TRX system in C. elegans susceptibility to MeHg during development. Worms lacking or overexpressing proteins from the TRX family were exposed to MeHg for 1 h at different developmental stage: L1, L4 and adult. Worms without cytoplasmic thioredoxin system exhibited age-specific susceptibility to MeHg when compared to wild-type (wt). This susceptibility corresponded partially to decreased total glutathione (GSH) levels and enhanced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, the overexpression of the cytoplasmic system TRX-1/TRXR-1 did not provide substantial protection against MeHg. Moreover, transgenic worms exhibited decreased protein expression for cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase (TRXR-1). Both mitochondrial thioredoxin system TRX-2/TRXR-2, as well as other thioredoxin-like proteins: TRX-3, TRX-4, TRX-5 did not show significant role in C. elegans resistance to MeHg. Based on the current findings, the cytoplasmic thioredoxin system TRX-1/TRXR-1 emerges as an important age-sensitive protectant against MeHg toxicity in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Gabriel Teixeira de Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - João B Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY, United States
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Zhang C, Maddelein ML, Wai-Yin Sun R, Gornitzka H, Cuvillier O, Hemmert C. Pharmacomodulation on Gold-NHC complexes for anticancer applications - is lipophilicity the key point? Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:320-332. [PMID: 30099254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of four new mononuclear cationic gold(I) complexes containing nitrogen functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was synthesized and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. The X-ray structures of three complexes are presented. These lipophilic gold(I) complexes originate from a pharmacomodulation of previously described gold(I)-NHC complexes, by replacing an aliphatic spacer with an aromatic one. The Log P values of the resulting complexes increased by 0.7-1.5, depending on the substituents in comparison to the aliphatic-linker systems. The new series of complexes has been investigated in vitro for their anti-cancer activities in PC-3 (prostate cancer) and T24 (bladder cancer) cell lines and in the non-cancerous MC3T3 (osteoblast) cell line. All tested complexes show high activities against the cancer cell lines with GI50 values lower than 500 nM. One complex (11) has been selected for further investigations. It has been tested in vitro in six cancer cell lines from different origins (prostate, bladder, lung, bone, liver and breast) and two non-cancerous cell lines (osteoblasts, fibroblasts). Moreover, cellular uptake measurements were indicative of a good bioavailability. By various biochemical assays, this complex was found to effectively inhibit the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and its cytotoxicity towards prostate PC-3, bladder T24 and liver HepG2 cells was found to be ROS-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Lise Maddelein
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Raymond Wai-Yin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Heinz Gornitzka
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Guo Y, Yan S, Gong J, Jin L, Shi B. The Protective Effect of Selenium on Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Injury Caused by Depression of Thioredoxin Reductase. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:75-82. [PMID: 29022236 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of selenium (Se) on antioxidant function of mammary glands in dairy cows and the underlying mechanism, an experiment was conducted using a single-factor completely randomized design study. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were randomly divided into four groups: control, Se treatment, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) inhibition, and Se prevention. Treatment of BMECs with Se was found to significantly reverse decreased cell proliferation and the expression of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) after DNCB exposure. DNCB-induced activation of apoptosis signaling kinase-1 (ASK-1), which activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, was reduced in BMECs treated with Se. Additionally, our results indicated that Se treatment resulted in lower intracellular accumulation of arachidonic acid (ARA) and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) due to suppressed expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) regulated by p38MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in DNCB-stimulated BMECs. Taken together, these findings suggest that Se treatment improved the antioxidant function of dairy cow mammary glands and protected cells from oxidative damage primarily by increasing the activity of TrxR, inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, and thus decreasing the content of ARA and its related metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Sumei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Jian Gong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Lu Jin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
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107
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Efficient selenocysteine-dependent reduction of toxoflavin by mammalian thioredoxin reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2511-2517. [PMID: 29807072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoflavin (1,6-dimethylpyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione; xanthothricin) is a well-known natural toxin of the pyrimidinetriazinedione type that redox cycles with oxygen under reducing conditions. In mammalian systems, toxoflavin is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling as well as of SIRT1 and SIRT2 activities, but other molecular targets in mammalian cells have been scarcely studied. Interestingly, in a library of nearly 400,000 compounds (PubChem assay ID 588456), toxoflavin was identified as one out of only 56 potential substrates of the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, TXNRD1). This activity was here examined in further detail. METHODS Kinetic parameters in interactions of toxoflavin with rat or human TrxR isoenzymes were determined and compared with those of juglone (5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; walnut toxin) and 9,10-phenanthrene quinone. Selenocysteine dependence was examined using Sec-to-Cys and Sec-to-Ser substituted variants of recombinant rat TrxR1. RESULTS Toxoflavin was confirmed as an efficient substrate for TrxR. Rat and human cytosolic TrxR1 supported NADPH-dependent redox cycling coupled to toxoflavin reduction, accompanied by H2O2 production under aerobic conditions. Apparent kinetic parameters for the initial rates of reduction showed that rat TrxR1 displayed higher apparent turnover (kcat = 1700 ± 330 min-1) than human TrxR1 (kcat = 1100 ± 82 min-1) but also a higher Km (Km = 24 ± 4.3 μM for human TrxR1 versus Km = 54 ± 18 μM for rat TrxR1). Human TrxR2 (TXNRD2) was less efficient in reduction of toxoflavin (Km = 280 ± 110 μM and kcat = 740 ± 240 min-1). The activity was absolutely dependent upon selenocysteine (Sec). Toxoflavin was also a subversive substrate indirectly inhibiting reduction of other substrates of TrxR1. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify toxoflavin as an efficient redox cycling substrate of mammalian TrxR enzymes, in a strict Sec-dependent manner. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Тhe interactions of toxoflavin with mammalian TrxR isoenzymes can help to explain parts of the molecular mechanisms giving rise to the well-known toxicity as well as pro-oxidant properties of this toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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108
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Sonet J, Mounicou S, Chavatte L. Detection of Selenoproteins by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP MS) in Immobilized pH Gradient (IPG) Strips. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1661:205-217. [PMID: 28917047 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7258-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to other trace elements that are cofactors of enzymes and removed from proteins under denaturing conditions, Se is covalently bound to proteins when incorporated into selenoproteins, since it is a component of selenocysteine aminoacid. It implies that selenoproteins can undergo several biochemical separation methods in stringent and chaotropic conditions and still maintain the presence of selenium in the primary sequence. This feature has been used to develop a method for the detection of trace levels of human selenoproteins in cell extracts without the use of radioactive isotopes. The selenoproteins are separated as a function of their isoelectric point (pI) using iso-electrofocusing (IEF) electrophoretic strips and detected by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS). This method, therefore referred to as IEF-LA-ICP MS, allowed the detection of several selenoproteins in human cell lines, including Gpx1, Gpx4, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and SELENOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Sonet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, LCABIE, CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau, 64000, France
| | - Sandra Mounicou
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, LCABIE, CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau, 64000, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, LCABIE, CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l'Environnement et Les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau, 64000, France. .,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Lyon, 69007, France. .,INSERM U1111, Lyon, 69007, France. .,CNRS/ENS/UCBL1 UMR5308, Lyon, 69007, France.
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Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases are important oxidoreductases that keep the active site disulfide/dithiol motif of thioredoxins reduced using NADPH, thereby supporting many thioredoxin-dependent reductive pathways in cells. Mammalian thioredoxin reductases are selenoproteins that have several additional substrates beyond thioredoxins. This chapter first lists several different assays for measurement of thioredoxin reductase activities, before giving a protocol for a selective evaluation of these activities that can be used in either crude cell lysates as well as with purified enzymes. The same assay can also be easily adopted for the determination of thioredoxin activities.
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110
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Touat-Hamici Z, Bulteau AL, Bianga J, Jean-Jacques H, Szpunar J, Lobinski R, Chavatte L. Selenium-regulated hierarchy of human selenoproteome in cancerous and immortalized cells lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2493-2505. [PMID: 29660373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenoproteins (25 genes in human) co-translationally incorporate selenocysteine using a UGA codon, normally used as a stop signal. The human selenoproteome is primarily regulated by selenium bioavailability with a tissue-specific hierarchy. METHODS We investigated the hierarchy of selenoprotein expression in response to selenium concentration variation in four cell lines originating from kidney (HEK293, immortalized), prostate (LNCaP, cancer), skin (HaCaT, immortalized) and liver (HepG2, cancer), using complementary analytical methods. We performed (i) enzymatic activity, (ii) RT-qPCR, (iii) immuno-detection, (iv) selenium-specific mass spectrometric detection after non-radioactive 76Se labeling of selenoproteins, and (v) luciferase-based reporter constructs in various cell extracts. RESULTS We characterized cell-line specific alterations of the selenoproteome in response to selenium variation that, in most of the cases, resulted from a translational control of gene expression. We established that UGA-selenocysteine recoding efficiency, which depends on the nature of the SECIS element, dictates the response to selenium variation. CONCLUSIONS We characterized that selenoprotein hierarchy is cell-line specific with conserved features. This analysis should be done prior to any experiments in a novel cell line. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We reported a strategy based on complementary methods to evaluate selenoproteome regulation in human cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Touat-Hamici
- From the Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CGM, CNRS, UPR3404, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, IGFL, CNRS/ENS UMR5242, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Juliusz Bianga
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM-UMR5254, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Hélène Jean-Jacques
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, I2BC, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM-UMR5254, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, IPREM-UMR5254, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Laurent Chavatte
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, 69007 Lyon, France; INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France; CNRS/ENS/UCBL1 UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Gan FF, Zhang R, Ng HL, Karuppasamy M, Seah W, Yeap WH, Ong SM, Hadadi E, Wong SC, Chui WK, Chew EH. Novel dual-targeting anti-proliferative dihydrotriazine-chalcone derivatives display suppression of cancer cell invasion and inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:238-48. [PMID: 29630947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones present in edible plants possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, with the Michael acceptor moiety reported to be responsible for their biological activities. In this study, two novel dihydrotriazine-chalcone compounds previously identified to exert anti-proliferative effects through dual-targeting of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), were evaluated for their anti-invasive and anti-inflammatory abilities. At non-lethal concentrations, the compounds suppressed in vitro migration of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells, which was correlated with a dose-dependent downregulation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and secretion. At similar concentrations, these chalcone-based compounds suppressed expression of inflammatory mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated human monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Mechanistically, inhibition of cancer cell invasion and inflammation by the compounds were mediated through suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which corroborated with the reported mechanism of action of chalcones. Their abilities to target multiple biological mediators relevant to multi-step carcinogenesis and with bioactivities stronger than those of the parent chalcone scaffold have warranted dihydrotriazine-chalcone compounds as promising candidates for use in pharmacological intervention of aggressive cancers.
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Moradi MN, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Amiri I, Karami M, Saidijam M, Vatannejad A, Tavilani H. Evaluation of the p53 and Thioredoxin reductase in sperm from asthenozoospermic males in comparison to normozoospermic males. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:123-128. [PMID: 29305108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thioredoxin (Trx) system has a defensive role against the harmful effect of oxidative stress in sperm. p53 is an important regulator of apoptosis and normal process of spermatogenesis. Regulation of p53 by redox state of the cell and Thioredoxin system has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ROS level, Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity and p53 protein levels in sperm of asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic males. Semen samples from 80 donors were divided into asthenozoospermic (n = 40) and normozoospermic (n = 40) groups using the WHO criteria. DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay) of spermatozoa was identified·H2O2 and O2•- were determined by flow cytometry. p53 protein levels and TrxR activity were measured in sperm cell lysate by appropriate kit. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and thiol groups in seminal plasma were measured spectrophotometery. MDA content in seminal plasma was determined fluorometrically. RESULTS The percentage of cells with H2O2, O2•- and DNA fragmentation was higher in asthenozoospermic compared to normozoospermic groups (p < 0.05). The p53 protein level was significantly higher in asthenozoospermic group (P < 0.001). TrxR activity in normozoospermic was significantly higher than asthenozoospermic group (P < 0.001). Total thiol groups and TAC levels were significantly higher in normozoospermic samples (P < 0.05). A significantly high negative correlation was seen between p53 protein levels with TrxR activity (r = - 0.49, P < 0.001), total motility (r = - 0.65, P < 0.001). p53 and ROS levels were increased in asthenozoospermic males while the TrxR activity was decreased. These changes lead to an increase in apoptotic, immotile and immature spermatozoa in the ejaculatory semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad-Nabi Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Massoud Saidijam
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Akram Vatannejad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran, University of Medical Science Tehran Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Urology & Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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113
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Dagnell M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. The A to Z of modulated cell patterning by mammalian thioredoxin reductases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:484-496. [PMID: 29278740 PMCID: PMC5771652 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins) that propel a large number of functions through reduction of several substrates including the active site disulfide of thioredoxins (Trxs). Well-known enzymatic systems that in turn are supported by Trxs and TrxRs include deoxyribonucleotide synthesis through ribonucleotide reductase, antioxidant defense through peroxiredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, and redox modulation of a number of transcription factors. Although these functions may be essential for cells due to crucial roles in maintenance of cell viability and proliferation, findings during the last decade reveal that mammals have major redundancy in their cellular reductive systems. The synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and reductive functions of GSH-dependent pathways typically act in parallel with Trx-dependent pathways, with only one of these systems often being sufficient to support viability. Importantly, this does not imply that a modulation of the Trx system will remain without consequences, even when GSH-dependent pathways remain functional. As suggested by several recent findings, the Trx system in general and the TrxRs in particular, function as key regulators of signaling pathways. In this review article we will discuss findings that collectively suggest that modulation in mammalian systems of cytosolic TrxR1 (TXNRD1) or mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2) influence cell patterning and cellular stress responses. Effects of lower activities include increased adipogenesis, insulin responsiveness, glycogen accumulation, hyperproliferation, and distorted embryonic development, while increased activities correlate with decreased proliferation and extended lifespan, as well as worse cancer prognosis. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these diverse effects, involving regulation of protein phosphorylation cascades and of key transcription factors that guide cellular differentiation pathways, will be discussed. We conclude that the selenium-dependent oxidoreductases TrxR1 and TrxR2 should be considered as key components of signaling pathways that control cell differentiation and cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dagnell
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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114
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Tinkov AA, Bjørklund G, Skalny AV, Holmgren A, Skalnaya MG, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. The role of the thioredoxin/ thioredoxin reductase system in the metabolic syndrome: towards a possible prognostic marker? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1567-1586. [PMID: 29327078 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with three existing isoenzymes (TrxR1, TrxR2, and TrxR3), which is found primarily intracellularly but also in extracellular fluids. The main substrate thioredoxin (Trx) is similarly found (as Trx1 and Trx2) in various intracellular compartments, in blood plasma, and is the cell's major disulfide reductase. Thioredoxin reductase is necessary as a NADPH-dependent reducing agent in biochemical reactions involving Trx. Genetic and environmental factors like selenium status influence the activity of TrxR. Research shows that the Trx/TrxR system plays a significant role in the physiology of the adipose tissue, in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production and sensitivity, blood pressure regulation, inflammation, chemotactic activity of macrophages, and atherogenesis. Based on recent research, it has been reported that the modulation of the Trx/TrxR system may be considered as a new target in the management of the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, as well as in the treatment of hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this review evidence about a possible role of this system as a marker of the metabolic syndrome is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.,Trace Element Institute for UNESCO, Lyon, France.,Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway.,Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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115
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Abstract
Expression of selenoproteins necessitates a process of decoding of a UGA codon from termination of translation to insertion of selenocysteine. The mechanisms of this process pose major challenges with regards to recombinant selenoprotein production in E. coli, which however can be overcome especially if the Sec residue is located close to the C-terminal end, as is the case for several naturally found selenoproteins. This chapter summarizes a method to achieve such a production.
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116
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Chen W, Colon R, Louda JW, Del Rey FR, Durham M, Rein KS. Brevetoxin (PbTx-2) influences the redox status and NPQ of Karenia brevis by way of thioredoxin reductase. Harmful Algae 2018; 71:29-39. [PMID: 29306394 PMCID: PMC5994908 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Florida red tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, is the major harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate of the Gulf of Mexico and plays a destructive role in the region. Blooms of K. brevis can produce brevetoxins: ladder-shaped polyether (LSP) compounds, which can lead to adverse human health effects, such as reduced respiratory function through inhalation exposure, or neurotoxic shellfish poisoning through consumption of contaminated shellfish. The endogenous role of the brevetoxins remains uncertain. Recent work has shown that some forms of NADPH dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) are inhibited by brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2). The study presented herein reveals that high toxin and low toxin K. brevis, which have a ten-fold difference in toxin content, also show a significant difference in their ability, not only to produce brevetoxin, but also in their cellular redox status and distribution of xanthophyll cycle pigments. These differences are likely due to the inhibition of NTR by brevetoxin. The work could shed light on the physiological role that brevetoxin fills for K. brevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8thStreet, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Ricardo Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8thStreet, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - J William Louda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 United States.
| | - Freddy Rodriguez Del Rey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8thStreet, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Michaella Durham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8thStreet, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
| | - Kathleen S Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8thStreet, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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117
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Gao J, Yuan W, Li Y, Bai F, Jiang Y. Synergistic effect of thioredoxin and its reductase from Kluyveromyces marxianus on enhanced tolerance to multiple lignocellulose-derived inhibitors. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:181. [PMID: 29084541 PMCID: PMC5663110 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lignocellulose-derived inhibitors represent great challenges for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials. These inhibitors that are related to the levels of intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) make oxidoreductases a potential target for an enhanced tolerance in yeasts. RESULTS In this study, the thioredoxin and its reductase from Kluyveromyces marxianus Y179 was identified, which was subsequently achieved over-expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 280. In spite of the negative effects by expression of thioredoxin gene (KmTRX), the thioredoxin reductase (KmTrxR) helped to enhance tolerance to multiple lignocellulose-derived inhibitors, such as formic acid and acetic acid. In particular, compared with each gene expression, the double over-expression of KmTRX2 and KmTrxR achieved a better ethanol fermentative profiles under a mixture of formic acid, acetic acid, and furfural (FAF) with a shorter lag period. At last, the mechanism that improves the tolerance depended on a normal level of intracellular ROS for cell survival under stress. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic effect of KmTrxR and KmTRX2 provided the potential possibility for ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials, and give a general insight into the possible toxicity mechanisms for further theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqi Gao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenjie Yuan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yimin Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Fengwu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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118
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Pirazzini M, Azarnia Tehran D, Zanetti G, Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Hsp90 and Thioredoxin- Thioredoxin Reductase enable the catalytic activity of Clostridial neurotoxins inside nerve terminals. Toxicon 2017; 147:32-37. [PMID: 29111118 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum (BoNTs) and tetanus (TeNT) neurotoxins are the most toxic substances known and form the growing family of Clostridial neurotoxins (CNT), the etiologic agents of botulism and tetanus. CNT are composed of a metalloprotease light chain (L), linked via a disulfide bond to a heavy chain (H). H mediates the binding to nerve terminals and the membrane translocation of L into the cytosol, where its substrates, the three SNARE proteins, are localized. L translocation is accompanied by unfolding and, once delivered on the cytosolic side of the endosome membrane, it has to be reduced and reacquire the native fold to be active. The Thioredoxin-Thioredoxin Reductase system (Trx-TrxR) specifically reduces the interchain disulfide bond while the cytosolic chaperone protein Hsp90 mediates L refolding. Both steps are essential for CNT activity and their inhibition efficiently blocks the neurotoxicity in cultured neurons and mice. Trx and its reductase physically interact with Hsp90 and are loosely bound to the cytosolic side of synaptic vesicles, the organelle exploited by CNT to enter nerve terminals and wherefrom L is translocated into the cytosol. Therefore, Trx, TrxR and Hsp90 orchestrate a chaperone-redox molecular machinery that enables the catalytic activity of the L inside nerve terminals. Given the fundamental role of L reduction and refolding, this machinery represents a rational target for the development of mechanism-based antitoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pirazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Istituto CNR di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
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119
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Lemmerhirt H, Behnisch S, Bodtke A, Lillig CH, Pazderova L, Kasparkova J, Brabec V, Bednarski PJ. Effects of cytotoxic cis- and trans-diammine monochlorido platinum(II) complexes on selenium-dependent redox enzymes and DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 178:94-105. [PMID: 29125948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the preparation of 14 pairs of cis- and trans-diammine monochlorido platinum(II) complexes, coordinated to heterocycles (i.e., imidazole, 2-methylimidazole and pyrazole) and linked to various acylhydrazones, which were designed as potential inhibitors of the selenium-dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR-1). However, no inhibition of bovine GPx-1 and only weak inhibition of murine TrxR-1 was observed in in vitro assays. Nonetheless, the cis configured diammine monochlorido Pt(II) complexes exhibited cytotoxic and apoptotic properties on various human cancer cell lines, whereas the trans configured complexes generally showed weaker potency with a few exceptions. On the other hand, the trans complexes were generally more likely to lack cross-resistance to cisplatin than the cis analogues. Platinum was found bound to the nuclear DNA of cancer cells treated with representative Pt complexes, suggesting that DNA might be a possible target. Thus, detailed in vitro binding experiments with DNA were conducted. Interactions of the compounds with calf thymus DNA were investigated, including Pt binding kinetics, circular dichroism (CD) spectral changes, changes in DNA melting temperatures, unwinding of supercoiled plasmids and ethidium bromide displacement in DNA. The CD results indicate that the most active cis configured pyrazole-derived complex causes unique structural changes in the DNA compared to the other complexes as well as to those caused by cisplatin, suggesting a denaturation of the DNA structure. This may be important for the antiproliferative activity of this compound in the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lemmerhirt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steven Behnisch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lucia Pazderova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kasparkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick J Bednarski
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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120
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Shi D, Hu G, Zhang B, Li X, Liu R, Han X, Yao X, Fang J. Synthesis of naphthazarin derivatives and identification of novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor as potential anticancer agent. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:435-447. [PMID: 28987605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes play a crucial role in regulating multiple redox-based signaling pathways and have attracted increasing attention as promising anticancer drug targets. We report here the synthesis of a panel of naphthazarin derivatives and discovery of 2-methyl-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3, 2-methylnaphthazarin) as a potent cytotoxic agent with a submicromolar half maximal inhibitory concentration to the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Mechanism studies reveal that the compound selectively inhibits TrxR to induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Knockdown of TrxR sensitizes the cells to 3 insults, while overexpression of the functional enzyme confers resistance to the compound treatment, underpinning the physiological significance of targeting TrxR by 3. Clarification of the interaction of compound 3 with TrxR unveils a mechanism underlying the cellular action of the compound, and sheds light in considering development of the compound as a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Danfeng Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ruijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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121
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Abstract
The cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, encoded in human by TXNRD1) is implied to have several different roles in relation to cancer. Its physiologic functions may protect normal cells from carcinogenesis, but may also promote cancer progression if carcinogenesis nonetheless occurs. With distinct links to Nrf2 signaling, ribonucleotide reductase-dependent production of deoxyribonucleotides and its support of several antioxidant systems counteracting oxidative stress, the metabolic pathways regulated, and affected by TrxR1, are altogether of crucial importance in cancer. These pathways and causal relationships are at the same time highly intricate. In spite of the complexity in the cellular redox networks, several observations discussed in this chapter suggest that specific targeting of TrxR1 may be promising as a mechanistic principle for anticancer therapy.
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122
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Nagakannan P, Eftekharpour E. Differential redox sensitivity of cathepsin B and L holds the key to autophagy-apoptosis interplay after Thioredoxin reductase inhibition in nutritionally stressed SH-SY5Y cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:819-831. [PMID: 28478025 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for induction of protective autophagy, however unexpected rise in cellular ROS levels overpowers the cellular defense and therefore promotes the programmed apoptotic cell death. We recently reported that inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in starving SH-SY5Y cells interrupted autophagy flux by induction of lysosomal deficiency and promoted apoptosis. (Free Radic Biol Med. 2016: 101:53-70). Here, we aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms during autophagy-apoptosis interplay, and focused on regulation of cathepsin B (CTSB) and L (CTSL), the pro-apoptotic and pro-autophagy cathepsins respectively. Inhibition of TrxR by Auranofin, caused lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) that was associated with a significant upregulation of CTSB activity, despite no significant changes in CTSB protein level. Conversely, a significant rise in CTSL protein levels was observed without any apparent change in CTSL activity. Using thiol-trapping techniques to examine the differential sensitivity of cathepsins to oxidative stress, we discovered that Auranofin-mediated oxidative stress interferes with CTSL processing and thereby interrupts its pro-autophagy function. No evidence of CTSB susceptibility to oxidative stress was observed. Our data suggest that cellular fate in these conditions is mediated by two concurrent systems: while oxidative stress prevents the protective autophagy by inhibition of CTSL processing, concomitantly, apoptosis is induced by increasing lysosomal membrane permeability and leakage of CTSB into cytoplasm. Inhibition of CTSB in these conditions inhibited apoptosis and increased cell viability. To our knowledge this is the first report uncovering the impact of redox environment on autophagy-apoptosis interplay in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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123
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Li J, Wang P, Xiao L, Yu J, Kong X, Zhong L. Serum thioredoxin activity: a promising biomarker for assessment of coronary stenosis severity in patients with coronary artery disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:752-4. [PMID: 36659267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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124
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Iyer LR, Banyal N, Naik S, Paul J. Antioxidant enzyme profile of two clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica varying in sensitivity to antiamoebic drugs. World J Clin Infect Dis 2017; 7:21-31. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v7.i2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the sensitivity and antioxidant enzyme response in two clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) during treatment with antiamoebic drugs, auranofin and metronidazole.
METHODS E. histolytica were isolated from stool samples and maintained in Robinson’s biphasic culture medium. Clinial isolates were maintained in xenic culture medium, and harvested for determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations to the two antiamoebic drugs, Metronidazole and Auranofin using microtiter plate tests. The percent survival of the two isolates were determined using the trypan blue cell count. Isolate 980 was treated with 70 μmol/L and 2 μmol/L while isolate 989 was treated with 20 μmol/L and 0.5 μmol/L of metronidazole and auranofin respectively for 24 h. Fifty thousand cells of each isolate were harvested after 24 h of treatment for analysis of the mRNA expressions of the antioxidant enzymes, thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin and FeSOD using the specific primers. Cell lysate was used for determination of enzyme activity of thioredoxin reductase by measuring DTNB reduction spectrophotometrically at 412 nm.
RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration of the clinical isolates 980 and 989 for auranofin was 3 μmol/L and 1 μmol/L respectively while that for metronidazole was 80 μmol/L and 30 μmol/L respectively. Thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin and FeSOD expression levels were significantly reduced in the isolate 980 when treated with Auranofin. Metronidazole treatment showed a down regulation of thioredoxin reductase. Though not significant both at the mRNA and the enzyme activity levels. Peroxiredoxin and FeSOD however remained unchanged. Auranofin treatment of isolate 989, showed an upregulation in expression of thioredoxin reductase while Peroxiredoxin and FeSOD did not show any change in expression. Upon treatment with metronidazole, isolate 989 showed an increase in thioredoxin reductase expression. Peroxiredoxin and FeSOD expressions however remain unchanged both at mRNA and enzyme activity level.
CONCLUSION Clinical isolates from New Delhi NCR region show different sensitivities to antiamoebic drugs. Auranofin is effective against isolate showing higher tolerance to metronidazole as shown by its inhibition in thioredoxin reductase activity.
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Chen W, Tuladhar A, Rolle S, Lai Y, Rodriguez Del Rey F, Zavala CE, Liu Y, Rein KS. Brevetoxin-2, is a unique inhibitor of the C-terminal redox center of mammalian thioredoxin reductase-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:58-66. [PMID: 28551108 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Karenia brevis, the Florida red tide dinoflagellate produces a suite of neurotoxins known as the brevetoxins. The most abundant of the brevetoxins PbTx-2, was found to inhibit the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system, whereas the PbTx-3 has no effect on this system. On the other hand, PbTx-2 activates the reduction of small disulfides such as 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) by thioredoxin reductase. PbTx-2 has an α, β-unsaturated aldehyde moiety which functions as an efficient electrophile and selenocysteine conjugates are readily formed. PbTx-2 blocks the inhibition of TrxR by the inhibitor curcumin, whereas curcumin blocks PbTx-2 activation of TrxR. It is proposed that the mechanism of inhibition of thioredoxin reduction is via the formation of a Michael adduct between selenocysteine and the α, β-unsaturated aldehyde moiety of PbTx-2. PbTx-2 had no effect on the rates of reactions catalyzed by related enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase or glutaredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Anupama Tuladhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Shantelle Rolle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Yanhao Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Freddy Rodriguez Del Rey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Cristian E Zavala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, School of Integrated Sciences and Humanity, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Kathleen S Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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Langsjoen RM, Auguste AJ, Rossi SL, Roundy CM, Penate HN, Kastis M, Schnizlein MK, Le KC, Haller SL, Chen R, Watowich SJ, Weaver SC. Host oxidative folding pathways offer novel anti-chikungunya virus drug targets with broad spectrum potential. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:246-251. [PMID: 28461071 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses require conserved cysteine residues for proper folding and assembly of the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins, and likely depend on host protein disulfide isomerase-family enzymes (PDI) to aid in facilitating disulfide bond formation and isomerization in these proteins. Here, we show that in human HEK293 cells, commercially available inhibitors of PDI or modulators thereof (thioredoxin reductase, TRX-R; endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1, ERO-1) inhibit the replication of CHIKV chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the TRX-R inhibitor auranofin inhibited Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and the flavivirus Zika virus replication in vitro, while PDI inhibitor 16F16 reduced replication but demonstrated notable toxicity. 16F16 significantly altered the viral genome: plaque-forming unit (PFU) ratio of CHIKV in vitro without affecting relative intracellular viral RNA quantities and inhibited CHIKV E1-induced cell-cell fusion, suggesting that PDI inhibitors alter progeny virion infectivity through altered envelope function. Auranofin also increased the extracellular genome:PFU ratio but decreased the amount of intracellular CHIKV RNA, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action. Finally, auranofin reduced footpad swelling and viremia in the C57BL/6 murine model of CHIKV infection. Our results suggest that targeting oxidative folding pathways represents a potential new anti-alphavirus therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Langsjoen
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Heidy N Penate
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Kastis
- Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sherry L Haller
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley J Watowich
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Carroll L, Pattison DI, Fu S, Schiesser CH, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Catalytic oxidant scavenging by selenium-containing compounds: Reduction of selenoxides and N-chloramines by thiols and redox enzymes. Redox Biol 2017; 12:872-882. [PMID: 28458184 PMCID: PMC5408155 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase produces strong oxidants during the immune response to destroy invading pathogens. However, these oxidants can also cause tissue damage, which contributes to the development of numerous inflammatory diseases. Selenium containing compounds, including selenomethionine (SeMet) and 1,4-anhydro-5-seleno-D-talitol (SeTal), react rapidly with different MPO-derived oxidants to form the respective selenoxides (SeMetO and SeTalO). This study investigates the susceptibility of these selenoxides to undergo reduction back to the parent compounds by intracellular reducing systems, including glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase systems. GSH is shown to reduce SeMetO and SeTalO, with consequent formation of GSSG with apparent second order rate constants, k2, in the range 103–104 M−1 s−1. Glutathione reductase reduces both SeMetO and SeTalO at the expense of NADPH via formation of GSSG, whereas thioredoxin reductase acts only on SeMetO. The presence of SeMet and SeTal also increased the rate at which NADPH was consumed by the glutathione reductase system in the presence of N-chloramines. In contrast, the presence of SeMet and SeTal reduced the rate of NADPH consumption by the thioredoxin reductase system after addition of N-chloramines, consistent with the rapid formation of selenoxides, but only slow reduction by thioredoxin reductase. These results support a potential role of seleno compounds to act as catalytic scavengers of MPO-derived oxidants, particularly in the presence of glutathione reductase and NADPH, assuming that sufficient plasma levels of the parent selenoether can be achieved in vivo following supplementation. Selenoxides react with thiols including GSH by a two-step mechanism. The reaction is proposed to occur via a selenosulfide intermediate. The thioredoxin reductase system recycles selenomethionine selenoxide. The glutathione reductase system reduces both N-chloramines and selenoxides. Selenoxides can increase the reduction of N-chloramines by antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Forensic Science, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carl H Schiesser
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark.
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Rodriguez-Garcia A, Hevia D, Mayo JC, Gonzalez-Menendez P, Coppo L, Lu J, Holmgren A, Sainz RM. Thioredoxin 1 modulates apoptosis induced by bioactive compounds in prostate cancer cells. Redox Biol 2017; 12:634-47. [PMID: 28391184 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that natural bioactive compounds, alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic agents, could be used as potential therapies to fight cancer. In this study, we employed four natural bioactive compounds (curcumin, resveratrol, melatonin, and silibinin) and studied their role in redox control and ability to promote apoptosis in androgen sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cells. Here is shown that curcumin and resveratrol promote ROS production and induce apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3. An increase in reactive species is a trigger event in curcumin-induced apoptosis and a consequence of resveratrol effects on other pathways within these cells. Moreover, here we demonstrated that these four compounds affect differently one of the main intracellular redox regulator, the thioredoxin system. Exposure to curcumin and resveratrol promoted TRX1 oxidation and altered its subcellular location. Furthermore, resveratrol diminished TRX1 levels in PC-3 cells and increased the expression of its inhibitor TXNIP. Conversly, melatonin and silibinin only worked as cytostatic agents, reducing ROS levels and showing preventive effects against TRX oxidation. All together, this work explores the effect of compounds currently tested as chemo-preventive agents in prostate cancer therapy, on the TRX1 redox state and function. Our work shows the importance that the TRX system might have within the differences found in their mechanisms of action. These bioactive compounds trigger different responses and affect ROS production and redox systems in prostate cancer cells, suggesting the key role that redox-related pathways might play in processes like differentiation or survival in prostate cancer. Resveratrol decreases TRX1 by increasing TXNIP while curcumin induces TRX1 oxidation. Antioxidants decrease TRX1 oxidation and nuclear translocation to prevent cell death. TRX1 oxidation and nuclear translocation play a key role in apoptosis. Differences in the apoptosis induction of bioactive compounds relay on TRX1 oxidation.
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129
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Camerini S, Bocedi A, Cecchetti S, Casella M, Carbo M, Morea V, Pozio E, Ricci G, Lalle M. Proteomic and functional analyses reveal pleiotropic action of the anti-tumoral compound NBDHEX in Giardia duodenalis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017; 7:147-58. [PMID: 28366863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Giardiasis, a parasitic diarrheal disease caused by Giardia duodenalis, affects one billion people worldwide. Treatment relies only on a restricted armamentarium of drugs. The disease burden and the increase in treatment failure highlight the need for novel, safe and well characterized drug options. The antitumoral compound NBDHEX is effective in vitro against Giardia trophozoites and inhibits glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Aim of this work was to search for additional NBDHEX protein targets. The intrinsic NBDHEX fluorescence was exploited in a proteomic analysis to select and detect modified proteins in drug treated Giardia. In silico structural analysis, intracellular localization and functional assays were further performed to evaluate drug effects on the identified targets. A small subset of Giardia proteins was covalently bound to the drug at specific cysteine residues. These proteins include metabolic enzymes, e.g. thioredoxin reductase (gTrxR), as well as elongation factor 1B-γ (gEF1Bγ), and structural proteins, e.g. α-tubulin. We showed that NBDHEX in vitro binds to recombinant gEF1Bγ and gTrxR, but only the last one could nitroreduce NBDHEX leading to drug modification of gTrxR catalytic cysteines, with concomitant disulphide reductase activity inhibition and NADPH oxidase activity upsurge. Our results indicate that NBDHEX reacts with multiple targets whose roles and/or functions are specifically hampered. In addition, NBDHEX is in turn converted to reactive intermediates extending its toxicity. The described NBDHEX pleiotropic action accounts for its antigiardial activity and encourages the use of this drug as a promising alternative for the future treatment of giardiasis.
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130
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Lim JK, Jung HC, Kang SG, Lee HS. Redox regulation of SurR by protein disulfide oxidoreductase in Thermococcus onnurineus NA1. Extremophiles 2017; 21:491-498. [PMID: 28251348 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide oxidoreductases are redox enzymes that catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. These enzymes include thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, protein disulfide isomerases, disulfide bond formation A (DsbA) proteins, and Pyrococcus furiosus protein disulfide oxidoreductase (PfPDO) homologues. In the genome of a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus onnurineus NA1, the genes encoding one PfPDO homologue (TON_0319, Pdo) and three more thioredoxin- or glutaredoxin-like proteins (TON_0470, TON_0472, TON_0834) were identified. All except TON_0470 were recombinantly expressed and purified. Three purified proteins were reduced by a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), indicating that each protein can form redox complex with TrxR. SurR, a transcription factor involved in the sulfur response, was tested for a protein target of a TrxR-redoxin system and only Pdo was identified to be capable of catalyzing the reduction of SurR. Electromobility shift assay demonstrated that SurR reduced by the TrxR-Pdo system could bind to the DNA probe with the SurR-binding motif, GTTttgAAC. In this study, we present the TrxR-Pdo couple as a redox-regulator for SurR in T. onnurineus NA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyu Lim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chang Jung
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Marine Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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131
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Abstract
Selenium is a micronutrient essential to human health and has long been associated with cancer prevention. Functionally, these effects are thought to be mediated by a class of selenium-containing proteins known as selenoproteins. Indeed, many selenoproteins have antioxidant activity which can attenuate cancer development by minimizing oxidative insult and resultant DNA damage. However, oxidative stress is increasingly being recognized for its "double-edged sword" effect in tumorigenesis, whereby it can mediate both negative and positive effects on tumor growth depending on the cellular context. In addition to their roles in redox homeostasis, recent work has also implicated selenoproteins in key oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways. Together, these data suggest that the overall contribution of selenoproteins to tumorigenesis is complicated and may be affected by a variety of factors. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about selenoproteins in tumorigenesis with a focus on their contextual roles in cancer development, growth, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Short
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley HealthCare System, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Ansari MF, Hayat F, Inam A, Kathrada F, van Zyl RL, Coetzee M, Ahmad K, Shin D, Azam A. New antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis and biological evaluation of different 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:460-465. [PMID: 28027871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to develop efficacious antiprotozoal agents 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives (5-14) were synthesized, characterized and biologically evaluated for antiprotozoal activity. The compounds were screened in vitro against the HM1: IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica and NF54 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Among the synthesized compounds six exhibited promising antiamoebic activity with IC50 values (0.14-1.26μM) lower than the standard drug metronidazole (IC50 1.80μM). All nine compounds exhibited antimalarial activity (IC50 range: 1.42-19.62μM), while maintaining a favorable safety profile to host red blood cells. All the compounds were less effective as an antimalarial and more toxic (IC50 range: 14.67-81.24μM) than quinine (IC50: 275.6±16.46μM) against the human kidney epithelial cells. None of the compounds exhibited any inhibitory effect on the viability of Anopheles arabiensis mosquito larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Afreen Inam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Fatima Kathrada
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Raninga PV, Di Trapani G, Vuckovic S, Tonissen KF. TrxR1 inhibition overcomes both hypoxia-induced and acquired bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma through NF-кβ inhibition. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:559-72. [PMID: 26743692 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1136038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Introduction of the proteasome-inhibitor bortezomib has improved MM prognosis and survival; however hypoxia-induced or acquired bortezomib resistance remains a clinical problem. This study highlighted the role of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) in the hypoxia-induced and acquired bortezomib resistance in MM. Higher TrxR1 gene expression correlated with high-risk disease, adverse overall survival, and poor prognosis in myeloma patients. We demonstrated that hypoxia induced bortezomib resistance in myeloma cells and increased TrxR1 protein levels. Inhibition of TrxR1 using auranofin overcame hypoxia-induced bortezomib resistance and restored the sensitivity of hypoxic-myeloma cells to bortezomib. Hypoxia increased NF-кβ subunit p65 nuclear protein levels and TrxR1 inhibition decreased hypoxia-induced NF-кβ p65 protein levels in the nucleus and reduced the expression of NF-кβ-regulated genes. In addition, higher TrxR1 protein levels were observed in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells compared to the naïve cells, and its inhibition using either auranofin or TrxR1-specific siRNAs reversed bortezomib resistance. TrxR1 inhibition reduced p65 mRNA and protein expression in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells, and also decreased the expression of NF-кβ-regulated anti-apoptotic and proliferative genes. Thus, TrxR1 inhibition overcomes both hypoxia-induced and acquired bortezomib resistance by inhibiting the NF-кβ signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that elevated TrxR1 levels correlate with the acquisition of bortezomib resistance in MM. We propose considering TrxR1-inhibiting drugs, such as auranofin, either for single agent or combination therapy to circumvent bortezomib-resistance and improve survival outcomes of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad V Raninga
- a School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan , QLD , Australia.,b Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan , QLD , Australia
| | - Giovanna Di Trapani
- a School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan , QLD , Australia
| | - Slavica Vuckovic
- c QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston , QLD , Australia.,d School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Herston , QLD , Australia
| | - Kathryn F Tonissen
- a School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University , Nathan , QLD , Australia.,b Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Nathan , QLD , Australia
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Park SJ, Kim HB, Piao C, Kang MY, Park SG, Kim SW, Lee JH. p53R2 regulates thioredoxin reductase activity through interaction with TrxR2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:706-12. [PMID: 27866984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit p53R2 is a member of the ribonucleotide reductase family that supplies dNTPs for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. Here, we have identified a mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) as a novel p53R2-binding protein. We demonstrated a direct interaction between the two, and observed that p53R2 stimulated the enzymatic activity of TrxR in vitro. Moreover, TrxR2 activity was significantly lower in p53R2 knockdown cells, and increased when p53R2 was overexpressed, effects that were independent of p53. Furthermore, p53R2 knockdown suppressed UV-induced TrxR activity. These findings suggest that p53R2 acts as a positive regulator of TrxR2 activity in mitochondria both under normal physiological conditions and during the cellular response to DNA damage.
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135
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Sánchez-de-Diego C, Mármol I, Pérez R, Gascón S, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. The anticancer effect related to disturbances in redox balance on Caco-2 cells caused by an alkynyl gold(I) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 166:108-121. [PMID: 27842247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The alkynyl gold(I) derivative [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] (PTA=1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) induces apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma tumour cells (Caco-2) without affecting to normal enterocytes. [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] is a slight lipophilic drug, stable in PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) and able to bind BSA (Bovin Serum Albumin) by hydrophobic interactions. Once inside the cell, [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] targets seleno proteins such as Thioredoxin Reductase 1, increasing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels, reducing cell viability and proliferation and inducing mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic protein imbalance, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Moreover, unlike other metal-based drugs such as cisplatin, [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] does not target nucleic acid, reducing the risk of side mutation in the DNA. In consequence, our results predict a promising future for [Au(C≡CPh)(PTA)] as a chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Inés Mármol
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Sonia Gascón
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain
| | - Mª Jesús Rodriguez-Yoldi
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología. Unidad de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, CIBERobn, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-C.S.I.C., 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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136
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Zhang L, Cheng Q, Zhang L, Wang Y, Merrill GF, Ilani T, Fass D, Arnér ESJ, Zhang J. Serum thioredoxin reductase is highly increased in mice with hepatocellular carcinoma and its activity is restrained by several mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:426-435. [PMID: 27581528 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) levels in serum were recently identified as possible prognostic markers for human prostate cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma. We had earlier shown that serum levels of TrxR protein are very low in healthy mice, but can in close correlation to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase more than 200-fold upon chemically induced liver damage. We also found that enzymatic TrxR activity in serum is counteracted by a yet unidentified oxidase activity in serum. In the present study we found that mice carrying H22 hepatocellular carcinoma tumors present highly increased levels of TrxR in serum, similarly to that reported in human patients. In this case ALT levels did not parallel those of TrxR. We also discovered here that the TrxR-antagonistic oxidase activity in serum is due to the presence of quiescin Q6 sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1). We furthermore found that the chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin or auranofin, when given systemically to H22 tumor bearing mice, can further inhibit TrxR activities in serum. The TrxR serum activity was also inhibited by endogenous electrophilic inhibitors, found to increase in tumor-bearing mice and to include protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Thus, hepatocellular carcinoma triggers high levels of serum TrxR that are not paralleled by ALT, and TrxR enzyme activity in serum is counteracted by several different mechanisms. The physiological role of TrxR in serum, if any, as well as its potential value as a prognostic marker for tumor progression, needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Longjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Yijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Gary F Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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137
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Sobhani M, Taheri AR, Jafarian AH, Hashemy SI. The activity and tissue distribution of thioredoxin reductase in basal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2303-7. [PMID: 27601162 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent cancer worldwide. Different mechanisms are proposed to be involved in its pathogenesis such as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is the consequence of the disruption of redox balance in favor of oxidants, is involved in the initiation or progression of many tumors. Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a key enzyme of the thioredoxin (Trx) system, containing Trx and TrxR and NADPH, which is one of the main cellular oxidoreductases with an essential role in cellular health and survival through providing and maintaining redox balance. Therefore, we aimed to study and compare the activity and tissue distribution of TrxR in tumoral tissue and its healthy margin in patients with BCC. METHODS After biopsy and taking samples from 18 patients, TrxR activity was measured using a commercial kit and its tissue distribution was assessed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Both the activity and tissue distribution of TrxR in tumoral tissues were significantly higher compared to their healthy margins. Regarding the tissue distribution, this significant increase in TrxR in tumoral tissues was documented based on both staining intensity and abundance of positive cells in immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it is concluded that TrxR is involved in the pathogenesis of BCC; however, more investigations are required to clarify whether this increase is a consequence of BCC or it is an initiating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sobhani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Taheri
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Jafarian
- Department of Pathology, Qaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Surgical Oncology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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138
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Ansari MF, Siddiqui SM, Ahmad K, Avecilla F, Dharavath S, Gourinath S, Azam A. Synthesis, antiamoebic and molecular docking studies of furan-thiazolidinone hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:393-406. [PMID: 27597415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our previous work, a series of furan-thiazolidinone hybrids was prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of 3-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2-(phenylimino)-1, 3-thiazolidin-4-one with different aryl aldehydes in presence of strong base. Some members of the series exhibited remarkable antiamoebic activity and cell viability. Three compounds (3, 6 and 11) showed excellent binding energy for Entamoeba histolytica O-acetyle-l-serine sulfohydrolase and Entamoeba histolytica thioredoxin reductase. These compounds demonstrated significant inhibition of O-acetyle-l-serine sulfohydrolase. The promising antiamoebic activity and enzymatic assay of 3, 6 and 11 make them promising molecules for further lead optimization in the development of novel antiamoebic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fawad Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, 110 025, New Delhi, India
| | - Shadab Miyan Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, 110 025, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Nagar, 110 025, New Delhi, India
| | - Fernando Avecilla
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sudhaker Dharavath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, 110 025, New Delhi, India.
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139
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Scalcon V, Citta A, Folda A, Bindoli A, Salmain M, Ciofini I, Blanchard S, de Jésús Cázares-Marinero J, Wang Y, Pigeon P, Jaouen G, Vessières A, Rigobello MP. Enzymatic oxidation of ansa-ferrocifen leads to strong and selective thioredoxin reductase inhibition in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 165:146-151. [PMID: 27567149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the inhibitory effect on the cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) in vitro by the ansa-ferrocifen derivative (ansa-FcdiOH, 1). We found that 1 decreased only slightly enzyme activity (IC50=8μM), while 1*, the species generated by enzymatic oxidation by the HRP (horseradish peroxidase)/H2O2 mixture, strongly inhibited TrxR1 (IC50=0.15μM). At the same concentrations, neither 1 nor 1* had effect on glutathione reductase (GR). The most potent TrxR1 inhibitor did not appear to be the corresponding quinone methide as it was the case for ferrocifens of the acyclic series, or the stabilized carbocation as in the osmocifen series, but rather the quinone methide radical. This hypothesis was confirmed by ab-initio calculations of the species generated by oxidation of 1 and by EPR spectroscopy. BIAM (biotin-conjugated iodoacetamide) assay showed that 1* targeted both cysteine and selenocysteine of the C-terminal redox center of TrxR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scalcon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Citta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Folda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Bindoli
- Istituto di Neuroscienze (CNR) Sezione di Padova, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Blanchard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pigeon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Vessières
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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140
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Engelman R, Ziv T, Arnér ESJ, Benhar M. Inhibitory nitrosylation of mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1: Molecular characterization and evidence for its functional role in cellular nitroso-redox imbalance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:375-385. [PMID: 27377780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and the selenoprotein Trx reductase 1 (TrxR1) are key cellular enzymes that function coordinately in thiol-based redox regulation and signaling. Recent studies have revealed that the Trx1/TrxR1 system has an S-nitrosothiol reductase (denitrosylase) activity through which it can regulate nitric oxide-related cellular processes. In this study we revealed that TrxR1 is itself susceptible to nitrosylation, characterized the underlying mechanism, and explored its functional significance. We found that nitrosothiol or nitric oxide donating agents rapidly and effectively inhibited the activity of recombinant or endogenous TrxR1. In particular, the NADPH-reduced TrxR1 was partially and reversibly inhibited upon exposure to low concentrations (<10μM) of S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO) and markedly and continuously inhibited at higher doses. Concurrently, TrxR1 very efficiently reduced low, but not high, levels of CysNO. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that its active site selenocysteine residue renders TrxR1 highly susceptible to nitrosylation-mediated inhibition, and revealed both thiol and selenol modifications at the two redox active centers of the enzyme. Studies in HeLa cancer cells demonstrated that endogenous TrxR1 is sensitive to nitrosylation-dependent inactivation and pointed to an important role for glutathione in reversing or preventing this process. Notably, depletion of cellular glutathione with l-buthionine-sulfoximine synergized with nitrosating agents in promoting sustained nitrosylation and inactivation of TrxR1, events that were accompanied by significant oxidation of Trx1 and extensive cell death. Collectively, these findings expand our knowledge of the role and regulation of the mammalian Trx system in relation to cellular nitroso-redox imbalance. The observations raise the possibility of exploiting the nitrosylation susceptibility of TrxR1 for killing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Engelman
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moran Benhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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141
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Yan WJ, Wang Q, Yuan CH, Wang F, Ji Y, Dai F, Jin XL, Zhou B. Designing piperlongumine-directed anticancer agents by an electrophilicity-based prooxidant strategy: A mechanistic investigation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:109-123. [PMID: 27233942 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL), a natural electrophilic alkaloid bearing two α, β-unsaturated imides, is a promising anticancer molecule by targeting the stress response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Considering that ROS generation depends on electrophilicity of PL, PL-CL was designed as its analog by introducing the α-substituent chlorine on the lactam ring to increase moderately its electrophilicity. In comparison with the parent molecule, this molecule was identified as a stronger ROS (O2(∙-) and H2O2) inducer and cytotoxic agent, and manifested more than 15-fold selectivity toward A549 cells over normal WI-38 cells. Mechanistic study uncovers for the first time that the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is one of the targets by which PL-CL promotes the ROS generation. Stronger intracellular TrxR inhibition and higher accumulation of ROS (O2(∙-) and H2O2) are responsible for more effective S-phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic induction of A549 cells by PL-CL than PLvia p53-p21-cyclinA/CDK2 and ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling cascade pathways, respectively. This work provides an example of successfully designing PL-directed anticancer agent by an electrophilicity-based prooxidant (ROS-generating agent) strategy and gives added confidence for extending this strategy to other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Cui-Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Street S., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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142
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Sasoni N, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA, Arias DG. Functional thioredoxin reductase from pathogenic and free-living Leptospira spp. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:1-13. [PMID: 27178006 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular mass thiols and antioxidant enzymes have essential functions to detoxify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species maintaining cellular redox balance. The metabolic pathways for redox homeostasis in pathogenic (Leptospira interrogans) and free-living (Leptospira biflexa) leptospires species were not functionally characterized. We performed biochemical studies on recombinantly produced proteins to in depth analyze kinetic and structural properties of thioredoxin reductase (LinTrxR) and thioredoxin (LinTrx) from L. interrogans, and two TrxRs (LbiTrxR1 and LbiTrxR2) from L. biflexa. All the TrxRs were characterized as homodimeric flavoproteins, with LinTrxR and LbiTrxR1 catalyzing the NADPH dependent reduction of LinTrx and DTNB. The thioredoxin system from L. interrogans was able to use glutathione disulfide, lipoamide disulfide, cystine and bis-γ-glutamyl cysteine and homologous peroxiredoxin as substrates. Classic TrxR activity of LinTrxR2 had not been evidenced in vitro, but recombinant Escherichia coli cells overexpressing LbiTrxR2 showed high tolerance to oxidative stress. The enzymatic systems herein characterized could play a key role for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and the function of defense mechanisms against reactive oxidant species in Leptospira spp. Our results contribute to the general knowledge about redox biochemistry in these bacteria, positioning TrxR as a critical molecular target for the development of new anti-leptospiral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sasoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. N°168, km. 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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143
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Bowman AB, Farina M, Rocha JBT, Aschner M. Sex- and structure-specific differences in antioxidant responses to methylmercury during early development. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:118-126. [PMID: 27456245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and neurotoxin, particularly hazardous to developing and young individuals. MeHg neurotoxicity during early development has been shown to be sex-dependent via disturbances in redox homeostasis, a key event mediating MeHg neurotoxicity. Therefore, we investigated if MeHg-induced changes in key systems of antioxidant defense are sex-dependent. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to MeHg during the gestational and lactational periods, modeling human prenatal and neonatal exposure routes. Dams were exposed to 5ppm MeHg via drinking water from early gestational period until postnatal day 21 (PND21). On PND21 a pair of siblings (a female and a male) from multiple (5-6) litters were euthanized and tissue samples were taken for analysis. Cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts were isolated from fresh cerebrum and cerebellum and used to determine thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. The remaining tissue was used for mRNA analysis. MeHg-induced antioxidant response was not uniform for all the analyzed antioxidant molecules, and sexual dimorphism in response to MeHg treatment was evident for TrxR, Trx and GPx. The pattern of response, namely a decrease in males and an increase in females, may impart differential and sex-specific susceptibility to MeHg. GSH levels were unchanged in MeHg treated animals and irrespective of sex. Trx was reduced only in nuclear extracts from male cerebella, exemplifying a structure-specific response. Results from the gene expression analysis suggest posttranscriptional mechanism of sex-specific regulation of the antioxidant response upon MeHg treatment. The study demonstrates for the first time sex-and structure-specific changes in the response of the thioredoxin system to MeHg neurotoxicity and suggests that these differences in antioxidant responses might impart differential susceptibility to developmental MeHg exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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144
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Leitsch D, Müller J, Müller N. Evaluation of Giardia lamblia thioredoxin reductase as drug activating enzyme and as drug target. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6:148-153. [PMID: 27485086 PMCID: PMC4971154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) has been suggested to be a drug target in several pathogens, including the protist parasite Giardia lamblia. TrxR is also believed to catalyse the reduction of nitro drugs, e.g. metronidazole and furazolidone, a reaction required to render these compounds toxic to G. lamblia and other microaerophiles/anaerobes. It was the objective of this study to assess the potential of TrxR as a drug target in G. lamblia and to find direct evidence for the role of this enzyme in the activation of metronidazole and other nitro drugs. TrxR was overexpressed approximately 10-fold in G. lamblia WB C6 cells by placing the trxR gene behind the arginine deiminase (ADI) promoter on a plasmid. Likewise, a mutant TrxR with a defective disulphide reductase catalytic site was strongly expressed in another G. lamblia WB C6 cell line. Susceptibilities to five antigiardial drugs, i.e. metronidazole, furazolidone, nitazoxanide, albendazole and auranofin were determined in both transfectant cell lines and compared to wildtype. Further, the impact of all five drugs on TrxR activity in vivo was measured. Overexpression of TrxR rendered G. lamblia WB C6 more susceptible to metronidazole and furazolidone but not to nitazoxanide, albendazole, and auranofin. Of all five drugs tested, only auranofin had an appreciably negative effect on TrxR activity in vivo, albeit to a much smaller extent than expected. Overexpression of TrxR and mutant TrxR had hardly any impact on growth of G. lamblia WB C6, although the enzyme also exerts a strong NADPH oxidase activity which is a source of oxidative stress. Our results constitute first direct evidence for the notion that TrxR is an activator of metronidazole and furazolidone but rather question that it is a relevant drug target of presently used antigiardial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leitsch
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
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145
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Munro D, Banh S, Sotiri E, Tamanna N, Treberg JR. The thioredoxin and glutathione-dependent H2O2 consumption pathways in muscle mitochondria: Involvement in H2O2 metabolism and consequence to H2O2 efflux assays. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:334-46. [PMID: 27101737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most common methods of measuring mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production are based on the extramitochondrial oxidation of a fluorescent probe such as amplex ultra red (AUR) by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). These traditional HRP-based assays only detect H2O2 that has escaped the matrix, raising the potential for substantial underestimation of production if H2O2 is consumed by matrix antioxidant pathways. To measure this underestimation, we characterized matrix consumers of H2O2 in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria, and developed specific means to inhibit these consumers. Mitochondria removed exogenously added H2O2 (2.5µM) at rates of 4.7 and 5.0nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1) when respiring on glutamate+malate and succinate+rotenone, respectively. In the absence of respiratory substrate, or after disrupting membranes by cycles of freeze-thaw, rates of H2O2 consumption were negligible. We concluded that matrix consumers are respiration-dependent (requiring respiratory substrates), suggesting the involvement of either the thioredoxin (Trx) and/or glutathione (GSH)-dependent enzymatic pathways. The Trx-reductase inhibitor auranofin (2µM), and a pre-treatment of mitochondria with 35µM of 1-chloro-2,4-dintrobenzene (CDNB) to deplete GSH specifically compromise these two consumption pathways. These inhibition approaches presented no undesirable "off-target" effects during extensive preliminary tests. These inhibition approaches independently and additively decreased the rate of consumption of H2O2 exogenously added to the medium (2.5µM). During traditional HRP-based H2O2 efflux assays, these inhibition approaches independently and additively increased apparent efflux rates. When used in combination (double inhibition), these inhibition approaches allowed accumulation of (endogenously produced) H2O2 in the medium at a comparable rate whether it was measured with an end point assay where 2.5µM H2O2 is initially added to the medium or with traditional HRP-based efflux assays. This finding confirms that a high degree of inhibition of all matrix consumers is attained with the double inhibition. Importantly, this double inhibition of the matrix consumers allowed revealing that a large part of the H2O2 produced in muscle mitochondria is consumed before escaping the matrix during traditional HRP-based efflux assays. The degree of this underestimation was substrate dependent, reaching >80% with malate, which complicates comparisons of substrates for their capacity to generate H2O2 in normal conditions i.e. when matrix consumers are active. Our results also urge caution in interpreting changes in H2O2 efflux in response to a treatment; when HRP-based assays are used, large changes in apparent H2O2 efflux may come from altered capacity of the matrix consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Munro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Sheena Banh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emianka Sotiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nahid Tamanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason R Treberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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146
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Gopalakrishna R, Gundimeda U, Zhou S, Zung K, Forell K, Holmgren A. Imbalance in Protein Thiol Redox Regulation and Cancer-Preventive Efficacy of Selenium. React Oxyg Species (Apex) 2016; 2:272-289. [PMID: 29795790 DOI: 10.20455/ros.2016.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although several experimental studies showed cancer-preventive efficacy of supplemental dietary selenium, human clinical trials questioned this efficacy. Identifying its molecular targets and mechanism is important in understanding this discrepancy. Methylselenol, the active metabolite of selenium, reacts with lipid hydroperoxides bound to protein kinase C (PKC) and is oxidized to methylseleninic acid (MSA). This locally generated MSA selectively inactivates PKC by oxidizing its critical cysteine sulfhydryls. The peroxidatic redox cycle occurring in this process may explain how extremely low concentrations of selenium catalytically modify specific membrane-bound proteins compartmentally separated from glutathione and selectively induce cytotoxicity in promoting cells. Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) is itself a selenoenzyme with a catalytic selenocysteine residue. Together with thioredoxin (Trx), it catalyzes reduction of selenite and selenocystine by NADPH generating selenide which in the presence of oxygen redox cycles producing reactive oxygen species. Trx binds with high affinity to PKC and reverses PKC inactivation. Therefore, established tumor cells overexpressing TR and Trx may escape the cancer-preventive actions of selenium. This suggests that in some cases, certain selenoproteins may counteract selenometabolite actions. Lower concentrations of selenium readily inactivate antiapoptotic PKC isoenzymes e and a which have a cluster of vicinal thiols, thereby inducing apoptosis. Higher concentrations of selenium also inactivate proapoptotic enzymes such as proteolytically activated PKCd fragment, holo-PKCz, caspase-3, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which all have a limited number of critical cysteine residues and make tumor cells resistant to selenium-induced apoptosis. This may explain the intriguing U-shaped curve that is seen with dietary selenium intake and the extent of cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayudu Gopalakrishna
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Usha Gundimeda
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sarah Zhou
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kristen Zung
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Forell
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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147
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Zhao S, Gong H, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Cao J, Zhou J. Identification of a thioredoxin reductase from Babesia microti during mammalian infection. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3219-27. [PMID: 27164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis worldwide and associated with increased human health risks and the safety of blood supply. The parasite replicates in the host's red blood cells, thus, in order to counteract the oxidative stress and toxic effects, parasites employ a thioredoxin (Trx) system to maintain a redox balance. Since thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a critical role in the system, in this study, we report the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a novel TrxR from B. microti (BmiTrxR). The complete gene BmiTrxR was obtained by amplifying the 5' and 3' regions of messenger RNA (mRNA) by RACE. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of BmiTrxR was 1766 bp and contained an intact open reading frame with 1662 bp that encoded a polypeptide with 553 amino acids. Molecular weight of the predicted protein was 58.4 kDa with an isoelectric point of 6.95, similar to high molecular weight TrxR. The recombinant protein of BmiTrxR was expressed in a His-fused soluble form in Escherichia coli. The native protein BmiTrxR was identified with the mouse anti-BmiTrxR polyclonal serum by western blotting and IFAT. Moreover, the enzyme showed a disulfide reductase activity using DTNB as substrate and catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of Trx. Auranofin, a known inhibitor of TrxR, completely abrogated the activity of the recombinant enzyme in vitro. These results not only contribute to the understanding of redox pathway in this parasite but also suggest that BmiTrxR could be a potential target for the development of novel strategies to control B. microti thus reducing the incidence of babesiosis.
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148
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Parsonage D, Sheng F, Hirata K, Debnath A, McKerrow JH, Reed SL, Abagyan R, Poole LB, Podust LM. X-ray structures of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase from Entamoeba histolytica and prevailing hypothesis of the mechanism of Auranofin action. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:180-90. [PMID: 26876147 PMCID: PMC5003402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-arthritic gold-containing drug Auranofin is lethal to the protozoan intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amebiasis, in both culture and animal models of the disease. A putative mechanism of Auranofin action proposes that monovalent gold, Au(I), released from the drug, can bind to the redox-active dithiol group of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Au(I) binding in the active site is expected to prevent electron transfer to the downstream substrate thioredoxin (Trx), thus interfering with redox homeostasis in the parasite. To clarify the molecular mechanism of Auranofin action in more detail, we determined a series of atomic resolution X-ray structures for E. histolytica thioredoxin (EhTrx) and thioredoxin reductase (EhTrxR), the latter with and without Auranofin. Only the disulfide-bonded form of the active site dithiol (Cys(140)-Cys(143)) was invariably observed in crystals of EhTrxR in spite of the addition of reductants in various crystallization trials, and no gold was found associated with these cysteines. Non-catalytic Cys(286) was identified as the only site of modification, but further mutagenesis studies using the C286Q mutant demonstrated that this site was not responsible for inhibition of EhTrxR by Auranofin. Interestingly, we obtained both of the catalytically-relevant conformations of this bacterial-like, low molecular weight TrxR in crystals without requiring an engineered disulfide linkage between Cys mutants of TrxR and Trx (as was originally done with Escherichia coli TrxR and Trx). We note that the -CXXC- catalytic motif, even if reduced, would likely not provide space sufficient to bind Au(I) by both cysteines of the dithiol group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Parsonage
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Fang Sheng
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ken Hirata
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James H McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharon L Reed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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149
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Patwardhan RS, Sharma D, Thoh M, Checker R, Sandur SK. Baicalein exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NF-κB transactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 108:75-89. [PMID: 27019135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is a crucial mediator of inflammatory and immune responses and a number of phytochemicals that can suppress this immune-regulatory transcription factor are known to have promising anti-inflammatory potential. However, we report that inducer of pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB functions as an anti-inflammatory agent. Our findings reveal that a plant derived flavonoid baicalein could suppress mitogen induced T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion. Treatment of CD4+ T cells with baicalein prior to transfer in to lymphopenic allogenic host significantly suppressed graft versus host disease. Interestingly, addition of baicalein to murine splenic lymphocytes induced DNA binding of NF-κB but did not suppress Concanavalin A induced NF-κB. Since baicalein did not inhibit NF-κB binding to DNA, we hypothesized that baicalein may be suppressing NF-κB trans-activation. Thioredoxin system is implicated in the regulation of NF-κB trans-activation potential and therefore inhibition of thioredoxin system may be responsible for suppression of NF-κB dependent genes. Baicalein not only inhibited TrxR activity in cell free system but also suppressed mitogen induced thioredoxin activity in the nuclear compartment of lymphocytes. Similar to baicalein, pharmacological inhibitors of thioredoxin system also could suppress mitogen induced T cell proliferation without inhibiting DNA binding of NF-κB. Further, activation of cellular thioredoxin system by the use of pharmacological activator or over-expression of thioredoxin could abrogate the anti-inflammatory action of baicalein. We propose a novel strategy using baicalein to limit NF-κB dependent inflammatory responses via inhibition of thioredoxin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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150
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Gustafsson TN, Osman H, Werngren J, Hoffner S, Engman L, Holmgren A. Ebselen and analogs as inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis thioredoxin reductase and bactericidal antibacterials targeting Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1265-71. [PMID: 26971857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a disease associated with a very high mortality rate in its invasive forms. METHODS We studied a number of ebselen analogs as inhibitors of B. anthracis thioredoxin reductase and their antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS The most potent compounds in the series gave IC(50) values down to 70 nM for the pure enzyme and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) down to 0.4 μM (0.12 μg/ml) for B. subtilis, 1.5 μM (0.64 μg/ml) for S. aureus, 2 μM (0.86 μg/ml) for B. cereus and 10 μg/ml for M. tuberculosis. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were found at 1-1.5 times the MIC, indicating a general, class-dependent, bactericidal mode of action. The combined bacteriological and enzymological data were used to construct a preliminary structure-activity-relationship for the benzoisoselenazol class of compounds. When S. aureus and B. subtilis were exposed to ebselen, we were unable to isolate resistant mutants on both solid and in liquid medium suggesting a high resistance barrier. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ebselen and analogs thereof could be developed into a novel antibiotic class, useful for the treatment of infections caused by B. anthracis, S. aureus, M. tuberculosis and other clinically important bacteria. Furthermore, the high barrier against resistance development is encouraging for further drug development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We have characterized the thioredoxin system from B. anthracis as a novel drug target and ebselen and analogs thereof as a potential new class of antibiotics targeting several important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas N Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Harer Osman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jim Werngren
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sven Hoffner
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars Engman
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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