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Barlas ÜK, Kıhtır HS, Yeşilbaş O, Petmezci MT, Akçay N, Petmezci E, Hatipoğlu N, Şevketoğlu E. Tetanus; a forgotten infection disease: a report of two cases. Turk J Pediatr 2020; 62:274-279. [PMID: 32419420 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetanus is an infectious disease that can be seen in all age groups in underdeveloped and developing countries, where vaccination programs are inadequate. In developed countries, it is reported more frequently in the adult age group, where the protection of vaccination is diminished and the doses are delayed. CASE In this report, we present generalized tetanus, which was observed in two male patients aged 12 and 6 years, admitted at different times, together with clinical course and treatment approaches. Both patients belong to different nationalities, who immigrated a couple of months before their application to our hospital. They applied with similar histories and complaints and were not vaccinated during infancy. CONCLUSION With the development of vaccination programs, this disease with high morbidity and mortality can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülkem Koçoğlu Barlas
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Serdar Kıhtır
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Yeşilbaş
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mey Talip Petmezci
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihal Akçay
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercüment Petmezci
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin Hatipoğlu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Science, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Şevketoğlu
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Health Training and Research Center, İstanbul, Turkey
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102
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Abstract
How protein toxins translocate their catalytic domain across a cell membrane is the least understood step in toxin action. This study utilized a reporter, β-lactamase, that was genetically fused to full-length, nontoxic tetanus toxin (βlac-TT) in discovery-based live-cell assays to study LC translocation. Directed mutagenesis identified a role for K768 in LC translocation. K768 was located between α15 and α16 (termed the cis-loop). Cellular assays showed that K768 did not interfere with other toxin functions, including cell binding, intracellular trafficking, and pore formation. The equivalent K768 is conserved among the clostridial neurotoxin family of proteins as a conserved structural motif. The cis-loop appears to contribute to LC translocation. The clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs) comprise tetanus toxin (TT) and botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT [BT]) serotypes (A to G and X) and several recently identified CNT-like proteins, including BT/En and the mosquito BoNT-like toxin Pmp1. CNTs are produced as single proteins cleaved to a light chain (LC) and a heavy chain (HC) connected by an interchain disulfide bond. LC is a zinc metalloprotease (cleaving soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors [SNAREs]), while HC contains an N-terminal translocation domain (HCN) and a C-terminal receptor binding domain (HCC). HCN-mediated LC translocation is the least understood function of CNT action. Here, β-lactamase (βlac) was used as a reporter in discovery-based live-cell assays to characterize TT-mediated LC translocation. Directed mutagenesis identified a role for a charged loop (767DKE769) connecting α15 and α16 (cis-loop) within HCN in LC translocation; aliphatic substitution inhibited LC translocation but not other toxin functions such as cell binding, intracellular trafficking, or HCN-mediated pore formation. K768 was conserved among the CNTs. In molecular simulations of the HCN with a membrane, the cis-loop did not bind with the cell membrane. Taken together, the results of these studies implicate the cis-loop in LC translocation, independently of pore formation. IMPORTANCE How protein toxins translocate their catalytic domain across a cell membrane is the least understood step in toxin action. This study utilized a reporter, β-lactamase, that was genetically fused to full-length, nontoxic tetanus toxin (βlac-TT) in discovery-based live-cell assays to study LC translocation. Directed mutagenesis identified a role for K768 in LC translocation. K768 was located between α15 and α16 (termed the cis-loop). Cellular assays showed that K768 did not interfere with other toxin functions, including cell binding, intracellular trafficking, and pore formation. The equivalent K768 is conserved among the clostridial neurotoxin family of proteins as a conserved structural motif. The cis-loop appears to contribute to LC translocation.
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103
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Affanni P, Colucci ME, Capobianco E, Bracchi MT, Zoni R, Viani I, Caruso L, Carlone L, Arcuri C, Veronesi L. Immunity status against tetanus in young migrants: a seroprevalence study. Acta Biomed 2020; 91:77-84. [PMID: 32275271 PMCID: PMC7975914 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3-s.9438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK Thanks to the highly effective vaccine, tetanus became sporadic in high-income countries with well-established primary childhood immunization programs, but it is common in low-income countries. The migrants, leaving countries with poor immunization programs or where vaccinations have been interrupted, may represent a new risk group for tetanus in host countries. A seroprevalence study was conducted to estimate the immunological status against tetanus in young migrants without vaccination documentation. METHODS After a careful assessment by vaccination services of the Local Health Authority, all migrants recently arrived in Italy were included in the serosurvey. Titers of anti-tetanus toxoid were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. Subjects were stratified by age and by WHO region. Antibody titers <0.10 IU/ml were considered to be seronegative, between 0.10 and 1.00 IU/ml as intermediate protection, and >1.00 IU/ml high protection. RESULTS From January 2004 to December 2019, 2,326 blood samples were collected. Mean age was 13.9 years with no differences between WHO regions. The percentage of the subjects without protective antibodies was 22.3%, with an intermediate level was 45.2%, with high titer was 32.5%. Among migrant coming from African and Eastern Mediterranean WHO regions, the highest percentages of seronegative titers and, at the same time, the low percentages of high protective levels were found. Titers decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS The significant proportion of seronegative migrants and the decrease of protective titers increasing age, confirm the importance of the evaluation of the immunological status to employ the appropriate vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roberta Zoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Isabella Viani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Caruso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Arcuri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | - Licia Veronesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
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104
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Sako FB, Sylla AO, Diallo MOS, Touré A, Traoré FA, Tounkara TM, Chamkoue BW, Barry M, Cissé M. Tetanus: epidemiology and Factors Associated with Death in the Departement of Tropical and infectious diseases of Donka National Hospital, Guinea. Med Sante Trop 2019; 29:333-6. [PMID: 31573532 DOI: 10.1684/mst.2019.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries, tetanus remains a public health problem because of its frequency, severity, and still high mortality. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of patients hospitalized for tetanus and to identify the factors associated with dying from it. This retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study reviewed hospital records of all patients, of all ages and genders who were treated for tetanus in our department over a 5-year period. Among 3549 patients during the study period, 75 had tetanus (2.11%), and 71 of them were included in our study. The median age of patients was 35 years (range: 11-70 years) with a male prevalence of 80%. The most frequently affected socio-professional categories were students (21.1%), farmers (18.3%), workers (15.5%), and shopkeepers and tradespeople (15.5%). The main entry points were post-traumatic (40.9%), cutaneous (33.8%), and post-surgical (16.90%). Paroxysm (95.8%), trismus (93.0%), generalized contracture (67.6%), and dysphagia (46.5%) were the most frequent signs. Among these cases, 40.9% were severe (40.85%), 49.3% moderate (49.30%), and 9.6% benign. We recorded 34 deaths (48%). Factors associated with death were age> 60 years (P = 0.01), fever (P = 0.01), hypertension (P = 0.02), and HIV infection (P = 0.01). Tetanus remains a frequent disease with high lethality. Death is associated with specific factors that should be taken into account in the criteria for assessing its prognosis.
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Abstract
Tetanus is a neurologic disease of humans and animals characterized by spastic paralysis. Tetanus is caused by tetanus toxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani, an environmental soilborne, gram-positive, sporulating bacterium. The disease most often results from wound contamination by soil containing C. tetani spores. Horses, sheep, and humans are highly sensitive to TeNT, whereas cattle, dogs, and cats are more resistant. The diagnosis of tetanus is mainly based on the characteristic clinical signs. Identification of C. tetani at the wound site is often difficult.
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106
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Şık G, Aydoseli A, Çıtak A. Intrathecal baclofen use in the management of tetanus related spasm: A case report. Turk J Pediatr 2020; 61:126-129. [PMID: 31559734 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Şık G, Aydoseli A, Çıtak A. Intrathecal baclofen use in the management of tetanus related spasm: A case report. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 126-129. Tetanus is an infectious disease of the central nervous system with high mortality rates characterized with respiratory distress and tonic muscle spasms. The most common cause of mortality is cardiovascular complications (40%) and respiratory distress (15%). Despite vaccination programs, tetanus remains to be a significant healthcare issue in developing nations. Prolonged sedation and administration of muscle relaxants prolongs the period on mechanical ventilation and duration of hospitalization in severe tetanus cases. However, intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy might shorten the duration of stay at intensive care units, improve patient outcomes, and constitute a treatment option alternative to paralytic agents and sedation. In this manuscript, we present a 12-years-old case diagnosed with tetanus and treated with ITB upon observation of spasms refractory to high dose sedation and muscle relaxants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güntülü Şık
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydın Aydoseli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Agop Çıtak
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Acibadem University Faculty of Medicine, , Istanbul, Turkey
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107
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Zieliński A, Rudowska J. Tetanus in Poland in 2017. Przegl Epidemiol 2020; 73:193-200. [PMID: 31385677 DOI: 10.32394/pe.73.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, the number of tetanus cases in Poland has not exceeded 20 cases. Since 1984, neonatal tetanus has not been reported. OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK The aim of the study is to present the data of epidemiological surveillance of tetanus in 2017 in a historical perspective, taking into account the role of protective vaccination and a reference
to activities for the elimination of neonatal tetanus on a global scale.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. Tetanus is an infectious disease acquired in the environment and associated with wound pollution. Few cases of illness in Poland are associated with non-compliance with recommendations for booster vaccinations. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material of the study are individual reports on tetanus sent to the Department of Epidemiology, NIZP-PZH and the bulletin “Infectious diseases and poisoning in Poland in 2017. The historical data is based on earlier Polish and foreign studies. RESULTS In 2017, 11 cases of tetanus were reported. Four men and seven women got sick. One man died in the age > 69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zieliński
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, Warsaw
| | - Jolanta Rudowska
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance, Warsaw
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108
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Meena M, Kumar S, Gopalakrishnan M, Bohra GK, Garg MK. Diagnosis and Management of Cryptogenic Occupational Tetanus: A Case Report from Rajasthan, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2020; 24:36-38. [PMID: 32435114 PMCID: PMC7227738 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_74_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The reported cases of non-neonatal tetanus have doubled from 2015 to 2017 in India, while neonatal tetanus has declined by half during this period. Most of these non- neonatal tetanus are acquired by occupational exposure especially in high risk populations such as agricultural workers, industrial workers and health care workers secondary to increased spore exposure or risk for minor injuries. We report a case of occupational tetanus in a steel worker and discuss the importance of recognising tetanus as an occupational hazard and address issues related to its early diagnosis and management. The report also highlights the need for policymakers and health practitioners in India to evolve a robust understanding of the needs and vulnerabilities of high risk occupational groups in order to apply specific and effective interventions to prevent occupational tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev Meena
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Maya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gopal Krishna Bohra
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Vainqueur L, Tabue-Teguo M, Bartholet S, Ruart S, Dramé M, Godaert L. [The opinion of private duty nurses in Martinique on the vaccination of elderly subjects]. Soins Gerontol 2019; 24:32-35. [PMID: 31806176 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Improving immunisation coverage for older adults is a public health issue. Since 2008, nurses have been authorised to vaccinate this population against influenza without a medical prescription. One study examined the opinions of a sample of 78 private duty nurses in Martinique on influenza and anti-tetanus vaccination of elderly populations. The majority of nurses said they were not in favour of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maturin Tabue-Teguo
- Service de gériatrie, Centre hospitalier et universitaire de Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes, BP 465, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, France; Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, 97157 Guadeloupe, France; Inserm 1219, Équipe Sepia, Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo-Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Seendy Bartholet
- Site de Pierre Zobda-Quitman, Centre hospitalier et universitaire de Martinique, CS 90632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, France
| | - Shelly Ruart
- Sport Sciences Department Laboratory ACTES EA3596, University of the French West Indies, Campus de Fouillole, BP 250, 97275 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Moustapha Dramé
- Site de Pierre Zobda-Quitman, Centre hospitalier et universitaire de Martinique, CS 90632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, France
| | - Lidvine Godaert
- Site de Pierre Zobda-Quitman, Centre hospitalier et universitaire de Martinique, CS 90632, 97261 Fort-de-France Cedex, France.
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Obando-Pacheco P, Rivero-Calle I, Raguindin PF, Martinón-Torres F. DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib pediatric hexavalent combination vaccine for use in children from 6 weeks through to 4 years of age. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:1115-1126. [PMID: 31697185 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1690457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Combination vaccines reduce the number of injections received by children, hence improving timeliness and coverage, and general acceptability among caregivers and health-care providers. The most recent hexavalent vaccine, DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib, has been also approved by the FDA.Areas covered: DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib has demonstrated good immunogenic and safety profiles, not inferior to other hexavalent vaccines already in use in the European market. Either (2p+1/3p+1) immunization schedules can be used with no significant differences. A low incidence of severe adverse events has been shown, similar to other combination vaccines. No issues have arisen when concomitantly administered with other vaccines.Expert opinion: The inclusion of two additional acellular pertussis components (FIM2 and FIM3) might yield better protection against the disease, but this remains to be clinically proven. The new vaccine uses Hib with unique protein carrier (PRP-OMPC) which elicits higher earlier immune response without compromising safety. Compliance with the immunization schedules is expected to increase by decreasing the number of injections needed in combined vaccines for a single visit. In addition, the improvements on the ease-of-use by its liquid-formulation, makes the vaccine preparation more acceptable for use in clinics and may reduce the odds of administration errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Obando-Pacheco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Peter Francis Raguindin
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Galicia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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111
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Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E686. [PMID: 31771110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are the most poisonous substances known, so much so as to be considered for a possible terrorist use. At the same time, botulinum neurotoxin type A1 is successfully used to treat a variety of human syndromes characterized by hyperactive cholinergic nerve terminals. The extreme toxicity of these neurotoxins is due to their neurospecificity and to their metalloprotease activity, which results in the deadly paralysis of tetanus and botulism. Recently, many novel botulinum neurotoxins and some botulinum-like toxins have been discovered. This large number of toxins differs in terms of toxicity and biological activity, providing a potential goldmine for novel therapeutics and for new molecular tools to dissect vesicular trafficking, fusion, and exocytosis. The scattered data on toxicity present in the literature require a systematic organization to be usable by scientists and clinicians. We have assembled here the data available in the literature on the toxicity of these toxins in different animal species. The internal comparison of these data provides insights on the biological activity of these toxins.
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112
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Jilich D, Malý M, Fleischhans L, Kulířová V, Machala L. Cross-sectional study on vaccination coverage in newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2019; 27:217-222. [PMID: 31580557 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals with HIV infection are at an increased risk for a number of infectious diseases, some of which are preventable by vaccination. Unfortunately, little is known about the attitudes of this population group to vaccination, therefore, we decided to find out vaccination coverage against 5 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients in the Czech Republic. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on newly diagnosed patients who started their follow-up care at the HIV Clinic of Na Bulovce Hospital during the two following years. Vaccination history data and results of serological tests were collected from all participants. RESULTS Enrolled were 269 HIV-positive subjects (94.1% males) with a mean age of 34.4 years, 64 subjects (23.8%) had tertiary education, 229 (85.1%) were men having sex with men, 32 (11.9%) were heterosexual, and 8 (3.0%) were injection drug users. The mean CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 556.2/µL, with 149 persons (55.4%) who had a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count > 500/µL, and 68 (25.3%) individuals were late presenters with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count < 350/µL. A vaccination against tetanus was reported by 262 subjects (97.4%), against influenza by 18 subjects (6.7%), against tick-borne encephalitis by 18 subjects (6.7%), against viral hepatitis A by 78 persons (29.0%), and against hepatitis B by 104 subjects (38.7%). For influenza, tick-borne encephalitis and hepatitis A, a significant positive impact of tertiary education was found (p-values < 0.001-0.044). Vaccination coverage against both types of hepatitis was significantly lower in late presenters (p = 0.044 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination rates found in our cohort were except tetanus and hepatitis B in young people low, especially for influenza and tick-borne encephalitis. Higher level of education and less advanced HIV infection were associated with higher vaccination rates. To improve this unsatisfactory situation, more attention should be paid to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jilich
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fleischhans
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ladislav Machala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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113
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Abstract
Approximately 20% of the nationally reported tetanus infections in children aged 0 to 14 years that occurred in the United States between 2005 and 2015 were treated at Penn State Children's Hospital. With an electronic medical record search, we identified 5 cases of pediatric tetanus; 100% of these cases occurred in unimmunized children. Their median length of stay was 10 days, and the costs were significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Beck
- Division of General Inpatient Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jessica E Ericson
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Parvathi Kumar
- Division of General Inpatient Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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115
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Abstract
A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to difficulty in moving her limbs. She had trismus and a necrotic and contaminated wound in her left lower leg. A diagnosis of tetanus was confirmed and intensive care was started. On the second day, her blood pressure fell and a ST segment elevation on electrocardiography (ECG) was detected. She was diagnosed with takotsubo cardiomyopathy by echocardiogram and improved undergoing conservative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Araki
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Nagano Prefectural Shinshu Medical Center, Japan
| | - Naoya Iwanami
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Nagano Prefectural Shinshu Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamazaki
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Nagano Prefectural Shinshu Medical Center, Japan
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Swee DS, Spickett G, Quinton R. Many women with Turner syndrome lack protective antibodies to common respiratory pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:228-230. [PMID: 30916795 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Gavin Spickett
- Clinical Immunology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard Quinton
- Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Kim YJ, Cohen PR. Blue Nevus Developing at a Combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination Site: Case Report and Summary of Vaccine-Associated Cutaneous Lesions. Cureus 2019; 11:e4997. [PMID: 31497428 PMCID: PMC6707821 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin reaction may develop at the site of vaccine administration. A 54-year-old woman who developed a cellular blue nevus at the site of the combined tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine injection four years prior to presentation is described. In addition to blue nevus, other reactions at combined tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine injection sites include abscess, deep reactive nodular infiltrates of mixed inflammation, and necrotizing granuloma. In conclusion, blue nevus can be added to the list of cutaneous events that can occur at Tdap vaccination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Dermatology, San Diego Family Dermatology, National City, USA
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118
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Abstract
RATIONALE Tetanus is caused by a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) secreted by a spore forming gram-positive, anaerobic rod-shaped motile bacillus, Clostridium tetani. The most common symptoms of tetanus are trismus (100%), dysphagia (70.5%), dysarthria (35.2%), and neck stiffness (29.4%). Respiratory failure, laryngeal spasm, seizure, chest pain, nausea/vomiting, opisthotonus, back pain, and rigid abdominal wall can also be observed during progression of the disease. However, there has been no report of periocular discomfort as an initial manifestation after endoscopic sleep surgery in a patient with tetanus. Here, we report a patient who underwent endoscopic sleep surgery with a concurrent diagnosis of tetanus infection presenting with atypical periocular discomfort as the initial symptom. PATIENT CONCERNS A 63-year-old man complaining of sleep apnea, snoring, and daytime sleepiness visited our department. He subsequently underwent sleep surgery (anterior pharyngoplasty with tonsillectomy, septoplasty, microdebrider-assisted inferior turbinoplasty, and an endoscopic sinus surgery) for the treatment of his newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. After 3 weeks of surgery, he visited the outpatient clinic of our department with right side periocular discomfort. DIAGNOSES Four days after presenting with periocular discomfort, he was diagnosed with tetanus by presenting trismus, jaw pain, dysphagia, and ptosis at an emergency department of a different hospital. INTERVENTIONS Tetanus immunoglobulin and antibiotics were administered. OUTCOMES His symptoms then resolved after a month without sequelae. LESSONS Although periocular discomfort is atypical and is not uncommon after nasal and oral surgeries, care should be taken when patients present with periocular pain because it could be a rare initial symptom of tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital
| | - Jung Soo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital
| | - Sung Jae Heo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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Fan Z, Zhao Y, Wang S, Zhang F, Zhuang C. Clinical features and outcomes of tetanus: a retrospective study. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1289-1293. [PMID: 31190917 PMCID: PMC6529615 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s204650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tetanus is a serious disease resulting in muscle spasm, and even death. Methods: A retrospective, single-center study was conducted by analyzing demographic and clinical parameters. Results: The study included 12 males (70.6%) and 5 females (29.4%). The mean age of the patients was 56.71±9.05 years. Patient occupations included farming (47.0%), retired (23.5), homebound (23.5), and workers (6.0%). The causes of patient injuries were as follows: metal injury (52.9%), deep injury (29.4%), electrical injury (5.9%), maxillofacial region and knee injury (5.9%), and skin ulceration (5.9%). The disease duration ranged from 3 to 36 days, and the mean incubation period was 12.65±10.17 days. Four patients had co-morbidities. The infected patients were given tetanus antitoxin (TAT) and antibiotics treatment. One patient was given continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and only one patient died. Conclusions: In our department, although tetanus is a serious disease, with effective treatment, patients have reasonable cure and low death rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Zhuang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Moura S, Martins MDRO. Determinants of Tetanus Vaccination among Adult Immigrants: Findings from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1619. [PMID: 31075829 PMCID: PMC6539381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent tetanus, and in Portugal this service is provided free of charge. Despite this, immigrants reported lower tetanus vaccination coverage than did Portuguese natives. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, migration-related, and access-to-care factors associated with tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants, using data from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014. For the sample of 1277 immigrants aged ≥18 years, we estimated self-reported tetanus vaccination within the preceding 10 years and its determinants using complex samples logistic regression. The overall self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage was 79.5% (95% CI: 75.8-82.8). Age (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) per 1 year age increase = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99), higher household income per adult (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.96), having Portuguese citizenship (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.25-4.24), having private health insurance (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.06-3.71), and contact with family/general physician in the last 12 months (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.01-2.51) were associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants. We also found significant disparities in coverage between regions of residence. This study identified several determinants associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants in Portugal. These findings may help policymakers to design specific interventions to increase tetanus vaccination coverage among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moura
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Global Public Health Doctoral Programme, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Rosário O Martins
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
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121
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Siddiqui AA, Khan M, Khan JA, Haseeb SS, Mohib A, Kadri HM. Awareness, Knowledge, and Coverage of Vaccination Against Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Medical Students of Karachi: A Cross-sectional Analysis. Cureus 2019; 11:e4472. [PMID: 31249750 PMCID: PMC6579328 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Along with reducing the global burden of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, the DPT3 (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus) vaccine protects health care professionals (HCPs) as well as vulnerable patients in their care. This study evaluates awareness, knowledge and coverage of DPT3 vaccine and boosters among medical students of public university in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study consisting of 281 participants selected through convenience sampling was conducted from July 2017 to July 2018 using a self-administered questionnaire. Results While 93% participants received childhood doses of DPT3, only 39.2% received adult boosters. Students with positive immunization history in childhood and family vaccination routines were more likely to get adult boosters. Eighty-six percent of the students were unaware that their university had a recommended vaccination program as a part of the admission process. The assessment of awareness and knowledge revealed that only 10.5% individuals could be regarded as well-aware, 20.3% (n = 58) students as unaware, and 69.2% (n = 198) participants as moderately aware. Conclusion The level of awareness, knowledge and coverage of DPT3 vaccine is insufficient among medical students of a public university of Karachi; universities are recommended to take measures to enhance knowledge and ensure strict adherence of students to appropriate vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna A Siddiqui
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Meeshal Khan
- Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi , PAK
| | - Jehanzeb A Khan
- Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Saad Haseeb
- Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Aleena Mohib
- Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Hasina M Kadri
- Community Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
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Klein NP, Abu-Elyazeed R, Cheuvart B, Janssens W, Mesaros N. Immunogenicity and safety following primary and booster vaccination with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine: a randomized trial in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:809-821. [PMID: 30444673 PMCID: PMC6605854 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1549449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib) can further reduce the number of injections in pediatric immunization schedules of countries currently using pentavalent DTaP combination vaccines. This open-label, randomized, multicenter study (NCT02096263) conducted in the United States evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine compared with concomitant administration of DTaP-HBV-IPV and HibA or DTaP-IPV/Hib and HBV vaccines. We randomized (1:1:1) infants to receive 3-dose priming with DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib boosted with DTaP+ HibB, DTaP-HBV-IPV+ HibA boosted with DTaP+ HibA, or DTaP-IPV/Hib+ HBV boosted with DTaP-IPV/Hib, at 2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months of age. We enrolled and vaccinated 585 participants, 486 received a booster, and 476 completed the study. Of these, 466 participants were included in the primary and 408 in the booster according-to-protocol cohorts for immunogenicity. We demonstrated non-inferiority of DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine to DTaP-HBV-IPV+ HibA co-administered vaccines in terms of geometric mean concentrations for pertussis antibodies post-primary vaccination. Post-primary vaccination, seroprotection/seropositivity rates for all vaccine antigens were similarly high between DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib (≥ 94.8%), DTaP-HBV-IPV+ HibA (≥ 98.1%) or DTaP-IPV/Hib+ HBV (≥ 97.8%) groups. We observed robust immune responses post-booster, indicating effective priming by the 3 regimens. Reactogenicity was similar in the 3 groups. Twenty-eight serious adverse events were reported during the study; 3 were considered related to vaccination and resolved by the end of the study. These results confirm that DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib could be a valuable additional source of pediatric DTaP, IPV, HBV, and Hib-containing vaccine in countries that currently use multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola P Klein
- a Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center , Oakland , CA , USA
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123
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Abstract
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, infectious neuromuscular disease in all farmed mammals caused by Clostridium tetani. The disease is sporadic but outbreaks of tetanus have been described, as a result of wound contaminated with spores of C. tetani, which sporulates to the vegetative form and produce toxins. The present study reports an outbreak of tetanus in a sheep flock, shortly after ear tagging. Three sheep from a large flock (with a population of 1000 sheep) were presented with signs of: convulsion, limb stiffness, incoordination and trismus (“lock jaw”). There were wounds and scabs in most livestock where ear tags had been attached 1 week prior. Clinical examination revealed tachycardia, dyspnoea with dilated nostrils, mild fever, erected ear pinnae, teeth grinding, mild bloat, muscles rigidity, prolapse of third eyelid and anxiety. According to the history stated by the owner, the case fatality rate of the disease from the beginning was 50% during the outbreak. Necropsy did not reveal any significant finding. Gram‐positive bacilli with terminal spores representing C. tetani were isolated in anaerobic cultures which were taken from ear wounds. Procaine penicillin G was administrated at 20 000 IU/kg BW for 5 days, but antiglobulin was not available to treat affected animals. Mortality significantly declined one day after onset of treatment. In this report, the organism was probably introduced by contaminated instruments which were used for ear tagging of sheep. Wound exudation and adhesion following rubbing, created a favourable anaerobic condition for the spores to germinate with production of neurotoxin. Vaccination can protect animals against tetanus, but it does not preclude the need to apply standard hygienic principles when performing management procedures causing wounds. In pasture holding system, many pathogens are present in environment, so tetanus should be considered important in farm animals, because of its high fatality rate and the long course of convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Heydari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohebbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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124
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Vaccines for travelers. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:185-92. [PMID: 30625125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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125
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Kim KH, Kim CS, Kim HM, Kim JD, Ma SH, Kim DH, Hwang PH, Han JW, Lee TJ, Kim JH, Karkada N, Mesaros N, Sohn WY, Kim JH. Immunogenicity and safety of a combined DTPa-IPV/Hib vaccine administered as a three-dose primary vaccination course in healthy Korean infants: phase III, randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:317-326. [PMID: 30431387 PMCID: PMC6422512 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1536588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the immunogenicity and safety of a three-dose primary vaccination schedule with the combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPa-IPV/Hib) in Korean infants. In this phase III open-label, multicenter study (NCT01309646), healthy infants aged 42-69 days (randomized 1:1) received three doses of either pentavalent DTPa-IPV/Hib (DTPa-IPV/Hib group) or DTPa-IPV and Hib vaccines administered separately (DTPa-IPV+Hib group) at 2, 4, 6 months of age. The primary objective was to demonstrate non-inferiority of DTPa-IPV/Hib compared to DTPa-IPV+Hib vaccines in terms of immune responses to all vaccine antigens, 1 month post-dose 3. Solicited symptoms (local and general) were recorded during 4 days, and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) during 31 days, after each vaccination. Serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded throughout the study duration. The immunogenicity of the pentavalent DTPa-IPV/Hib vaccine was non-inferior compared to concomitant administration of DTPa-IPV+Hib vaccines. One month post-dose 3, nearly all infants had antibody levels above the seroprotective thresholds for anti-diphtheria toxoid, anti-tetanus toxoid, anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate, and anti-poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3, and had antibody levels above the seropositive thresholds for anti-pertussis toxoid (PT), anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and anti-pertactin (PRN) antibodies. A vaccine response for PT, FHA and PRN was observed in at least 96.7% of study participants. Anti-PRP geometric mean concentrations appeared lower for the DTPa-IPV/Hib group (8.456 µg/mL) than for the DTPa-IPV+Hib group (18.700 µg/mL). In both groups, the most common solicited symptoms were injection site redness and irritability. Fifty-seven SAEs were reported throughout the study; none were considered to be vaccination related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Kim
- a Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Incheon, The Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- b Keimyung University School of Medicine , Daegu , The Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang Min Kim
- c Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine , Wonju , The Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Duck Kim
- d Wonkwang University Hospital , Iksan , The Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- e Changwon Fatima Hospital , Changwon , The Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- f Korea Cancer Center Hospital , Seoul , The Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoung-Han Hwang
- g Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University Medical School , Jeonju , The Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Whan Han
- h Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital , The Catholic University of Korea , Uijeongbu , The Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jin Lee
- i Bundang CHA Hospital , Seongnam , The Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- m St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine , The Catholic University of Korea , Suwon , The Republic of Korea
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126
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Shea A, Hatch A, De Risio L, Beltran E. Association between clinically probable REM sleep behavior disorder and tetanus in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2029-2036. [PMID: 30315605 PMCID: PMC6272037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal sleep behavior has been reported in 5 dogs during recovery from tetanus. HYPOTHESIS REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a more common consequence of tetanus than previously reported in veterinary literature and easily confused for epileptic seizures. ANIMALS Sixty-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with tetanus at 2 UK referral centers. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records was combined with a questionnaire sent to owners of surviving dogs, to identify cases that developed clinically probable RBD and determine its clinical progression and effect on quality of life of affected dogs and their owners. Descriptive statistical evaluation was performed. RESULTS Eleven dogs (18%) died or were euthanized before discharge. At least 46% surviving dogs developed abnormal "dream enactment" clinically consistent with RBD. Twitching, running, and vocalization were new sleep behaviors in 53, 80, and 60% of affected dogs. Clinically probable RBD was described as violent or "nightmare"-like in 36% affected dogs, and like an epileptic seizure in 40% affected dogs. When trialed, antiepileptic medications were ineffective. Onset occurred before discharge in 25% cases. For dogs that developed clinically probable RBD postdischarge, onset occurred within 2 weeks of discharge in 77% dogs. Clinically probable RBD did not worsen in severity or frequency in any dog, and spontaneously resolved within 6 months in 43% cases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinically probable RBD is a common sequel to canine tetanus with many clinical similarities to epileptic seizure activity. Owners should be made aware of its potential development and care taken to avoid misdiagnosis with epileptic seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Shea
- Neurology DepartmentCentre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health TrustNewmarketUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Hatch
- Clerkenwell Animal HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Neurology DepartmentCentre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health TrustNewmarketUnited Kingdom
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Neurology DepartmentQueen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
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Irie BGS, Asse KV, Kadiane NJ, Kofi N, Nda-Koffi C, Ogondon B, Kouadio S, Kouame KE, Brouh Y. Tetanus after application of traditional topical treatment to a severe burn. Med Sante Trop 2018; 28:446-447. [PMID: 30095076 DOI: 10.1684/mst.2018.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old child was accompanied by his parents to the pediatric emergency room for refusal to eat, trismus and generalized contractures four days after the application of a traditional topical treatment (Cassava leaves) on lesions of a severe thermal burn. A temperature of 38̊C, a heart rate of 114 beats/min, and a blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg were recorded. The tetanus vaccination was not up to date. The diagnosis of tetanus was immediately suggested. Antitetanus serum (immunoglobulin), an antibiotic (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), and a myorelaxant (benzodiazepine) were administered. Local treatments were also performed. The child died within 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G S Irie
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K V Asse
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - N J Kadiane
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - N Kofi
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - C Nda-Koffi
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - B Ogondon
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - S Kouadio
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K E Kouame
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Y Brouh
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Bouaké, BP 1174 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
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Nass SS. A Pilot Study: Factors Influencing Compliance With Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccine in Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria. Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol 2018; 5:2333392818789585. [PMID: 30083576 PMCID: PMC6071163 DOI: 10.1177/2333392818789585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine (Td+) coverage has been steadily declining in Katsina State, Nigeria. The pilot study was guided by The Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization. The goal of the pilot study was to identify the Td+ vaccination coverage and identify any association between maternal residence, educational status, occupational status, access to routine immunization services, availability of routine immunization services, perceived need for Td+, perceived severity of maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT), and compliance with Td+ in Katsina State. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 309 randomly selected women in Charanchi district of Katsina State, Nigeria, was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression model. Findings The Td+ coverage was low at 23%. Bivariate analysis showed that age, maternal residence, educational status, availability of Td+, perception of Td+, and perception of MNT significantly affected compliance with Td+ (P < .05, P < .05, P < .05, P < .001, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). Multiple logistic regression findings were inconclusive. Conclusion Effective strategies to improve compliance were awareness creation on Td+ immunization schedule, risk factors associated with MNT, vaccine availability, and safety. Additionally, improving access to routine immunization services, especially in underserved communities, and effective use of Td+ coverage data were used as strategies. Implications The pilot study suggests that the design can be used to realize more conclusive and generalizable multivariate findings in future studies.
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Abstract
Background Tetanus is an acute vaccine preventable illness manifested by neuromuscular dysfunction due to a potent exotoxin, tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. It is a common health problem in developing countries like Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess clinical profile and outcome of Pediatrics tetanus in a referral hospital, South Ethiopia. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of medical records of 24 Pediatric tetanus patients who were admitted from July 2014 to June 2016 to the Pediatrics Department of Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa-Ethiopia. Tetanus was diagnosed clinically. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results The median age at diagnosis was 8 years with 19 (79.2%)of the study subjects being males. There were 3 male neonatal tetanus cases with 2 deaths. From post-neonatal cases, only 8(38.1%) were fully vaccinated for infant Expanded Period of Immunization (EPI). Booster vaccination with TT (tetanus toxoid) was only given to 5(29.4%) of discharged patients. Trauma was common in above 5 years of age and documented in 19(79.2%) of patients. All tetanus cases were generalized type with mild, moderate and severe grades comprising 7(29.2%), 8(33.3%), 7(29.2%) and 2(8.3%) respectively. Case fatality rate was 29.2% (7) with more deaths in higher grades. Respiratory failure 6(85.7%), and aspiration pneumonia 1(14.3%) were causes of death. Conclusion In this study, case fatality rate was high. Hence, health promotion with scale-up of EPI for infant tetanus immunization and large scale studies to provide support for booster vaccination schedules are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Tadele
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
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130
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Ondigo BN, Muok EMO, Oguso JK, Njenga SM, Kanyi HM, Ndombi EM, Priest JW, Kittur N, Secor WE, Karanja DMS, Colley DG. Impact of Mothers' Schistosomiasis Status During Gestation on Children's IgG Antibody Responses to Routine Vaccines 2 Years Later and Anti-Schistosome and Anti-Malarial Responses by Neonates in Western Kenya. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1402. [PMID: 29967622 PMCID: PMC6015899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential consequences of parasitic infections on a person’s immune responsiveness to unrelated antigens are often conjectured upon in relationship to allergic responses and autoimmune diseases. These considerations sometimes extend to whether parasitic infection of pregnant women can influence the outcomes of responses by their offspring to the immunizations administered during national Expanded Programs of Immunization. To provide additional data to these discussions, we have enrolled 99 close-to-term pregnant women in western Kenya and determined their Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium falciparum infection status. At 2 years of age, when the initial immunization schedule was complete, we determined their children’s IgG antibody levels to tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and measles nucleoprotein (N-protein) antigens using a multiplex assay. We also monitored antibody responses during the children’s first 2 years of life to P. falciparum MSP119 (PfMSP119), S. mansoni Soluble Egg Antigen (SEA), Ascaris suum hemoglobin (AsHb), and Strongyloides stercoralis (SsNIE). Mothers’ infections with either P. falciparum or S. mansoni had no impact on the level of antibody responses of their offspring or the proportion of offspring that developed protective levels of antibodies to either tetanus or diphtheria antigens at 2 years of age. However, children born of S. mansoni-positive mothers and immunized for measles at 9 months of age had significantly lower levels of anti-measles N-protein antibodies when they were 2 years old (p = 0.007) and a lower proportion of these children (62.5 vs. 90.2%, OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.04–0.68, p = 0.011) were considered positive for measles N-protein antibodies. Decreased levels of measles antibodies may render these children more susceptible to measles infection than children whose mothers did not have schistosomiasis. None of the children demonstrated responses to AsHb or SsNIE during the study period. Anti-SEA and anti-PfMSP119 responses suggested that 6 and 70% of the children acquired schistosomes and falciparum malaria, respectively, during the first 2 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew N Ondigo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Erick M O Muok
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John K Oguso
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry M Kanyi
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Ndombi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.,Department of Pathology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jeffrey W Priest
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nupur Kittur
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - William Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Diana M S Karanja
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Daniel G Colley
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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131
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Abstract
Pregnant women, neonates, and infants are at higher risk for severe infections due to vaccine-preventable diseases. Very young infants rarely respond well to vaccination due to poor immunogenicity and interference from maternal antibody. Maternal immunization protects the mother and fetus from disease and protects the infant through transplacental antibody transfer through the first 6 months of life. Currently, immunizations routinely recommended during pregnancy include inactivated influenza, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Promising maternal vaccine candidates in development include a group B streptococcus vaccine and a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Birth Defects Research 109:379-386, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Division of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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132
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Kovac M, Kostanyan L, Mesaros N, Kuriyakose S, Varman M. Immunogenicity and safety of a second booster dose of an acellular pertussis vaccine combined with reduced antigen content diphtheria- tetanus toxoids 10 years after a first booster in adolescence: An open, phase III, non-randomized, multi-center study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1977-1986. [PMID: 29630439 PMCID: PMC6149833 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1460292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious disease, for which periodic peaks in incidence and an increasing number of outbreaks have been observed over the last decades. The reduced-antigen-content tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) can be used to boost individuals aged ≥10 years, vaccinated in infancy with a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), to reduce pertussis morbidity and maintain protection against diphtheria and tetanus throughout adolescence and adulthood. This phase III, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter follow-up study (NCT01738477) enrolled 19–30-year-old participants from the United States who had received booster vaccination 10 years earlier with either Tdap (Tdap group) or Td (Td group). In total, 128 (Tdap group) and 37 (Td group) participants received Tdap vaccination. After administration of Tdap, all participants were seroprotected (antibody concentrations ≥0.1 international units [IU]/ml) against diphtheria and tetanus. Immune responses to a second Tdap dose in the Tdap group were shown to be non-inferior to responses elicited by a first Tdap dose in the Td group for diphtheria and tetanus and to a 3-dose DTaP vaccination during infancy for pertussis antigens (primary objectives). Post-booster vaccination, all participants in both groups had antibody concentrations above assay cut-offs and antibody geometric mean concentrations increased by 3.8–15.5-fold compared to pre-booster levels for all antigens. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the Td (80.6%) and Tdap (85.6%) groups (no serious adverse events reported). A Tdap dose administered after previous Td or Tdap vaccination was shown to be immunogenic and well-tolerated in young adults, supporting repeated vaccination with Tdap at 10-year intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Meera Varman
- d Pediatric Infectious Disease, Creighton University , Omaha , NE , United States
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133
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Expanded table: some vaccines recommended for use in adults. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:e82-5. [PMID: 29746448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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134
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Adult immunization. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:73-82. [PMID: 29746447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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135
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Boushab BM, Fall‐Malick F, Savadogo M, Basco LK. Generalized tetanus in adults without antitetanus booster vaccination in southern Mauritania. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:835-838. [PMID: 29744067 PMCID: PMC5930233 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus has become rare in countries with high levels of vaccination coverage and hygiene but may still occur in adults without booster vaccination. In addition to the expanded program on immunization for children and maternal immunization against neonatal tetanus, a systematic vaccination of the population, including boosters, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushab Mohamed Boushab
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious DiseasesKiffa Regional HospitalAssabaMauritania
| | | | - Mamoudou Savadogo
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity Teaching Hospital Yalgado OuédragoOuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Aix‐Marseille UniversitéInstitut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementAssistance Publique–Hôpitaux de MarseilleService de Santé des ArméesUnité Mixte de Recherche Vecteurs–Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire–Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
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136
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Rushworth B, Carter L. Tetanus after a penetrating injury to the right globe: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 56:425-426. [PMID: 29650473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A 24-year-old man attended the emergency department with a penetrating injury to the right globe after a road traffic accident. He later contracted tetanus for which he was given human tetanus immunoglobulin. Although it is rare, tetanus is life-threatening and a thorough immunisation history should be obtained before treatment of tetanus-prone injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rushworth
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds Dental Institute and Leeds General Infirmary, LS1 3EX.
| | - L Carter
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds Dental Institute and Leeds General Infirmary, LS1 3EX
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137
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Abstract
A-68-year-old male was admitted due to tetanus without apparent history of trauma. Trismus was observed on admission and was improved after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tomoda
- Department of General Medicine Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Satoshi Kagawa
- Department of General Medicine Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Satoshi Kurata
- Department of General Medicine Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakatake
- Department of General Medicine Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Tanaka
- Department of General Medicine Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital Fukuoka Japan
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138
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Halperin SA, Donovan C, Marshall GS, Pool V, Decker MD, Johnson DR, Greenberg DP. Randomized Controlled Trial of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Revaccination With Tetanus-Diphtheria-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) in Adults 10 Years After a Previous Dose. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2018; 8:105-114. [PMID: 29438562 PMCID: PMC6510947 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced-antigen-content tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine is recommended in many countries for boosting immunity in adolescents and adults. Although immunity to these antigens wanes with time, currently available Tdap products are not labeled for repeat administration in the United States. METHODS We performed an observer-blinded, randomized controlled trial in 1330 adults aged 18 to <65 years who received either the Tdap (n = 1002) or tetanus-diphtheria (Td) (n = 328) vaccine 8 to 12 years after a dose of Tdap vaccine administered previously. Solicited adverse events following immunization were documented for 7 days after vaccination, and serious adverse events and adverse events of medical significance were documented for 6 months after vaccination. Levels of antibodies against component vaccine antigens were measured before and 1 month after vaccination. RESULTS A solicited adverse event was reported by 87.7% of Tdap and 88.0% of Td vaccine recipients. We found no significant differences in the rates of injection-site reactions, systemic reactions, or serious adverse events between the vaccine groups. A robust antibody response to each pertussis antigen in the Tdap-vaccinated group was found; postvaccination-to-prevaccination geometric mean antibody concentration ratios were 8:1 (pertussis toxoid), 5.9 (filamentous hemagglutinin), 6.4 (pertactin), and 5.2 (fimbriae 2 and 3). Postvaccination geometric mean concentrations of tetanus antibody (4.20 and 4.74 IU/mL, respectively) and diphtheria antibody (10.1 and 12.6 IU/mL, respectively) were similar in the Tdap and Td groups, and the rates of seroprotection against tetanus and diphtheria were >99% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A second dose of Tdap vaccine in adults approximately 10 years after a previous dose was well tolerated and immunogenic. These data might facilitate consideration of providing Tdap booster doses to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Halperin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia,Correspondence: S. A. Halperin, MD, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Ave, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada ()
| | - Catherine Donovan
- Department of Health and Community Services, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, Newfoundland,Division of Community Health and Humanities, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland
| | - Gary S Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky
| | | | - Michael D Decker
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania,Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - David P Greenberg
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania
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139
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Sugiura T, Yamamoto K, Sato M, Kirita T. Tetanus: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature - A Continuing Threat to the Elderly in Japan. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 8:642-644. [PMID: 29326519 PMCID: PMC5754989 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_259_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetanus has become rare in industrialized countries, largely due to the effectiveness of immunization. However, the elderly are susceptible to tetanus because many have not received primary immunization; the incidence of tetanus in Japan is still 120 cases/year. The initial symptoms of tetanus, such as trismus and dysphagia, are observed in the orofacial region. However, because of the disease's rarity, the clinician may be unfamiliar with the clinical presentation and may not suspect tetanus. We report two cases of elderly patients with generalized tetanus. Both patients presented trismus and/or dysphagia and consulted three different departments before the diagnosis of tetanus. Japanese clinicians will encounter tetanus more frequently than practitioners in other countries. Dental surgeons should be familiar with the clinical appearance of tetanus and should consider this disease in a nonimmunized patient presenting as an atypical case of trismus and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sugiura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Kasuga Hospital, Nara, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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140
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Abstract
Tetanus is a severe and potentially fatal infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Presentations of tetanus include generalized tetanus, neonatal tetanus, cephalic tetanus, and localized tetanus, the latter two being much rarer. We present case of a 55-year-old male farmer, presented with an injury to the left toe. A surgical wound exploration and washout with administration of human tetanus immunoglobulin and tetanus toxoid were given as treatment with antibiotic support. This case report points out the importance of the early recognition of a rare form of this fatal infectious disease, which may present with prodromal symptoms before the generalized form shows its clinical effects. Successful management includes prompt diagnosis, neutralization of circulating toxin and elimination of C. tetani infection, control of spasms, maintenance of the airway, and management of respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Sharma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mit B Shah
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India
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141
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Zieliński A, Rudowska J. Tetanus in Poland in 2016. Przegl Epidemiol 2018; 72:169-174. [PMID: 30111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study was to provide data on tetanus incidence in 2016 in the basic categories of epidemiological surveillance. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study is based on the individual forms of tetanus cases submitted to the NIZP-PZH Epidemiology Department and the data of the bulletin “Infectious Diseases and Poisoning in Poland in 2016. RESULTS The number of tetanus cases in 2016 was 12, exactly as it was in the previous year 2015. Among the infected people there were six men and six women. Among the infected people two men and one women died. All the fatalities were in the age groups of 70 and older. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The environmental nature of tetanus infections makes the immunity of individual exposed persons the basic preventive tool, which underlines the role of individual vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zieliński
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance
| | - Jolanta Rudowska
- National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases and Surveillance
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142
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de Groot AM, Platteel ACM, Kuijt N, van Kooten PJS, Vos PJ, Sijts AJAM, van der Maaden K. Nanoporous Microneedle Arrays Effectively Induce Antibody Responses against Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1789. [PMID: 29375544 PMCID: PMC5770646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is immunologically very potent because of the high number of antigen-presenting cells in the dermis and epidermis, and is therefore considered to be very suitable for vaccination. However, the skin's physical barrier, the stratum corneum, prevents foreign substances, including vaccines, from entering the skin. Microneedles, which are needle-like structures with dimensions in the micrometer range, form a relatively new approach to circumvent the stratum corneum, allowing for minimally invasive and pain-free vaccination. In this study, we tested ceramic nanoporous microneedle arrays (npMNAs), representing a novel microneedle-based drug delivery technology, for their ability to deliver the subunit vaccines diphtheria toxoid (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT) intradermally. First, the piercing ability of the ceramic (alumina) npMNAs, which contained over 100 microneedles per array, a length of 475 µm, and an average pore size of 80 nm, was evaluated in mouse skin. Then, the hydrodynamic diameters of DT and TT and the loading of DT, TT, and imiquimod into, and subsequent release from the npMNAs were assessed in vitro. It was shown that DT and TT were successfully loaded into the tips of the ceramic nanoporous microneedles, and by using near-infrared fluorescently labeled antigens, we found that DT and TT were released following piercing of the antigen-loaded npMNAs into ex vivo murine skin. Finally, the application of DT- and TT-loaded npMNAs onto mouse skin in vivo led to the induction of antigen-specific antibodies, with titers similar to those obtained upon subcutaneous immunization with a similar dose. In conclusion, we show for the first time, the potential of npMNAs for intradermal (ID) immunization with subunit vaccines, which opens possibilities for future ID vaccination designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anouk C. M. Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nico Kuijt
- MyLife Technologies, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. S. van Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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143
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Paillot R, Marcillaud Pitel C, D'Ablon X, Pronost S. Equine Vaccines: How, When and Why? Report of the Vaccinology Session, French Equine Veterinarians Association, 2016, Reims. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E46. [PMID: 29207516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination is one of the most efficient methods of prevention against equine infectious diseases. The vaccinology session, which was organised during the annual meeting of the French Equine Veterinarians Association (AVEF) at Reims (France) in 2016, aimed to approach three subjects of importance for the equine industry. Vaccination against three major equine diseases were used as examples: equine influenza (equine influenza virus), rhinopneumonitis (equine herpes virus 1/4), and tetanus (Clostridium tetani neuro-toxin). (1) Emergency vaccination: while it has been very successful to reduce the impact of equine influenza epizooties and it is also recommended for tetanus in case of surgery and accident, the benefit of emergency vaccination against equine herpes virus 1/4 remains arguable; (2) Compatibility of equine vaccines from different brands: despite being a frequent concerns for equine veterinarians, little information is available about the compatibility of equine vaccines from different commercial origins. The consequence of mixing different equine vaccines targeting the same disease is believed to be limited but scientific evidences are sparse; and, (3) Laps vaccination and vaccine shortage: they could have serious consequences in terms of protection and their impact should be evaluated on a case by case basis, taking into account the risk of contact with the pathogen and the effect on herd immunity.
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144
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Rust A, Doran C, Hart R, Binz T, Stickings P, Sesardic D, Peden AA, Davletov B. A Cell Line for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:796. [PMID: 29170639 PMCID: PMC5684488 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) type A and type B are commonly used as biopharmaceutics for neurological diseases, uniquely allowing months-long paralysis of target muscles. Their exquisite neuronal specificity is conferred by a multistep process of binding, internalization, cytosolic escape and cleavage of the neuron-specific proteins, SNAP-25 and vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs), ultimately to inhibit secretion of neurotransmitters. Currently the mouse lethality bioassay is the only available method for quality control testing of VAMP-cleaving botulinum products. Refined assays for botulinum product testing are urgently needed. Specifically, in vitro replacement assays which can account for all steps of BoNT intoxication are in high demand. Here, we describe a novel SiMa cell-based approach where re-engineering of the VAMP molecule allows detection of all BoNT/B intoxication steps using a luminescent enzymatic reaction with sensitivity comparable to mouse LD50 bioassay. The presented one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay meets 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals) objectives, is user-friendly and will accelerate development of new botulinum drugs. The sensitive enzymatic reporter cell line could also be adapted for the detection of toxin activity during the manufacture of botulinum and tetanus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Rust
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Doran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalyn Hart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Binz
- Institut für Zellbiochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Stickings
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Peden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bazbek Davletov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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145
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Abstract
Tetanus is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that commonly presents with muscular spasms, rigidity, and autonomic instability. It is considered rare in industrialized countries, and tetanus occurring secondary to dental abscesses, procedures, or infections has been infrequently reported. We describe the case of a patient inadequately immunized for tetanus, who presented to the emergency department with muscular spasms, rigidity, and autonomic instability in the setting of an odontogenic infection. A clinical diagnosis of tetanus was made and subsequently managed successfully.
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146
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Yamasaki S, Tsukita K, Wada I, Suenaga T. Tetanus-induced Trismus: Improvement on a Daily Basis. Intern Med 2017; 56:2813-2814. [PMID: 28924130 PMCID: PMC5675950 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8927-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Tenri Hospital, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tenri Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Ikko Wada
- Department of Neurology, Tenri Hospital, Japan
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147
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Schaefer BA, Gruppo RA, Mullins ES, Tarango C. Subcutaneous diphtheria and tetanus vaccines in children with haemophilia: A pilot study and review of the literature. Haemophilia 2017; 23:904-909. [PMID: 28780770 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcutaneous (SQ) vaccination has emerged as standard of care in children with severe bleeding disorders to reduce unnecessary factor exposure and avoid provoking an intramuscular bleed, but little is known about comparative immunogenicity to intramuscular (IM) vaccination. AIM To confirm immunogenicity of Diphtheria Tetanus acellular Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines administered SQ to individuals <6 years old with haemophilia. METHODS We performed a retrospective and prospective pilot study of tetanus and diphtheria antibody titres among patients evaluated at our Haemophilia Treatment Centre between 2015-2016. Children with haemophilia who had received three to four doses of DTaP containing vaccine administered SQ were eligible. RESULTS Eight children met inclusion criteria. The mean age at the time of diphtheria and tetanus antibody testing was 21.1±17.8 months. All children who received SQ diphtheria and tetanus developed a positive antibody titre to both antigens. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of titre values. The average time between the last dose of vaccine and antibody testing was 6.6±3.9 months among SQ vaccinated subjects. Minor injection site reactions were common with SQ vaccines. CONCLUSION SQ administration of diphtheria and tetanus vaccination appears to be immunogenic in a pilot study of Haemophilia patients and supports this practice as the standard of care for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Schaefer
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R A Gruppo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E S Mullins
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Tarango
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
Dog bites are common injuries in children. The effects of such injuries can be devastating for the children concerned and their families. It is therefore important to provide holistic care and to consider psychological well-being as well as physical recovery. There should be clear guidelines for professionals about reporting dog bites and safeguarding. The literature recommends primary closure of the dog bite wound unless an infection is present. Literature also suggests that prophylactic antibiotics are ineffective in preventing infection except in hand injuries, although they are still routinely used in practice. This article recommends further research, support and education on dog bites in children, as well as national guidelines.
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149
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Vesikari T, Rivera L, Korhonen T, Ahonen A, Cheuvart B, Hezareh M, Janssens W, Mesaros N. Immunogenicity and safety of primary and booster vaccination with 2 investigational formulations of diphtheria, tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in a hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib combination vaccine in comparison with the licensed Infanrix hexa. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1505-1515. [PMID: 28340322 PMCID: PMC5512790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1294294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Safety and immunogenicity of 2 investigational formulations of diphtheria, tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens of the combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliomyelitis-Hib vaccine (DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib) were evaluated in a Primary (NCT01248884) and a Booster vaccination (NCT01453998) study. In the Primary study, 721 healthy infants (randomized 1:1:1) received 3 doses of DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib formulation A (DATAPa-HBV-IPV/Hib), or B (DBTBPa-HBV-IPV/Hib) or the licensed DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine (Infanrix hexa, GSK; control group) at 2, 3, 4 months of age. Infants were planned to receive a booster dose at 12–15 months of age with the same formulation received in the Primary study; however, following high incidence of fever associated with the investigational formulations in the Primary study, the Booster study protocol was amended and all infants yet to receive a booster dose (N = 385) received the licensed vaccine. In the Primary study, non-inferiority of 3-dose vaccination with investigational formulations compared with the licensed vaccine was not demonstrated due to anti-pertactin failing to meet the non-inferiority criterion. Post-primary vaccination, most infants had seroprotective levels of anti-diphtheria (100% of infants), anti-tetanus antigens (100%), against hepatitis B (≥ 97.5% across groups), polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (≥ 88.0%) and poliovirus types 1–3 (≥ 90.5%). Seropositivity rates for each pertussis antigen were 100% in all groups. Higher incidence of fever (> 38°C) was reported in infants receiving the investigational formulations (Primary study: 75.0% [A] and 72.1% [B] vs 58.8% [control]; Booster study, before amendment: 49.4% and 46.6% vs 37.4%, respectively). The development of the investigational formulations was not further pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vesikari
- a Vaccine Research Center , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Luis Rivera
- b Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia Santo Domingo , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic
| | - Tiina Korhonen
- c University of Tampere, Tampere Vaccine Research Clinic , Tampere , Finland
| | - Anitta Ahonen
- d Vaccine Research Center , University of Tampere, Järvenpää Vaccine Clinic , Järvenpää , Finland
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Ridpath AD, Scobie HM, Shibeshi ME, Yakubu A, Zulu F, Raza AA, Masresha B, Tohme R. Progress towards achieving and maintaining maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in the African region. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:24. [PMID: 29296159 PMCID: PMC5745942 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2017.27.3.11783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective tetanus prevention strategies, as of 2016, Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE) has not yet been achieved in 18 countries globally. In this paper, we review the status of MNTE in the World Health Organization African Region (AFR),and provide recommendations for achieving and maintaining MNTE in AFR. As of November 2016, 37 (79%) AFR countries have achieved MNTE, with 10 (21%) countries remaining. DTP3 coverage increased from 52% in 2000 to 76% in 2015. In 2015, coverage with at least 2 doses of tetanus containing vaccine (TT2+) and proportion of newborns protected at birth (PAB) were 69% and 77%, compared with 44% and 62% in 2000, respectively. Since 1999, over 79 million women of reproductive age (WRA) have been vaccinated with TT2+ through supplementary immunization activities (SIAs). Despite the progress, only 54% of births were attended by skilled birth attendants (SBAs), 5 (11%) countries provided the 3 WHO-recommended booster doses to both sexes, and about 5.5 million WRA still need to be reached with SIAs. Coverage disparities still exist between countries that have achieved MNTE and those that have not. In 2015, coverage with DTP3 and PAB were higher in MNTE countries compared with those yet to achieve MNTE: 84% vs. 68% and 86% vs. 69%, respectively. Challenges to achieving MNTE in the remaining AFR countries include weak health systems, competing priorities, insufficient funding, insecurity, and sub-optimal neonatal tetanus (NT) surveillance. To achieve and maintain MNTE in AFR, increasing SBAs and tetanus vaccination coverage, integrating tetanus vaccination with other opportunities (e.g., polio and measles campaigns, mother and child health days), and providing appropriately spaced booster doses are needed. Strengthening NT surveillance and conducting serosurveys would ensure appropriate targeting of MNTE activities and high-quality information for validating the achievement and maintenance of elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Delano Ridpath
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather Melissa Scobie
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Messeret Eshetu Shibeshi
- World Health Organization, Intercountry Support Team for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ahmadu Yakubu
- World Health Organization, Family, Women and Children's Health Cluster, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flint Zulu
- United Nations Children's Fund, Health Section, Program Division, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azhar Abid Raza
- United Nations Children's Fund, Health Section, Program Division, New York, NY, USA
| | - Balcha Masresha
- World Health Organization, Intercountry Support Team for East and Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rania Tohme
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
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