101
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Fasolino I, Bonadies I, Ambrosio L, Raucci MG, Carfagna C, Caso FM, Cimino F, Pezzella A. Eumelanin Coated PLA Electrospun Micro Fibers as Bioinspired Cradle for SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Growth and Maturation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:40070-40076. [PMID: 29083852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of neurodegenerative disorder therapies, the fabrication of 3D eumelanin architectures represents a novel strategy to realize tissue-engineering scaffolds for neuronal cell growth and control by providing both mechanical support and biological signals. Here, an appropriate procedure combining electrospinning, spin coating and solid-state polymerization process is established to realize the scaffolds. For biological analysis, a human derived cell line SH-SY5Y from neuroblastoma is used. Cell maturation on eumelanin microfibers, random and aligned, is evaluated by using confocal analysis and specific markers of differentiating neurons (βIII tubulin and GAP-43 expression). Cell morphology is tested by SEM analysis and immunofluorescence techniques. As results, eumelanin coated microfibers prove capable to support biological response in terms of cell survival, adhesion and spreading and to promote cell differentiation toward a more mature neuronal phenotype as confirmed by GAP-43 expression over the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Fasolino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Institute of Polymers , Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra D'Oltremare Pad 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Bonadies
- Institute of Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Institute of Polymers , Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra D'Oltremare Pad 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Raucci
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Institute of Polymers , Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra D'Oltremare Pad 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Cosimo Carfagna
- Institute of Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II , P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Maria Caso
- Nanofaber Spin-off at Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cimino
- Institute of Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Institute of Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Na), Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II , Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) , Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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102
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Ash C, Dubec M, Donne K, Bashford T. Effect of wavelength and beam width on penetration in light-tissue interaction using computational methods. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1909-1918. [PMID: 28900751 PMCID: PMC5653719 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Penetration depth of ultraviolet, visible light and infrared radiation in biological tissue has not previously been adequately measured. Risk assessment of typical intense pulsed light and laser intensities, spectral characteristics and the subsequent chemical, physiological and psychological effects of such outputs on vital organs as consequence of inappropriate output use are examined. This technical note focuses on wavelength, illumination geometry and skin tone and their effect on the energy density (fluence) distribution within tissue. Monte Carlo modelling is one of the most widely used stochastic methods for the modelling of light transport in turbid biological media such as human skin. Using custom Monte Carlo simulation software of a multi-layered skin model, fluence distributions are produced for various non-ionising radiation combinations. Fluence distributions were analysed using Matlab mathematical software. Penetration depth increases with increasing wavelength with a maximum penetration depth of 5378 μm calculated. The calculations show that a 10-mm beam width produces a fluence level at target depths of 1-3 mm equal to 73-88% (depending on depth) of the fluence level at the same depths produced by an infinitely wide beam of equal incident fluence. Meaning little additional penetration is achieved with larger spot sizes. Fluence distribution within tissue and thus the treatment efficacy depends upon the illumination geometry and wavelength. To optimise therapeutic techniques, light-tissue interactions must be thoroughly understood and can be greatly supported by the use of mathematical modelling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caerwyn Ash
- School of Applied Computing, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Swansea, SA1 6ED, UK.
| | - Michael Dubec
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Kelvin Donne
- School of Applied Computing, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Swansea, SA1 6ED, UK
| | - Tim Bashford
- School of Applied Computing, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Swansea, SA1 6ED, UK
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103
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Iacomino M, Mancebo-Aracil J, Guardingo M, Martín R, D'Errico G, Perfetti M, Manini P, Crescenzi O, Busqué F, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M, Sedó J, Ruiz-Molina D. Replacing Nitrogen by Sulfur: From Structurally Disordered Eumelanins to Regioregular Thiomelanin Polymers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2169. [PMID: 29039817 PMCID: PMC5666850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxybenzothiophene (DHBT), the sulfur analog of the key eumelanin building block 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), was investigated to probe the role of nitrogen in eumelanin build-up and properties. Unlike DHI, which gives a typical black insoluble eumelanin polymer on oxidation, DHBT is converted to a grayish amorphous solid (referred to as thiomelanin) with visible absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance properties different from those of DHI melanin. Mass spectrometry experiments revealed gradational mixtures of oligomers up to the decamer level. Quite unexpectedly, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the early oligomer fractions indicated linear, 4-, and 7-linked structures in marked contrast with DHI, which gives highly complex mixtures of partially degraded oligomers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported the tendency of DHBT to couple via the 4- and 7-positions. These results uncover the role of nitrogen as a major determinant of the structural diversity generated by the polymerization of DHI, and point to replacement by sulfur as a viable entry to regioregular eumelanin-type materials for potential applications for surface functionalization by dip coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Iacomino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Juan Mancebo-Aracil
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Mireia Guardingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Raquel Martín
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Perfetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Félix Busqué
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Josep Sedó
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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104
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Büngeler A, Hämisch B, Strube OI. The Supramolecular Buildup of Eumelanin: Structures, Mechanisms, Controllability. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1901. [PMID: 28878140 PMCID: PMC5618550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the supramolecular buildup of eumelanin has gained high momentum in the last years. Several new aspects regarding the involved structures and mechanisms have been established, which has led to a better understanding of the entire process. This review intends to provide a clearly laid-out summary of previous and new findings regarding structures, mechanisms, and controllability. With respect to materials applications, the aspect of controllability is of supreme importance. A focus of this review is therefore set on a novel method with high potential for specific synthesis of various, isolated particle morphologies. Finally, open questions and possibilities for their elucidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Büngeler
- Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Hämisch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Oliver I Strube
- Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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105
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Abstract
Microbial melanins provide a biocompatible and scalable approach for bioremediation and radioprotection technologies due to their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radames J. B. Cordero
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health615 North Wolfe StreetBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Raghav Vij
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health615 North Wolfe StreetBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health615 North Wolfe StreetBaltimoreMD21205USA
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106
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Pinna E, Melis C, Antidormi A, Cardia R, Sechi E, Cappellini G, d'Ischia M, Colombo L, Mula G. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms of Interface Buildup and Stability in Porous Si/Eumelanin Hybrids. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1567. [PMID: 28753933 PMCID: PMC5536055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous Si/eumelanin hybrids are a novel class of organic-inorganic hybrid materials that hold considerable promise for photovoltaic applications. Current progress toward device setup is, however, hindered by photocurrent stability issues, which require a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the buildup and consolidation of the eumelanin-silicon interface. Herein we report an integrated experimental and computational study aimed at probing interface stability via surface modification and eumelanin manipulation, and at modeling the organic-inorganic interface via formation of a 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) tetramer and its adhesion to silicon. The results indicated that mild silicon oxidation increases photocurrent stability via enhancement of the DHI-surface interaction, and that higher oxidation states in DHI oligomers create more favorable conditions for the efficient adhesion of growing eumelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pinna
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Claudio Melis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Aleandro Antidormi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cardia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Elisa Sechi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luciano Colombo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Guido Mula
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali CNR-IOM, Unità di Cagliari SLACS, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, S.P. 8 km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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107
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Solano F. Melanin and Melanin-Related Polymers as Materials with Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications-Cuttlefish Ink and Mussel Foot Proteins as Inspired Biomolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1561. [PMID: 28718807 PMCID: PMC5536049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge development of bioengineering during the last years has boosted the search for new bioinspired materials, with tunable chemical, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties for the design of semiconductors, batteries, biosensors, imaging and therapy probes, adhesive hydrogels, tissue restoration, photoprotectors, etc. These new materials should complement or replace metallic or organic polymers that cause cytotoxicity and some adverse health effects. One of the most interesting biomaterials is melanin and synthetic melanin-related molecules. Melanin has a controversial molecular structure, dependent on the conditions of polymerization, and therefore tunable. It is found in animal hair and skin, although one of the common sources is cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) ink. On the other hand, mussels synthesize adhesive proteins to anchor these marine animals to wet surfaces. Both melanin and mussel foot proteins contain a high number of catecholic residues, and their properties are related to these groups. Dopamine (DA) can easily polymerize to get polydopamine melanin (PDAM), that somehow shares properties with melanin and mussel proteins. Furthermore, PDAM can easily be conjugated with other components. This review accounts for the main aspects of melanin, as well as DA-based melanin-like materials, related to their biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine and LAIB-IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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108
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Abstract
Extensive efforts have been devoted to the development of surfactant-free electronic ink (E-ink) with excellent display resolution for high-definition resolution display. Herein, we report the use of polydopamine-based synthetic melanin, a class of functional nanoparticles with similar chemical compositions and physical properties to those of naturally occurring melanin, as a new E-ink material. It was found that such E-ink displays could achieve ultrahigh resolution (>10 000 ppi) and low power consumption (operation voltage of only 1 V) in aqueous solutions. Interestingly, simple oxidation of synthetic melanin nanoparticles enables the generation of intrinsic fluorescence, allowing further development of fluorescent E-ink displays with nanoscale resolution. We describe these bioinspired materials in an initial proof-of-concept study and propose that synthetic melanin nanoparticles will be suitable for electronic nanoinks with a potential wide range of applications in molecular patterning and fluorescence bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqian Chang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mi Li
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiaming Hu
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Ly James Lee
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43209, United States
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
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109
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Camacho E, Niño-Vega GA. Paracoccidioides Spp.: Virulence Factors and Immune-Evasion Strategies. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5313691. [PMID: 28553014 PMCID: PMC5434249 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5313691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens responsible for one of the most relevant systemic mycoses in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Their exact ecological niche remains unknown; however, they have been isolated from soil samples and armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), which have been proposed as animal reservoir for these fungi. Human infection occurs by inhalation of conidia or mycelia fragments and is mostly associated with immunocompetent hosts inhabiting and/or working in endemic rural areas. In this review focusing on the pathogen perspective, we will discuss some of the microbial attributes and molecular mechanisms that enable Paracoccidioides spp. to tolerate, adapt, and ultimately avoid the host immune response, establishing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunobiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo A. Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
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110
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Fujimoto M, Fukuda S, Sakamoto H, Takata J, Sawamura S. Neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine (NEI)-induced paradoxical sleep in rats. Peptides 2017; 87:28-33. [PMID: 27845162 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptideglutamic acid-isoleucine (NEI) as well as melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is cleaved from the 165 amino acid protein, prepro-melanin concentrating hormone (prepro-MCH). Among many physiological roles of MCH, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of MCH induced increases in REM sleep episodes as well as in non REM sleep episodes. However, there are no studies on the effect of NEI on the sleep-wake cycle. As for the sites of action of MCH for induction of REM sleep, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) has been reported to be one of its site of action. Although MCH neurons contain NEI, GABA, MCH, and other neuropeptides, we do not know which transmitter(s) might induce REM sleep by acting on the vlPAG. Thus, we first examined the effect of icv injection of NEI on the sleep-wake cycle, and investigated how microinjection of either NEI, MCH, or GABA into the vlPAG affected REM sleep in rats. Icv injection of NEI (0.61μg/5μl: n=7) significantly increased the time spent in REM episodes compared to control (saline: 5μl; n=6). Microinjection of either NEI (61ng/0.2μl: n=7), MCH (100ng/0.2μl: n=6) or GABA (250mM/0.2μl: n=7) into the vlPAG significantly increased the time spent in REM episodes and the AUC. Precise hourly analysis of REM sleep also revealed that after those microinjections, NEI and MCH increased REM episodes at the latter phase, compared to GABA which increased REM episodes at the earlier phase. This result suggests that NEI and MCH may induce sustained REM sleep, while GABA may initiate REM sleep. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that NEI, a cleaved peptide from the same precursor, prepro-MCH, as MCH, induce REM sleep at least in part through acting on the vlPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Fujimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Satoru Fukuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junko Takata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shigehito Sawamura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Japan
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111
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Reinhardt K, Breunig HG, König K. Autofluorescence lifetime variation in the cuticle of the bedbug Cimex lectularius. Arthropod Struct Dev 2017; 46:56-62. [PMID: 27913288 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The decay time of the fluorescence of excited molecules, called fluorescence lifetime, can provide information about the cuticle composition additionally to widely used spectral characteristics. We compared autofluorescence lifetimes of different cuticle regions in the copulatory organ of females of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. After two-photon excitation at 720 nm, regions recently characterised as being rich in resilin showed a longer bimodal distribution of the mean autofluorescence lifetime τm (tau-m) at 0.4 ns and 1.0-1.5 ns, while resilin-poor sites exhibited a unimodal pattern with a peak around 0.8 ns. The mean lifetime, and particularly its second component, can be useful to distinguish resilin-rich from resilin-poor parts of the cuticle. The few existing literature data suggest that chitin is unlikely responsible for the main autofluorescent component observed in the resilin-poor areas in our study and that melanin requires further scrutiny. Autofluorescence lifetime measurements can help to characterise properties of the arthropod cuticle, especially when coupled with multiphoton excitation to allow for deeper tissue penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Reinhardt
- Applied Zoology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans Georg Breunig
- JenLab GmbH, Schillerstr. 1, 07745 Jena, and Science Park 2, Campus D1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karsten König
- JenLab GmbH, Schillerstr. 1, 07745 Jena, and Science Park 2, Campus D1.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Saarland University, Department of Biophotonics and Laser Technology, Campus A5.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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112
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Fredriksson I, Larsson M. On the equivalence and differences between laser Doppler flowmetry and laser speckle contrast analysis. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:126018. [PMID: 28008449 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.126018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) both utilize the spatiotemporal properties of laser speckle patterns to assess microcirculatory blood flow in tissue. Although the techniques analyze the speckle pattern differently, there is a close relationship between them. We present a theoretical overview describing how the LDF power spectrum and the LASCA contrast can be calculated from each other, and how both these can be calculated from an optical Doppler spectrum containing various degrees of Doppler shifted light. The theoretical relationships are further demonstrated using time-resolved speckle simulations. A wide range of Monte Carlo simulated tissue models is then used to show how perfusion estimates for LDF and LASCA are affected by changes in blood concentration and speed distribution, as well as by geometrical and optical properties. We conclude that perfusion estimates from conventional single exposure time LASCA are in general more sensitive to changes in optical and geometrical properties and are less accurate in the prediction of real perfusion changes, especially speed changes. Since there is a theoretical one-to-one relationship between Doppler power spectrum and contrast, one can conclude that those drawbacks with the LASCA technique can be overcome using a multiple exposure time setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Fredriksson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 581 85 Linköping, SwedenbPerimed AB, Datavägen 9A, 175 43 Järfälla-Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Larsson
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Li Y, Xie Y, Wang Z, Zang N, Carniato F, Huang Y, Andolina CM, Parent LR, Ditri TB, Walter ED, Botta M, Rinehart JD, Gianneschi NC. Structure and Function of Iron-Loaded Synthetic Melanin. ACS Nano 2016; 10:10186-10194. [PMID: 27802021 PMCID: PMC5295137 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a synthetic method for increasing and controlling the iron loading of synthetic melanin nanoparticles and use the resulting materials to perform a systematic quantitative investigation on their structure-property relationship. A comprehensive analysis by magnetometry, electron paramagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion reveals the complexities of their magnetic behavior and how these intraparticle magnetic interactions manifest in useful material properties such as their performance as MRI contrast agents. This analysis allows predictions of the optimal iron loading through a quantitative modeling of antiferromagnetic coupling that arises from proximal iron ions. This study provides a detailed understanding of this complex class of synthetic biomaterials and gives insight into interactions and structures prevalent in naturally occurring melanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yijun Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nanzhi Zang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Yuran Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher M. Andolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Lucas R. Parent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Treffly B. Ditri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jeffrey D. Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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114
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Vasefi F, MacKinnon N, Saager R, Kelly KM, Maly T, Booth N, Durkin AJ, Farkas DL. Separating melanin from hemodynamics in nevi using multimode hyperspectral dermoscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:114001. [PMID: 27830262 PMCID: PMC5103103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the pattern and distribution of both melanocytes (pigment producing) and vasculature (hemoglobin containing) are important in distinguishing melanocytic proliferations. The ability to accurately measure melanin distribution at different depths and to distinguish it from hemoglobin is clearly important when assessing pigmented lesions (benign versus malignant). We have developed a multimode hyperspectral dermoscope (SkinSpect™) able to more accurately image both melanin and hemoglobin distribution in skin. SkinSpect uses both hyperspectral and polarization-sensitive measurements. SkinSpect’s higher accuracy has been obtained by correcting for the effect of melanin absorption on hemoglobin absorption in measurements of melanocytic nevi. In vivo human skin pigmented nevi (N=20) were evaluated with the SkinSpect, and measured melanin and hemoglobin concentrations were compared with spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) measurements. We confirm that both systems show low correlation of hemoglobin concentrations with regions containing different melanin concentrations (R=0.13 for SFDS, R=0.07 for SkinSpect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fartash Vasefi
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Fartash Vasefi, E-mail: ; Daniel L. Farkas, E-mail:
| | - Nicholas MacKinnon
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
| | - Rolf Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Tyler Maly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Nicholas Booth
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Daniel L. Farkas
- Spectral Molecular Imaging Inc., 13412 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 250, Sherman Oaks, California 91423, United States
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Fartash Vasefi, E-mail: ; Daniel L. Farkas, E-mail:
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115
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Abstract
Sunlight's ultraviolet wavelengths induce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which then cause mutations that lead to melanoma or to cancers of skin keratinocytes. In pigmented melanocytes, we found that CPDs arise both instantaneously and for hours after UV exposure ends. Remarkably, the CPDs arising in the dark originate by a novel pathway that resembles bioluminescence but does not end in light: First, UV activates the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX), which generate the radicals nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2(-)); these combine to form the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). A fragment of the skin pigment melanin is then oxidized, exciting an electron to an energy level so high that it is rarely seen in biology. This process of chemically exciting electrons, termed "chemiexcitation", is used by fireflies to generate light but it had never been seen in mammalian cells. In melanocytes, the energy transfers radiationlessly to DNA, inducing CPDs. Chemiexcitation is a new source of genome instability, and it calls attention to endogenous mechanisms of genome maintenance that prevent electronic excitation or dissipate the energy of excited states. Chemiexcitation may also trigger pathogenesis in internal tissues because the same chemistry should arise wherever superoxide and nitric oxide arise near cells that contain melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St./HRT 213, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040 USA.
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116
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Lin J, Wang M, Hu H, Yang X, Wen B, Wang Z, Jacobson O, Song J, Zhang G, Niu G, Huang P, Chen X. Multimodal-Imaging-Guided Cancer Phototherapy by Versatile Biomimetic Theranostics with UV and γ-Irradiation Protection. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3273-9. [PMID: 26928972 PMCID: PMC4921202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A versatile biomimetic theranostic agent based on magnetic melanin nanoparticles is developed for positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance/photoacoustic/photothermal multimodal-imaging-guided cancer photothermal therapy and UV and γ-irradiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bronte Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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117
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Jeon JR, Le TT, Chang YS. Dihydroxynaphthalene-based mimicry of fungal melanogenesis for multifunctional coatings. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:305-15. [PMID: 26833568 PMCID: PMC4835569 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Material-independent adhesive action derived from polycatechol structures has been intensively studied due to its high applicability in surface engineering. Here, we for the first time demonstrate that a dihydroxynaphthalene-based fungal melanin mimetic, which exhibit a catechol-free structure, can act as a coating agent for material-independent surface modifications on the nanoscale. This mimetic was made by using laccase to catalyse the oxidative polymerization of specifically 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene. Analyses of the product of this reaction, using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, bactericidal action, charge-dependent sorption behaviour, phenol content, Zeta potential measurements and free radical scavenging activity, yielded results consistent with it containing hydroxyphenyl groups. Moreover, nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the product revealed that C-O coupling and C-C coupling were the main mechanisms for its synthesis, thus clearly excluding a catechol structure in the polymerization. This product, termed poly(2,7-DHN), was successfully deposited onto a wide variety of solid surfaces, including metals, polymeric materials, ceramics, biosurfaces and mineral complexes. The melanin-like polymerization could be used to co-immobilize other organic molecules, forming functional surfaces. In addition, the hydroxyphenyl group contained in the coated poly(2,7-DHN) induced secondary metal chelation/reduction and adhesion with proteins, suggesting the potential of this poly(2,7-DHN) layer to serve as a platform material for a variety of surface engineering applications. Moreover, the novel physicochemical properties of the poly(2,7-DHN) illuminate its potential applications as bactericidal, radical-scavenging and pollutant-sorbing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Rok Jeon
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Korea
| | - Thao Thanh Le
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
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118
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Trelles MA, Almudever P, Alcolea JM, Cortijo J, Serrano G, Expósito I, Royo J, Leclère FM. Cuttlefish Ink Melanin Encapsulated in Nanolipid Bubbles and Applied Through a Micro-Needling Procedure Easily Stains White Hair Facilitating Photoepilation. J Drugs Dermatol 2016; 15:615-625. [PMID: 27168270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photothermolysis of unwanted hair depends on the presence of melanin in the hair follicle as the chromophore, but is not effective in patients with non-pigmented, melanin-sparse hair shafts and follicles. This split-scalp, double-blind study was to monitor the efficacy of melanin bound in nanosomes to inject exogenous melanin into the hair follicles thus potentiating successful photothermolysis.<br /> MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve patients, phototypes II-III, with white or very fair hair, were treated with a compound containing melanin encapsulated in nanosomes (Melaser®) together with a fluorescent marker. Two equal 6 cm² areas were marked on each side of the occiput of the subjects. The compound was applied to a randomly selected experimental side on each patient (area A), and a saline solution applied in the same manner to the contralateral control side (area B). Penetration of the melanin into the hair follicle was assessed using optical and fluorescence microscopy. Also, condition of hair structure was checked in vivo after standard laser settings used for epilation.<br /> RESULTS A slight transient erythema was observed in those areas where the compound was applied with some perifollicular edema. No such effects were noticed in those areas where saline solution was applied. No persistent complications such as scarring, hypo- or hyperpigmentation were observed in any of the experimental or control areas. Under fluorescence microscopy, the hair structures in the areas to which the compound had been applied showed a clear melanin deposit confirmed by the immunofluorescence intensity, which was highest at 2 hours after application. By optical microscopy, external melanin was deposited in hair follicles. Tests with standard settings for epilation were efficacious in damaging melanin-marked white hair.<br /> CONCLUSION This study strongly suggests the safety and efficacy of the application of nanosomes encapsulating melanin for the introduction of melanin into hair follicles. Changes noticed in the hair structure compromising its viability indicated potential application of this external melanin marker for white hair photoepilation.<br /><br /> <em>J Drugs Dermatol</em>. 2016;15(5):615-625.
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119
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Saager RB, Sharif A, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. In vivo isolation of the effects of melanin from underlying hemodynamics across skin types using spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:57001. [PMID: 27143641 PMCID: PMC4890358 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a highly structured tissue, raising concerns as to whether skin pigmentation due to epidermal melanin may confound accurate measurements of underlying hemodynamics. Using both venous and arterial cuff occlusions as a means of inducing differential hemodynamic perturbations, we present analyses of spectra limited to the visible or near-infrared regime, in addition to a layered model approach. The influence of melanin, spanning Fitzpatrick skin types I to V, on underlying estimations of hemodynamics in skin as interpreted by these spectral regions are assessed. The layered model provides minimal cross-talk between melanin and hemodynamics and enables removal of problematic correlations between measured tissue oxygenation estimates and skin phototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rolf B. Saager, E-mail:
| | - Ata Sharif
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, 118 Medical Surge 1, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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Abstract
Melanins are the ubiquitous pigments distributed in nature. They are one of the main pigments responsible for colors in living cells. Birds are among the most diverse animals regarding melanin-based coloration, especially in the plumage, although they also pigment bare parts of the integument. This review is devoted to the main characteristics of bird melanins, including updated views of the formation and nature of melanin granules, whose interest has been raised in the last years for inferring the color of extinct birds and non-avian theropod dinosaurs using resistant fossil feathers. The molecular structure of the two main types of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, and the environmental and genetic factors that regulate avian melanogenesis are also presented, establishing the main relationship between them. Finally, the special functions of melanin in bird feathers are also discussed, emphasizing the aspects more closely related to these animals, such as honest signaling, and the factors that may drive the evolution of pheomelanin and pheomelanin-based color traits, an issue for which birds have been pioneer study models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B & Immunology, School of Medicine and IMIB, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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121
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Kim YJ, Khetan A, Wu W, Chun SE, Viswanathan V, Whitacre JF, Bettinger CJ. Evidence of Porphyrin-Like Structures in Natural Melanin Pigments Using Electrochemical Fingerprinting. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3173-3180. [PMID: 26924536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanins are extended heterogeneous biopolymers composed of molecular subunits with ambiguous macromolecular topology. Here, an electrochemical fingerprinting technique is described, which suggests that natural eumelanin pigments contain indole-based tetramers that are arranged into porphyrin-like domains. Spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations suggest that sodium ions undergo occupancy-dependent stepwise insertion into the core of porphyrin-like tetramers in natural eumelanins at discrete potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Abhishek Khetan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH, Aachen, 52062, Germany
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sang-Eun Chun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | | | - Jay F Whitacre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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122
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Yao ZY, Qi JH, Hu Y, Wang Y. Insolubilization of Chestnut Shell Pigment for Cu(II) Adsorption from Water. Molecules 2016; 21:405. [PMID: 27043502 PMCID: PMC6273980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chestnut shell pigment (CSP) is melanin from an agricultural waste. It has potential as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment but cannot be used in its original state because of its solubility in water. We developed a new method to convert CSP to insolubilized chestnut shell pigment (ICSP) by heating, and the Cu(II) adsorption performance of ICSP was evaluated. The conversion was characterized, and the thermal treatment caused dehydration and loss of carboxyl groups and aliphatic structures in CSP. The kinetic adsorption behavior obeyed the pseudo-second-order rate law, and the equilibrium adsorption data were well described with both the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms. ICSP can be used as a renewable, readily-available, easily-producible, environmentally-friendly, inexpensive and effective adsorbent to remove heavy-metal from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Qi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Faculty of Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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123
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Shillingford C, Russell CW, Burgess IB, Aizenberg J. Bioinspired Artificial Melanosomes As Colorimetric Indicators of Oxygen Exposure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:4314-4317. [PMID: 26854914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many industries require irreversibly responsive materials for use as sensors or detectors of environmental exposure. We describe the synthesis and fabrication of a nontoxic surface coating that reports oxygen exposure of the substrate material through irreversible formation of colored spots. The coating consists of a selectively permeable rubber film that contains the colorless organic precursors to darkly pigmented synthetic melanin. Melanin synthesis within the film is triggered by exposure to molecular oxygen. The selectively permeable rubber film regulates the rate of oxygen diffusion, enabling independent control of the sensitivity and response time of the artificial melanosome, while preventing leaching of melanin or its precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian B Burgess
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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124
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Bris CL, Cudennec B, Dhulster P, Drider D, Duflos G, Grard T. Melanosis in Penaeus monodon: Involvement of the Laccase-like Activity of Hemocyanin. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:663-670. [PMID: 26671070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In shrimp, the development of postmortem melanosis resulting from phenoloxidase activities leads to important economic losses. Phenoloxidase enzymes include catechol oxidases, laccases, and tyrosinases, but hemocyanin is also capable of phenoloxidase activities. These activities have been explored in Penaeus monodon, using different substrates. Results highlighted that tyrosinase-specific substrates were little oxidized, whereas hydroquinone (laccase-specific substrate) was more highly oxidized than l-DOPA (nonspecific substrate) in the pereopods and pleopods. Global phenoloxidase activity, assayed with l-DOPA, did not appear thermally stable over time and probably resulted from phenoloxidase enzymes. Conversely, the laccase-like activity assayed with hydroquinone was thermally stable over time, reflecting the thermal stability of hemocyanin. Independently of the anatomical compartment, the temperature, or the substrate, the highest activities were assayed in the cuticular compartments. This study demonstrates the complexity of phenoloxidase activities in P. monodon, and the importance of considering all the activities, including laccase-like activities such as that of hemocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le Bris
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV-Institut Charles Viollette , F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Université Lille , F-59000 Lille, France
- Université Artois , F-62000 Arras, France
- INRA , France
- ISA , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Cudennec
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV-Institut Charles Viollette , F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Université Lille , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascal Dhulster
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV-Institut Charles Viollette , F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Université Lille , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV-Institut Charles Viollette , F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
- Université Lille , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments-Département des Produits de la Pêche et de l'Aquaculture , Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Thierry Grard
- Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394-ICV-Institut Charles Viollette , F-62200 Boulogne sur Mer, France
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Kim E, Panzella L, Micillo R, Bentley WE, Napolitano A, Payne GF. Reverse Engineering Applied to Red Human Hair Pheomelanin Reveals Redox-Buffering as a Pro-Oxidant Mechanism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18447. [PMID: 26669666 PMCID: PMC4680885 DOI: 10.1038/srep18447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheomelanin has been implicated in the increased susceptibility to UV-induced melanoma for people with light skin and red hair. Recent studies identified a UV-independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis and implicated pheomelanin's pro-oxidant properties that act through the generation of reactive oxygen species and/or the depletion of cellular antioxidants. Here, we applied an electrochemically-based reverse engineering methodology to compare the redox properties of human hair pheomelanin with model synthetic pigments and natural eumelanin. This methodology exposes the insoluble melanin samples to complex potential (voltage) inputs and measures output response characteristics to assess redox activities. The results demonstrate that both eumelanin and pheomelanin are redox-active, they can rapidly (sec-min) and repeatedly redox-cycle between oxidized and reduced states, and pheomelanin possesses a more oxidative redox potential. This study suggests that pheomelanin's redox-based pro-oxidant activity may contribute to sustaining a chronic oxidative stress condition through a redox-buffering mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Biosystems and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples (Italy)
| | - Raffaella Micillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples (Italy)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II” – Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute for Biosystems and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples (Italy)
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute for Biosystems and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland 5115 Plant Sciences Building College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Chikvaidze E, Topeshashvili M. Effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on the ESR spectra of the red and black hair: pheomelanin free radicals are not always present in red hair. Magn Reson Chem 2015; 53:1019-1023. [PMID: 26352277 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased incidence of melanoma in the population with red hair is conditioned by synthesis of pheomelanin pigments in the skin and their phototoxic properties. The recent research has shown that free radicals of pheomelanin are produced not only by the influence of UV irradiation, but also in UV-independent pathways of oxidative stress. It has been ascertained, that the color of the hair is not always determinant of the amount of pheolemanin radicals in red hair. Therefore, in order to evaluate the risk of melanoma in different individuals, it is necessary to define the amount of free radicals of pheomelanin in red hair using ESR spectroscopy method. Besides, it is very important to find effective antioxidant, capable of neutralizing free radicals of pheomelanin. It was proved that ascorbic acid neutralizes free radicals of pheomelanin very effectively. The main goal of our research was to define the presumably optimal concentration of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant and study the kinetics of the influence of this concentration on red and black hair. It has been found out, that ascorbic acid influences the free radicals of red and black hair, and its appropriate optimal concentration is 10 mM. The obtained results can be considered in dermatology and cosmetology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Chikvaidze
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 3 Chavchavadze Ave, 0128, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Topeshashvili
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 3 Chavchavadze Ave, 0128, Tbilisi, Georgia
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127
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Tu PTB, Tawata S. Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet. Molecules 2015; 20:16723-40. [PMID: 26389869 PMCID: PMC6332289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (tairin and shima) in vitro and anti-melanogenic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. The anti-oxidant activities were performed with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); nitric oxide; singlet oxygen; hydroxyl radical scavenging; and xanthine oxidase. The inhibitory activities against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase were employed for anti-aging. The anti-melanogenic was assessed in B16F10 melanoma cells by melanin synthesis and intracellular tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The EO was a complex mixture mainly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The results revealed that tairin and shima EOs showed strong anti-oxidant activities against DPPH and nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Compared to shima EO; tairin EO exhibited strong anti-aging activity by inhibiting collagenase, tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase (IC50 = 11 ± 0.1; 25 ± 1.2; 83 ± 1.6; and 213 ± 2 μg/mL, respectively). Both EOs inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity; thus, reducing melanin synthesis. These results suggest that tairin EO has better anti-oxidant/anti-aging activity than shima EO, but both are equally anti-melanogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Be Tu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Shinkichi Tawata
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0129, Japan.
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128
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Zhang R, Fan Q, Yang M, Cheng K, Lu X, Zhang L, Huang W, Cheng Z. Engineering Melanin Nanoparticles as an Efficient Drug-Delivery System for Imaging-Guided Chemotherapy. Adv Mater 2015. [PMID: 26222210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to promote imaging-guided chemotherapy for preclinical and clinical applications, endogenous nanosystems with both contrast and drug-delivery properties are highly desired. Here, the simple use of melanin is first reported, and this biopolymer with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, binding ability to drugs and ions, and intrinsic photoacoustic properties, can serve as an efficient endogenous nanosystem for imaging-guided tumor chemotherapy in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Quli Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Yang
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
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129
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Prados-Rosales R, Toriola S, Nakouzi A, Chatterjee S, Stark R, Gerfen G, Tumpowsky P, Dadachova E, Casadevall A. Structural Characterization of Melanin Pigments from Commercial Preparations of the Edible Mushroom Auricularia auricula. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7326-7332. [PMID: 26244793 PMCID: PMC4862413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most widely consumed edible mushrooms are pigmented, and these have been associated with some beneficial health effects. Nevertheless, the majority of the reported compounds associated with these desirable properties are non-pigmented. We have previously reported that melanin pigment from the edible mushroom Auricularia auricula can protect mice against ionizing radiation, although no physicochemical characterization was reported. Consequently, in this study we have characterized commercial A. auricula mushroom preparations for melanin content and carried out structural characterization of isolated insoluble melanin materials using a panel of sophisticated spectroscopic and physical/imaging techniques. Our results show that approximately 10% of the dry mass of A. auricula is melanin and that the pigment has physicochemical properties consistent with those of eumelanins, including hosting a stable free radical population. Electron microscopy studies show that melanin is associated with the mushroom cell wall in a manner similar to that of melanin from the model fungus C. neoformans. Elemental analysis of melanin indicated C, H, and N ratios consistent with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid/5,6-dihydroxyindole and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene eumelanin. Validation of the identity of the isolated product as melanin was achieved by EPR analysis. A. auricula melanin manifested structural differences, relative to the C. neoformans melanin, with regard to the variable proportions of alkyl chains or oxygenated carbons. Given the necessity for new oral and inexpensive radioprotective materials coupled with the commercial availability of A. auricula mushrooms, this product may represent an excellent source of edible melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Stacy Toriola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - Ruth Stark
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031-9101, United States
| | - Gary Gerfen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Paul Tumpowsky
- Goodwin and Wells, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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130
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Arun G, Eyini M, Gunasekaran P. Characterization and biological activities of extracellular melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune (Fries). Indian J Exp Biol 2015; 53:380-387. [PMID: 26155678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are enigmatic pigments produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. Here, we have isolated and characterized extracellular melanin from mushroom fungus, Schizophyllum commune. The extracellular dark pigment produced by the broth culture of S. commune, after 21 days of incubation was recovered by hot acid-alkali treatment. The melanin nature of the pigment was characterized by biochemical tests and further, confirmed by UV, IR, EPR, NMR and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectra. Extracellular melanin, at 100 μg/ml, showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas fluorescens and antifungal activity against Trichophyton simii and T. rubrum. At a concentration of 50 μg/ml, melanin showed high free radical scavenging activity of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) indicating its antioxidant potential. It showed concentration dependent inhibition of cell proliferation of Human Epidermoid Larynx Carcinoma Cell Line (HEP-2). This study has demonstrated characterization of melanin from basidiomycetes mushroom fungus, Schizophyllum commune and its applications.
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131
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Xiao M, Li Y, Allen MC, Deheyn DD, Yue X, Zhao J, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD, Dhinojwala A. Bio-Inspired Structural Colors Produced via Self-Assembly of Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2015; 9:5454-60. [PMID: 25938924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Structural colors arising from interactions of light with submicron scale periodic structures have been found in many species across all taxa, serving multiple biological functions including sexual signaling, camouflage, and aposematism. Directly inspired by the extensive use of self-assembled melanosomes to produce colors in avian feathers, we set out to synthesize and assemble polydopamine-based synthetic melanin nanoparticles in an effort to fabricate colored films. We have quantitatively demonstrated that synthetic melanin nanoparticles have a high refractive index and broad absorption spanning across the UV-visible range, similar to natural melanins. Utilizing a thin-film interference model, we demonstrated the coloration mechanism of deposited films and showed that the unique optical properties of synthetic melanin nanoparticles provide advantages for structural colors over other polymeric nanoparticles (i.e., polystyrene colloidal particles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Michael C Allen
- §Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- §Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Jiuzhou Zhao
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Matthew D Shawkey
- ∥Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- †Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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132
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Wilson JW, Degan S, Gainey CS, Mitropoulos T, Simpson MJ, Zhang JY, Warren WS. Comparing in vivo pump-probe and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy of melanoma and pigmented lesions. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:051012. [PMID: 25415567 PMCID: PMC4409034 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a multimodal approach that combines a pump-probe with confocal reflectance and multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy. Pump-probe microscopy has been proven to be of great value in analyzing thin tissue sections of pigmented lesions, as it produces molecular contrast which is inaccessible by other means. However, the higher optical intensity required to overcome scattering in thick tissue leads to higher-order nonlinearities in the optical response of melanin (e.g., two-photon pump and one-photon probe) that present additional challenges for interpreting the data. We show that analysis of pigment composition in vivo must carefully account for signal terms that are nonlinear with respect to the pump and probe intensities. We find that pump-probe imaging gives useful contrast for pigmented structures over a large range of spatial scales (100 μm to 1 cm), making it a potentially useful tool for tracking the progression of pigmented lesions without the need to introduce exogenous contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Wilson
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Simone Degan
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Christina S. Gainey
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Tanya Mitropoulos
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Mary Jane Simpson
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Zhang
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, DUMC 3135, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90354, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354, United States
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Box 3808, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Warren S. Warren, E-mail:
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133
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Liu C, Guan Y, Wang J, Zhong X, Liu X, Zhu D. Reflectance spectroscopy for noninvasive evaluation of hair follicle stage. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:051011. [PMID: 25428579 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicle offers an excellent model for systems biology and regenerative medicine. So far, the stages of hair follicle growth have been evaluated by histological examination. In this work, a noninvasive spectroscopy was proposed by measuring the diffuse reflectance of mouse skin and analyzing the melanin value. Results show that the skin diffuse reflectance was relatively high when hair follicles were at the telogen stage and at the beginning of the anagen stage, and decreased with the progression of the anagen stage. When the hair follicle entered into the catagen stage, the diffuse reflectance gradually increased. The changes in the melanin content of skin had contrary dynamics. Substages of the hair follicle cycle could be distinguished by comparing the changes in melanin value with the histological examination. This study provided a new method for noninvasive evaluation of the hair follicle stage, and should be valuable for basic and therapeutic investigations on hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
| | - Yue Guan
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
| | - Jianru Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
| | - Xiewei Zhong
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
| | - Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, 1037# Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, ChinabHuazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Eng
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134
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Abstract
Melanin may interfere with immunohistochemical staining. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) bleaching, potassium permanganate bleaching, and potassium dichromate bleaching on melanin, tissue antigen, and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) using melanin-containing and melanin-free tissue samples. Our results demonstrated that all 3 bleaching methods efficiently bleached melanin and partially destroyed tissue antigen. In addition, potassium permanganate bleaching and potassium dichromate bleaching clearly destroyed DAB, whereas TCCA bleaching had no significant effect on DAB. Therefore, neither potassium permanganate nor potassium dichromate is an ideal solution, whereas TCCA might be an ideal solution for melanin bleaching after the immunohistochemical staining of melanin-containing tissues. After immunostaining followed by TCCA bleaching, the melanin could be completely removed in all 120 malignant melanoma tissue sections. Compared with the control, the DAB intensity was clear, and the tissue structure and cellular nuclei were well maintained. It is worth noting that TCCA should be freshly prepared before each experiment, and used within 2 hours of its preparation. In addition, sections should not be incubated with TCCA for over 30 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Shen
- Pathology Department of Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China
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135
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Hardman JA, Tobin DJ, Haslam IS, Farjo N, Farjo B, Al-Nuaimi Y, Grimaldi B, Paus R. The peripheral clock regulates human pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1053-1064. [PMID: 25310406 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the regulation of pigmentation is well characterized, it remains unclear whether cell-autonomous controls regulate the cyclic on-off switching of pigmentation in the hair follicle (HF). As human HFs and epidermal melanocytes express clock genes and proteins, and given that core clock genes (PER1, BMAL1) modulate human HF cycling, we investigated whether peripheral clock activity influences human HF pigmentation. We found that silencing BMAL1 or PER1 in human HFs increased HF melanin content. Furthermore, tyrosinase expression and activity, as well as TYRP1 and TYRP2 mRNA levels, gp100 protein expression, melanocyte dendricity, and the number gp100+ HF melanocytes, were all significantly increased in BMAL1 and/or PER1-silenced HFs. BMAL1 or PER1 silencing also increased epidermal melanin content, gp100 protein expression, and tyrosinase activity in human skin. These effects reflect direct modulation of melanocytes, as BMAL1 and/or PER1 silencing in isolated melanocytes increased tyrosinase activity and TYRP1/2 expression. Mechanistically, BMAL1 knockdown reduces PER1 transcription, and PER1 silencing induces phosphorylation of the master regulator of melanogenesis, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, thus stimulating human melanogenesis and melanocyte activity in situ and in vitro. Therefore, the molecular clock operates as a cell-autonomous modulator of human pigmentation and may be targeted for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Hardman
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Doctoral Training Centre in Integrative Systems Biology, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Iain S Haslam
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Yusur Al-Nuaimi
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Ralf Paus
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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136
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Klosterman L, Riley JK, Bettinger CJ. Control of heterogeneous nucleation and growth kinetics of dopamine-melanin by altering substrate chemistry. Langmuir 2015; 31:3451-3458. [PMID: 25741573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine-melanin (DM or "polydopamine") can be deposited on virtually any substrate from solution through autoxidation of dopamine. The versatility of this process has allowed surface-mediated assembly of DM for a wide variety of functional coatings. Here we report the impact of well-defined surface chemistries on the nucleation and growth of such films. DM was deposited on silicon dioxide (SiO2) and SiO2 substrates modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bearing octadecyl (C18), phenethyl, and aminopropyl functional groups. Atomic force microscopy revealed three-dimensional islands whose areal density and surface coverage are lowest on bare SiO2 substrates and highest on the neutral aromatic and aliphatic substrates. Increasing the pH of the solution from 8.2 to 10 dissociates catechol moieties in DM and inhibits adsorption on negatively charged SiO2 substrates. The growth rate of DM films on SAM-modified SiO2 is maximized at pH 9.5 and almost completely abolished at pH 10 because of increased DM solubility. The initial rates of DM adsorption were measured using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements. The initial adsorption rate is proportional to the nucleation density, which increases as the hydrophobicity of the substrate increases. Taken together, these data provide insight into the rates of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of DM on substrates with well-defined chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Klosterman
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - John K Riley
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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137
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Wilson JW, Park JK, Warren WS, Fischer MC. Flexible digital signal processing architecture for narrowband and spread-spectrum lock-in detection in multiphoton microscopy and time-resolved spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:033707. [PMID: 25832238 PMCID: PMC4385102 DOI: 10.1063/1.4916261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The lock-in amplifier is a critical component in many different types of experiments, because of its ability to reduce spurious or environmental noise components by restricting detection to a single frequency and phase. One example application is pump-probe microscopy, a multiphoton technique that leverages excited-state dynamics for imaging contrast. With this application in mind, we present here the design and implementation of a high-speed lock-in amplifier on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) coprocessor of a data acquisition board. The most important advantage is the inherent ability to filter signals based on more complex modulation patterns. As an example, we use the flexibility of the FPGA approach to enable a novel pump-probe detection scheme based on spread-spectrum communications techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jong Kang Park
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Warren S Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Martin C Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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138
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Premi S, Wallisch S, Mano CM, Weiner AB, Bacchiocchi A, Wakamatsu K, Bechara EJH, Halaban R, Douki T, Brash DE. Photochemistry. Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure. Science 2015; 347:842-7. [PMID: 25700512 PMCID: PMC4432913 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in sunlight-induced melanoma arise from cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), DNA photoproducts that are typically created picoseconds after an ultraviolet (UV) photon is absorbed at thymine or cytosine. We found that in melanocytes, CPDs are generated for >3 hours after exposure to UVA, a major component of the radiation in sunlight and in tanning beds. These "dark CPDs" constitute the majority of CPDs and include the cytosine-containing CPDs that initiate UV-signature C→T mutations. Dark CPDs arise when UV-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species combine to excite an electron in fragments of the pigment melanin. This creates a quantum triplet state that has the energy of a UV photon but induces CPDs by energy transfer to DNA in a radiation-independent manner. Melanin may thus be carcinogenic as well as protective against cancer. These findings also validate the long-standing suggestion that chemically generated excited electronic states are relevant to mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Premi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Wallisch
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Camila M Mano
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Adam B Weiner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Antonella Bacchiocchi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05513-970 SP, Brazil. Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo 09972-270 SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thierry Douki
- INAC/LCIB UMR-E3 CEA-UJF/Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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139
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Wang D, Chen C, Ke X, Kang N, Shen Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Wang H, Chen C, Ren L. Bioinspired near-infrared-excited sensing platform for in vitro antioxidant capacity assay based on upconversion nanoparticles and a dopamine-melanin hybrid system. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3030-40. [PMID: 25604145 DOI: 10.1021/am5086269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel core-shell structure based on upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles (UCNPs) and dopamine-melanin has been developed for evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of biological fluids. In this approach, dopamine-melanin nanoshells facilely formed on the surface of UCNPs act as ultraefficient quenchers for upconversion fluorescence, contributing to a photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism. This spontaneous oxidative polymerization of the dopamine-induced quenching effect could be effectively prevented by the presence of various antioxidants (typically biothiols, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), and Trolox). The chemical response of the UCNPs@dopamine-melanin hybrid system exhibited great selectivity and sensitivity toward antioxidants relative to other compounds at 100-fold higher concentration. A satisfactory correlation was established between the ratio of the "anti-quenching" fluorescence intensity and the concentration of antioxidants. Besides the response of the upconversion fluorescence signal, a specific evaluation process for antioxidants could be visualized by the color change from colorless to dark gray accompanied by the spontaneous oxidation of dopamine. The near-infrared (NIR)-excited UCNP-based antioxidant capacity assay platform was further used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of cell extracts and human plasma, and satisfactory sensitivity, repeatability, and recovery rate were obtained. This approach features easy preparation, fluorescence/visual dual mode detection, high specificity to antioxidants, and enhanced sensitivity with NIR excitation, showing great potential for screening and quantitative evaluation of antioxidants in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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140
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Hennessy R, Markey MK, Tunnell JW. Impact of one-layer assumption on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of skin. J Biomed Opt 2015; 20:27001. [PMID: 25649627 PMCID: PMC4315872 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.2.027001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can be used to noninvasively measure skin properties. To extract skin properties from DRS spectra, you need a model that relates the reflectance to the tissue properties. Most models are based on the assumption that skin is homogenous. In reality, skin is composed of multiple layers, and the homogeneity assumption can lead to errors. In this study, we analyze the errors caused by the homogeneity assumption. This is accomplished by creating realistic skin spectra using a computational model, then extracting properties from those spectra using a one-layer model. The extracted parameters are then compared to the parameters used to create the modeled spectra. We used a wavelength range of 400 to 750 nm and a source detector separation of 250 μm. Our results show that use of a one-layer skin model causes underestimation of hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and melanin concentration [mel]. Additionally, the magnitude of the error is dependent on epidermal thickness. The one-layer assumption also causes [Hb] and [mel] to be correlated. Oxygen saturation is overestimated when it is below 50% and underestimated when it is above 50%. We also found that the vessel radius factor used to account for pigment packaging is correlated with epidermal thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Hennessy
- The University of Texas, Biomedical Engineering, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Ricky Hennessy, E-mail:
| | - Mia K. Markey
- The University of Texas, Biomedical Engineering, 107 West Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Imaging Physics, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - James W. Tunnell
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Imaging Physics, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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141
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Fan Q, Cheng K, Hu X, Ma X, Zhang R, Yang M, Lu X, Xing L, Huang W, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Transferring biomarker into molecular probe: melanin nanoparticle as a naturally active platform for multimodality imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15185-94. [PMID: 25292385 PMCID: PMC4227813 DOI: 10.1021/ja505412p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing multifunctional and easily prepared nanoplatforms with integrated different modalities is highly challenging for molecular imaging. Here, we report the successful transfer of an important molecular target, melanin, into a novel multimodality imaging nanoplatform. Melanin is abundantly expressed in melanotic melanomas and thus has been actively studied as a target for melanoma imaging. In our work, the multifunctional biopolymer nanoplatform based on ultrasmall (<10 nm) water-soluble melanin nanoparticle (MNP) was developed and showed unique photoacoustic property and natural binding ability with metal ions (for example, (64)Cu(2+), Fe(3+)). Therefore, MNP can serve not only as a photoacoustic contrast agent, but also as a nanoplatform for positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Traditional passive nanoplatforms require complicated and time-consuming processes for prebuilding reporting moieties or chemical modifications using active groups to integrate different contrast properties into one entity. In comparison, utilizing functional biomarker melanin can greatly simplify the building process. We further conjugated αvβ3 integrins, cyclic c(RGDfC) peptide, to MNPs to allow for U87MG tumor accumulation due to its targeting property combined with the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The multimodal properties of MNPs demonstrate the high potential of endogenous materials with multifunctions as nanoplatforms for molecular theranostics and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quli Fan
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
- Key
Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and
Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing
University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Xiang Hu
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Min Yang
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Key
Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and
Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing
University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lei Xing
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and
Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing
University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Canary Center at Stanford for
Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program,
School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5484, United States
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142
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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143
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Abstract
This review is dedicated to the research on the functions of melanin pigments in fungi. The participation of melanin pigments in protection from environmental factors is considered. Data on the biosynthetic pathways and types of melanin pigments in fungi are presented.
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144
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Kim YJ, Wu W, Chun SE, Whitacre JF, Bettinger CJ. Catechol-mediated reversible binding of multivalent cations in eumelanin half-cells. Adv Mater 2014; 26:6572-6579. [PMID: 25155817 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical storage systems that utilize divalent cations such as Mg2+ can improve the volumetric charge storage capacities compared to those that use monovalent ions. Here, a cathode based on naturally derived melanin pigments is used in secondary Mg2+ batteries. Redox active catechol groups in melanins permit efficient and reversible exchange of divalent Mg2+ cations to preserve charge storage capacity in biopolymer cathodes for more than 500 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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145
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Sukhorukova EG, Alekseeva OS, Korzhevskii DE. [Catecholaminergic neurons of mammalian brain and neuromelanin]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2014; 50:336-342. [PMID: 25786315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain catecholaminergic neurons belong to the most extensively studied populations of nerve cells. Presence of a pigment neuromelanin in their cytoplasm is a specific morphological feature of these neurons in many mammalian species. Elucidation of the role of neuromelanin is of importance for comparative neurobiology, as it is absent in neurons of another neurotransmitter systems and, moreover, even in catecholaminergic neurons of some laboratory animals, which limits the possibility of experimental verification of existing hypotheses of its functions under physiological and pathological conditions. For recent years, neuromelanin is an object of particular interest in the scientific community involved in research of neurotoxicity and modeling the Parkinson's disease. The present review summarizes and analyzes new data on the structure and functions of neuromelanin and its probable role in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is discussed.
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146
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Wakamatsu K, Tanaka H, Tabuchi K, Ojika M, Zucca FA, Zecca L, Ito S. Reduction of the nitro group to amine by hydroiodic acid to synthesize o-aminophenol derivatives as putative degradative markers of neuromelanin. Molecules 2014; 19:8039-50. [PMID: 24936706 PMCID: PMC6270749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) is produced in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). The synthesis of NM in those neurons is a component of brain aging and there is the evidence that this pigment can be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. NM is believed to derive from the oxidative polymerization of dopamine (DA) or norepinephrine (NE) with the participation of cysteine, dolichols and proteins. However, there are still unknown aspects in the chemical structure of NM from SN (SN-NM) and LC (LC-NM). In this study, we designed a new method to synthesize o-aminophenol compounds as putative degradation products of catecholamines and their metabolites which may be incorporated into NM. Those compounds are aminohydroxyphenylethylamine (AHPEA) isomers, aminohydroxyphenylacetic acid (AHPAA) isomers and aminohydroxyethylbenzene (AHEB) isomers, which are expected to arise from DA or NE, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid (DOMA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DOPE) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG), respectively. These o-aminophenol compounds were synthesized by the nitration of phenol derivatives followed by reduction with hydroiodic acid (HI), and they could be identified by HPLC in HI hydrolysates of SN-NM and LC-NM. This degradative approach by HI hydrolysis allows the identification of catecholic precursors unique to SN-NM and LC-NM, which are present in catecholaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Tabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Via Cervi, 93, Segrate, Milano 20090, Italy.
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Via Cervi, 93, Segrate, Milano 20090, Italy.
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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147
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Abstract
One of the most distinctive and defining features of coleoid cephalopods—squid, cuttlefish and octopus—is their inking behavior. Their ink, which is blackened by melanin, but also contains other constituents, has been used by humans in various ways for millennia. This review summarizes our current knowledge of cephalopod ink. Topics include: (1) the production of ink, including the functional organization of the ink sac and funnel organ that produce it; (2) the chemical components of ink, with a focus on the best known of these—melanin and the biochemical pathways involved in its production; (3) the neuroecology of the use of ink in predator-prey interactions by cephalopods in their natural environment; and (4) the use of cephalopod ink by humans, including in the development of drugs for biomedical applications and other chemicals for industrial and other commercial applications. As is hopefully evident from this review, much is known about cephalopod ink and inking, yet more striking is how little we know. Towards closing that gap, future directions in research on cephalopod inking are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Derby
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA.
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148
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Lin S, Chen CT, Bdikin I, Ball V, Grácio J, Buehler MJ. Tuning heterogeneous poly(dopamine) structures and mechanics: in silico covalent cross-linking and thin film nanoindentation. Soft Matter 2014; 10:457-464. [PMID: 24651666 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mussel-inspired synthetic poly(dopamine) thin films from dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and lysine, structurally similar to natural melanin, have drawn extensive interest as a versatile surface functionalization and coating material for use in a broad range of applications. In order to gain a better understanding of its complex and heterogeneous polymeric structure and mechanical properties, we report a computational model of poly(dopamine) by mimicking the polymerization process of the intermediate oxidized product of dopamine, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), via controlled in silico covalent cross-linking under the two most possible reaction schemes proposed in experiments. To validate our results using experiment, we synthesize poly(dopamine) thin films and perform experimental nanoindentations on the film. We observe an overall linear behavior for Young's modulus as a function of the degree of cross-linking, demonstrating the possibility of enhancing the mechanical robustness of poly(dopamine) materials by increasing the extent of polymerization. At the highest degree of polymerization considered (70%), the model mimics the linear tetrameric model for poly(dopamine) and melanin. At this degree of polymerization, we find a Young's modulus of 4.1-4.4 GPa, in agreement with our nanoindentation results of 4.3-10.5 GPa, previous experiments for natural melanin, as well as simulation results for the cyclic tetrameric melanin model (Chen et al., ACS Nano, 2013). Our results suggest that the non-covalent DHI aggregate model might not be appropriate to represent the structure of poly(dopamine) and melanin-like materials, since it gives a much smaller Young's modulus than the experimental lower bound. Our model not only nicely complements the previous computational work, but also provides new computational tools to study the heterogeneous structural and physicochemical properties of poly(dopamine) and melanin, as well as their formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangchao Lin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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149
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Banerjee A, Supakar S, Banerjee R. Melanin from the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum: a spectroscopic characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84574. [PMID: 24416247 PMCID: PMC3887007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins, the ubiquitous hetero-polymer pigments found widely dispersed among various life forms, are usually dark brown/black in colour. Although melanins have variety of biological functions, including protection against ultraviolet radiation of sunlight and are used in medicine, cosmetics, extraction of melanin from the animal and plant kingdoms is not an easy task. Using complementary physicochemical techniques (i.e. MALDI-TOF, FTIR absorption and cross-polarization magic angle spinning solid-state 13C NMR), we report here the characterization of melanins extracted from the nitrogen-fixing non-virulent bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum, a safe viable source. Moreover, considering dihydroxyindole moiety as the main constituent, an effort is made to propose the putative molecular structure of the melanin hetero-polymer extracted from the bacterium. Characterization of the melanin obtained from Azotobacter chroococcum would provide an inspiration in extending research activities on these hetero-polymers and their use as protective agent against UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aulie Banerjee
- Department of Bioinformatics, West Bengal University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata, W.B., India
| | - Subhrangshu Supakar
- Department of Bioinformatics, West Bengal University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata, W.B., India
| | - Raja Banerjee
- Department of Bioinformatics, West Bengal University of Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata, W.B., India
- * E-mail:
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150
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Yoshida K, Nishidate I, Ojima N, Iwata K. Reduction of shading-derived artifacts in skin chromophore imaging without measurements or assumptions about the shape of the subject. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:16009. [PMID: 24407502 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To quantitatively evaluate skin chromophores over a wide region of curved skin surface, we propose an approach that suppresses the effect of the shading-derived error in the reflectance on the estimation of chromophore concentrations, without sacrificing the accuracy of that estimation. In our method, we use multiple regression analysis, assuming the absorbance spectrum as the response variable and the extinction coefficients of melanin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin as the predictor variables. The concentrations of melanin and total hemoglobin are determined from the multiple regression coefficients using compensation formulae (CF) based on the diffuse reflectance spectra derived from a Monte Carlo simulation. To suppress the shading-derived error, we investigated three different combinations of multiple regression coefficients for the CF. In vivo measurements with the forearm skin demonstrated that the proposed approach can reduce the estimation errors that are due to shading-derived errors in the reflectance. With the best combination of multiple regression coefficients, we estimated that the ratio of the error to the chromophore concentrations is about 10%. The proposed method does not require any measurements or assumptions about the shape of the subjects; this is an advantage over other studies related to the reduction of shading-derived errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yoshida
- Kao Corporation, Beauty Research Center, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Graduate School of Bio-applications & Systems Engineering, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ojima
- Kao Corporation, Beauty Research Center, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
| | - Kayoko Iwata
- Kao Corporation, Beauty Research Center, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan
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