101
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ACC/AHA/ESC. [ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden death]. Kardiologiia 2011; 51:65-96. [PMID: 21878088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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102
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Anyukhovsky EP, Sosunov EA, Kryukova YN, Prestia K, Ozgen N, Rivaud M, Cohen IS, Robinson RB, Rosen MR. Expression of skeletal muscle sodium channel (Nav1.4) or connexin32 prevents reperfusion arrhythmias in murine heart. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 89:41-50. [PMID: 20823275 PMCID: PMC3002874 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS acute myocardial ischaemia induces a decrease in resting membrane potential [which leads to reduction of action potential (AP) V(max)] and intracellular acidification (which closes gap junctions). Both contribute to conduction slowing. We hypothesized that ventricular expression of the skeletal muscle Na(+) channel, Nav1.4 (which activates fully at low membrane potentials), or connexin32 (Cx32, which is less pH-sensitive than connexin43) would support conduction and be antiarrhythmic. We tested this hypothesis in a murine model of ischaemia and reperfusion arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS empty adenovirus (Sham) or adenoviral constructs expressing either SkM1 (gene encoding Nav1.4) or Cx32 genes were injected into the left ventricular wall. Four days later, ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurred during reperfusion following a 5 min coronary occlusion. In Nav1.4- and Cx32-expressing mice, VT incidence and duration were lower than in Sham (P < 0.05). In vitro multisite microelectrode mapping was performed in the superfused right ventricular wall. To simulate ischaemic conditions, [K(+)] in solution was increased to 10 mmol/L and/or pH was decreased to 6.0. Western blots revealed Cx32 and Nav1.4 expression in both ventricles. Nav1.4 APs showed higher V(max) and conduction velocity (CV) than Shams at normal and elevated [K(+)]. Exposure of tissue to acid solution reduced intracellular pH to 6.4. There was no difference in CV between Sham and Cx32 groups in control solution. Acid solution slowed CV in Sham (P < 0.05) but not in Cx32. CONCLUSION Nav1.4 or Cx32 expression preserved normal conduction in murine hearts and decreased the incidence of reperfusion VT.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrocardiography
- Gene Expression
- Heart Conduction System/physiopathology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/genetics
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Potassium/metabolism
- Rats
- Sodium Channels/genetics
- Sodium Channels/physiology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/prevention & control
- Gap Junction beta-1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny P Anyukhovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, PH 7West-318, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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103
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Maruyama M, Lin SF, Chen PS. Alternans of diastolic intracellular calcium elevation as the mechanism of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia in a rabbit model of Andersen-Tawil syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2010; 9:626-7. [PMID: 21167318 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Maruyama
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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104
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Ran YQ, Li N, Yang Y, Chen JZ, Feng L, Zhang S, Pu JL. Beta2-adrenoceptor gene variant Arg16Gly is associated with idiopathic ventricular outflow-tract tachycardia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123:2299-2304. [PMID: 21034538 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2010.17.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalance of the sympathetic nervous system was involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ventricular outflow-tract tachycardia (IVOT). We aimed to investigate whether the major genetic variants in β(1)- and β(2)-adrenoceptors and GNB3 C825T were associated with IVOT and verapamil sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT). METHODS Patients with IVOT and ILVT from December 2005 to December 2007 were consecutively enrolled into this study. Controls were randomly selected from the community-based inhabitants. Five genetic variants, Ser49Gly and Gly389Arg in the β(1)-adrenoceptor, Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu in the β(2)-adrenoceptor and GNB3 C825T, were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS A total of 227 patients with IVOT and 110 patients with ILVT were included. Genotyping revealed that the 16Gly allele of Arg16Gly variant of β(2)-adrenoceptor was associated with a higher risk of IVOT (OR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.12 - 1.75, P = 0.003 in the addictive model and OR: 1.62, 95%CI: 1.14 - 2.31, P = 0.007 in the dominant model). Patients with Gly16Gln27 haplotype also had a higher risk of IVOT (OR: 1.38, 95%CI: 1.11 - 1.73, P = 0.012). Other four variants, including Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly in β(1)-adrenoceptor, Gln27Glu in β(2)-adrenoceptor and GNB3 C825T, did not differ between patients with IVOT and controls. In patients with ILVT, no significant difference was found in these five variants compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Arg16Gly in β(2)-adrenoceptor is significantly associated with IVOT in Chinese Han population. Major genetic variants in β(1)- and β(2)-adrenoceptor and GNB3 C825T may not be associated with ILVT. These data suggest a different arrhythmogenic mechanism in IVOT and ILVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-qin Ran
- Center for Arrhythmia Diagnosis and Treatment, Fu Wai Cardiovascular Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
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105
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Maury P, Duparc A, Mondoly P, Rollin A, Cardin C, Delay M. Primary electrical diseases diagnosis, genetic and management. Minerva Cardioangiol 2010; 58:449-483. [PMID: 20938412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary electrical diseases or channelopathies are inherited genetic alterations of the cell ionic and electrical behavior leading to various cardiac arrhythmias carrying the risk of sudden death. A descriptive review of the successively described channelopathies is made in this article, with emphasis on the clinical manifestations, the genetic background and the currently accepted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maury
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
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106
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Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyR) are intracellular Ca2+-permeable channels that provide the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release required for skeletal and cardiac muscle contractions. RyR1 underlies skeletal muscle contraction, and RyR2 fulfills this role in cardiac muscle. Over the past 20 years, numerous mutations in both RyR isoforms have been identified and linked to skeletal and cardiac diseases. Malignant hyperthermia, central core disease, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been genetically linked to mutations in either RyR1 or RyR2. Thus, RyR channelopathies are both of interest because they cause significant human diseases and provide model systems that can be studied to elucidate important structure-function relationships of these ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Betzenhauser
- Department of Physiology, Clyde and Helen Wu Center for Molecular Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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107
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108
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Cheng ZW, Zhu KB, Fang Q. [Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia from gene to bedside: state of the art]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2010; 38:664-667. [PMID: 21055295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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109
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Herron TJ, Milstein ML, Anumonwo J, Priori SG, Jalife J. Purkinje cell calcium dysregulation is the cellular mechanism that underlies catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:1122-8. [PMID: 20538074 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited arrhythmias can be caused by mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). The cellular source of these arrhythmias is unknown. Isolated RyR2(R4496C) mouse ventricular myocytes display arrhythmogenic activity related to spontaneous Ca(2+) release during diastole. On the other hand, recent whole-heart epicardial and endocardial optical mapping data demonstrate that ventricular arrhythmias in the RyR2(R4496C) mouse model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) originate in the His-Purkinje system, suggesting that Purkinje cells, and not ventricular myocytes, may be the cellular source of arrhythmogenic activity. The relative effect of the RyR2(R4496C) mutation on calcium homeostasis in ventricular myocytes versus Purkinje cells is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine which cardiac cell type is more severely affected, in terms of calcium handling, by expression of the RyR2(R4496C) mutant channel: the ventricular myocytes or the Purkinje cells. METHODS AND RESULTS To discriminate Purkinje cells from ventricular myocytes, we crossed the RyR2(R4496C) mouse model of CPVT with the Cx40(EGFP/+) transgenic mouse. This genetic cross yields Purkinje cells that express eGFP, and therefore fluoresce green when excited by the appropriate wavelength; ventricular myocytes, which do not express connexin 40, are not green. Intracellular calcium was measured in each cell type using calcium-sensitive probes. Purkinje cells of the RyR2(R4496C) mouse model of CPVT show an approximately 2x greater rate (P < .05) and approximately 2x to 3x greater amplitude (P < .000001) of spontaneous calcium release events than ventricular myocytes isolated from the same heart. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that focally activated arrhythmias originate in the specialized electrical conducting cells of the His-Purkinje system in the RyR2(R4496C) mouse model of CPVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Herron
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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110
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Guan DW, Zhao R. [Postmortem genetic testing in sudden cardiac death due to ion channelopathies]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010; 26:120-127. [PMID: 20653139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death accounts for majority of deaths in human. Evident cardiac lesions that may explain the cause of death can be detected in comprehensive postmortem investigation in most sudden cardiac death. However, no cardiac morphological abnormality is found in a considerable number of cases although the death is highly suspected from cardiac anomaly. With the advances in the modern molecular biology techniques, it has been discovered that many of these sudden deaths are caused by congenital ion channelopathies in myocardial cell, i.e., Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and short QT syndrome, etc. This article presents the molecular genetics, electrocardiographic abnormalities, clinical manifestations, and mechanisms leading to sudden cardiac death with emphasis on the role of postmortem genetic testing in certification of cause of death. It may provide helpful information in investigating sudden cardiac death due to ion channelopathies in medico-legal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Guan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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111
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Fowler SJ, Cerrone M, Napolitano C, Priori SG. Genetic testing for inherited cardiac arrhythmias. Hellenic J Cardiol 2010; 51:92-103. [PMID: 20378510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fowler
- Cardiovascular Genetics Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
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112
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Pamuru PR, Dokuparthi MVN, Remersu S, Calambur N, Nallari P. Comparison of Uhl's anomaly, right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (RVOT VT) & arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) with an insight into genetics of ARVD/C. Indian J Med Res 2010; 131:35-45. [PMID: 20167972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the right ventricular conditions, Uhl's anomaly, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia / cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (RVOT VT) are disorders that exhibit pathogenic changes involving the right ventricular (RV) myocardium, and are expected to be severe or milder forms of the same condition. The review focuses on the aspect whether the three RV disorders are a spectrum of the same disease. ARVD/C is the only condition among these to be genetically well characterized. Also, variations in the clinical expression of ARVD/C due to the genetic heterogeneity are examined. Based on clinical manifestations, age at onset, gender ratio and the possible molecular mechanisms implicated, Uhl's anomaly, ARVD/C and RVOT VT may be considered as separate entities. Further, to differentiate between the three RV disorders, the molecular studies on ARVD/C might be helpful. An attempt was made to differentiate between the eleven different types of ARVD/Cs based on clinical symptoms presented including the progression of the disease to the left ventricle, ventricular arrhythmias and clinical characteristics like ECG, SAECG, ECHO and histopathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranathi R Pamuru
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, and Cardiology Care Hospital, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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113
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114
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Iyer HV. Emotional stress and sudden death--the role of cathecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:e160. [PMID: 19892298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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115
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Wever-Pinzon OE, Myerson M, Sherrid MV. Sudden cardiac death in young competitive athletes due to genetic cardiac abnormalities. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2009; 9 Suppl 2:17-23. [PMID: 20089483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes is generally caused by inherited cardiac disorders. While these events are relatively few compared to other cardiac deaths, they are tragic in that death occurs in a young, otherwise healthy person. The genetic abnormalities most associated with SCD are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. As a result of growing awareness that these deaths can be prevented, guidelines have been issued in both Europe and the United States to help screen and determine qualification for young persons who want to participate in competitive athletics. There remains debate on the how extensive screening should be, in particular over the use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), with European guidelines mandating ECG and United States guidelines not recommending routine use of the ECG.
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MESH Headings
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/complications
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/genetics
- Athletes
- Brugada Syndrome/complications
- Brugada Syndrome/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Electrocardiography
- Heart Defects, Congenital/complications
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis
- Humans
- Long QT Syndrome/complications
- Long QT Syndrome/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/complications
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar E Wever-Pinzon
- Division of Cardiology, St Luke's - Roosevelt Hospital Center Columbia University, College of Physicians & Surgeons New York City, NY 10019, USA
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116
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Medeiros-Domingo A. [Genetic of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: basic concepts]. Arch Cardiol Mex 2009; 79 Suppl 2:13-17. [PMID: 20361477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a cardiac channelopathy characterized by altered intracellular calcium handling resulting in ventricular arrhythmias and high risk of cardiac sudden death in young cases with normal structural hearts. Patients present with exertional syncope and the trademark dysrhythmia is polymorphic and/or bidirectional ventricular tachycardia during exercise or adrenergic stimulation. Early detection of CPVT is crucial because opportune medical intervention prevents sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the ryanodine receptor RYR2 explain nearly 70% of the CPVT cases and cause the autosomic dominant form of the disease. Mutations in calsequestrin 2 causes a recessive form and explain less than 5% of all cases. Genetic screening in CPVT, besides providing early detection of asymptomatic carriers at risk, has provided important insights in the mechanism underlying the disease. Mutational analysis of RYR2 has been a challenge due to the large size of the gene, 105 exons encoded for 4,967 amino-acids. In this review we analyze general concepts of the disease, differential diagnosis and strategies for genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Medeiros-Domingo
- Departamento de Medicina, División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, EUA.
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117
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Khan A, Mittal S, Sherrid MV. Current review of Brugada syndrome: from epidemiology to treatment. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2009; 9 Suppl 2:12-16. [PMID: 20089482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is a genetic cause of sudden cardiac arrest characterized by abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern in the right precordial leads either at rest or after provocation. In this condition, sudden death may occur due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. In approximately 30% of patients, sudden cardiac arrest is the initial clinical manifestation of Brugada syndrome. Treatment strategies for Brugada syndrome are evolving. Currently, the implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the only proven treatment for Brugada syndrome. Candidates for ICD include patients include those with the type 1 ECG pattern or who have been successfully resuscitated from sudden death or have had unexplained syncope.
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MESH Headings
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/mortality
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/therapy
- Brugada Syndrome/epidemiology
- Brugada Syndrome/genetics
- Brugada Syndrome/mortality
- Brugada Syndrome/therapy
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Defibrillators, Implantable
- Electrocardiography
- Humans
- Risk Factors
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/mortality
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam Khan
- Division of Cardiology, St Luke's and Roosevelt Hospitals, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10019, USA
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118
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Medeiros-Domingo A, Bhuiyan ZA, Tester DJ, Hofman N, Bikker H, van Tintelen JP, Mannens MM, Wilde AA, Ackerman MJ. The RYR2-encoded ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel in patients diagnosed previously with either catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or genotype negative, exercise-induced long QT syndrome: a comprehensive open reading frame mutational analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:2065-74. [PMID: 19926015 PMCID: PMC2880864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to determine the spectrum and prevalence of mutations in the RYR2-encoded cardiac ryanodine receptor in cases with exertional syncope and normal corrected QT interval (QTc). BACKGROUND Mutations in RYR2 cause type 1 catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT1), a cardiac channelopathy with increased propensity for lethal ventricular dysrhythmias. Most RYR2 mutational analyses target 3 canonical domains encoded by <40% of the translated exons. The extent of CPVT1-associated mutations localizing outside of these domains remains unknown as RYR2 has not been examined comprehensively in most patient cohorts. METHODS Mutational analysis of all RYR2 exons was performed using polymerase chain reaction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing on 155 unrelated patients (49% females, 96% Caucasian, age at diagnosis 20 +/- 15 years, mean QTc 428 +/- 29 ms), with either clinical diagnosis of CPVT (n = 110) or an initial diagnosis of exercise-induced long QT syndrome but with QTc <480 ms and a subsequent negative long QT syndrome genetic test (n = 45). RESULTS Sixty-three (34 novel) possible CPVT1-associated mutations, absent in 400 reference alleles, were detected in 73 unrelated patients (47%). Thirteen new mutation-containing exons were identified. Two-thirds of the CPVT1-positive patients had mutations that localized to 1 of 16 exons. CONCLUSIONS Possible CPVT1 mutations in RYR2 were identified in nearly one-half of this cohort; 45 of the 105 translated exons are now known to host possible mutations. Considering that approximately 65% of CPVT1-positive cases would be discovered by selective analysis of 16 exons, a tiered targeting strategy for CPVT genetic testing should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahurul A. Bhuiyan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David J. Tester
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN USA
| | - Nynke Hofman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hennie Bikker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M.A.M Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur A.M. Wilde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Research Centre, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN USA
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN USA
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119
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120
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Fauchère I, Duru F. [Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death--ICD indications in the margin of uncertainty]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2009; 98:941-952. [PMID: 19711287 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157.98.17.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) represents the most common genetic cardiovascular disease with sudden cardiac death being it's most feared and devastating complication. Due to the availability of an effective prevention method from sudden cardiac death since the development of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), identification of high-risk patients has become a prominent objective. For a subgroup of patients clear evidence is lacking and the indication for an ICD is bound to a considerable uncertainty, due to the absence of randomized, prospective trials. In trying to guide and facilitate the decision making process, the following article provides an overview of the current available evidence.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/mortality
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/therapy
- Cause of Death
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Decision Support Techniques
- Defibrillators, Implantable
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography, Ambulatory
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Middle Aged
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/etiology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/mortality
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fauchère
- Klinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zurich.
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121
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Lee SY, Kim JB, Im E, Yang WI, Joung B, Lee MH, Kim SS. A case of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Yonsei Med J 2009; 50:448-51. [PMID: 19568611 PMCID: PMC2703772 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.3.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a familial cardiac arrhythmia that is related to RYR2 or CASQ2 gene mutation. It occurs in patients with structurally normal heart and causes exercise-emotion-triggered syncope and sudden cardiac death. We experienced a case of CPVT in an 11 year-old female patient who was admitted for sudden cardiovascular collapse. The initial electrocardiogram (ECG) on emergency department revealed ventricular fibrillation. After multiple defibrillations, sinus rhythm was restored. However, recurrent ventricular fibrillation occurred during insertion of nasogastric tube without sedation in coronary care unit. On ECG monitoring, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia occurred with sinus tachycardia and then degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. To our knowledge, there has been no previous case report of CPVT triggered by sinus tachycardia in Korea. Therefore, we report the case as well as a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yul Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Bae Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Im
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-In Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Hyoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei Univercity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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122
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Leonardi S, Raineri C, De Ferrari GM, Ghio S, Scelsi L, Pasotti M, Tagliani M, Valentini A, Dore R, Raisaro A, Arbustini E. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2003-10. [PMID: 19474054 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Leonardi
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, Pavia (PV) 27100, Italy
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123
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Samani K, Wu G, Ai T, Shuraih M, Mathuria NS, Li Z, Sohma Y, Purevjav E, Xi Y, Towbin JA, Cheng J, Vatta M. A novel SCN5A mutation V1340I in Brugada syndrome augmenting arrhythmias during febrile illness. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6:1318-26. [PMID: 19648062 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the SCN5A gene, which encodes the cardiac sodium channel, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Brugada syndrome (BrS). Febrile illnesses have been recognized to unmask and/or trigger the BrS phenotype. However, the pathophysiological mechanism has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE A novel SCN5A missense mutation, V1340I, was identified in a patient with BrS suffering from frequent episodes of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and syncope associated with fever. The biophysical modifications of hNa(v)1.5 by V1340I were studied. METHODS The effects of the V1340I mutation were studied in the 2 splice variants, SCN5A and SCN5A-Q1077del (delQ), using patch-clamp techniques at various temperatures between 22 degrees C and 40 degrees C. RESULTS At 22 degrees C, V1340I-SCN5A generated markedly diminished sodium currents compared to the wild-type (WT) SCN5A. On the contrary, V1340I-delQ generated almost identical current density compared to the WT-delQ. However, V1340I-delQ significantly attenuated the peak current density compared to the WT-delQ at 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. The voltage dependency of steady-state activation was leftward shifted both in WT-delQ and V1340I-delQ at 40 degrees C. In addition, the V1340I-delQ accelerated the recovery time course from fast inactivation compared to the WT-delQ at 40 degrees C. Immunohistochemical staining showed that both V1340I-SCN5A and V1340I-dQ were expressed in the plasma membrane. CONCLUSION Our study supports the concept that febrile illness predisposes individuals who carry a loss of function SCN5A mutation, such as V1340I, to fever-induced ventricular arrhythmias in BrS by significantly reducing the sodium currents in the hyperthermic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Samani
- Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute/St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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124
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Lundin C, Platonov P, Kristoffersson U. [Hereditary risk of sudden cardiac death--genetic investigation of the family]. Lakartidningen 2009; 106:1089-1093. [PMID: 19492675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnosis
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/diagnosis
- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/genetics
- Brugada Syndrome/diagnosis
- Brugada Syndrome/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/diagnosis
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial/genetics
- Child
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Genetic Testing
- Humans
- Jervell-Lange Nielsen Syndrome/diagnosis
- Jervell-Lange Nielsen Syndrome/genetics
- Long QT Syndrome/diagnosis
- Long QT Syndrome/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/diagnosis
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
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125
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Arbustini E, Pilotto A, Grasso M, Marziliano N, Serio A, Gambarin F, Pasotti M, Serafini E, Cassini P, Digiorgio B. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: LMNA. Disease: cardiomyopathy, dilated with conduction defects. Hum Genet 2009; 125:350. [PMID: 19320036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Arbustini
- IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Piazzale Golgi, Italy.
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126
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Sauer M. Re: Beta1 and beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009; 19:E55; author reply E56. [PMID: 19120684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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127
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Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a primary electrical myocardial disease characterized by exercise- and stress-related ventricular tachycardia manifested as syncope and sudden death. The disease has a heterogeneous genetic basis, with mutations in the cardiac Ryanodine Receptor channel (RyR2) gene accounting for an autosomal-dominant form (CPVT1) in approximately 50% and mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene (CASQ2) accounting for an autosomal-recessive form (CPVT2) in up to 2% of CPVT cases. Both RyR2 and calsequestrin are important participants in the cardiac cellular calcium homeostasis. We review the physiology of the cardiac calcium homeostasis, including the cardiac excitation contraction coupling and myocyte calcium cycling. The pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias related to myocyte calcium handling and the effects of different modulators are discussed. The putative derangements in myocyte calcium homeostasis responsible for CPVT, as well as the clinical manifestations and therapeutic options available, are described.
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128
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Fernández-Velasco M, Rueda A, Rizzi N, Benitah JP, Colombi B, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Richard S, Gómez AM. Increased Ca2+ sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor mutant RyR2R4496C underlies catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ Res 2008; 104:201-9, 12p following 209. [PMID: 19096022 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.177493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) mutations are associated with autosomal dominant catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, suggesting that alterations in Ca(2+) handling underlie this disease. Here we analyze the underlying Ca(2+) release defect that leads to arrhythmia in cardiomyocytes isolated from heterozygous knock-in mice carrying the RyR2(R4496C) mutation. RyR2(R4496C-/-) littermates (wild type) were used as controls. [Ca(2+)](i) transients were obtained by field stimulation in fluo-3-loaded cardiomyocytes and viewed using confocal microscopy. In our basal recording conditions (2-Hz stimulation rate), [Ca(2+)](i) transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) load were similar in wild-type and RyR2(R4496C) cells. However, paced RyR2(R4496C) ventricular myocytes presented abnormal Ca(2+) release during the diastolic period, viewed as Ca(2+) waves, consistent with the occurrence of delayed afterdepolarizations. The occurrence of this abnormal Ca(2+) release was enhanced at faster stimulation rates and by beta-adrenergic stimulation, which also induced triggered activity. Spontaneous Ca(2+) sparks were more frequent in RyR2(R4496C) myocytes, indicating increased RyR2(R4496C) activity. When permeabilized cells were exposed to different cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i), RyR2(R4496C) showed a dramatic increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity. Isoproterenol increased [Ca(2+)](i) transient amplitude and Ca(2+) spark frequency to the same extent in wild-type and RyR2(R4496C) cells, indicating that the beta-adrenergic sensitivity of RyR2(R4496C) cells remained unaltered. This effect was independent of protein expression variations because no difference was found in the total or phosphorylated RyR2 expression levels. In conclusion, the arrhythmogenic potential of the RyR2(R4496C) mutation is attributable to the increased Ca(2+) sensitivity of RyR2(R4496C), which induces diastolic Ca(2+) release and lowers the threshold for triggered activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández-Velasco
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U637, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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129
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Hasdemir C, Aydin HH, Sahin S, Wollnik B. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia caused by a novel mutation in the cardiac ryanodine receptor. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2008; 8:E35-E36. [PMID: 18849218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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130
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Goddard CA, Ghais NS, Zhang Y, Williams AJ, Colledge WH, Grace AA, Huang CLH. Physiological consequences of the P2328S mutation in the ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene in genetically modified murine hearts. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 194:123-40. [PMID: 18419777 PMCID: PMC2628439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim To explore the physiological consequences of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2)-P2328S mutation associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Methods We generated heterozygotic (RyR2p/s) and homozygotic (RyR2s/s) transgenic mice and studied Ca2+ signals from regularly stimulated, Fluo-3-loaded, cardiac myocytes. Results were compared with monophasic action potentials (MAPs) in Langendorff-perfused hearts under both regular and programmed electrical stimulation (PES). Results Evoked Ca2+ transients from wild-type (WT), heterozygote (RyR2p/s) and homozygote (RyR2s/s) myocytes had indistinguishable peak amplitudes with RyR2s/s showing subsidiary events. Adding 100 nm isoproterenol produced both ectopic peaks and subsidiary events in WT but not RyR2p/s and ectopic peaks and reduced amplitudes of evoked peaks in RyR2s/s. Regularly stimulated WT, RyR2p/s and RyR2s/s hearts showed indistinguishable MAP durations and refractory periods. RyR2p/s hearts showed non-sustained ventricular tachycardias (nsVTs) only with PES. Both nsVTs and sustained VTs (sVTs) occurred with regular stimuli and PES with isoproterenol treatment. RyR2s/s hearts showed higher incidences of nsVTs before but mainly sVTs after introduction of isoproterenol with both regular stimuli and PES, particularly at higher pacing frequencies. Additionally, intrinsically beating RyR2s/s showed extrasystolic events often followed by spontaneous sVT. Conclusion The RyR2-P2328S mutation results in marked alterations in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and arrhythmogenic properties resembling CPVT with greater effects in the homozygote than the heterozygote demonstrating an important gene dosage effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Goddard
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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131
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Liu QQ, Oberti C, Zhang XQ, Ke T, Zhang T, Scheinman M, Hu DY, Wang QK. [A Novel mutation of F189L in CASQ2 in families with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2008; 25:334-337. [PMID: 18543230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify mutations and variants in CASQ2 gene in 27 CPVT patients/family members. METHODS Mutational analysis was performed with direct DNA sequence analysis. The frequency of an identified CASQ2 variant was determined using the Taqman genotyping assay. RESULTS A novel heterozygous mutation, F189L, in CASQ2 gene was identified in one family with CPVT. This mutation occurred at the evolutionarily, highly conserved phenylalanine residue at codon 189, and was not present in 1400 control individuals. No other disease-causing mutations were identified in the CASQ2 gene. CONCLUSION A novel mutation of F189L in the CASQ2 gene was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-qian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peopleos Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100044 People's Republic of China
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132
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133
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Kusano KF, Taniyama M, Nakamura K, Miura D, Banba K, Nagase S, Morita H, Nishii N, Watanabe A, Tada T, Murakami M, Miyaji K, Hiramatsu S, Nakagawa K, Tanaka M, Miura A, Kimura H, Fuke S, Sumita W, Sakuragi S, Urakawa S, Iwasaki J, Ohe T. Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Brugada Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1169-75. [PMID: 18355654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo F Kusano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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134
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Sawicki S, Stadnicki W, Kuśnierz J, Kochmański M. [Short QT syndrome--a case report]. Kardiol Pol 2008; 66:307-312. [PMID: 18393116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present two new cases of the short QT syndrome--a 23-year-old male and his 42-year-old mother. Invasive electrophysiological study was negative in both patients. Due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia recorded during Holter ECG monitoring, an ICD was implanted in the male patient for primary prevention. Blood samples were collected for further genetic studies. Diagnosis and management of patients with the short QT syndrome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sawicki
- Klinika Kardiologii Zachowawczej, Centralny Szpital Kliniczny MSWiA, ul. Wołoska 137, Warsaw.
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135
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare arrythmogenic disease characterized by exercise--or stress--induced ventricular tachyarrythmias, syncope, or sudden death, usually in the pediatric age group. Familial occurrence has been noted in about 30% of cases. Inheritance may be autosomal dominant or recessive, usually with high penetrance. The causative genes have been mapped to chromosome 1. Mutations of the cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (RyR2) have been identified in autosomal dominant pedigrees, while calsequestrin gene (CASQ2) mutations are seen in recessive cases. CONCLUSION Due to its potential lethal outcome, exclusion or confirmation of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children with physical and emotional syncope is mandatory. We report a case of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a three-year-old child only diagnosed by genetic mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Garabedian
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Gent, Belgium
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136
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Márquez MF, Cruz-Robles D, Inés-Real S, Gallardo GJ, Gonzlez-Hermosillo A, Cárdenas M, Vargas-Alarcón G. A novel SCN5A deletion mutation in a child with ventricular tachycardia, recurrent aborted sudden death, and Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. Arch Cardiol Mex 2007; 77:284-287. [PMID: 18361072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel SCN5A mutation was found in a child with congenital sick sinus disease, a Brugada-like electrocardiogram and recurrent aborted sudden death. The mutation (L1821fs/10) is a 4 base pair deletion (TCTG) at position 5464-5467 in exon 28 of the gene. The novel mutation is predicted to produce a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon after ten missense amino acids upstream that did not allow the generation of the complete protein, and probably producing an incomplete and therefore non functional protein. The resulting alteration in sodium current could explain the clinical phenotype observed in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlio F Márquez
- Department of Electrophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, DF Mexico
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137
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Bhuiyan ZA, Hamdan MA, Shamsi ETA, Postma AV, Mannens MMAM, Wilde AAM, Al-Gazali L. A Novel Early Onset Lethal Form of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Maps to Chromosome 7p14-p22. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18:1060-6. [PMID: 17666061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously, autosomal dominant catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT [1]) was mapped to chromosome 1q42-43 with identification of pathogenic mutations in RYR2. Autosomal recessive CPVT (2) was mapped to chromosome 1p13-21, leading to the identification of mutations in CASQ2. In this study, we aimed to elucidate clinical phenotypes of a new variant of CPVT (3) in an inbred Arab family and also delineate the chromosomal location of the gene causing CPVT (3). METHODS AND RESULTS In a highly inbred family, clinical symptoms of CPVT appeared early in childhood (7-12 years) and in three of the four cases, the first appearance of symptoms turned into a fatal outcome. Parents of the affected children were first-degree cousins and without any symptoms. Segregation analysis suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. A genome-wide search using polymorphic DNA markers mapped the disease locus to a 25-Mb interval on chromosome 7p14-p22. A maximal multipoint LOD score of 3.17 was obtained at marker D7S493. Sequencing of putative candidate genes, SP4, NPY, FKBP9, FKBP14, PDE1C, and TBX20, in and around this locus, did not reveal any mutation. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel highly malignant autosomal recessive form of CPVT and mapped this disorder to a 25-Mb interval on chromosome 7p14-p22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahurul A Bhuiyan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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138
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Abstract
Mutations in Ca(2+) -handling proteins in the heart have been linked to exercise-induced sudden cardiac death. The best characterized of these have been mutations in the cardiac Ca(2+) release channel known as the ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2). RyR2 mutations cause "leaky" channels, resulting in diastolic Ca(2+) leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that can trigger fatal cardiac arrhythmias during stress. In this issue of the JCI, Song et al. show that mutations in the SR Ca(2+)-binding protein calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) in mice result not only in reduced CASQ2 expression but also in a surprising, compensatory elevation in expression of both the Ca(2+)-binding protein calreticulin and RyR2, culminating in premature Ca(2+) release from cardiac myocytes and stress-induced arrhythmia (see the related article beginning on page 1814). In the context of these findings and other recent reports studying CASQ2 mutations, we discuss how CASQ2 influences the properties of Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of RyR2 and how this contributes to cardiac arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Györke
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology and OSU Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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139
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Bhuiyan ZA, van den Berg MP, van Tintelen JP, Bink-Boelkens MTE, Wiesfeld ACP, Alders M, Postma AV, van Langen I, Mannens MMAM, Wilde AAM. Expanding spectrum of human RYR2-related disease: new electrocardiographic, structural, and genetic features. Circulation 2007; 116:1569-76. [PMID: 17875969 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.711606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a disease characterized by ventricular arrhythmias elicited exclusively under adrenergic stress. Additional features include baseline bradycardia and, in some patients, right ventricular fatty displacement. The clinical spectrum is expanded by the 2 families described here. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen members from 2 separate families have been clinically evaluated and followed over the last 15 years. In addition to exercise-related ventricular arrhythmias, they showed abnormalities in sinoatrial node function, as well as atrioventricular nodal function, atrial fibrillation, and atrial standstill. Left ventricular dysfunction and dilatation was present in several affected individuals. Linkage analysis mapped the disease phenotype to a 4-cM region on chromosome 1q42-q43. Conventional polymerase chain reaction-based screening did not reveal a mutation in either the Ryanodine receptor 2 gene (RYR2) or ACTN2, the most plausible candidate genes in the region of interest. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and long-range polymerase chain reaction identified a genomic deletion that involved RYR2 exon-3, segregated in all the affected family members (n=16) in these 2 unlinked families. Further investigation revealed that the genomic deletion occurred in both families as a result of Alu repeat-mediated polymerase slippage. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on a large genomic deletion in RYR2, which leads to extended clinical phenotypes (eg, sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, atrial standstill, and dilated cardiomyopathy). These features have not previously been linked to RYR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahurul A Bhuiyan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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140
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Chopra N, Kannankeril PJ, Yang T, Hlaing T, Holinstat I, Ettensohn K, Pfeifer K, Akin B, Jones LR, Franzini-Armstrong C, Knollmann BC. Modest Reductions of Cardiac Calsequestrin Increase Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca
2+
Leak Independent of Luminal Ca
2+
and Trigger Ventricular Arrhythmias in Mice. Circ Res 2007; 101:617-26. [PMID: 17656677 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.157552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac calsequestrin–null mice (
Casq2
−/−
) display catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia akin to humans with
CASQ2
mutations. However, the specific contribution of Casq2 deficiency to the arrhythmia phenotype is difficult to assess because
Casq2
−/−
mice also show significant reductions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins junctin and triadin-1 and increased SR volume. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether Casq2 regulates SR Ca
2+
release directly or indirectly by buffering SR luminal Ca
2+
. To address both questions, we examined heterozygous (
Casq2
+/−
) mice, which have a 25% reduction in Casq2 but no significant decrease in other SR proteins.
Casq2
+/−
mice (n=35) challenged with isoproterenol displayed 3-fold higher rates of ventricular ectopy than
Casq2
+/+
mice (n=31;
P
<0.05). Programmed stimulation induced significantly more ventricular tachycardia in
Casq2
+/−
mice than in
Casq2
+/+
mice. Field-stimulated Ca
2+
transients, cell shortening, L-type Ca
2+
current, and SR volume were not significantly different in
Casq2
+/−
and
Casq2
+/+
myocytes. However, in the presence of isoproterenol, SR Ca
2+
leak was significantly increased in
Casq2
+/−
myocytes (
Casq2
+/−
0.18±0.02
F
ratio
versus
Casq2
+/+
0.11±0.01
F
ratio
, n=57, 60;
P
<0.01), resulting in a significantly higher rate of spontaneous SR Ca
2+
releases and triggered beats. SR luminal Ca
2+
measured using Mag-Fura-2 was not altered by Casq2 reduction. As a result, the relationship between SR Ca
2+
leak and SR luminal Ca
2+
was significantly different between
Casq2
+/−
and
Casq2
+/+
myocytes (
P
<0.01). Thus, even modest reductions in Casq2 increase SR Ca
2+
leak and cause ventricular tachycardia susceptibility under stress. The underlying mechanism is likely the direct regulation of SR Ca
2+
release channels by Casq2 rather than altered luminal Ca
2+
.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calbindin 2
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Calsequestrin/deficiency
- Calsequestrin/genetics
- Calsequestrin/metabolism
- Cardiac Pacing, Artificial
- Diastole
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heart Rate
- Ion Channel Gating
- Isoproterenol
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/chemically induced
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/genetics
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/metabolism
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/pathology
- Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Ventricular Function
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/chemically induced
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/genetics
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/metabolism
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/pathology
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Chopra
- Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1265 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA
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141
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142
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Cerrone M, Noujaim SF, Tolkacheva EG, Talkachou A, O'Connell R, Berenfeld O, Anumonwo J, Pandit SV, Vikstrom K, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Jalife J. Arrhythmogenic mechanisms in a mouse model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Circ Res 2007; 101:1039-48. [PMID: 17872467 PMCID: PMC2515360 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.148064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a lethal familial disease characterized by bidirectional VT, polymorphic VT, and ventricular fibrillation. Catecholaminergic polymorphic VT is caused by enhanced Ca2+ release through defective ryanodine receptor (RyR2) channels. We used epicardial and endocardial optical mapping, chemical subendocardial ablation with Lugol's solution, and patch clamping in a knockin (RyR2/RyR2(R4496C)) mouse model to investigate the arrhythmogenic mechanisms in catecholaminergic polymorphic VT. In isolated hearts, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 54% of 13 RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) and in 9% of 11 wild-type (P=0.03) littermates perfused with Ca2+and isoproterenol; 66% of 12 RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) and 20% of 10 wild-type hearts perfused with caffeine and epinephrine showed arrhythmias (P=0.04). Epicardial mapping showed that monomorphic VT, bidirectional VT, and polymorphic VT manifested as concentric epicardial breakthrough patterns, suggesting a focal origin in the His-Purkinje networks of either or both ventricles. Monomorphic VT was clearly unifocal, whereas bidirectional VT was bifocal. Polymorphic VT was initially multifocal but eventually became reentrant and degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Endocardial mapping confirmed the Purkinje fiber origin of the focal arrhythmias. Chemical ablation of the right ventricular endocardial cavity with Lugol's solution induced complete right bundle branch block and converted the bidirectional VT into monomorphic VT in 4 anesthetized RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) mice. Under current clamp, single Purkinje cells from RyR2/RyR2(R4496C) mouse hearts generated delayed afterdepolarization-induced triggered activity at lower frequencies and level of adrenergic stimulation than wild-type. Overall, the data demonstrate that the His-Purkinje system is an important source of focal arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerrone
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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143
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Rosso R, Kalman JM, Rogowski O, Diamant S, Birger A, Biner S, Belhassen B, Viskin S. Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers versus beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced arrhythmias in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4:1149-54. [PMID: 17765612 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mainstay of therapy for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is maximal doses of beta-blockers. However, although beta-blockers prevent exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT), most patients continue to have ventricular ectopy during exercise, and some studies report high mortality rates despite beta-blockade. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combining a calcium channel blocker with beta-blockers would prevent ventricular arrhythmias during exercise better than beta-blockers alone since the mutations causing CPVT lead to intracellular calcium overload. METHODS Five patients with CPVT and one with polymorphic VT (PVT) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who had exercise-induced ventricular ectopy despite beta-blocker therapy were studied. Symptom-limited exercise was first performed during maximal beta-blocker therapy and repeated after addition of oral verapamil. RESULTS When comparing exercise during beta-blockers with exercise during beta-blockers + verapamil, exercise-induced arrhythmias were reduced: (1) Three patients had nonsustained VT on beta-blockers, and none of them had VT on combination therapy. (2) The number of ventricular ectopics during the whole exercise test went down from 78 +/- 59 beats to 6 +/- 8 beats; the ratio of ventricular ectopic to sinus beats during the 10-second period recorded at the time of the worst ventricular arrhythmia went down from 0.9 +/- 0.4 to 0.2 +/- 0.2. One patient with recurrent spontaneous VT leading to multiple shocks from her implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) despite maximal beta-blocker therapy (14 ICD shocks over 6 months while on beta-blockers) has remained free of arrhythmias (for 7 months) since the addition of verapamil therapy. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary evidence suggests that beta-blockers and calcium blockers could be better than beta-blockers alone for preventing exercise-induced arrhythmias in CPVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosso
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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144
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Kim E, Youn B, Kemper L, Campbell C, Milting H, Varsanyi M, Kang C. Characterization of human cardiac calsequestrin and its deleterious mutants. J Mol Biol 2007; 373:1047-57. [PMID: 17881003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of conserved residues of human cardiac calsequestrin (hCSQ2), a high-capacity, low-affinity Ca2+-binding protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, have been associated with catecholamine-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In order to understand the molecular mechanism and pathophysiological link between these CPVT-related missense mutations of hCSQ2 and the resulting arrhythmias, we generated three CPVT-causing mutants of hCSQ2 (R33Q, L167H, and D307H) and two non-pathological mutants (T66A and V76M) and investigated the effect of these mutations. In addition, we determined the crystal structure of the corresponding wild-type hCSQ2 to gain insight into the structural effects of those mutations. Our data show clearly that all three CPVT-related mutations lead to significant reduction in Ca2+-binding capacity in spite of the similarity of their secondary structures to that of the wild-type hCSQ2. Light-scattering experiments indicate that the Ca2+-dependent monomer-polymer transitions of the mutants are quite different, confirming that the linear polymerization behavior of CSQ is linked directly to its high-capacity Ca2+ binding. R33Q and D307H mutations result in a monomer that appears to be unable to form a properly oriented dimer. On the other hand, the L167H mutant has a disrupted hydrophobic core in domain II, resulting in high molecular aggregates, which cannot respond to Ca2+. Although one of the non-pathological mutants, T66A, shares characteristics with the wild-type, the other null mutant, V76M, shows significantly altered Ca2+-binding and polymerization behaviors, calling for careful reconsideration of its status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-4660, USA
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145
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Tan BH, Iturralde-Torres P, Medeiros-Domingo A, Nava S, Tester DJ, Valdivia CR, Tusié-Luna T, Ackerman MJ, Makielski JC. A novel C-terminal truncation SCN5A mutation from a patient with sick sinus syndrome, conduction disorder and ventricular tachycardia. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76:409-17. [PMID: 17897635 PMCID: PMC2100438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individual mutations in the SCN5A-encoding cardiac sodium channel alpha-subunit cause single cardiac arrhythmia disorders, but a few cause multiple distinct disorders. Here we report a family harboring an SCN5A mutation (L1821fs/10) causing a truncation of the C-terminus with a marked and complex biophysical phenotype and a corresponding variable and complex clinical phenotype with variable penetrance. METHODS AND RESULTS A 12-year-old male with congenital sick sinus syndrome (SSS), cardiac conduction disorder (CCD), and recurrent monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) had mutational analysis that identified a 4 base pair deletion (TCTG) at position 5464-5467 in exon 28 of SCN5A. The mutation was also present in six asymptomatic family members only two of which showed mild ECG phenotypes. The deletion caused a frame-shift mutation (L1821fs/10) with truncation of the C-terminus after 10 missense amino acid substitutions. When expressed in HEK-293 cells for patch-clamp study, the current density of L1821fs/10 was reduced by 90% compared with WT. In addition, gating kinetic analysis showed a 5-mV positive shift in activation, a 12-mV negative shift of inactivation and enhanced intermediate inactivation, all of which would tend to reduce peak and early sodium current. Late sodium current, however, was increased in the mutated channels. CONCLUSIONS The L1821fs/10 mutation causes the most severe disruption of SCN5A structure for a naturally occurring mutation that still produces current. It has a marked loss-of-function and unique phenotype of SSS, CCD and VT with incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Hua Tan
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Section, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Argelia Medeiros-Domingo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, SZ, México
- The Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, México
| | - David J Tester
- The Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Carmen R. Valdivia
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Section, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, SZ, México
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- The Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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146
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Yada H, Murata M, Shimoda K, Yuasa S, Kawaguchi H, Ieda M, Adachi T, Murata M, Ogawa S, Fukuda K. Dominant Negative Suppression of Rad Leads to QT Prolongation and Causes Ventricular Arrhythmias via Modulation of L-type Ca
2+
Channels in the Heart. Circ Res 2007; 101:69-77. [PMID: 17525370 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.106.146399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of L-type Ca
2+
channels can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias. A subclass of small GTP-binding proteins, the RGK family, regulates L-type Ca
2+
current (
I
Ca,L
) in heterologous expression systems. Among these proteins, Rad (Ras associated with diabetes) is highly expressed in the heart, although its role in the heart remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of dominant negative mutant Rad (S105N) led to an increase in
I
Ca,L
and action potential prolongation via upregulation of L-type Ca
2+
channel expression in the plasma membrane of guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes. To verify the in vivo physiological role of Rad in the heart, a mouse model of cardiac-specific Rad suppression was created by overexpressing S105N Rad, using the α-myosin heavy chain promoter. Microelectrode studies revealed that action potential duration was significantly prolonged with visible identification of a small plateau phase in S105N Rad transgenic mice, when compared with wild-type littermate mice. Telemetric electrocardiograms on unrestrained mice revealed that S105N Rad transgenic mice had significant QT prolongation and diverse arrhythmias such as sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular block, and ventricular extrasystoles, whereas no arrhythmias were observed in wild-type mice. Furthermore, administration of epinephrine induced frequent ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardia in S105N Rad transgenic mice. This study provides novel evidence that the suppression of Rad activity in the heart can induce ventricular tachycardia, suggesting that the Rad-associated signaling pathway may play a role in arrhythmogenesis in diverse cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Yada
- Cardiopulmonary Division, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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147
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Song L, Alcalai R, Arad M, Wolf CM, Toka O, Conner DA, Berul CI, Eldar M, Seidman CE, Seidman J. Calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) mutations increase expression of calreticulin and ryanodine receptors, causing catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1814-23. [PMID: 17607358 PMCID: PMC1904315 DOI: 10.1172/jci31080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a familial disorder caused by cardiac ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) or calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene mutations. To define how CASQ2 mutations cause CPVT, we produced and studied mice carrying a human D307H missense mutation (CASQ(307/307)) or a CASQ2-null mutation (CASQ(DeltaE9/DeltaE9)). Both CASQ2 mutations caused identical consequences. Young mutant mice had structurally normal hearts but stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias; aging produced cardiac hypertrophy and reduced contractile function. Mutant myocytes had reduced CASQ2 and increased calreticulin and RyR2 (with normal phosphorylated proportions) but unchanged calstabin levels, as well as reduced total sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+), prolonged Ca(2+) release, and delayed Ca(2+) reuptake. Stress further diminished Ca(2+) transients, elevated cytosolic Ca(2+), and triggered frequent, spontaneous SR Ca(2+) release. Treatment with Mg(2+), a RyR2 inhibitor, normalized myocyte Ca(2+) cycling and decreased CPVT in mutant mice, indicating RyR2 dysfunction was critical to mutant CASQ2 pathophysiology. We conclude that CPVT-causing CASQ2 missense mutations function as null alleles. In the absence of CASQ2, calreticulin, a fetal Ca(2+)-binding protein normally downregulated at birth, remains a prominent SR component. Adaptive changes to CASQ2 deficiency (increased posttranscriptional expression of calreticulin and RyR2) maintained electrical-mechanical coupling, but increased RyR2 leakiness, a paradoxical response further exacerbated by stress. The central role of RyR2 dysfunction in CASQ2 deficiency unifies the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying CPVT due to RyR2 or CASQ2 mutations and suggests a therapeutic approach for these inherited cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronny Alcalai
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Arad
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cordula M. Wolf
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Okan Toka
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Conner
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles I. Berul
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Eldar
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J.G. Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heart Institute, Sheba Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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148
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Abstract
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited arrhythmogenic disorder characterized by adrenergically mediated polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Genetic investigations have identified two variants of the disease: an autosomal dominant form associated with mutations in the gene encoding the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and a recessive form associated with homozygous mutations in the gene encoding the cardiac isoform of calsequestrin (CASQ2). Functional characterization of mutations identified in the RyR2 and CASQ2 genes has demonstrated that CPVT are caused by derangements of the control of intracellular calcium. Investigations in a knock-in mouse model have shown that CPVT arrhythmias are initiated by delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity. In the present article, we review clinical and molecular understanding of CPVT and discuss the most recent approaches to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwais Mohamed
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, London Health Science Centre, London, Canada
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149
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Faber GM, Rudy Y. Calsequestrin mutation and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: a simulation study of cellular mechanism. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:79-88. [PMID: 17531962 PMCID: PMC2030636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with a missense mutation of the calsequestrin 2 gene (CASQ2) are at risk for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. This mutation (CASQ2(D307H)) results in decreased ability of CASQ2 to bind Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In this theoretical study, we investigate a potential mechanism by which CASQ2(D307H) manifests its pro-arrhythmic consequences in patients. METHODS Using simulations in a model of the guinea pig ventricular myocyte, we investigate the mutation's effect on SR Ca2+ storage, the Ca2+ transient (CaT), and its indirect effect on ionic currents and membrane potential. We model the effects of isoproterenol (ISO) on Ca(V)1.2 (the L-type Ca2+ current, I(Ca(L))) and other targets of beta-adrenergic stimulation. RESULTS ISO increases I(Ca(L)), prolonging action potential (AP) duration (Control: 172 ms, +ISO: 207 ms, at cycle length of 1500 ms) and increasing CaT (Control: 0.79 microM, +ISO: 1.61 microM). ISO increases I(Ca(L)) by reducing the fraction of channels which undergo voltage-dependent inactivation and increasing transitions from a non-conducting to conducting mode of channel gating. CASQ2(D307H) reduces SR storage capacity, thereby reducing the magnitude of CaT (Control: 0.79 microM, CASQ2(D307H): 0.52 microM, at cycle length of 1500 ms). The combined effect of CASQ2(D307H) and ISO elevates SR free Ca2+ at a rapid rate, leading to store-overload-induced Ca2+ release and delayed afterdepolarization (DAD). If resting membrane potential is sufficiently elevated, the Na+-Ca2+ exchange-driven DAD can trigger I(Na) and I(Ca(L)) activation, generating a triggered arrhythmogenic AP. CONCLUSIONS The CASQ2(D307H) mutation manifests its pro-arrhythmic consequences due to store-overload-induced Ca2+ release and DAD formation due to excess free SR Ca2+ following rapid pacing and beta-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Faber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207
| | - Yoram Rudy
- Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
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150
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Frigo G, Rampazzo A, Bauce B, Pilichou K, Beffagna G, Danieli GA, Nava A, Martini B. Homozygous SCN5A mutation in Brugada syndrome with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and structural heart abnormalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:391-7. [PMID: 17442746 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eum053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe a patient showing monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, ECG aspect of Brugada syndrome, and structural heart abnormalities due to a homozygous missense mutation in SCN5A. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen subjects (six males, seven females, mean age 46 +/- 22 years) belonging to the same family underwent physical examination, basal biochemical marker detection, 12-lead ECG, Holter ECG, signal-averaged ECG, echocardiogram and genetic analysis. The proband underwent a stress test together with left and right ventricular angiography and electrophysiological study. Three subjects (the proband, his mother, and one brother) showed on ECG an ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads with coved type aspect. Moreover, the proband presented a sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (left bundle branch block aspect with superior axis), whereas all other family members were asymptomatic. Imaging techniques documented right ventricular structural abnormalities only in the proband. Mutation screening in SCN5A gene was performed in the proband and in available family members. The proband carries a novel SCN5A mutation, R814Q, in homozygous, whereas the parents and four siblings were heterozygous carriers of the same mutation. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence of a homozygous missense mutation in SCN5A associated with atypical ventricular arrhythmias and right structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Frigo
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
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