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Szpunar DE, Miller JL, Butler LJ, Qi F. 193-nm photodissociation of acryloyl chloride to probe the unimolecular dissociation of CH2CHCO radicals and CH2CCO. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:4223-30. [PMID: 15268589 DOI: 10.1063/1.1644096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The work presented here uses photofragment translational spectroscopy to investigate the primary and secondary dissociation channels of acryloyl chloride (CH2==CHCOCl) excited at 193 nm. Three primary channels were observed. Two C-Cl fission channels occur, one producing fragments with high kinetic recoil energies and the other producing fragments with low translational energies. These channels produced nascent CH2CHCO radicals with internal energies ranging from 23 to 66 kcal/mol for the high-translational-energy channel and from 50 to 68 kcal/mol for the low-translational-energy channel. We found that all nascent CH2CHCO radicals were unstable to CH2CH + CO formation, in agreement with the G3//B3LYP barrier height of 22.4 kcal/mol to within experimental and computational uncertainties. The third primary channel is HCl elimination. All of the nascent CH2CCO coproducts were found to have enough internal energy to dissociate, producing CH2C: + CO, in qualitative agreement with the G3//B3LYP barrier of 39.5 kcal/mol. We derive from the experimental results an upper limit of 23 +/- 3 kcal/mol for the zero-point-corrected barrier to the unimolecular dissociation of the CH2CHCO radical to form CH2CH + CO.
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Steinbach WJ, Schell WA, Miller JL, Perfect JR, Martin PL. Fatal Scopulariopsis brevicaulis infection in a paediatric stem-cell transplant patient treated with voriconazole and caspofungin and a review of Scopulariopsis infections in immunocompromised patients. J Infect 2004; 48:112-6. [PMID: 14667801 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(03)00134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hamblin MR, Miller JL, Rizvi I, Loew HG, Hasan T. Pegylation of charged polymer-photosensitiser conjugates: effects on photodynamic efficacy. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:937-43. [PMID: 12942129 PMCID: PMC2394480 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugates between photosensitisers (PS) and charged polymeric carriers are under investigation for photodynamic therapy of cancer and may allow targeting to certain cell types or compartments in tumours. Covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol to macromolecules (pegylation) may alter their pharmacokinetics, cell type targeting, and photophysical properties. Macrophages may take up large amounts of aggregated PS, thus lessening the selectivity for cancer cells in tumours. We investigated the effect of pegylation on the uptake and phototoxicity of poly-L-lysine chlorin(e6) conjugates with either cationic or anionic charges in two cell lines, human ovarian cancer cells and mouse macrophages. The cationic conjugate after pegylation became less aggregated, consumed less oxygen and had reduced cellular uptake. However, the phototoxicity corrected for cellular uptake increased three- to five-fold. In contrast, the anionic succinylated conjugate on pegylation became more aggregated, consumed similar amounts of oxygen, and had higher cellular uptake. The anionic conjugate showed the highest relative phototoxicity towards both the cell lines (compared to the other three conjugates) and it decreased most towards the macrophages after pegylation. Pegylation reduced the amount of oxygen consumed per chlorin(e6) molecule when photosensitised cells were illuminated. These in vitro studies suggest that pegylation alters the phototoxicity of PS conjugates depending on the effect produced on the aggregation state.
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Krisch MJ, Miller JL, Butler LJ, Su H, Bersohn R, Shu J. Photodissociation dynamics of ethyl ethynyl ether: A new ketenyl radical precursor. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1577318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Sirls LT, Foote JE, Kaufman JM, Lightner DJ, Miller JL, Moseley WG, Nygaard IE, Steidle CP. Long-term results of the FemSoft urethral insert for the management of female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 2002; 13:88-95; discussion 95. [PMID: 12054188 DOI: 10.1007/s001920200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year ongoing, controlled multicenter study enrolled 150 women. Outcome measures included pad weight tests (PWT), voiding diary (VD), quality of life (QOL) and satisfaction questionnaires. Outcome measures during the baseline period were compared to evaluations during follow-up. Concurrent evaluations with and without device use were also performed. Safety evaluations included urinalysis and culture, leak-point pressure (LPP) and cystoscopy. Adverse events (AE) were recorded throughout the study. One to 2 years of follow-up were collected on all study participants (mean 15 months). Statistically significant reductions in overall daily incontinence episodes (P<0.001) and PWT urine loss (P<0.001) were observed with the device at all follow-up intervals, and 93% of women had a negative PWT at 12 months. Women were satisfied with ease of use of the device, comfort and dryness, and significant improvements in QOL were observed (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the insert was effective, despite the presence of urgency, low LPP, failed surgery and advanced age. AE included symptomatic urinary tract infection in 31.3%, mild trauma with insertion in 6.7%, hematuria in 3.3%, and migration in 1.3% of women. The results of PWT and VD demonstrated device efficacy. Women were satisfied and significant improvements in QOL were observed. AE were transient and required minimal or no treatment. The urethral insert should be considered as an option for the management of SUI.
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Cheatham TEIII, Miller JL, Fox T, Darden TA, Kollman PA. Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Solvated Biomolecular Systems: The Particle Mesh Ewald Method Leads to Stable Trajectories of DNA, RNA, and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00119a045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wermeling DP, Miller JL, Archer SM, Manaligod JM, Rudy AC. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of lorazepam after intranasal, intravenous, and intramuscular administration. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41:1225-31. [PMID: 11697755 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122012779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal lorazepam in comparison to currently established administration routes. Eleven healthy volunteers completed this randomized crossover study. On three occasions, each separated by a 1-week washout, subjects received a 2 mg dose of lorazepam via the intranasal, intravenous, or intramuscular route. Blood samples were collected serially from 0 to 36 hours. Noncompartmental methods were used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters. Lorazepam was well absorbed following intranasal administration with a mean (%CV) bioavailability of 77.7(11.1). Intranasal administration resulted in a faster absorption rate than intramuscular administration. Elimination profiles were comparable between all three routes. The concentration-time profile for intranasal delivery demonstrated evidence of a double peak in several subjects, suggesting partial oral absorption. Females were found to have significantly higher AUC values than males for all three delivery routes. Overall, this study demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics of intranasal lorazepam in relation to standard administration methods. Intranasal delivery could provide an alternative, noninvasive delivery route for lorazepam.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dombrock blood group system consists of two antithetical antigens, Do(a) and Do(b), and three high-incidence antigens, Gregory (Gy(a)), Holley (Hy), and Joseph (Jo(a)). The null phenotype of the Dombrock blood group system (Do(null)) was identified when it was found that Gy(a-) RBCs also lack Do(a), Do(b), Hy, and Jo(a). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS DNA from three Gy(a-) persons was analyzed. PCR products for each of the three DO exons and their flanking intronic regions were sequenced in both directions. The cDNA from two of the people was subjected to PCR using primers in exon 1 and exon 3, and the products were sequenced. RESULTS The Do(null) phenotype is associated with a single nucleotide mutation in the acceptor splice site of DO (IVS1-2a>g), which results in outsplicing of exon 2. CONCLUSION Outsplicing of exon 2 is predicted to cause a -1 frameshift and a premature stop codon. Any product of such a transcript would lack the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchor motif, and RBCs would be devoid of the Do glycoprotein.
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Hamblin MR, Miller JL, Rizvi I, Ortel B, Maytin EV, Hasan T. Pegylation of a chlorin(e6) polymer conjugate increases tumor targeting of photosensitizer. Cancer Res 2001; 61:7155-62. [PMID: 11585749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is emerging as a viable modality for the treatment of many cancers. A limiting factor in its use against intracavity tumors such as disseminated ovarian cancer is insufficient selectivity of the photosensitizer for tumor compared with normal tissue. We report on an approach to improve tumor targeting by exploiting differences between cell types and by chemical modification of a photosensitizer conjugate. Attachment of polyethylene glycol (pegylation) to a polyacetylated conjugate between poly-l-lysine and chlorin(e6) increased the relative phototoxicity in vitro toward an ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR-5) while reducing it toward a macrophage cell line (J774), compared with the nonpegylated conjugate. Surprisingly, the increased phototoxicity of the pegylated conjugate correlated with reduced oxygen consumption. Pegylation also reduced the tendency of the conjugate to aggregate and reduced the consumption of oxygen when the conjugates were illuminated in solution in serum containing medium, suggesting a switch in photochemical mechanism from type II (singlet oxygen) to type I (radicals or electron transfer). Pegylation led to more mitochondrial localization as shown by confocal fluorescence microscopy in OVCAR-5 cells, and, on illumination, produced a switch in cell death mechanism toward apoptosis not seen with J774 cells. Conjugates were injected i.p. into nude mice bearing i.p. OVCAR-5 tumors, and the pegylated conjugate gave higher amounts of photosensitizer in tumor and higher tumor:normal tissue ratios and increased the depth to which the chlorin(e6) penetrated into the peritoneal wall. Taken together, these results suggest that pegylation of a polymer-photosensitizer conjugate improves tumor-targeting and may increase the efficacy of photodynamic therapy for ovarian cancer.
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Agrawal NG, Porras AG, Matthews CZ, Woolf EJ, Miller JL, Mukhopadhyay S, Neu DC, Gottesdiener KM. Dose proportionality of oral etoricoxib, a highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41:1106-10. [PMID: 11583479 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122012715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess dose proportionality of etoricoxib across the anticipated clinical dose range, a single panel of 12 healthy subjects was administered single oral doses of etoricoxib of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 120 mg in an open, two-part, five-period crossover study. Plasma samples were collected aftereach dose and analyzed for etoricoxib concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of etoricoxib appear to be linear over the entire dose range examined, from 5 to 120 mg. Etoricoxib was found to be well tolerated across the 5 to 120 mg dose range.
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Miller JL, Petteway SR, Lee DC. Ensuring the pathogen safety of intravenous immunoglobulin and other human plasma-derived therapeutic proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S91-4. [PMID: 11586272 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.117823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Countless patients and clinicians rely on therapeutic proteins, such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs), isolated from human blood plasma. Since plasma is predisposed to contamination by a variety of blood-borne pathogens, ascertaining and ensuring the pathogen safety of plasma-derived therapeutics is a priority among manufacturers. Even though the pathogen safety records for IVIG and other plasma proteins are excellent, the industry remains active in research programs aimed at improving the margin of safety. Industry initiatives designed to increase the safety of plasma-derived products range from donor screening and testing to implementing methods into the manufacturing processes that can inactivate or remove pathogens from product streams. In general, the industry's comprehensive strategy is designed to provide patients and caregivers with the safest plasma products possible.
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Schwartz JI, Agrawal NG, Wong PH, Bachmann KA, Porras AG, Miller JL, Ebel DL, Sack MR, Holmes GB, Redfern JS, Gertz BJ. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between rofecoxib and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41:1120-30. [PMID: 11583481 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122012616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2). Methotrexate is a disease-modifying agent with a narrow therapeutic index frequently prescribed for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of clinical doses of rofecoxib on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 25 rheumatoid arthritis patients on stable doses of methotrexate. Patients received oral methotrexate (7.5 to 20 mg) on days -1, 7, 14, and 21. Nineteen patients received rofecoxib 12.5, 25, and 50 mg once daily on days 1 to 7, 8 to 14, and 15 to 21, respectively. Six patients received placebo on days 1 to 21 only to maintain a double-blinded design for assessment of adverse experiences. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed for methotrexate and its major although inactive metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate. The AUC(0-infinity) geometric mean ratios (GMR) and their 90% confidence intervals (90% CI) (rofecoxib + methotrexate/methotrexate alone) for day 7/day -1, day 14/day -1, and day 21/day -1, for rofecoxib 12.5, 25, and 50 mg, were 1.03 (0.93, 1.14), 1.02 (0.92, 1.12), and 1.06 (0.96, 1.17), respectively (p > 0.2 for all comparisons to day -1). All AUC(0-infinity), GMR and Cmax GMR 90% CIs fell within the predefined comparability limits of (0.80, 1.25). Similar results were observed for renal clearance of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate at the highest dose of rofecoxib tested (50 mg). It was concluded that rofecoxib at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg once daily has no effect on the plasma concentrations or renal clearance (tested at the highest dose of rofecoxib) of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Lee YT, Miller LD, Gubin AN, Makhlouf F, Wojda U, Barrett AJ, Liu ET, Miller JL. Transcription patterning of uncoupled proliferation and differentiation in myelodysplastic bone marrow with erythroid-focused arrays. Blood 2001; 98:1914-21. [PMID: 11535529 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.6.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because abnormal erythroid differentiation is the most common manifestation of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), it was hypothesized that erythroid gene expression may be used to illustrate myelodysplastic transcription patterns. Ten normal bone marrow aspirates (NBM) were first analyzed using an erythroid-focused cDNA array to define steady-state transcription levels. Proliferation and differentiation gene subsets were identified by statistically significant differences between NBM and erythroleukemia gene expression. Next, cDNAs from 5 separate MDS aspirates were studied: refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T), and RAEB-T/secondary MDS. A distinct pattern of significantly increased proliferation-associated and reduced differentiation-associated gene activity was established for MDS.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND RBC typing for Do(a) and Do(b) is notoriously difficult, and inaccurate typing can predispose patients to hemolytic transfusion reactions. The DO1/DO2 polymorphism is associated with three nucleotide changes: 378 C>T, 624 T>C and 793 A>G. While the 378 C>T- and 624 T>C-containing codons are silent mutations, the 793 A>G polymorphism in codon 265 encodes asparagine for Do(a) and aspartic acid for Do(b). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Described here are two PCR-RFLP assays, one using the Mnl I site associated with 624C (DO2) and the other altering two nucleotides within the sense primer, which allows recognition of 793G by the Eam 1105 I. RESULTS The assays have been performed on over 100 samples for which the RBC typing of one or both antigens was known. Eight samples had been historically mistyped by hemagglutination. CONCLUSION This RFLP assay provides a practical method for typing donor blood for Dombrock alleles.
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Allen JS, Miller JL. Contextual influences on the internal structure of phonetic categories: a distinction between lexical status and speaking rate. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2001; 63:798-810. [PMID: 11521848 DOI: 10.3758/bf03194439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that phonetic categories have a graded internal structure that is highly dependent on acoustic-phonetic contextual factors, such as speaking rate; these factors alter not only the location of phonetic category boundaries, but also the location of a category's best exemplars. The purpose of the present investigation, which focused on the voiceless category as specified by voice onset time (VOT), was to determine whether a higher order linguistic contextual factor, lexical status, which is known to alter the location of the voiced-voiceless phonetic category boundary, also alters the location of the best exemplars of the voiceless category. The results indicated that lexical status has a more limited and qualitatively different effect on the category's best exemplars than does the acoustic-phonetic factor of speaking rate. This dissociation is discussed in terms of a production-based account in which perceived best exemplars of a category track contextual variation in speech production.
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Abstract
In a series of experiments using monosyllabic words produced by a native and a non-native speaker of English, native English speakers monitored the word-initial consonants of the words to decide which of two consonants was present on each trial. In some of the experiments, a secondary task of a linguistic nature, deciding whether the target-bearing word was a noun or verb, was also required. When the words were presented in silence, the native and non-native stimuli were processed in a like manner. Specifically, when the secondary task was not required, phonemic decisions tended to be made on the basis of prelexical information, whereas when the secondary task was required, they tended to be made on the basis of postlexical information (see Eimas, Marcovitz Hornstein, & Payton, 1990). However, when the listening conditions were degraded by presenting the words at a lower level and in noise, the two types of stimuli yielded different patterns. Native speech was processed as before, whereas for non-native speech phonemic decisions now tended to be made on the basis of postlexical information both when a secondary task was required and when it was not. The contrasting results for native and non-native speech are discussed in terms of models of phoneme processing.
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Njoroge JM, Mitchell LB, Centola M, Kastner D, Raffeld M, Miller JL. Characterization of viable autofluorescent macrophages among cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CYTOMETRY 2001; 44:38-44. [PMID: 11309807 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010501)44:1<38::aid-cyto1080>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory macrophages that demonstrate intense autofluorescence have been isolated directly from alveolar and peritoneal tissues, but their generation in vitro remains vague. We use flow cytometry to identify a population of autofluorescent macrophages as they arise among nonadherent populations of cultured blood mononuclear cells. METHODS Cells were obtained from donated blood buffy coats and placed in culture for 14 days. Unstained populations from the cells remaining in suspension were sampled daily using flow cytometry. During the first 5 culture days, a distinct population of autofluorescent cells arose and comprised an average of < or =14% of the total cell population. This population declined to less than 6% by culture day 8. RESULTS The cells were identified as viable macrophages expressing CD68, lysozyme, and HLA-DR. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated a unique cytokine profile with IL-1 alpha expression levels 138-fold higher than those measured in uncultured monocytes. No significant elevation in the levels of other cytokines was identified. Upon replating, the sorted populations became readherent, were able to ingest plastic beads, and remained viable for 6 or more additional weeks in culture without evidence of proliferation or multinucleation. CONCLUSION Viable autofluorescent macrophage populations arising among cultured peripheral blood may be easily identified and isolated for further study using flow cytometry. Cytometry 44:38-44, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Savini CJ, James CW, Miller JL, Wilson SA, Cohen DM, Perlada DE. Evidence of hypertriglyceridemia in managing HIV patients on efavirenz. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2001; 12:95-7. [PMID: 11387809 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the recently approved antiretroviral agents, efavirenz has become a popular medication for the treatment of HIV infection. The efficacy of an efavirenz-based regimen has allowed the use of a combination of this medication with other antiretroviral agents in all levels of HIV disease, resulting in decreased viral replication and positive clinical results. Efavirenz is also proposed as an acceptable agent to switch to from a protease inhibitor-based regimen to reduce the risk of metabolic complications. In addition, the favorable side-effect profile, diminished pill burden for clients, and daily dosing have contributed to its popularity. Primary care practitioners should be cognizant of the possible side-effect profile of antiretroviral therapy combinations and enter into a collaborative relationship with the infectious disease clinician to ensure safe and effective patient care.
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Lee DC, Stenland CJ, Miller JL, Cai K, Ford EK, Gilligan KJ, Hartwell RC, Terry JC, Rubenstein R, Fournel M, Petteway SR. A direct relationship between the partitioning of the pathogenic prion protein and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy infectivity during the purification of plasma proteins. Transfusion 2001; 41:449-55. [PMID: 11316893 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41040449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence from rodent models indicates that blood can contain transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) infectivity, which suggests a potential risk for TSE transmission via proteins isolated from human plasma. Because methods that can reduce TSE infectivity typically are detrimental to protein function, infectivity must be removed to ensure the safety of these therapeutic proteins. Animal bioassays are conventionally used to detect infectivity, but the pathogenic form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) can serve as a marker for TSE infectivity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Seven plasma protein-purification steps were performed after the plasma intermediates were spiked with TSE-infected material. Resulting fractions were analyzed for PrP(Sc) by using a Western blot assay and for TSE infectivity by using an animal bioassay. Western blots were quantitated by an endpoint dilution analysis, and infectivity titers were calculated by the Spearman-Kärber method. RESULTS PrP(Sc) partitioning paralleled TSE infectivity partitioning, regardless of the nature of the protein-purification step. The detection ranges for PrP(Sc) and infectivity were 0 to 5.3 log and 1.1 to 8.9 log median infectious dose per unit, respectively. Clearance of PrP(Sc) and infectivity ranged from 1.0 to 6.0 log. CONCLUSION Purification steps for isolating therapeutic proteins from human plasma showed the removal of both PrP(Sc) and TSE infectivity. PrP(Sc) partitioning coincided with infectivity partitioning, which showed a close relationship between PrP(Sc) and TSE infectivity. By exploiting this association, the in vitro Western blot assay for PrP(Sc) was valuable for estimating the partitioning of TSE infectivity during plasma protein purification.
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Jabbour SA, Miller JL. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Clin Lab Med 2001; 21:99-110. [PMID: 11321939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The conditions of DKA and NKH are life-threatening complications of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. They have characteristic clinical and laboratory features. If not treated appropriately, they can result in a high mortality rate of 15% to 28% in DKA and 17% to 50% in NKH.
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Abstract
Human porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) is, reportedly, encoded by 2 distinct messenger RNAs (mRNAs) transcribing from a single gene. The ubiquitous form of the PBGD gene product is often used as an endogenous reference in gene expression studies because it is pseudogene free and has minimal transcriptional variability among tissues. A distinct erythroid-specific gene product has also been described because of the alternate splicing of the gene. Here is reported the existence of an additional erythroid-specific isoform of PBGD mRNA in primary cells.
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Abstract
Malignant neoplasms with neural differentiation uncommonly present as cutaneous masses. However, a rapidly growing skin lesion in patients with a past history of retroperitoneal soft tissue tumors suggests that dissemination of that lesion may be taking place.
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Graham SS, Gonchoroff NJ, Miller JL. Infusible platelet membranes retain partial functionality of the platelet GPIb/IX/V receptor complex. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:144-7. [PMID: 11190800 DOI: 10.1309/ccdv-3bep-xxkp-bkdm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusible platelet membranes (IPMs) prepared from fresh or outdated human platelets have been shown to correct prolonged bleeding times in thrombocytopenic rabbits. In previous trials, IPMs did not seem to be immunogenic and lacked dose-limiting toxicity. The present study was undertaken to explore whether the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib/IX/V complex might retain functionality in the IPM preparation. IPMs did not spontaneously bind von Willebrand factor (vWF), but saturable binding could be induced by ristocetin, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.31 +/- 0.03 microgram/mL at 1.0 mg/mL of ristocetin. Of 4 anti-GPIb-alpha monoclonal antibodies tested, AN-51 inhibited vWF binding 67.8% +/- 5.8%, whereas AS-2, AS-7, and SZ-2 were ineffective. Maximal vWF binding induced by botrocetin was only 10% to 15% of that observed with ristocetin. Retention of partial functionality of the GPIb/IX/V receptor allowing vWF binding in a modulated manner seems to represent a critical mechanism by which IPMs may provide hemostatic efficacy.
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Best EP, Miller JL, Larson SL. Tolerance towards explosives, and explosives removal from groundwater in treatment wetland mesocosms. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2001; 44:515-521. [PMID: 11804143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A short-term study was performed to determine the feasibility of using constructed wetlands to remove explosives from groundwater, and to assess accumulation of parent explosives compounds and their known degradation compounds in wetland plants. Tolerance towards explosives in submersed and emergent plants was screened over a range of 0 to 40 mg L(-1). Tolerance varied per compound, with TNT evoking the highest, 2NT the lowest, and 24DNT, 26DNT, and RDX an intermediate growth reducing effect. Submersed plants were more sensitive to TNT than emergent ones. A small-scale 4-month field study was carried out at the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant, Chattanooga, TN. In this surface-flow, modular system, the influent contained high levels (>2.1 mg L(-1)) of TNT, 2,4DNT, 2,6DNT, 2NT, 3NT, and 4NT, and the HRT was 7 days. The performance criteria of US EPA treatment goals for local discharge of 2,4DNT concentration <0.32 mg L(-1), and 26DNT concentration <0.55 mg L(-1) were not met at the end of the experiment, although explosives levels were greatly reduced. Low levels of 2ADNT and 4ADNT were transiently observed in the plant biomass. Results of two other, older, constructed wetlands, however, indicated that in these systems treatment goals were met most of the time, residues of explosives parent compounds and known degradation compounds in plant tissues were low and/or transient, and in substrates were low.
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