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Nam J, Son S, Park KS, Moon JJ. Modularly Programmable Nanoparticle Vaccine Based on Polyethyleneimine for Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002577. [PMID: 33717838 PMCID: PMC7927624 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as a promising vaccine delivery platform for improving pharmacological property and codelivery of antigens and adjuvants. However, NP-based vaccines are generally associated with complex synthesis and postmodification procedures, which pose technical and manufacturing challenges for tailor-made vaccine production. Here, modularly programmed, polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based NP vaccines are reported for simple production of personalized cancer vaccines. Briefly, PEI is conjugated with neoantigens by facile coupling chemistry, followed by electrostatic assembly with CpG adjuvants, leading to the self-assembly of nontoxic, sub-50 nm PEI NPs. Importantly, PEI NPs promote activation and antigen cross-presentation of antigen-presenting cells and cross-priming of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, after only a single intratumoral injection, PEI NPs with optimal PEGylation elicit as high as ≈30% neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell response in the systemic circulation and sustain elevated CD8+ T cell response over 3 weeks. PEI-based nanovaccines exert potent antitumor efficacy against pre-established local tumors as well as highly aggressive metastatic tumors. PEI engineering for modular incorporation of neoantigens and adjuvants offers a promising strategy for rapid and facile production of personalized cancer vaccines.
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Kadiyala P, Carney SV, Gauss JC, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Haase S, Alghamri MS, Núñez FJ, Liu Y, Yu M, Taher A, Nunez FM, Li D, Edwards MB, Kleer CG, Appelman H, Sun Y, Zhao L, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Inhibition of 2-hydroxyglutarate elicits metabolic reprogramming and mutant IDH1 glioma immunity in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:139542. [PMID: 33332283 DOI: 10.1172/jci139542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1-R132H; mIDH1) is a hallmark of adult gliomas. Lower grade mIDH1 gliomas are classified into 2 molecular subgroups: 1p/19q codeletion/TERT-promoter mutations or inactivating mutations in α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) and TP53. This work focuses on glioma subtypes harboring mIDH1, TP53, and ATRX inactivation. IDH1-R132H is a gain-of-function mutation that converts α-ketoglutarate into 2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). The role of D-2HG within the tumor microenvironment of mIDH1/mATRX/mTP53 gliomas remains unexplored. Inhibition of D-2HG, when used as monotherapy or in combination with radiation and temozolomide (IR/TMZ), led to increased median survival (MS) of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice. Also, D-2HG inhibition elicited anti-mIDH1 glioma immunological memory. In response to D-2HG inhibition, PD-L1 expression levels on mIDH1-glioma cells increased to similar levels as observed in WT-IDH gliomas. Thus, we combined D-2HG inhibition/IR/TMZ with anti-PDL1 immune checkpoint blockade and observed complete tumor regression in 60% of mIDH1 glioma-bearing mice. This combination strategy reduced T cell exhaustion and favored the generation of memory CD8+ T cells. Our findings demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming elicits anti-mIDH1 glioma immunity, leading to increased MS and immunological memory. Our preclinical data support the testing of IDH-R132H inhibitors in combination with IR/TMZ and anti-PDL1 as targeted therapy for mIDH1/mATRX/mTP53 glioma patients.
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Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ. Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:137-151. [PMID: 33340620 PMCID: PMC7744276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel corona virus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the globe at a formidable speed, causing tens of millions of cases and more than one million deaths in less than a year of its report in December 2019. Since then, companies and research institutions have raced to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, ranging from conventional viral and protein-based vaccines to those that are more cutting edge, including DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines. Each vaccine exhibits a different potency and duration of efficacy, as determined by the antigen design, adjuvant molecules, vaccine delivery platforms, and immunization method. In this review, we will introduce a few of the leading non-viral vaccines that are under clinical stage development and discuss delivery strategies to improve vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, safety, and mass vaccination.
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Yuan W, Yu B, Yu M, Kuai R, Morin EE, Wang H, Hu D, Zhang J, Moon JJ, Chen YE, Guo Y, Schwendeman A. Synthetic high-density lipoproteins delivering liver X receptor agonist prevent atherogenesis by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport. J Control Release 2021; 329:361-371. [PMID: 33188828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver X nuclear receptor (LXR) agonists are promising anti-atherosclerotic agents that increase the expression of cholesterol transporters on atheroma macrophages leading to increased efflux of cholesterol to endogenous high-density lipoprotein (HDL) acceptors. HDL subsequently delivers effluxed cholesterol to the liver by the process of reverse cholesterol transport, resulting in reduction of atherosclerotic plaques. However, LXR agonists administration triggers undesirable liver steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia due to increased fatty acid and sterol synthesis. LXR-induced liver toxicity, poor drug aqueous solubility and low levels of endogenous HDL acceptors in target patient populations limit the clinical translation of LXR agonists. Here, we propose a dual-antiatherogenic strategy for administration of the LXR agonist, T0901317 (T1317), by encapsulating in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanoparticles. sHDL had been clinically proven to serve as cholesterol acceptors, resulting in plaque reduction in atherosclerosis patients. In addition, the hydrophobic core and endogenous atheroma-targeting ability of sHDL allow for encapsulation of water-insoluble drugs and their subsequent delivery to atheroma. Several compositions of sHDL were tested to optimize both T1317 encapsulation efficiency and ability of T1317-sHDL to efflux cholesterol. Optimized T1317-sHDL exhibited more efficient cholesterol efflux from macrophages and enhanced atheroma-targeting relative to free drug. Most importantly, in an apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) atherosclerosis progression murine model, T1317-sHDL showed superior inhibition of atherogenesis and reduced hypertriglyceridemia side effects in comparison to the free drug and blank sHDL. The T1317-sHDL pharmacological efficacy was observed at doses lower than those previously described for LXR agents, which may have additional safety benefits. In addition, the established clinical manufacturing, safety and efficacy of blank sHDL nanoparticles used in this study could facilitate future clinical translation of LXR-loaded sHDLs.
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Chen XS, Moon JJ, Cheon J. New Opportunities in Cancer Immunotherapy and Theranostics. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2763-2764. [PMID: 33317270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou X, Jiang X, Qu M, Aninwene G, Jucaud V, Moon JJ, Gu Z, Sun W, Khademhosseini A. Engineering Antiviral Vaccines. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12370-12389. [PMID: 33001626 PMCID: PMC7534801 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vital role of vaccines in fighting viral pathogens, effective vaccines are still unavailable for many infectious diseases. The importance of vaccines cannot be overstated during the outbreak of a pandemic, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The understanding of genomics, structural biology, and innate/adaptive immunity have expanded the toolkits available for current vaccine development. However, sudden outbreaks and the requirement of population-level immunization still pose great challenges in today's vaccine designs. Well-established vaccine development protocols from previous experiences are in place to guide the pipelines of vaccine development for emerging viral diseases. Nevertheless, vaccine development may follow different paradigms during a pandemic. For example, multiple vaccine candidates must be pushed into clinical trials simultaneously, and manufacturing capability must be scaled up in early stages. Factors from essential features of safety, efficacy, manufacturing, and distributions to administration approaches are taken into consideration based on advances in materials science and engineering technologies. In this review, we present recent advances in vaccine development by focusing on vaccine discovery, formulation, and delivery devices enabled by alternative administration approaches. We hope to shed light on developing better solutions for faster and better vaccine development strategies through the use of biomaterials, biomolecular engineering, nanotechnology, and microfabrication techniques.
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Xu C, Hong H, Lee Y, Park KS, Sun M, Wang T, Aikins ME, Xu Y, Moon JJ. Efficient Lymph Node-Targeted Delivery of Personalized Cancer Vaccines with Reactive Oxygen Species-Inducing Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13268-13278. [PMID: 32902245 PMCID: PMC7606610 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines require robust cellular immunity for the efficient killing of tumor cells, and recent advances in neoantigen discovery may provide safe and promising targets for cancer vaccines. However, elicitation of T cells with strong antitumor efficacy requires intricate multistep processes that have been difficult to attain with traditional vaccination approaches. Here, a multifunctional nanovaccine platform has been developed for direct delivery of neoantigens and adjuvants to lymph nodes (LNs) and highly efficient induction of neoantigen-specific T cell responses. A PEGylated reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (RGO-PEG, 20-30 nm in diameter) is a highly modular and biodegradable platform for facile preparation of neoantigen vaccines within 2 h. RGO-PEG exhibits rapid, efficient (15-20% ID/g), and sustained (up to 72 h) accumulation in LNs, achieving >100-fold improvement in LN-targeted delivery, compared with soluble vaccines. Moreover, RGO-PEG induces intracellular reactive oxygen species in dendritic cells, guiding antigen processing and presentation to T cells. Importantly, a single injection of RGO-PEG vaccine elicits potent neoantigen-specific T cell responses lasting up to 30 days and eradicates established MC-38 colon carcinoma. Further combination with anti-PD-1 therapy achieved great therapeutic improvements against B16F10 melanoma. RGO-PEG may serve a powerful delivery platform for personalized cancer vaccination.
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Abstract
The immune system has evolved over time to protect the host from foreign microorganisms. Activation of the immune system is predicated on a distinction between self and nonself. Unfortunately, cancer is characterized by genetic alterations in the host's cells, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer immunotherapy aims to educate the host's immune system to not only recognize but also attack and kill mutated cancer cells. While immune checkpoint blockers have been proven to be effective against multiple types of advanced cancer, the overall patient response rate still remains below 30%. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve current cancer immunotherapies. In this Account, we present an overview of our recent progress on nanoparticle-based strategies for improving cancer vaccines and immunotherapies. We also present other complementary strategies to give a well-rounded snapshot of the field of combination cancer immunotherapy. The versatility and tunability of nanoparticles make them promising platforms for addressing individual challenges posed by various cancers. For example, nanoparticles can deliver cargo materials to specific cells, such as vaccines delivered to antigen-presenting cells for strong immune activation. Nanoparticles also allow for stimuli-responsive delivery of various therapeutics to cancer cells, thus forming the basis for combination cancer immunotherapy. Here, we focus on nanoparticle platforms engineered to deliver tumor antigens, whole tumor cells, and chemotherapeutic or phototherapeutic agents in a manner to effectively and safely trigger the host's immune system against tumor cells. For each work, we discuss the nanoparticle platform developed, synthesis chemistry, and in vivo applications. Nanovaccines offer a unique platform for codelivery of personalized tumor neoantigens and adjuvants and elicitation of robust immune responses against aggressive tumors. Nanovaccines either delivering whole tumor cell lysate or formed from tumor cell lysate may increase the repertoire of tumor antigens as immune targets while exploiting immunogenic cell death to prime antitumor immune responses. We also discuss how antigen- and whole tumor cell-based approaches may open the door for personalized cancer vaccination and immunotherapy. On the other hand, chemotherapy, phototherapy, and radiotherapy are more standardized cancer therapies, and nanoparticle-based approaches may promote their ability to initiate T cell activation against tumor cells and improve antitumor efficacy with minimal toxicity. Finally, building on the recent progress in nanoparticle-based cancer immunotherapy, the field should set the ultimate goal to be clinical translation and clinical efficacy. We will discuss regulatory, analytical, and manufacturing hurdles that should be addressed to expedite the clinical translation of nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Hassani Najafabadi A, Zhang J, Aikins ME, Najaf Abadi ZI, Liao F, Qin Y, Okeke EB, Scheetz LM, Nam J, Xu Y, Adams D, Lester P, Hetrick T, Schwendeman A, Wicha MS, Chang AE, Li Q, Moon JJ. Cancer Immunotherapy via Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Using Vaccine Nanodiscs. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7783-7792. [PMID: 32926633 PMCID: PMC7572838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) proliferate extensively and drive tumor metastasis and recurrence. CSCs have been identified in over 20 cancer types to date, but it remains unknown how to target and eliminate CSCs in vivo. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a marker that has been used extensively for isolating CSCs. Here we present a novel approach to target and reduce the frequency of ALDHhigh CSCs by vaccination against ALDH. We have identified ALDH1-A1 and ALDH1-A3 epitopes from CSCs and developed synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanodiscs for vaccination against ALDHhigh CSCs. Nanodiscs increased antigen trafficking to lymph nodes and generated robust ALDH-specific T cell responses. Nanodisc vaccination against ALDHhigh CSCs combined with anti-PD-L1 therapy exerted potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged animal survival in multiple murine models. Overall, this is the first demonstration of a simple nanovaccine strategy against CSCs and may lead to new avenues for cancer immunotherapy against CSCs.
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Park KS, Xu C, Sun X, Louttit C, Moon JJ. Improving STING Agonist Delivery for Cancer Immunotherapy Using Biodegradable Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:2000130. [PMID: 34295963 PMCID: PMC8294168 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation by intratumoral STING agonist treatment has been recently shown to eradicate tumors in preclinical models of cancer immunotherapy, generating intense research interest and leading to multiple clinical trials. However, there are many challenges associated with STING agonist-based cancer immunotherapy, including low cellular uptake of STING agonists. Here, biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (bMSN) with an average size of 80 nm are developed for efficient cellular delivery of STING agonists. STING agonists delivered via bMSN potently activate innate and adaptive immune cells, leading to strong antitumor efficacy and prolonged animal survival in murine models of melanoma. Delivery of immunotherapeutic agents via biodegradable bMSN is a promising approach for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Faustino LD, Griffith JW, Rahimi RA, Nepal K, Hamilos DL, Cho JL, Medoff BD, Moon JJ, Vignali DAA, Luster AD. Interleukin-33 activates regulatory T cells to suppress innate γδ T cell responses in the lung. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1371-1383. [PMID: 32989331 PMCID: PMC7578082 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the interleukin (IL)-33 receptor ST2 mediate tissue repair in response to IL-33. Whether Treg cells also respond to the alarmin IL-33 to regulate specific aspects of the immune response is not known. Here we describe an unexpected function of ST2+ Treg cells in suppressing the innate immune response in the lung to environmental allergens without altering the adaptive immune response. Following allergen exposure, ST2+ Treg cells were activated by IL-33 to suppress IL-17-producing γδ T cells. ST2 signaling in Treg cells induced Ebi3, a component of the heterodimeric cytokine IL-35 that was required for Treg cell-mediated suppression of γδ T cells. This response resulted in fewer eosinophil-attracting chemokines and reduced eosinophil recruitment into the lung, which was beneficial to the host in reducing allergen-induced inflammation. Thus, we define a fundamental role for ST2+ Treg cells in the lung as a negative regulator of the early innate γδ T cell response to mucosal injury.
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Sheikh AA, Cooper L, Feng M, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Lafouresse F, Duckworth BC, Huntington ND, Moon JJ, Pellegrini M, Nutt SL, Belz GT, Good-Jacobson KL, Groom JR. Context-Dependent Role for T-bet in T Follicular Helper Differentiation and Germinal Center Function following Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1758-1772.e4. [PMID: 31412245 PMCID: PMC6711398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection, inflammatory cues upregulate core transcriptional programs to establish pathogen-specific protection. In viral infections, T follicular helper (TFH) cells express the prototypical T helper 1 transcription factor T-bet. Several studies have demonstrated essential but conflicting roles for T-bet in TFH biology. Understanding the basis of this controversy is crucial, as modulation of T-bet expression instructs TFH differentiation and ultimately protective antibody responses. Comparing influenza and LCMV viral infections, we demonstrate that the role of T-bet is contingent on the environmental setting of TFH differentiation, IL-2 signaling, and T cell competition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that T-bet expression by either TFH or GC B cells independently drives antibody isotype class switching. Specifically, T cell-specific loss of T-bet promotes IgG1, whereas B cell-specific loss of T-bet inhibits IgG2a/c switching. Combined, this work highlights that the context-dependent induction of T-bet instructs the development of protective, neutralizing antibodies following viral infection or vaccination. Shiekh et al. show that, in influenza and LCMV infections, the role of the transcription factor T-bet in TFH differentiation is contingent on environmental cues, IL-2 signaling, and T cell competition. Cell-specific T-bet expression independently drives antibody isotype class switching. Therefore T-bet instructs immune protection in a context-dependent manner.
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Kuai R, Singh PB, Sun X, Xu C, Najafabadi AH, Scheetz L, Yuan W, Xu Y, Hong H, Keskin DB, Wu CJ, Jain R, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ. Robust anti-tumor T cell response with efficient intratumoral infiltration by nanodisc cancer immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:2000094. [PMID: 38317797 PMCID: PMC10843840 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Potent anti-tumor T cell response and efficient intratumoral T cell infiltration are the major challenges for therapeutic cancer vaccines. To address these issues, a nano-vaccine system has been designed to promote anti-tumor T cell responses, and intratumoral infiltration was examined in various murine tumor models. Subcutaneous vaccination with nanodiscs carrying human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 antigen elicits as high as ~32% E7-specific CD8 α + T cell responses in circulation, representing a 29-fold improvement over the soluble peptide vaccination. Importantly, nanodisc vaccination also promotes robust intratumoral T cell infiltration and eliminates HPV16 E6/E7-expressing TC-1 tumors at mucosal sites, including lungs, inner lip, and intravaginal tissues. In a benchmark study with a live Listeria vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 IgG, nanodiscs plus anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade elicits comparable levels of T cell responses with anti-tumor efficacy. Furthermore, compared with Complete Freund's Adjuvant combined with tetanus toxoid, nanodisc vaccination in HLA-A02 mice generates >200-fold stronger IFN-γ+ T cell responses against a neoantigen from an HLA-A02 melanoma patient. Overall, these results show that the nanodisc system is a promising cancer vaccine platform for inducing anti-tumor T cell responses.
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Scheetz L, Kadiyala P, Sun X, Son S, Hassani Najafabadi A, Aikins M, Lowenstein PR, Schwendeman A, Castro MG, Moon JJ. Synthetic High-density Lipoprotein Nanodiscs for Personalized Immunotherapy Against Gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4369-4380. [PMID: 32439701 PMCID: PMC7442596 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas are brain tumors with dismal prognoses. The standard-of-care treatments for gliomas include surgical resection, radiation, and temozolomide administration; however, they have been ineffective in providing significant increases in median survival. Antigen-specific cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade may provide promising immunotherapeutic approaches for gliomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have developed immunotherapy delivery vehicles based on synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) loaded with CpG, a Toll-like receptor-9 agonist, and tumor-specific neoantigens to target gliomas and elicit immune-mediated tumor regression. RESULTS We demonstrate that vaccination with neoantigen peptide-sHDL/CpG cocktail in combination with anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blocker elicits robust neoantigen-specific T-cell responses against GL261 cells and eliminated established orthotopic GL261 glioma in 33% of mice. Mice remained tumor free upon tumor cell rechallenge in the contralateral hemisphere, indicating the development of immunologic memory. Moreover, in a genetically engineered murine model of orthotopic mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) glioma, sHDL vaccination with mIDH1 neoantigen eliminated glioma in 30% of animals and significantly extended the animal survival, demonstrating the versatility of our approach in multiple glioma models. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our strategy provides a general roadmap for combination immunotherapy against gliomas and other cancer types.
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Lebel MÈ, Coutelier M, Galipeau M, Kleinman CL, Moon JJ, Melichar HJ. Differential expression of tissue-restricted antigens among mTEC is associated with distinct autoreactive T cell fates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3734. [PMID: 32709894 PMCID: PMC7381629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) contribute to the development of T cell tolerance by expressing and presenting tissue-restricted antigens (TRA), so that developing T cells can assess the self-reactivity of their antigen receptors prior to leaving the thymus. mTEC are a heterogeneous population of cells that differentially express TRA. Whether mTEC subsets induce distinct autoreactive T cell fates remains unclear. Here, we establish bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-transgenic mouse lines with biased mTEClo or mTEChi expression of model antigens. The transgenic lines support negative selection of antigen-specific thymocytes depending on antigen dose. However, model antigen expression predominantly by mTEClo supports TCRαβ+ CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocyte development; meanwhile, mTEChi-restricted expression preferentially induces Treg differentiation of antigen-specific cells in these models to impact control of infectious agents and tumor growth. In summary, our data suggest that mTEC subsets may have a function in directing distinct mechanisms of T cell tolerance.
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Habibi N, Christau S, Ochyl LJ, Fan Z, Hassani Najafabadi A, Kuehnhammer M, Zhang M, Helgeson M, Klitzing R, Moon JJ, Lahann J. Engineered Ovalbumin Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Li H, Adamopoulos IE, Moulton VR, Stillman IE, Herbert Z, Moon JJ, Sharabi A, Krishfield S, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus favors the generation of IL-17 producing double negative T cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2859. [PMID: 32503973 PMCID: PMC7275084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature double negative (DN) T cells are a population of αβ T cells that lack CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and contribute to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The splenic marginal zone macrophages (MZMs) are important for establishing immune tolerance, and loss of their number or function contributes to the progression of SLE. Here we show that loss of MZMs impairs the tolerogenic clearance of apoptotic cells and alters the serum cytokine profile, which in turn provokes the generation of DN T cells from self-reactive CD8+ T cells. Increased Ki67 expression, narrowed TCR V-beta repertoire usage and diluted T-cell receptor excision circles confirm that DN T cells from lupus-prone mice and patients with SLE undergo clonal proliferation and expansion in a self-antigen dependent manner, which supports the shared mechanisms for their generation. Collectively, our results provide a link between the loss of MZMs and the expansion of DN T cells, and indicate possible strategies to prevent the development of SLE.
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Garcia-Fabiani MB, Ventosa M, Comba A, Candolfi M, Nicola Candia AJ, Alghamri MS, Kadiyala P, Carney S, Faisal SM, Schwendeman A, Moon JJ, Scheetz L, Lahann J, Mauser A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Immunotherapy for gliomas: shedding light on progress in preclinical and clinical development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:659-684. [PMID: 32400216 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1768528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliomas are infiltrating brain tumors associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current standard of care includes radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. Today, survival rates for malignant glioma patients remain dismal and unchanged for decades. The glioma microenvironment is highly immunosuppressive and consequently this has motivated the development of immunotherapies for counteracting this condition, enabling the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment to react against this tumor. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma in phase-I/II clinical trials and illuminate their mechanisms of action, limitations, and key challenges. They also examine promising approaches under preclinical development. EXPERT OPINION In the last decade there has been an expansion in immune-mediated anti-cancer therapies. In the glioma field, sophisticated strategies have been successfully implemented in preclinical models. Unfortunately, clinical trials have not yet yielded consistent results for glioma patients. This could be attributed to our limited understanding of the complex immune cell infiltration and its interaction with the tumor cells, the selected time for treatment, the combination with other therapies and the route of administration of the agent. Applying these modalities to treat malignant glioma is challenging, but many new alternatives are emerging to by-pass these hurdles.
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Ansaldo E, Slayden LC, Ching KL, Koch MA, Wolf NK, Plichta DR, Brown EM, Graham DB, Xavier RJ, Moon JJ, Barton GM. Akkermansia muciniphila induces intestinal adaptive immune responses during homeostasis. Science 2020; 364:1179-1184. [PMID: 31221858 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal adaptive immune responses influence host health, yet only a few intestinal bacteria species that induce cognate adaptive immune responses during homeostasis have been identified. Here, we show that Akkermansia muciniphila, an intestinal bacterium associated with systemic effects on host metabolism and PD-1 checkpoint immunotherapy, induces immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses in mice. Unlike previously characterized mucosal responses, T cell responses to A. muciniphila are limited to T follicular helper cells in a gnotobiotic setting, without appreciable induction of other T helper fates or migration to the lamina propria. However, A. muciniphila-specific responses are context dependent and adopt other fates in conventional mice. These findings suggest that, during homeostasis, contextual signals influence T cell responses to the microbiota and modulate host immune function.
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Okeke EB, Louttit C, Fry C, Najafabadi AH, Han K, Nemzek J, Moon JJ. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase prevents neutrophil extracellular trap formation and rescues mice from endotoxic shock. Biomaterials 2020; 238:119836. [PMID: 32045782 PMCID: PMC7075277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease stored in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils and released into the extracellular milieu during inflammatory response or formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophils release NETs to entrap pathogens by externalizing their cellular contents in a DNA framework decorated with anti-microbials and proteases, including NE. Importantly, excess NETs in tissues are implicated in numerous pathologies, including sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and cancer. However, it remains unknown how to effectively prevent NET formation. Here, we show that NE plays a major role during NET formation and that inhibition of NE is a promising approach for decreasing NET-mediated tissue injury. NE promoted NET formation by human neutrophils. Whereas sivelestat, a small molecule inhibitor of NE, inhibited the formation of NETs in vitro , administration of free sivelestat did not have any efficacy in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock. To improve the efficacy of sivelestat in vivo, we have developed a nanoparticle system for delivering sivelestat. We demonstrate that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of sivelestat effectively inhibited NET formation, decreased the clinical signs of lung injury, reduced NE and other proinflammatory cytokines in serum, and rescued animals against endotoxic shock. Collectively, our data demonstrates that NE signaling can initiate NET formation and that nanoparticle-mediated inhibition of NE improves drug efficacy for preventing NET formation.
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Chen Z, Moon JJ, Cheng W. Correction to Quantitation and Stability of Protein Conjugation on Liposomes for Controlled Density of Surface Epitopes. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:965. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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72
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Son S, Nam J, Zenkov I, Ochyl LJ, Xu Y, Scheetz L, Shi J, Farokhzad OC, Moon JJ. Sugar-Nanocapsules Imprinted with Microbial Molecular Patterns for mRNA Vaccination. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1499-1509. [PMID: 32023415 PMCID: PMC7286077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In particular, polysaccharides found in the microbial cell wall are potent activators of dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we report a new class of nanocapsules, termed sugar-capsules, entirely composed of polysaccharides derived from the microbial cell wall. We show that sugar-capsules with a flexible polysaccharide shell and a hollow core efficiently drain to lymph nodes and activate DCs. In particular, sugar-capsules composed of mannan (Mann-capsule) carrying mRNA (mRNA) promote strong DC activation, mRNA translation, and antigen presentation on DCs. Mann-capsules elicit robust antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8α+ T-cell responses with antitumor efficacy in vivo. The strategy presented in this study is generally applicable for utilizing pathogen-derived molecular patterns for vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Scheetz LM, Yu M, Li D, Castro MG, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A. Synthetic HDL Nanoparticles Delivering Docetaxel and CpG for Chemoimmunotherapy of Colon Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051777. [PMID: 32150841 PMCID: PMC7084365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon carcinomas comprise over two-thirds of all colorectal cancers with an overall 5-year survival rate of 64%, which rapidly decreases to 14% when the cancer becomes metastatic. Depending on the stage of colon carcinoma at diagnosis, patients can undergo surgery to attempt complete tumor resection or move directly to chemotherapy with one or a combination of drugs. As with most cancers, colon carcinomas do not always respond to chemotherapies, so targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been developed to aid chemotherapy. We report the development of a local combination therapy for colon carcinoma whereby chemo- and immunotherapeutic entities are delivered intratumorally to maximize efficacy and minimize off-target side effects. A hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel (DTX), and cholesterol-modified Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG (cho-CpG) oligonucleotide are co-loaded in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanodiscs. In vivo survival analysis of MC-38 tumor-bearing mice treated intratumorally with DTX-sHDL/CpG (median survival; MS = 43 days) showed significant improvement in overall survival compared to mice treated with single agents, free DTX (MS = 23 days, p < 0.0001) or DTX-sHDL (MS = 28 days, p < 0.0001). Two of seven mice treated with DTX-sHDL/CpG experienced complete tumor regression. None of the mice experienced any systemic toxicity as indicated by body weight maintenance and normal serum enzyme and protein levels. In summary, we have demonstrated that chemo- and immunotherapies can be co-loaded into sHDLs, delivered locally to the tumor, and can be used to improve survival outcomes significantly compared to chemotherapy alone.
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Altshuler DB, Kadiyala P, Núñez FJ, Núñez FM, Carney S, Alghamri MS, Garcia-Fabiani MB, Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Candolfi M, Lahann J, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Prospects of biological and synthetic pharmacotherapies for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:305-317. [PMID: 31959027 PMCID: PMC7059118 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1713085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The field of neuro-oncology has experienced significant advances in recent years. More is known now about the molecular and genetic characteristics of glioma than ever before. This knowledge leads to the understanding of glioma biology and pathogenesis, guiding the development of targeted therapeutics and clinical trials. The goal of this review is to describe the state of basic, translational, and clinical research as it pertains to biological and synthetic pharmacotherapy for gliomas.Areas covered: Challenges remain in designing accurate preclinical models and identifying patients that are likely to respond to a particular targeted therapy. Preclinical models for therapeutic assessment are critical to identify the most promising treatment approaches.Expert opinion: Despite promising new therapeutics, there have been no significant breakthroughs in glioma treatment and patient outcomes. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of treatment resistance and to design effective clinical trials.
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Draijer C, Speth JM, Penke LRK, Zaslona Z, Bazzill JD, Lugogo N, Huang YJ, Moon JJ, Peters-Golden M. Resident alveolar macrophage-derived vesicular SOCS3 dampens allergic airway inflammation. FASEB J 2020; 34:4718-4731. [PMID: 32030817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903089r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) suppress allergic inflammation in murine asthma models. Previously we reported that resident AMs can blunt inflammatory signaling in alveolar epithelial cells (ECs) by transcellular delivery of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we examined the role of vesicular SOCS3 secretion as a mechanism by which AMs restrain allergic inflammatory responses in airway ECs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of SOCS3 were reduced in asthmatics and in allergen-challenged mice. Ex vivo SOCS3 secretion was reduced in AMs from challenged mice and this defect was mimicked by exposing normal AMs to cytokines associated with allergic inflammation. Both AM-derived EVs and synthetic SOCS3 liposomes inhibited the activation of STAT3 and STAT6 as well as cytokine gene expression in ECs challenged with IL-4/IL-13 and house dust mite (HDM) extract. This suppressive effect of EVs was lost when they were obtained from AMs exposed to allergic inflammation-associated cytokines. Finally, inflammatory cell recruitment and cytokine generation in the lungs of OVA-challenged mice were attenuated by intrapulmonary pretreatment with SOCS3 liposomes. Overall, AM secretion of SOCS3 within EVs serves as a brake on airway EC responses during allergic inflammation, but is impaired in asthma. Synthetic liposomes encapsulating SOCS3 can rescue this defect and may serve as a framework for novel therapeutic approaches targeting airway inflammation.
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