101
|
Harris JB, Pollard SL. Neuromuscular transmission in the murine mutants "motor end-plate disease" and "jolting". J Neurol Sci 1986; 76:239-53. [PMID: 3025377 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(86)90172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice with the inherited disorder "motor end-plate disease" suffered from a progressive neuromuscular weakness and muscular wasting. The weakness resulted from a failure of evoked transmitter release from the motor nerve terminals. The failure in transmission was all-or-nothing in nature. The numbers of muscle fibres in skeletal muscle and myelinated axons in several major nerve trunks were no different from normal. The loss in muscle bulk was caused by the neuromuscular defect and not from a loss of motor units or muscle fibres. The inherited murine disorder "jolting" was allelic with "motor end-plate disease". Affected "jolting" mice suffered no detectable morphological abnormality in skeletal muscle or peripheral nerve. The physiological properties of skeletal muscle and the characteristics of neuromuscular transmission were indistinguishable from normal.
Collapse
|
102
|
Dick DJ, Boakes RJ, Candy JM, Harris JB, Cullen MJ. Cerebellar structure and function in the murine mutant "jolting". J Neurol Sci 1986; 76:255-67. [PMID: 3794752 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(86)90173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the cerebellar cortex of the murine mutant "jolting" and its phenotypically normal littermate was studied. The general organisation of the cerebellum of normal mice was similar in all respects to that described for other vertebrate species. In "jolting" mice aged 4 months or more there was a marked loss of Purkinje cells and spheroids were present on Purkinje cell axons. An ultrastructural examination showed that the spheroids contained randomly orientated neurofilaments, degenerating mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles. The abnormalities in the cerebellum appeared confined to the Purkinje cells. Extracellular recordings were made of the electrical activity of the cerebellar cortex of anaesthetised mice. In the cerebellar cortex of "jolting" animals, Purkinje cells generated little spontaneous activity, but complex discharges resulting from climbing fibre inputs were indistinguishable from normal. The abnormal electrical activity of Purkinje cells in "jolting" mice could be seen in animals as young as 3 weeks. It was concluded that the "jolting" mouse suffers from a cerebellar ataxia.
Collapse
|
103
|
Johnstone D, Jaros E, Harris JB. Spontaneous electrical activity in muscles of dystrophic (dy/dy) mice. J Neurol Sci 1986; 73:339-49. [PMID: 3723132 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(86)90158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous electrical activity of tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was recorded using extracellular electrodes in dystrophic and phenotypically normal mice. Abnormal levels of spontaneous activity were recorded in the muscles of adult dystrophic mice. The activity was reduced by more than 75% after sciatic nerve section in anaesthetised dystrophic mice suggesting that most of the activity was neurally mediated. No abnormal activity was seen in the biceps brachii muscles of adult dystrophic mice. No abnormal spontaneous activity was seen in young (2-3-week-old) dystrophic mice. As degeneration of muscle fibres begins at about 7 days of age in dystrophic hindlimb muscles, the onset of the abnormal spontaneous EMG activity could not be considered causally related to muscle fibre degeneration.
Collapse
|
104
|
Abstract
The effects of the basic (CB) and acidic (CA) subunits of crotoxin on rat skeletal muscle in vivo have been studied. CB caused muscle necrosis, with damage limited to an outer rim of muscle fibres in rat soleus. The inflammatory response was relatively small. CA was apparently inactive, but the effect of CB was potentiated if injected in combination with CA. Not only were more muscle fibres damaged, but the damage was more diffuse. There was no relationship between the number of muscle fibres damaged and the extent of the oedema (measured as increase in wet weight.
Collapse
|
105
|
Harris JB, Pollard S, Tesseraux I. The effects of Anemonia sulcata toxin II on vertebrate skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1985; 86:275-86. [PMID: 2864969 PMCID: PMC1916846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1985.tb09459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Some effects of the sea anemone toxin, ATX-II, on vertebrate skeletal muscle have been described. At a concentration of 1 X 10(-7)-1 X 10(-6)M, ATX-II caused a sodium-dependent depolarization of the muscle fibres of the rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus, of the mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus and of the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi. The muscle fibres of the frog sartorius were insensitive to the toxin. Action potentials generated by direct stimulation were prolonged by ATX-II, but the degree of prolongation was variable. Chicken posterior latissimus dorsi muscle fibres were most sensitive in this regard, and mouse extensor digitorum longus were least sensitive. Both denervated and immature muscle fibres were more sensitive to ATX-II than mature innervated muscle fibres. The sensitivity to ATX-II declined rapidly as muscle fibres matured. In some muscles, the prolongation of the action potential was enhanced by repetitive stimulation, but not by the passive depolarization or hyperpolarization of the muscle fibres. The actions of ATX-II could be reversed by washing in all but the innervated soleus of the mature rat.
Collapse
|
106
|
Kellum RB, Roberts WE, Harris JB, Khansur N, Morrison JC. Effect of intrauterine antibiotic lavage after cesarean birth on postoperative morbidity. THE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 1985; 30:527-9. [PMID: 4032389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine lavage using broad-spectrum antibiotics after cesarean section has been reported to reduce maternal morbidity, but many such patients are not at high risk for postoperative infection. This study tested intrauterine antibiotic lavage in patients at risk for infectious morbidity. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups based on the last digit of the hospital admission number. Group I received no lavage, group II received lavage with 800 ml of saline plus 2 gm of cefamandole nafate in the intrauterine incision, bladder flap and peritoneal cavity, and group III received a similar lavage using 800 ml of saline alone. There was a significant decrease in maternal hyperpyrexia (simple morbidity) as well as serious infection in both lavage groups as compared to the control group (p less than 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). Also, there was significantly reduced morbidity when the antibiotic lavage was compared to the saline technique (p less than 0.001). The use of intrauterine lavage with saline, with or without antibiotics, appears helpful in reducing postoperative morbidity in patients at high risk for infectious morbidity after cesarean section.
Collapse
|
107
|
Dick DJ, Boakes RJ, Harris JB. A cerebellar abnormality in the mouse with motor end-plate disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1985; 11:141-7. [PMID: 4022259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1985.tb00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The murine mutant with motor end-plate disease (med) exhibits a progressive weakness which is due to a functional denervation of skeletal muscle. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and has two alleles. One of these is the jolting (medjo) mouse which also suffers from a disturbance of locomotion. Although the jolting animal was originally thought to suffer from a disorder of neuromuscular transmission, the organization of the peripheral nervous system is indistinguishable from normal and neuromuscular transmission is unimpaired. It is now clear that abnormalities in the cerebellum are responsible for the gait problems of the jolting mouse, and a preliminary morphological and neurophysiological examination of the mouse with motor end-plate disease has shown that it also has cerebellar abnormalities. Axonal spheroids may be seen on cerebellar Purkinje cell axons in the med mouse, and the character of extra-cellular recordings obtained from the Purkinje cells is abnormal.
Collapse
|
108
|
Harris JB. Polypeptides from snake venoms which act on nerve and muscle. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1985; 21:63-110. [PMID: 6100622 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
109
|
Whalen RG, Butler-Browne GS, Bugaisky LB, Harris JB, Herliocoviez D. Myosin isozyme transitions in developing and regenerating rat muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 182:249-57. [PMID: 3890477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4907-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
110
|
|
111
|
Harris JB. Academic Freedom. Science 1984; 226:1148. [PMID: 17770974 DOI: 10.1126/science.226.4679.1148-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
112
|
Harris JB, Tesseraux I. Effects of sea-anemone toxin (ATX-II) on the frequency of miniature endplate potentials at rat neuromuscular junctions. Br J Pharmacol 1984; 81:573-4. [PMID: 6144341 PMCID: PMC1986903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1984.tb16120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were isolated from rats. The muscles were exposed to ATX-II, a toxin isolated from extracts of the sea-anemone Anemonia sulcata . The toxin caused a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials in both types of muscle. The increase in frequency could be reversed by the application of tetrodotoxin (TTX), and could be prevented by prior exposure of the muscles to TTX. It is concluded that ATX-II causes a sodium-dependent depolarization of the nerve-terminal membrane.
Collapse
|
113
|
Maltin CA, Harris JB, Cullen MJ. Regeneration of mammalian skeletal muscle following the injection of the snake-venom toxin, taipoxin. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 232:565-77. [PMID: 6883457 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Taipoxin, a toxin isolated from the venom of the snake Oxyuranus scutellatus was injected subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of one hind limb of the rat. The toxin caused a necrotising myopathy in the underlying muscle. The ultrastructural characteristics of the regeneration that followed the administration of the myotoxin were studied. Regeneration occurred within the surviving basal lamina tubes from a population of spared satellite cells. Myotubes were formed by 3 days and small immature muscle fibres by 5 days. The regenerative response was total and very rapid. Highly activated satellite cells were found in apparently undamaged fibres in the toxin-damaged muscles. Many of these cells appeared to be motile, having cytoplasmic processes which seemed to be passing through the basal lamina of the parent muscle fibres.
Collapse
|
114
|
Klein-Ogus C, Harris JB. Preliminary observations of satellite cells in undamaged fibres of the rat soleus muscle assaulted by a snake-venom toxin. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 230:671-6. [PMID: 6850787 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells were studied in the undamaged part of the rat soleus muscle rendered partially necrotic by a subcutaneous injection of notexin, the myotoxic toxin purified from the venom of the Australian snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Nuclei of satellite cells were twice as numerous as in the controls, with a decreasing gradient in the number of satellite cells with distance from the necrotic area. The cells were in an activated state with an increased cytoplasmic volume and prominent organelles. Occasionally, mitosis of some satellite cells was observed. Between the satellite cell and the muscle fibre, an unusually wide space was frequently seen, within which a "new" basal lamina was often visible. It is suggested that the role of the satellite cells of undamaged muscle fibres in the regeneration of necrotic muscle is worthy of more detailed investigation.
Collapse
|
115
|
Abstract
In brief: Eighty-two of the 126 patients with neurological injuries caused by winter sports sustained concussion. Twenty-nine of these concussions were caused by collisions while skiing. Injuries also were related to inner tubes, snow disks, sleds, toboggans, a ski bob, a snowmobile, and a Sno-Cat. Six accidents were related to chair lifts. The author believes that for every 100 patients who have skiing injuries requiring orthopedic treatment, five to ten sustain injuries to the neurological system. The worst injuries in this study involved hitting trees, other skiers, boulders, or ski lift equipment or performing aerial maneuvers.
Collapse
|
116
|
Harris JB, Maltin CA. Myotoxic activity of the crude venom and the principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, of the Australian taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus. Br J Pharmacol 1982; 76:61-75. [PMID: 7082907 PMCID: PMC2068749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The crude venom of the Australian taipan. Oxyuranus scutellatus and its principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, were injected into the anterolateral aspect of one hind limb of the rat. 2 The effects of the venom and toxin on the morphology and physiology on the underlying soleus muscles were examined. 3 Both the crude venom and the toxin caused necrosis and degeneration of the muscle. Damage to the peripheral muscle fibres could be seen at the light microscopic level as early as 3 h after injection of the toxic compounds. 4 The necrotic response was accompanied by an infiltration of phagocytic cells and an extensive oedema. The wet weight of the damaged muscles was almost doubled by 6 h. 5 In individual muscle fibres, necrosis was associated with the disruption of the plasma membrane and the disorganization of the myofibrils. The basal lamina of the muscle fibres was left intact. 6 Denervated mammalian muscles and innervated avian muscles were also destroyed by tiapoxin, but immature avian muscle growing in tissue culture was resistant. 7 Of the 3 subunits of taipoxin, only the basic alpha-taipoxin was itself myotoxic. However, its potency was enhanced by the presence of the acid gamma subunit. The role of the neutral beta-subunit is unclear. 8 The period of necrosis and degeneration lasted for approximately 48 h, after which the muscle fibres began to regenerate. Regeneration took place within the surviving basal lamina, with the formation of myotubes by three days, and small, immature muscle fibres by five days. Regeneration was virtually complete by 21 days.
Collapse
|
117
|
Alsen C, Harris JB, Tesseraux I. Mechanical and electrophysiological effects of sea anemone (Anemonia sulcata) toxins on rat innervated and denervated skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1981; 74:61-71. [PMID: 6115695 PMCID: PMC2071885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
1 Some effects of the sea-anemone toxin ATX-II on mammalian nerve-muscle preparations have been described. 2 When ATX-II (10(-8)-10(-6) M) was applied to rat hemidiaphragm preparations, both directly and indirectly generated twitch responses were potentiated and prolonged. At the same time the resting tension of the preparations increased. 3 The increase in resting tension caused by ATX-II in innervated muscles was not prevented by curarization, but was reversed by exposure to tetrodotoxin. The increase in denervated muscles was not completely reversed by tetrodotoxin. 4 At concentrations exceeding 1 x 10(-7) M, ATX-II caused a sodium-dependent depolarization of both normal and denervated muscles. The depolarization of the denervated muscles was only partially reversed by tetrodotoxin. 5 In the presence of ATX-II repetitive endplate potentials (e.p.ps) were evoked by single shocks to the motor nerves in many fibres, and in those in which a single e.p.p. was still observed, the quantum content (m) was increased. Miniature e.p.p. frequency was not increased by ATX-II, even when muscle fibres were depolarized by 30 mV. 6 The indirectly and directly elicited action potentials of normal and denervated muscle fibres were much prolonged by ATX-II. The action potentials remained sodium-dependent. The sodium-dependent tetrodotoxin-resistant action potential of the denervated muscle fibre was also prolonged by ATX-II. 7 It is concluded that ATX-II both activates, and delays inactivation of, sodium channels in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres, probably in interacting with the channel "gate'.
Collapse
|
118
|
Vita G, Harris JB. The uptake of 99mtechnetium diphosphonate into degenerating and regenerating muscle. A correlative histological and biochemical study. J Neurol Sci 1981; 51:339-54. [PMID: 6456331 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(81)90112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate into rat skeletal muscle has been studied. Uptake did not occur in normal or denervated muscles. Muscles damaged by exposure to the myotoxin notexin did accumulate label. The toxin causes a severe inflammatory, necrotising myopathy and regeneration normally begins 2-3 days after toxin administration. The uptake of label was maximal at 12-24 h, at which time muscle wet weight and cellular infiltration were also maximal. Label was found in the muscle mitochondria, the invading inflammatory cells and the oedema fluid. Regenerating muscles did not accumulate label. The uptake of label was positively correlated with total muscle calcium up to 24 h after the onset of necrosis, but it was suggested that the changes in the two parameters are not causally related.
Collapse
|
119
|
Harris JB, Maltin CA. The effects of the subcutaneous injection of the crude venom of the Australian common brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis on the skeletal neuromuscular system. Br J Pharmacol 1981; 73:157-63. [PMID: 7284695 PMCID: PMC2071841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb16785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The effects of the crude venom of the Australian common brown snake on the mammalian neuromuscular system have been investigated. 2 The venom was injected subcutaneously into the dorso-lateral aspect of one hind limb of the rat. The limb was paralyzed within 90 min and remained paralysed for 2 to 3 days. 3 The exposed muscles failed to respond to indirect excitation, and individual fibres were not depolarized at the nerve-muscle junction by exposure to carbachol. 4 The wet weight, histological appearance, resting potential and input resistance of the muscle fibres and their ability to generate directly elicited action potentials were unaffected by exposure to the venom. 5 Administration of venom to isolated preparations caused a reduction in the amplitude of miniature endplate potentials, with no change in frequency. The quantal content of evoked endplate potentials was unchanged. 6 It was concluded that the crude venom was largely devoid of presynaptic activity and myotoxicity, and that its primary site of neurotoxicity was directed to the postsynaptic membrane.
Collapse
|
120
|
Harris JB, Sutherland S, Zar MA. Actions of the crude venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider. Atrax robustus on autonomic neuromuscular transmission. Br J Pharmacol 1981; 72:335-40. [PMID: 6260279 PMCID: PMC2071519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
1 The effects on mammalian autonomic neuromuscular transmission of the crude venom of the female Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus, have been investigated.2 At doses of 10 mug/ml or lower the indirectly elicited twitch-like responses of the rat anococcygeus preparation were inhibited. At doses greater than 10 mug/ml there was an initial reduction in the twitch-like response followed by a sustained contracture of the tissue.3 The long-lasting contracture caused by the venom was abolished by the application of phentolamine. It was virtually non-existent in muscle preparations isolated from reserpine-treated rats.4 In the presence of tetrodotoxin the contracture was smaller and less well maintained than in its absence.5 The venom caused a small reduction in the amplitude of the indirectly elicited twitch-like response of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum, followed by an increase in the tone of the preparation. The increase in tone was maintained for several minutes and was rapidly abolished by the application of atropine. The presence of venom did not affect control responses to either histamine or acetylcholine.6 Inhibitory transmission in the rat anococcygeus preparation was unaffected by the venom.7 The neurally-mediated twitch-like responses of both guinea-pig and rat vas deferens were inhibited by the venom at doses below 10 mug/ml. At higher doses the inhibition was accompanied by spontaneous contractions, and at doses in excess of 100 mug/ml the inhibition of twitch-like responses was transient and was followed by a potentiation of the motor response and extensive spontaneous activity. The preparation became quiescent 20 min after the application of venom and the evoked response was abolished after 60 min.8 The venom had qualitatively similar effects on motor transmission in the human vas deferens as on the rat and guinea-pig preparations. However, the human preparations were 50 to 100 times more sensitive to the effects of the venom.
Collapse
|
121
|
|
122
|
Barbara J, Salker R, Lalji F, Davies TD, Harris JB. An economical, simplified haemagglutination test for mass syphilis screening. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33:1216-8. [PMID: 7005270 PMCID: PMC1146380 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.33.12.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
123
|
|
124
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. The relationship between end-plate size and transmitter release in normal and dystrophic muscles of the mouse. J Physiol 1979; 296:245-65. [PMID: 231101 PMCID: PMC1279076 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The morphology of nerve terminals and sub-neural apparatuses was examined in the muscles of normal and dystrophic adult mice of the Bar Harbor 129 ReJ strain. Nerve terminals were larger in dystrophic muscles than in normal muscles and nerve terminal sprouting was evident in about 50% of the dystrophic muscles fibres. End-plate area was positively correlated with muscle fibre diameter in both normal and dystrophic muscles. 2. Polynueronal innervation was found in only 1% of dystrophic muscle fibres impaled with micro-electrodes. 3. Miniature end-plate potential amplitude was positively correlated with muscle fibre input resistance in both normal and dystrophic muscles. There was however, a greater than normal variation in the amplitudes of m.e.p.p.s recorded from individual dystrophic muscle fibres. 4. Quantum contents of end-plate potentials were estimated in normal and dystrophic mouse nerve-muscle preparations partially blocked with D-tubocurarine. The quantum content of e.p.p.s seemed to be related to muscle fibre diameter, and in dystrophic muscles the characteristics of evoked release were indistinguishable from normal. 5. It was concluded that the nerve terminal sprouting and the expansion of end-plate area which were observed in dystrophic muscles are not a consequence of any form of denervation, but represent an attempt by the axon to expand the area of synaptic contact in hypertrophied muscle fibres.
Collapse
|
125
|
Caccia MR, Harris JB, Johnson MA. Morphology and physiology of skeletal muscle in aging rodents. Muscle Nerve 1979; 2:202-12. [PMID: 159414 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the rodent is accompanied by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle fibers. The muscle twitch also becomes slower, probably as a result of fiber-type conversion from "fast-twitch" to "slow-twitch." The loss of muscle fibers precedes signs of obvious weakness and appears to involve the loss of entire functioning motor units. In the mouse, this loss of motor units correlated with a loss of axons from the innervating nerve trunks.
Collapse
|
126
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Pharmacological aspects of neuromuscular transmission in the isolated diaphragm of the dystrophic (Rej 129) mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 65:411-21. [PMID: 218667 PMCID: PMC1668655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb07845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Some aspects of the pharmacology of neuromuscular transmission have been studied in the isolated diaphragm of the normal and dystrophic mouse. 2. The effects of (+)-tubocurarine and atropine on the indirectly elicited twitch responses of the dystrophic diaphragm were indistinguishable from normal. 3. Intracellular recording techniques revealed no significant differences between the rise time, time to half decay, frequency and amplitude of miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) recorded in dystrophic muscle fibres, compared to those recorded in normal muscle fibres. 4. Transmitter null potential, the size of the available store of transmitter, the probability of release of the transmitter, and the characteristics of endplate potentials (e.p.ps) of dystrophic muscle fibres did not differ from normal. 5. The quantum contents of e.p.ps generated in response to nerve stimulation of 0.1 to 100 HZ were consistently larger in dystrophic muscle fibres than in normal muscle fibres, but the differences were not statistically significant under the conditions of the experiment.
Collapse
|
127
|
Abstract
Dystrophic mice were investigated with regard to their regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion in vivo. The following were also measured: tissue glycogen levels, activity of the glycogenolytic hydrolase, acid amyloglucosidase, and in vitro glucose utilization by liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Basal levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin of dystrophic mice were essentially within the same range as in the clinically unaffected littermate controls. Dystrophic mice had a decreased tolerance to glucose and glibenclamide; the secretion of insulin in response to these secretagogues was moderately reduced. Insulin release following beta-adrenergic stimulation, however, was increased in the dystrophic mice. Glycogen levels and acid amyloglucosidase activity were increased in dystrophic muscles but were normal in liver. Acid amyloglucosidase activity in pancreatic islets was lower in the dystrophic mouse. Glucose utilization in vitro appeared normal in liver tissue from dystrophic mice; in dystrophic muscle there was a threefold increase in 14CO2-production with no concomitant increase in either glycogen or 14C-incorporation into glycogen. 14CO2 production and 14C-incorporation into lipid and glycogen were increased in dystrophic adipose tissue. We suggest that the decreased glucose tolerance, and the reduced insulin response to glucose in the dystrophic mouse are compensated by an increased glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue and an increased beta-adrenergic-mediated secretion of insulin.
Collapse
|
128
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Muscular dystrophy in the mouse: neuromuscular transmission and the concept of functional denervation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:152-70. [PMID: 38724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The results of recent investigations by ourselves and others indicate that no form of denervation exists to any remarkable degree in dystrophic mouse skeletal muscles. This conclusion is based on the following information: Dystrophic nerve terminals liberate normal amounts of transmitter both spontaneously and during impulse-mediated activity. The characteristics of the release process, the size of the available store of transmitter, and the probability of release of transmitter in response to the invasion of an action potential appear to be normal. The sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to the transmitter is normal. Action potential generation in response to both direct and indirect excitation is normal. There is no unequivocal pharmacologic evidence of denervation in dystrophic skeletal muscle, even though dystrophic muscle fibers respond to surgical denervation in a normal fashion. Nerve terminal sprouting is extensive, but there is no evidence of collateral reinnervation.
Collapse
|
129
|
Lundquist I, Håkanson R, Harris JB, Libelius R, Sundler F. Endocrine pancrease in the dystrophic mouse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1979; 317:206-20. [PMID: 224747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
130
|
Harris JB, Johnson MA. Further observations on the pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to toxins isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1978; 5:587-600. [PMID: 152684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1978.tb00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Some aspects of the response of mammalian skeletal muscle following the injection of purified toxins from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, are described. 2. The toxins used were notexin, notechis II-5, notechis II-1 and a modified form of notexin (PBP-notexin). They were injected into the dorso-lateral aspect of one himd limb so that the soleus muscle would be exposed to the toxins. 3. Within 1 h after the injection of notexin, the soleus muscles were oedematous and by 3--6 h, polymorphonuclear leucocytes had entered the interstitial spaces. The invasion of necrotic muscle fibers was extensive by this time. Muscle spindles appeared relatively unaffected by the toxin. 4. The muscle regenerated via myoblasts at 2--3 days to myotubes at 3--5 days, immature muscle fibers at 7--14 days and fully differentiated muscle fibers by 21--28 days. Even after 6 months, however, the nuclei of many muscle fibres remained in a central position. 5. A second component of Australian tiger snake venom was also found to be myotoxic. It was slightly less potent than notexin, but caused qualitatively similar damage to that caused by notexin. It was identified as notechis II-5. A third fraction, notechis II-1, was found to be inactive. 6. Notexin could be neutralized by incubation with tiger snake antivenene; the simultaneous injection of antivenene with notexin did not afford complete protection against muscle damage.
Collapse
|
131
|
Pluskal MG, Harris JB, Pennington RJ, Eaker D. Some biochemical responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin (notexin) isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1978; 5:131-41. [PMID: 648033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1978.tb00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. Some biochemical responses of mammalian skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a purified toxin from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, have been investigated to determine the role of changes in peptide hydrolase enzymes in the muscle wasting caused by notexin administration. 2. Within 6 h of injection, serum creatine kinase activity was increased by five- to ten-fold, and remained elevated for at least 24 h. 3. There was an initial inflammatory response in the muscle adjacent to the site of injection; by 12 h after injection, muscle wet weight increased by 60%. 4. After the initial increase, wet weight fell to about 50% of normal at 7 days. Normal wet weight was achieved by 20 days after the injection. Over the period 1-20 days after the injection of the toxin, the changes in wet weight were mirrored by changes in non-collagen protein content. 5. The activities of cathepsin B and acid proteinase were increased following the injection of the toxin. By 2 days after injection, there was a ten-fold increase in the activity of cathepsin B, and a seven-fold increase in the activity of acid proteinase. The activity of both enzymes become normal by 20 days. 6. Experiments utilizing a variety of cytotoxic drugs suggested that the acid proteinase and cathespin B are primarily located within invading phagocytic cells. 7. The results are discussed with reference to the previously described pathology of toxin-damaged skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
132
|
Harris JB, Zar MA. The effects of a toxin isolated from Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus scutatus) venom on autonomic neuromuscular transmission. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 62:349-58. [PMID: 205289 PMCID: PMC1668136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The effects on mammalian autonomic neuromuscular transmission of a purified toxin from the crude venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus, have been investigated. 2 The toxin had no measurable effect on transmission in either the rat anococcygeus, the rat vas deferens, or the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. 3 The toxin induced a contraction of longitudinal smooth muscle of the ileum. The tissue relaxed in spite of the continued presence of the toxin, and remained insensitive to further doses. The contractile response was not mediated by either cholinergic or histaminergic mechanisms. 4 The toxin caused an inhibition of the response to field stimulation of the guinea-pig vas deferens and the guinea-pig seminal vesicle. The inhibition was spontaneously reversible, and the preparations remained insensitive to further doses fo the toxin. The effects of the toxin were not mediated by either prostaglandins or by noradrenaline. 5 The inhibitory effects of a variety of compounds known to act at presynaptic sites were also blocked by exposure to the toxin; inhibition caused by postsynaptic activity was unaffected by the toxin. 6 It is suggested that the toxin inhibits transmission in the guinea-pig vas deferens and seminal vesicle by a presynaptic mechanism. 7 The possibility that the mechanism involves phospholipase A2 activity is discussed.
Collapse
|
133
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Neuromuscular transmission is adequate in identified abnormal dystrophic muscle fibres. Nature 1978; 271:362-4. [PMID: 202877 DOI: 10.1038/271362a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
134
|
Harris JB, Johnson MA, Macdonell C. Taipoxin, a presynaptically active neurotoxin, destroys mammalian skeletal muscle [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1977; 61:133P. [PMID: 912183 PMCID: PMC1667635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
135
|
Fewings JD, Harris JB, Johnson MA, Bradley WG. Progressive denervation of skeletal muscle induced by spinal irradiation in rats. Brain 1977; 100 Pt 1:157-83. [PMID: 861712 DOI: 10.1093/brain/100.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
136
|
Maskrey P, Pluskal MG, Harris JB, Pennington RJ. Studies on increased acid hydrolase activities in denervated muscle. J Neurochem 1977; 28:403-9. [PMID: 839220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb07761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
137
|
Chacin J, Park OH, Harris JB, Alonso D. Role of oxalacetate in lipoate effect on frog gastric mucosa. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1976; 231:209-15. [PMID: 8990 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of lipoate on frog gastric mucosa was investigated. Oxalacetate (OAA) reversed lipoate-inhibited QO2 and QH+ of chambered mucosas by 70 and 40%, respectively. Pyruvate or glucose produced similar effects. Neither activity was affected by OAA when added after glucose, pyruvate, decanoate, butyrate, or lipoate-propionate-inhibited mucosa. Lipoate-treated or lipoate-propionate-treated mucosa did not respond to histamine; OAA addition prior to histamine restored responsiveness. Tracer and chromatographic techniques showed that lipoate reduced and pyruvate increased OAA formation. Preincubation of mitochondrial extracts of gastric mucosa with 2 mM lipoate increased pyruvic dehydrogenase activity 110%. Pyruvic carboxylase (PC) activity was primarily in the mitochondrial fraction of the gastric mucosa. The PC preparation was shown to have an absolute requirement for CoASAc, contained biotin, was not inhibited by lipoate, and had an apparent Km approximately equal to 3.6 X 10(-4) M for pyruvate. The results suggest that OAA concentration is regulated by PC activity and is one of the factors controlling QO2 and QH+ in the frog gastric mucosa.
Collapse
|
138
|
Abstract
1 (-)Emetine (0.25-2.0 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to rats for up to 220 days. 2 At doses of 1.0 mg/kg or less, the animals continued to gain weight but more slowly than the untreated control animals. The physiological changes in the muscles from these animals were minimal; there was a small reduction in both the resting membrane potential and in the maximum rate of rise of the action potential. There was no atrophy or loss of muscle fibres although in the occasional muscle, hyaline fibres, necrotic fibres and split fibres were observed. There was a focal loss of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) in Type II and Type III fibres, but no such loss in Type I fibres. 3 The animals receiving 2.0 mg/kg of (-)emetine gained weight slowly for up to 20 days but then rapidly lost weight and by 30 days they were weak and emaciated. The muscles from these animals were severly atrophied and the total muscle wet weight was reduced by almost 20%. 4 The strength of the muscles from these animals was measured in vitro using direct stimulation. They were weaker than normal both in absolute terms and when expressed in terms of tension developed/unit wet weight. 5 There was no evidence of either functional or structural denervation but surgically denervated muscles from animals in this group were indistinguishable from denervated muscles from normal rats. 6 Severe structural damage was obvious in the fibres of both extensor digitorum longus and soleus. Necrotic, hyaline and splitting fibres were common and the focal loss of myofibrillar ATPase and NADH-TR activity was extensive and occurred in Type I fibres as well as in Type II and Type II fibres. 7 It is concluded that the muscular weakness induced by (-)-emetine is due to a direct effect on the muscle fibres and that this occurs at a subcellular level. There is no evidence that functional or structural denervation plays any role in the aetiology of emetine myopathy in the rat.
Collapse
|
139
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Neuromuscular transmission in the isolated diaphragm of the dystrophic mouse (129 ReJ/dy.dy) [proceedings]. J Physiol 1976; 263:118P-119P. [PMID: 189010 PMCID: PMC1307678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
140
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Proceedings: A method for the micro-injection into mammalian muscle fibres of procion brilliant red H3BN. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 55:306P-307P. [PMID: 1201432 PMCID: PMC1666782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
141
|
Harris JB, Ribchester RR. Proceedings: Extracellular and intracellular effects on procion brilliant red H3BN on mammalian muscle fibres. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 55:281P-282P. [PMID: 1201417 PMCID: PMC1666821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
142
|
Harris JB, Montgomery A. Some mechanical and electrical properties of distal hind limb muscles of genetically dystrophic mice (C57BL/6Jdy2j/dy2j). Exp Neurol 1975; 48:569-58. [PMID: 1175715 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
143
|
Harris JB, Alonso D, Park OH, Cornfield D, Chacin J. Lipoate effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and gastric H+ secretion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 228:964-71. [PMID: 1090192 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.3.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acid secretion (QH+) and oxygen consumption (Qo2) by frog gastric mucosae in vitro were sharply stimulated by lipoate. A rapid decline followed stimulation, subsequently falling below control values. Addition of only glucose or lactate had no effect on Qo2 or QH+. Pyruvate caused slight significant stimulation of Qo2. Any one of these compounds added to lipoate-treated mucosae increased the stimulatory effect of lipoate and markedly slowed the rate of decline subsequent to maximum stimulation. Various fatty acids had a moderate-to-high stimulatory effect on Qo2 and QH+. Lipoate added prior to the addition of fatty acids decreased the stimulatory effect of buryrate (minus 56%), decanoate (minus 87%), and palmitate (minus 60%). Propionate became an inhibitor in the presence of lipoate. Lipoate increased (plus 100%) the amount of glycogen oxidized and decreased (minus 69%) the amount of triglycerides oxidized. Lipoate-treated mucosae did not respond to histamine. Addition of glucose restored responsiveness. The results indicate that beta-oxidation of fatty acids plays a major role in the acid secretory process and is centrally involved in cyclic AMP and histamine stimulation of QH+.
Collapse
|
144
|
Cullen MJ, Harris JB, Marshall MW, Ward MR. An electrophysiological and morphological study of normal and denervated chicken latissimus dorsi muscles. J Physiol 1975; 245:371-85. [PMID: 1142169 PMCID: PMC1330792 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Some electrophysiological and morphological properties of 'fast' (singly innervated) and 'slow' (multiply innervated) muscle fibres were studied in normal and denervated posterior and anterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the young chickens. 2. Normal singly and multiply innervated muscle fibres are capable of generating action potentials which in all qualitative respects are similar. 3. The action potentials of multiply innervated muscle fibres are of lower amplitude and slower maximum rate of rise than action potentials in singly innervated muscle fibres. 4. Denervation causes the resting membrane potential and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential to fall. The changes are greater in singly innervated than in multiply innervated fibres, but in neither case are as great as in mammalian skeletal muscle fibres after surgical denervation. 5. In neither singly nor multiply innervated muscle fibres do the action potentials generate any 'resistance' to tetrodotoxin as a result of denervation. 6. The diameter of multiply innervated fibres is increased after denervation, but it is reduced in singly innervated fibres. The number of myofilaments increases in multiply innervated fibres, but decreases in single innervated fibres. In both types of muscle fibre the volume fraction of myofibrils is decreased. 7. In the singly innervated muscle fibres there is an increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria. 8. In the singly innervated muscle fibres, there is some rearrangement of the membrane systems in that some of the transversely orientated triads are replaced by longitudinally orientated dyads.
Collapse
|
145
|
Harris JB, Ward MR. Some electrophysiological properties of isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles from normal and genetically-dystrophic hamsters. Exp Neurol 1975; 46:103-14. [PMID: 1109333 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(75)90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
146
|
|
147
|
Harris JB, Johnson MA, Karlsson E. Proceedings: Histological and histochemical aspects of the effect of notexin on rat skeletal muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1974; 52:152P. [PMID: 4451803 PMCID: PMC1776958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
148
|
Julien PJ, Melton CR, Minagi H, Margulis AR, Harris JB. Gardner's syndrome: report of a case initially presenting as diffuse metastatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1974; 62:156-64. [PMID: 4413532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
149
|
Harris JB, Ward MR. A comparative study of "denervation" in muscles from mice with inherited progressive neuromuscular disorders. Exp Neurol 1974; 42:169-80. [PMID: 4825735 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(74)90015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
150
|
Harris JB, Marshall MW. A study of action potential generation in murine dystrophy with reference to "functional denervation". Exp Neurol 1973; 41:331-44. [PMID: 4746198 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(73)90274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|