Farrowing induction with a combination of prostaglandin F2α and a peripherally acting α2-Adrenergic agonist AGN 190851 and a combination of prostaglandin F2α and oxytocin

We studied the effect of prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha)-AGN 190851 on farrowing induction and compared it with that of PGF(2alpha)-oxytocin. Eighty crossbred, multiparous sows were randomly assigned to the following 4 treatment groups of 20 sows each: 1) control, saline-saline; 2) PGF(2alpha) (10 mg/sow)-oxytocin (30 IU/sow); 3) PGF(2alpha) (10 mg/sow)-AGN 190851 (0.06 mg/kg); and 4) PGF(2alpha) (10 mg/sow)-AGN 190851 (0.1 mg/kg). Either PGF(2alpha) or saline was administered intramuscularly on Day 111 of gestation at 11:30 h; AGN 190851, oxytocin or saline was administered intramuscularly 20 h after the first injection. The PGF(2alpha)-AGN 190851 (0.1 mg/kg) treated sows had the shortest mean farrowing interval (2.1 +/- 1.6 h, mean +/- SD) compared with the remaining treatment groups (control: 67.1 +/- 26.2 h; PGF(2alpha)-oxytocin: 5.6 +/- 6.7 h; PGF(2alpha)-AGN 190851 [0.06 mg/kg]: 3.0 +/- 2.8 h). Duration of farrowing, litter size, litter weight and interval from weaning to first estrus in sows were not significantly changed by these treatments. The PGF(2alpha)-oxytocin group had a significantly higher stillbirth rate than the control group, whereas the PGF(2alpha)-AGN 190851 (0.1 mg/kg) group had the lowest number of pigs born dead and stillbirth rate among the 4 treatment groups. These results suggested that the PGF(2alpha)-AGN 190851 combination can be used as an alternative method to PGF(2alpha)-oxytocin for synchronizing farrowing.

Distributed strain measurement based on a fiber Bragg grating and its reflection spectrum analysis

A method of extracting the strain profile along a fiber Bragg grating from the intensity reflection spectrum is described. The procedure is based on a filter synthesis theory that relates the aperiodicity of a grating with its reflection spectrum. To illustrate the approach, we measured the strain profile near a hole in a plate and obtained a strain resolution of 80 micro. The spatial resolution depends on the strain gradient; i.e., the higher the gradient, the better the resolution. A resolution of 0.8 mm was achieved for a 5-mm grating with a gradient of 250 micro/mm.

Breathing and brain blood flow during sleep in patients with chronic mountain sickness

Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) patients have lower arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) during sleep compared with healthy high-altitude residents, but whether nocturnal arterial O2 content (CaO2) and brain O2 delivery are reduced is unknown. We measured SaO2, CaO2, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and internal carotid artery flow velocity in 8 CMS patients, 8 age-matched healthy CMS controls, 11 healthy younger-aged Han, and 11 healthy younger-aged Tibetan male residents of Lhasa, Tibet (3,658 m). CMS patients spent a greater portion of the night in SDB (total no. of episodes of apnea, hypopnea, and hypoventilation) than did the CMS controls, young Han, or young Tibetans (15% vs. 5, 1, and 1%, respectively; P < 0.05) because of more frequent apnea and hypoventilation episodes and longer duration of all types of episodes. SDB and unexplained arterial O2 desaturation caused nocturnal SaO2 to be lower and more variable in CMS patients than in CMS controls or in younger-aged Han or Tibetan men. Average CaO2 was similar, but the CMS patients spent 29%, whereas the other groups spent < 4%, of the night at values < 18 ml O2/100 ml whole blood. Internal carotid artery flow velocity during wakefulness was similar in CMS patients and CMS controls despite higher end-tidal PcO2 values in the CMS patients. When contiguous sleep stages are compared, flow velocity rose from stage 2 to rapid-eye-movement sleep in both groups. Whereas flow velocity remained elevated from awake to rapid-eye-movement sleep in the CMS controls, it fell in the CMS patients. During episodes of SDB, internal carotid flow velocity increased in CMS controls but did not change in the CMS patients such that values were lower in the CMS patients than in CMS controls at the end and after SDB episodes. We concluded that SDB and episodes of unexplained desaturation lowered nocturnal SaO2 and CaO2, which, together with a lack of compensatory increase in internal carotid artery flow velocity, likely decreased brain O2 delivery in CMS patients during a considerable portion of the night.

Heritability estimate of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the heritability of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in pigs and the relation between HCM and heart measurements, pathologic features, and growth to provide references for HCM line development. A total of 353 on-farm tested gilts (females) and boars (males) from 74 sire families were randomly selected from a single breeding farm where HCM was prevalent. Hearts were collected after animals were slaughtered. Heart length, width, and weight, heart-to-body weight ratio, and thickness of the cranial, middle, and caudal portions of the ventricular septum, left and right ventricles, and apex were measured. Cardiac hypertrophy and myocyte disorganization, myocardial and endocardial fibrosis, and intramural coronary arterial occlusion were used as criteria for HCM. Growth traits were evaluated from average daily body weight gain, ultrasonically determined backfat thickness, loin-eye area, and performance selection index. Heritability of the disease was estimated by treating it as a threshold trait. The prevalence of HCM in three studied breeds was 5.26 in Duroc, 22.98 in Landrace, and 5.56% in Yorkshire pigs. The value in Landrace pigs was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that in the other pigs. There was no significant difference between sexes. In general the heart of pigs with HCM was heavier, wider, longer, and thicker than that of clinically normal pigs. Backfat was the only growth trait with a difference (P < 0.05) among pig breeds. The HCM pigs were leaner than normal pigs. Leaner pigs may have a higher risk of HCM. Heritability of HCM was > 0.30 for all three breeds, but the standard errors of these estimates were high because of limited sample size, in particular for the Yorkshire and Duroc breeds. The preliminary results of this study indicate that HCM in pigs is moderately heritable; thus development of a high-HCM incidence line by selection is possible.

Presentation of peptide antigens as albumin conjugates for use in detection of serum antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

The use of linear peptides as antigens for detection of serum antibodies has been studied using a sequence of the Borrelia burgdorferi protein, flagellin, and Lyme disease sera as a model. It was found that a novel presentation of the peptide as a hapten on the carrier protein, bovine serum albumin, in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format can be successfully applied to distinguish between Lyme disease and control sera.

Rearrangement and expression of Vzeta1, Vzeta2 and Vzeta3 TCR zeta genes in C57BL/6 mice

We have recently described a mAb (2.11) that recognizes the Vgamma1-Jgamma4-Cgamma4 chain. With this mAb and an anti-delta mAb we separated gammadelta+ 2.11(+) and gammadelta+ 2.11(-) intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) by FACS. Transcripts of rearranged TCR Vgamma1 and Vdelta2 genes in both i-IEL populations were analyzed by PCR followed by sequence analysis of cDNA spanning the junction of variable (V) and joining (J) genes. Roughly the same number of Vgamma1 and Vgamma2 transcripts were found in the 2.11(+) population while >90% of the transcripts in the 2.11(-)population contained a Vgamma gene sequence. Furthermore, gamma transcripts in the 2.11+ population were functional, while only 30-40% of the Vgamma transcripts in either population contained an in-frame sequence. The observed frequency of transcripts is what would be expected from cell populations that have not gone through cellular selection mediated by the RCR. Expression of Vgamma mRNA in RCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta thymocytes was studied by a technique that analyzed populations of transcripts of rearranged genes. In both T cell population similar levels of Vgamma transcripts were found and about two out of three transcripts were out-of-frame. During the cloning and sequence analysis, we indentified a clone that expresses the Vgamma segment rearranged to the Jgamma3-Cgamma region in C57BL/6 mice. Together with the PCR cloning and sequencing of the complete Cgamma region in C57BL/6 mice these data demonstrate that the Jgamma-Cgamma gene is functional in this strain. Taken together, these studies revealed that: (i) cells expressing the Vgamma1 chain are an important subset of the gammadelta i-IEL population and that they show extensive junctional diversity; (ii) there is no correlation between expression of in-frame Vgamma transcripts and expression of Vgamma2 chains at the cell surface; and (iii) cells expressing the Vgamma3 chain might be a minor subset of the gammadelta T cell population in C57BL/6 mice.

Cytotoxic oxygenated desmosterols of the red alga Galaxaura marginata

Desmosterol (1), 24,25-epoxycholesterol (2), 24-hydroperoxycholesta-5,25-dien-3 beta-ol (3), 25-hydroperoxycholesta-5,23(E)-dien-3 beta-ol (4), cholesta-5,25-diene-3 beta,24-diol (5), and 24,25-epoxy-6 beta-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (7) were isolated from the marine red alga Galaxaura marginata; sterols 3, 4, and 7 were isolated for the first time from a natural source. Sterols 3-7 exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward several cancer cell lines.

Inhibitions of protein kinase C and proto-oncogene expressions in NIH 3T3 cells by apigenin

Apigenin, a low-toxic and non-mutagenic plant flavonoid, suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated tumour promotion of mouse skin. TPA has the ability to activate protein kinase C (PKC) and induce proto-oncogene expression. Our study shows that apigenin inhibits PKC by competing with ATP, and exhibits an IC50 value of 10 +/- 0.5 microM. Apigenin also reduces the level of TPA-stimulated phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Of the protein tyrosine kinases tested, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor was most strongly affected by apigenin (IC50 20 microM), and pp60v-src most weakly affected (IC50 > 200 microM). Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with 100 ng/ml TPA and 10, 50 and 100 microM apigenin resulted in 50, 80 and 100% suppression of TPA-induced C-JUN expression, respectively. Treatment of TPA with 10 microM apigenin inhibited TPA-induced C-FOS expression. TPA-stimulated cell growth was suppressed by 25 microM apigenin. Our results provide some evidence for understanding apigenin's inhibitory effects of TPA-mediated tumour promotion.

Use of a polyethylene glycol-peptide conjugate in a competition gel shift assay for screening potential antagonists of HIV-1 Tat protein binding to TAR RNA

Interference of binding of Tat protein to TAR RNA in HIV-1-infected cells may be a useful therapeutic strategy for AIDS. An electrophoretic assay to screen potential low-molecular-weight (< 2 kDa) Tat antagonists has been established. A radiolabeled TAR RNA fragment (delta TAR) is retarded in mobility when bound by a Tat peptide-polyethylene glycol conjugate (Tat-PEG), which is used in place of the Tat protein. The assay determines the ability of a potential antagonist to compete with Tat-PEG for binding to delta TAR, as measured by interference with the gel shift of delta TAR. To discriminate between specific and nonspecific interactions, the assay is done in the absence or the presence of a 250-fold molar excess of tRNA.

Ontogenic development and tissue distribution of V gamma 1-expressing gamma/delta T lymphocytes in normal mice

A hamster monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognizing an epitope in the V gamma 1-J gamma 4-C gamma 4 chain of the gamma/delta T cell receptor has been generated. Using this mAb, we have quantitated the occurrence of V gamma 1-bearing gamma/delta T cells in the developing thymus and in the lymphoid organs and several epithelia of adult mice. The V gamma 1-expressing cells constitute a minor gamma/delta T cell subpopulation during fetal and early postnatal life, but they constitute a major population of gamma/delta T cells in the thymus and in the peripheral lymphoid organs in adult mice. In addition, we found that V gamma 1-bearing cells comprise a large proportion (15-60%) of the gamma/delta T cells present in the intestinal epithelium (i-IEL) in all strains of mice tested. V gamma 1+ i-IEL are present in athymic (nude) mice and in antigen-free mice, demonstrating that they can develop extrathymically and that their presence in the intestinal epithelium is independent of the antigenic load of the gut. Our results show that V gamma 1-bearing lymphocytes account for the largest population of gamma/delta T cells in the mouse. This population includes a thymus-dependent component that homes to the secondary lymphoid organs and a thymus-independent component that constitutes a major fraction of the gamma/delta i-IELs.

Evaluation with receptor binding assay on the water extracts of ten CNS-active Chinese herbal drugs

In the present study, we established receptor binding assays to evaluate the water extracts of ten central nervous system (CNS)-active Chinese herbal drugs. These ten herbal drugs are Chaihu (Radix Bupleuri), Chuanxiong (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), Danggui (Radix Angelicae sinensis), Danshen (Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae), Duhuo (Radix Angelicae pubescentis), Hangqin (Radix Scutellariae), Qinjiao (Radix Gentianae macrophyllae), Shengma (Rhizoma Cimicifugae), Suanzaoren (Semen Zizphi spinose), and Yangjihua (Flos Daturae). The results indicated that these water extracts contained the principles acting on the dopamine (D1 & D2), muscarinice acetylcholine (M1), or 5-HT (5-HT1A & 5-HT2) receptors, or the benzodiazepine and the gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) binding sites of GABAA receptors as determined by receptor binding assays. The receptors or binding sites which predominantly acted by each water extract are listed as follows: Chaihu: D2, 5-HT1A, GABA; Chuanxiong: GABA, 5-HT1A; Danggui: GABA, 5-HT1A; Danshen: BDZ; Duhuo: GABA, 5-HT1A, D2, D1; Hangqin: BDZ, D1, 5-HT1A; Qinjiao: GABA, BDZ, 5-HT1A, D2; Shengma: 5-HT1A; Suanzaoren: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, GABA; Yangjihua: M1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2. These results provided evidence to explain the CNS effects of these herbal drugs at the receptor level. Furthermore, these results provided information to direct the isolation and purification of receptor-interactive compounds from these herbal drugs.

Production of monoclonal antibodies specific to Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin

Four monoclonal antibodies were produced for use in a rapid method to detect Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin. Cells of mouse myeloma cell line SP2/0 were fused with splenocytes of immunized BALB/c mice. An immunoblot assay of semipurified commercial neurotoxins of C. botulinum types A, B, C, D, E, and F was used to show specificity. All the monoclonal antibodies reacted with type B neurotoxin but did not cross-react with the other types. The monoclonal antibodies, separately and combined, did not neutralize the toxin in mice, and all showed specificity to the whole neurotoxin molecule and the heavy-chain component by immunoblot. No evidence of specific binding to the hemagglutinin molecule was noted. When tested against concentrated cultured supernatants of C. botulinum types A, B, E, and F, the 4 monoclonal antibodies reacted only against type B strains. They will be incorporated into a rapid assay with other specific monoclonal antibodies to detect C. botulinum neurotoxins from pure cultures or suspect foods.

[Low voltage brachyradiotherapy for ocular hemangioma]

45 cases of palpebral and conjunctival hemangioma were treated by low voltage brachyradiotyerapy of small doses of 1.0-1.5Gy 3 times per week to total 8-15Gy, and of limited fields just over the tumor. 42.2% of the cases were cured and 57.8% improved, with no adverse reactions even in patients followed up over 5 years. All lesions in this series occurred with in one month after birth and 88.9% presented themselves at the hospital as preschoolers. The reported therapy was simple, safe and painless, so that children could be treated even in sleep.

Growth estimation of solid-state koji by covering a cellophane membrane on the mash

In a solid-substrate fermentation system, fungal growth within a solid mash is an important index for the efficiency of the saccharification and production of metabolites. Estimation of fungal mass in such a heterogeneous solid-substrate systems is difficult and tedious. In this work, the comparison of Aspergillus oryzae which is a common strain for the wine-brewing process cultured on a cellophane membrane placed on a koji juice agar medium and a small scale of steamed rice koji culture was conduted. Experimental results showed that the cellophane membrane technique resembled the steamed rice koji culture and is considered as a convenient and effective way for investigating the growth characteristics and cytology for solid-substrate koji system.

Hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness in Tibetan compared with Han residents of 3,658 m

Lifelong high-altitude residents of North and South America acquire blunted hypoxic ventilatory responses and exhibit decreased ventilation compared with acclimatized newcomers. The ventilatory characteristics of Himalayan high-altitude residents are of interest in the light of their reportedly lower hemoglobin levels and legendary exercise performance. Until recently, Sherpas have been the only Himalayan population available for study. To determine whether Tibetans exhibited levels of ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory drives that were as great as acclimatized newcomers, we compared 27 lifelong Tibetan residents of Lhasa, Tibet, China (3,658 m) with 30 acclimatized Han ("Chinese") newcomers matched for age, body size, and extent of exercise training. During room air breathing, minute ventilation was greater in the Tibetan than in the Han young men because of an increased respiratory frequency, but arterial O2 saturation and end-tidal PCO2 did not differ, indicating similar levels of effective alveolar ventilation. The Tibetan subjects had higher hypoxic ventilatory response shape parameter A values and hypercapnic ventilatory responsiveness than the Han subjects. Among the Han subjects, duration of high-altitude residence correlated with the degree of blunting of the hypoxic ventilatory drive. Paradoxically, hyperoxia (inspired O2 fraction 0.70) increased minute ventilation and decreased end-tidal PCO2 in the Tibetan but not in the Han men. We concluded that lifelong Tibetan residents of high altitude neither hypoventilated nor exhibited blunted hypoxic ventilatory responses compared with acclimatized Han newcomers, suggesting that the effects of lifelong high-altitude residence on ventilation and ventilatory response to hypoxia differ in Tibetan compared with other high-altitude populations.

Internal carotid arterial flow velocity during exercise in Tibetan and Han residents of Lhasa (3,658 m)

Cerebral blood flow increases with acute exposure to high altitude, but the effect of hypoxia on the cerebral circulation at rest and during exercise appears influenced by the duration of high-altitude exposure. To determine whether internal carotid artery flow velocity increased with exercise in long-term residents of high altitude and whether resting values and the response to exercise differed in lifelong vs. acclimatized newcomer male residents of high altitude, we studied 15 native Tibetan and 11 Han ("Chinese") 6 +/- 2-yr residents of Lhasa (3,658 m), Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Noninvasive Doppler ultrasound was used to measure internal carotid artery diameter, mean flow velocity, and, in combination, hemoglobin and arterial O2 saturation to assess cerebral O2 delivery. Tibetan and Han groups were similar in body size and resting internal carotid artery diameter, blood pressure, hemoglobin concentration, internal carotid artery mean flow velocity, and calculated cerebral O2 delivery. Submaximal exercise increased internal carotid artery mean flow velocity and cerebral O2 delivery in the Tibetan and Han subjects. At peak exercise, the Tibetans sustained the increase in flow velocity and cerebral O2 delivery, whereas the Hans did not. Across all exercise levels up to and including peak effort, the Tibetans demonstrated a greater increase in internal carotid artery flow velocity and cerebral O2 delivery relative to resting values than did the Hans. The greater cerebral O2 delivery was accompanied by increased peak exercise capacity in the Tibetan compared with the Han group. Our findings suggest that the cerebral blood flow response to exercise is maintained in Tibetan lifelong residents of high altitude.

Thyrotoxicosis accompanied with periodic seizure attacks a case report and review of literature

A 58-year-old female was admitted and discovered to be a victim of thyrotoxicosis. She had experience periodic seizure attacks for 14 months. These seizures disappeared when function of the thyroid returned to normal. We performed many studies to search for the cause of the seizures. No epileptic focus could be detected from an EEG or a MRI of the brain. There was no abnormal laboratory data such as: hypoglycemia, hypoxemia, serum electrolyte imbalance, or an acid-base imbalance. No evidence of CNS infection was noted. She had good response to antithyroid treatment. We therefore suggest, that the seizure attacks may be related to thyrotoxicosis. In reviewing the literature, we found that only 13 cases of thyrotoxicosis with seizures have been reported since 1956 [1-9].

Variation in the antigenic characteristics of venom from the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus)

Venoms from 31 specimens of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) were examined to further characterize reported differences among venoms of this species. Twenty-two venoms were recognized by a monoclonal antibody to Mojave toxin, CSS12. Nine venoms were recognized by CA-P-8, a monoclonal antibody produced against the hemorrhagic venom of C. atrox. Seven of these produced strong hemorrhage in mice and were also recognized by polyclonal antibodies (anti-F5) produced against a fraction of Mojave rattlesnake venom that inactivates serum complement. Fractionated venom revealed that CA-P-8 and anti-F5 recognized different proteins. Two of the venoms recognized by CA-P-8 were not recognized by anti-F5 and produced minimal hemorrhage in mice. This suggests that more than one factor may be necessary to induce strong hemorrhage.

Internal carotid flow velocity with exercise before and after acclimatization to 4,300 m

Cerebral blood flow and O2 delivery during exercise are important for well-being at altitude but have not been studied. We expected flow to increase on arrival at altitude and then to fall as O2 saturation and hemoglobin increased, thereby maintaining cerebral O2 delivery. We used Doppler ultrasound to measure internal carotid artery flow velocity at sea level and on Pikes Peak, CO (4,300 m). In an initial study (1987, n = 7 men) done to determine the effect of brief (5-min) exercises of increasing intensity, we found at sea level that velocity [24.8 +/- 1.4 (SE) cm/s rest] increased by 15 +/- 7, 30 +/- 6, and 22 +/- 8% for cycle exercises at 33, 71, and 96% of maximal O2 uptake, respectively. During acute hypobaric hypoxia in a decompression chamber (inspired PO2 = 83 Torr), velocity (23.2 +/- 1.4 cm/s rest) increased by 33 +/- 6, 20 +/- 5, and 17 +/- 9% for exercises at 45, 72, and 98% of maximal O2 uptake, respectively. After 18 days on Pikes Peak (inspired PO2 = 87 Torr), velocity (26.6 +/- 1.5 cm/s rest) did not increase with exercise. A subsequent study (1988, n = 7 men) of the effect of prolonged exercise (45 min at approximately 100 W) found at sea level that velocity (24.8 +/- 1.7 cm/s rest) increased by 22 +/- 6, 13 +/- 5, 17 +/- 4, and 12 +/- 3% at 5, 15, 30, and 45 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Decreased ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness are not reversed by naloxone in Lhasa residents with chronic mountain sickness

Persons with chronic mountain sickness (CMS) hypoventilate and are more hypoxemic than normal individuals, but the cause of the hypoventilation is unclear. Studies of 14 patients with CMS and 11 healthy age-matched control subjects residing in Lhasa, Tibet, China (3,658 m) were conducted to test the hypothesis that hypoventilation, blunted hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness (HVR), and hypoxic ventilatory depression of CMS were due to increased endogenous opioid production. Patients with CMS compared with control subjects exhibited hypoventilation (end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure [PETCO2] = 36.6 +/- 1.0 versus 31.5 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.05), lower tidal volume (VT = 0.54 +/- 0.02 versus 0.61 +/- 0.02 ml BTPS, p less than 0.05), blunted HVR (shape parameter A = 17 +/- 8 versus 114 +/- 22 mm Hg/L BTPS/min, p less than 0.05), and a depressant effect of ambient hypoxia on ventilation (delta PETCO2 with acute hyperoxia = -3.5 +/- 0.5 versus -1.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s to vital capacity ratios (FEV1/VC) and a higher proportion of cigarette smokers in the group of patients with CMS compared with control subjects suggested that at least some patients with CMS had mild airway obstructive lung disease. Naloxone infusion (0.14 mg/kg) to six patients with CMS did not change resting VT, PETCO2, HVR, or SaO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Greater maximal O2 uptakes and vital capacities in Tibetan than Han residents of Lhasa

Maximal O2 uptake provides an index of the integrated functioning of the O2 transport system. Whether lifelong high altitude residents have greater maximal exercise capacities than acclimatized newcomers is of interest for determining whether years to generations of high altitude exposure influence maximal O2 uptake and, if so, what components of O2 transport are involved. We studied 16 Tibetan lifelong residents of Lhasa, Tibet, China (3658 m) and 20 Han ("Chinese") 8 +/- 1 year residents of the same altitude who were matched for age, height, weight and lack of exercise training. At maximal effort, the Tibetans compared to the Hans had greater O2 uptakes (51 +/- 1 vs 46 +/- 1 ml STPD.min-1.(kg bw)-1, P less than 0.05), exercise workloads (177 +/- 5 vs 155 +/- 6 watts, P less than 0.05), minute ventilations (149 +/- 6 vs 126 +/- 4 IBTPS/min, P less than 0.01) and O2 pulse (15.2 +/- 0.4 vs 13.3 +/- 0.5 ml O2 consumption/heart beat, P less than 0.05). Equally high heart rates were present at maximal effort (191 +/- 3 vs 187 +/- 3 beats/min, P = NS), supporting the likelihood that true maxima were achieved in both groups. The greater minute ventilation in the Tibetans resulted from greater tidal volume and the greater maximal tidal volume correlated positively with the resting vital capacity. We concluded that the Tibetans achieved a higher maximal O2 uptake than the Hans, implying an increased capacity for O2 transport to the working muscle.

Quadrature phase detector using two-mode waveguides

We present a novel design for quadrature phase detection utilizing two-mode optical waveguides for optical interferometric systems. A pair of interferometric signals having quadrature optical phase information can be obtained from the near-field and far-field patterns of a two-mode waveguide output. The operational principle is based on a pi/2 differential phase shift between two modal beams occurring during their transition from near-field to far-field radiation patterns.

[Marginal leakage of glass ionomer as filling material for proximal decay in endodontic treatment]

The primary purpose of sealing proximal tooth defects during endodontic treatment is to prevent fluid, organic or bacterial contamination of the root canal system. At times, glass ionomers are used to restore proximal tooth defects between appointments, and after the root canal therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of glass ionomers in teeth having proximal defects during root canal therapy. Sixty lower molars were extracted and prepared with standard endodontic access procedures. The mesial wall was then removed to mimic a proximal defect, and the tooth was filled with a glass ionomer in various thicknesses--0.8, 1.2 and 1.5 mm, respectively. After thermocycline treatment, all of the teeth were partially immersed in a 1% methylene blue dye for two weeks. During this period, the glass ionomer was directly observed to determine if any marginal leakage occurred. The glass ionomer was unacceptable if the dye penetrated to the interior wall of the pulp chamber. If not, it was classified as acceptable. The results indicated that dye penetration or leakage was least likely to occur in a 1.5 mm glass ionomer group.

All-optical intermodal switch using periodic coupling in a two-mode waveguide

An intermodal switch based on optically induced (through the Kerr effect) periodic coupling in a two-mode waveguide is described and demonstrated. A high-power pump beam injected into the two modes of the waveguide produces a periodic modulation of the refractive-index profile with a period equal to the modal beat length, which causes coupling between the two modes of a simultaneously injected probe beam. The operating principle was successfully demonstrated in an elliptical-core two-mode fiber with counterpropagating pump and probe beams.

Increased exercise SaO2 independent of ventilatory acclimatization at 4,300 m

Arterial O2 saturation (Sao2) decreases in hypoxia in the transition from rest to moderate exercise, but it is unknown whether other several weeks at high altitude SaO2 in submaximal exercise follows the same time course and pattern as that of ventilatory acclimatization in resting subjects. Ventilatory acclimatization is essentially complete after approximately 1 wk at 4,300 m, such that improvement in submaximal exercise SaO2 would then require other mechanisms. On days 2, 8, and 22 on Pikes Peak (4,300 m), 6 male subjects performed prolonged steady-state cycle exercise at 79% maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max). Resting SaO2 rose from day 1 (78.4 +/- 1.6%) to day 8 (87.5 +/- 1.4%) and then did not increase further by day 20 (86.4 +/- 0.6%). During exercise, SaO2 values (mean of 5-, 15-, and 30-min measurements) were 72.7% (day 2), 78.6% (day 8), and 82.3% (day 22), meaning that all of the increase in resting SaO2 occurred from day 1 to day 8, but exercise SaO2 increased from day 2 to day 8 (5.9%) and then increased further from day 8 to day 22 (3.7%). On day 22, the exercise SaO2 was higher than on day 8 despite an unchanged ventilation and O2 consumption. The increased exercise SaO2 was accompanied by decreased CO2 production. The mechanisms responsible for the increased exercise SaO2 require further investigation.

Venous occlusion plethysmography reduces arterial diameter and flow velocity

The measurement of peripheral blood flow by plethysmography assumes that the cuff pressure required for venous occlusion does not decrease arterial inflow. However, studies in five normal subjects suggested that calf blood flow measured with a plethysmograph was less than arterial inflow calculated from Doppler velocity measurements. We hypothesized that the pressure required for venous occlusion may have decreased arterial velocity. Further studies revealed that systolic diameter of the superficial femoral artery under a thigh cuff decreased from 7.7 +/- 0.4 to 5.6 +/- 0.7 mm (P less than 0.05) when the inflation pressure was increased from 0 to 40 mmHg. Cuff inflation to 40 mmHg also reduced mean velocity 38% in the common femoral artery and 47% in the popliteal artery. Inflation of a cuff on the arm reduced mean velocity in the radial artery 22% at 20 mmHg, 26% at 40 mmHg, and 33% at 60 mmHg. We conclude that inflation of a cuff on an extremity to low pressures for venous occlusion also caused a reduction in arterial diameter and flow velocity.

Antigenic relationships of fractionated western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) hemorrhagic toxins and other rattlesnake venoms as indicated by monoclonal antibodies

Seven hemorrhagic factors have been isolated from Crotalus atrox venom, but their antigenic relationships have not been well studied. In this study, two different monoclonal antibodies, C. atrox peak 8 (CA-P-8) and C. atrox subclone 5 (CA-5+), were produced against two C. atrox venom hemorrhagic fractions and used in an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to determine if the hemorrhagic factors in C. atrox venom are antigenically related. The same ELISA test was used to determine cross-reactivity of seven other crude Crotalidae venoms. The two monoclonal antibodies were tested for their ability to neutralize each hemorrhagic HPLC fraction separated from C. atrox venom. C. atrox venom was fractionated into 22 fractions using HPLC analytical DEAE ion exchange. Fractions 4-17 were hemorrhagic. The CA-P-8 monoclonal antibody reacted strongly with hemorrhagic fraction 8; CA-5+ had a broader reactivity and reacted with several HPLC hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic fractions. Crude venoms of C. adamanteus, C. scutulatus scutulatus and C. viridis lutosus reacted with CA-P-8, while C. viridis lutosus, C. viridis oreganus, C. scutulatus scutulatus and C. horridus horridus reacted with CA-5+. C. molossus molossus and C. lepidus lepidus did not react with CA-P-8 and CA-5+. Hemorrhagic HPLC fractions 6, 7, 8, were completely neutralized by monoclonal antibody CA-P-8; fraction 9 was partially neutralized. The present study indicated that some C. atrox venom HPLC hemorrhagic fractions have both common and unique epitopes. Antigenic determinants were also found to be shared among different Crotalus species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Oxygen transport to exercising leg in chronic hypoxia

Residence at high altitude could be accompanied by adaptations that alter the mechanisms of O2 delivery to exercising muscle. Seven sea level resident males, aged 22 +/- 1 yr, performed moderate to near-maximal steady-state cycle exercise at sea level in normoxia [inspired PO2 (PIO2) 150 Torr] and acute hypobaric hypoxia (barometric pressure, 445 Torr; PIO2, 83 Torr), and after 18 days' residence on Pikes Peak (4,300 m) while breathing ambient air (PIO2, 86 Torr) and air similar to that at sea level (35% O2, PIO2, 144 Torr). In both hypoxia and normoxia, after acclimatization the femoral arterial-iliac venous O2 content difference, hemoglobin concentration, and arterial O2 content, were higher than before acclimatization, but the venous PO2 (PVO2) was unchanged. Thermodilution leg blood flow was lower but calculated arterial O2 delivery and leg VO2 similar in hypoxia after vs. before acclimatization. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance in hypoxia were greater after, than before, acclimatization. We concluded that acclimatization did not increase O2 delivery but rather maintained delivery via increased arterial oxygenation and decreased leg blood flow. The maintenance of PVO2 and the higher MAP after acclimatization suggested matching of O2 delivery to tissue O2 demands, with vasoconstriction possibly contributing to the decreased flow.

T cell receptor gene usage in the response to lambda repressor cI protein. An apparent bias in the usage of a V alpha gene element

The T cell response to the lambda repressor cI protein is directed to the same region of the protein (residues 12-26) in both BALB/c and A/J mice. A panel of T cell hybridomas specific for P12-26 in the context of either I-Ek or I-Ad have been isolated To further understand the molecular interaction between the TCR and the Ia-P12-26 complex, the primary structures of the TCR of five T cell hybridomas have been determined. Southern and Northern analyses indicate that two members of the V alpha 3 gene family are used by 13 out of 14 I-Ek-restricted T cells. Four different V beta genes are used by these T cell hybridomas, while the majority (8 out of 13) express V beta 1 in combination with the J beta 2.1 element. No clear correlation can be seen in this system between gene usage and MHC restriction. In addition, the fine specificity of I-Ek-restricted T cells to a single amino acid substitution [Phe22/His22]P12-26 is not attributed to the usage of particular V alpha and V beta elements. The V alpha 3 family gene is also used by a few I-Ad-restricted T cells. Interestingly, these I-Ad T cells share a reactivity pattern more similar to that of I-Ek-restricted T cells than other I-Ad-restricted T cells. The nonrandom selection V alpha 3 is also demonstrated by the fact that V alpha 3 is used by P12-26-specific, but not by cytochrome c- or staphylococcal nucleus-specific, I-Ek-restricted T cells. This suggests that although antigen specificity may not be accounted for by either chain of the TCR, the members of V alpha 3 genes may be selected by the antigen (P12-26).

Usual clinical dose of acetazolamide does not alter cerebral blood flow velocity

Prior reports indicate that acetazolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, in moderate doses reduces symptoms of acute mountain sickness, and in large doses increases cerebral blood flow. The effect on flow is not known for a moderate dose, but were flow to increase, then increased cerebral oxygen delivery would be one mechanism of benefit from acetazolamide at high altitude. We utilized Doppler ultrasound in 8 volunteers to determine whether a usual acetazolamide dose (250 mg three times daily) would increase flow velocities in internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Acetazolamide during normoxia decreased pHa, PaCO2, and PETCO2, but baseline flow velocity remained unchanged. In 2 subjects without acetazolamide, voluntary hyperventilation decreased both PETCO2 and flow velocity. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia caused increases in arterial velocities. The increases were not altered by acetazolamide administration. In one subject, 1 g acetazolamide by acute i.v. injection induced an increase in flow velocity (40%) concomitant with a 5 mm Hg decrease in PETCO2, confirming prior reports using similar intravenous dose. In doses employed for prevention of acute mountain sickness, acetazolamide induced metabolic acidosis and may have prevented the fall in velocity usually associated with hypocapnia, but it neither increased baseline cerebral blood flow velocity nor velocity responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Benefit of acetazolamide at high altitude may relate to mechanisms other than increased cerebral blood flow.

[The binding characteristics of antibody with antigen in enzyme immunosensor]

The enzyme immunosensor developed by Aizawa et al for assaying antigens is regarded as a rapid and accurate method for immunoassay. The key point involved in this technique is the binding force of an antigen with a membrane-bound antibody. In this report, a simplified method was adopted to determine the amount of membrane-bound antibody and the binding constant between antigen and membrane-bound antibody. The plot of C* vs C*/A0* facilitates the determination of binding constant K' and the amount of membrane-bound antibody, B0. From the equations expressing competitive binding reactions of labeled and nonlabeled antigen-antibody reactions, the value of K was determined from the value of K' and relative concentrations of antigen and antigen-antibody complex. The determination of K' and K was exemplified by obtaining the data of anti-IgG and anti-hCG antibodies (immobilized on triacetyl cellulose membrane) with their antigens.

Propranolol blocks metabolic rate increase but not ventilatory acclimatization to 4300 m

Previously, we found resting metabolic rate increased at high altitude but the mechanism and consequences of this increase were unclear. We sought to test the role of beta-sympathetic activation for increasing metabolic rate and the contribution of an increase in metabolic rate to raising total ventilation at altitude. Following baseline studies at sea level, two groups of six healthy male subjects received either placebo or propranolol (80 mg/8 h) for 3 days prior to ascent to Pikes Peak (4300 m) where treatment was continued for 15 days. O2 consumption increased in placebo-treated subjects with a rise of 20 +/- 5% (X +/- SEM) on day 1 and no change 0 +/- 7% in propranolol-treated subjects (difference between groups, P less than 0.05). The increase in total ventilation upon ascent was 28 +/- 2% in the placebo group vs 9 +/- 7% in the propranolol group (P less than 0.05) and was correlated with metabolic rate in individual subjects. Decreasing end-tidal PCO2, taken as an index of ventilatory acclimatization, was similar in both groups. Thus, beta-sympathetic activation appears to increase metabolic rate upon ascent to high altitude and lead to a proportionate elevation in total ventilation but does not alter ventilatory acclimatization.

Strain effects on highly elliptical core two-mode fibers

Longitudinal strains in optical fibers have been found to produce a large differential phase shift between the first-and second-order spatial modes propagating in a two-mode fiber. This differential phase shift between the modes is both calculated and measured to be dispersive with respect to wavelength. For fibers with highly elliptical core geometries, which propagate only one lobe orientation of the second-order mode, the differential phase shift is also found to be polarization dependent.

Use of highly elliptical core fibers for two-mode fiber devices

The four complex, almost degenerate, second-order eigenmodes of a two-mode fiber having a circular core are reduced to two nondegenerate, linearly polarized second-order eigenmodes with stable-intensity lobe positions in a highly elliptical core fiber. Existing two-mode-fiber devices can be improved by this stabilization of the second-order modes. Practical sensors employing the two spatial modes as the two arms of an interferometer are described. The two arms of an interferometer of this type can have the same group delays, while the difference in phase delays is large.

Internal carotid and vertebral arterial flow velocity in men at high altitude

Cerebral blood flow increases at high altitude, but the mechanism of the increase and its role in adaptation to high altitude are unclear. We hypothesized that the hypoxemia at high altitude would increase cerebral blood flow, which would in turn defend O2 delivery to the brain. Noninvasive Doppler ultrasound was used to measure the flow velocities in the internal carotid and the vertebral arteries in six healthy male subjects. Within 2-4 h of arrival on Pikes Peak (4,300 m), velocities in both arteries were slightly and not significantly increased above sea-level values. By 18-44 h a peak increase of 20% was observed (combined P less than 0.025). Subsequently (days 4-12) velocities declined to values similar to those at sea level. At altitude the lowest arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) and the highest end-tidal PCO2 was observed on arrival. By day 4 and thereafter, when the flow velocities had returned toward sea-level values, hemoglobin concentration and SaO2 were increased over initial high-altitude values such that calculated O2 transport values were even higher than those at sea level. Although the cause of the failure for cerebral flow velocity to increase on arrival is not understood, the subsequent increase may act to defend brain O2 transport. With further increase in hemoglobin and SaO2 over time at high altitude, flow velocity returned to sea-level values.

On the diversity of sperm basic proteins in the vertebrates: V. Cytochemical and amino acid analysis in Squamata, Testudines, and Crocodylia

The variability of sperm basic proteins in representatives of three reptilian orders, Squamata, Testudines, and Crocodylia, has been examined by cytochemistry, acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis of amidoblack-stained bands. Snakes contain type 3B intermediate sperm basic proteins by cytochemical criteria. Electrophoresis of basic proteins from epididymis chromatin as well as from testis and ductus deferens cell suspensions shows two fast-moving bands in the vicinity of herring protamine. These proteins are triprotamines containing about 27 mol % arginine, along with lysine and histidine. Lizards have type 1 protamines in their sperm nuclei cytochemically and also show a two-banded electrophoretic pattern similar to that of snakes. However, these proteins are triprotamines, similar to those in snakes with 25 mol % arginine. It may be that these are testis-specific proteins of the spermatid stage in lizards since a cytochemical transition can be observed from type 3A intermediate proteins in spermatids of testis to type 1 protamine in mature sperm of ductus deferens. Turtles contain type 3A intermediate sperm basic proteins cytochemically and basic proteins from epididymis chromatin display both a prominent band and a minor band close to, but slightly slower than, the two bands for snakes and lizards. Amino acid analysis of these bands shows that these basic proteins are also triprotamines but with a higher level of arginine, about 48 mol %, than that in snake and lizard sperm proteins. Basic proteins from epididymis chromatin of a single Mississippi alligator show three main bands moving close to the bands of snakes, lizards, and turtles. These proteins have amino acid compositions typical for triprotamines, with 28-39 mol % arginine. The data indicate that the sperm basic proteins of representatives of 25 species in three reptilian orders are very similar, in contrast to the diversity of sperm protein types found in frogs (Kasinsky, Huang, Kwauk, Mann, Sweeney, and Yee: J. Exp. Zool., 203:109-126, '78; Kasinsky, Huang, Mann, Roca, and Subirana: J. Exp. Zool., 234:33-46, '85a). This appears to be part of a macroevolutionary trend from diversity of sperm basic proteins in frogs to relative constancy in reptiles (Kasinsky, Mann, Pickerill, Gutovich, and Byrd, Jr.:J. Cell Biol., 91:1879, '81; Kasinsky, Mann, Lemke, and Huang: In: Chromosomal Proteins and Gene Expression, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 333-352, '85b). We present the hypothesis that one factor for such a trend resides in the fact that fertilization is internal in reptiles but external in anurans.

Intensity noise characteristics of lasers in fiber-optic gyroscopes

We report the first theoretical analysis and experimental results to our knowledge of the intensity noise of lasers due to signal-wave feedback in fiber-optic gyroscopes. It has been demonstrated that signal-wave feedback would cause a large amount of intensity noise in lasers and would thus limit the system performance. The relation of the intensity noise to various factors in the gyroscope has been clarified, and measures to reduce the noise are presented.

Propranolol does not impair exercise oxygen uptake in normal men at high altitude

Decreased maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system have been previously shown to occur at high altitude. We hypothesized that tachycardia mediated by beta-adrenergic stimulation acted to defend VO2max at high altitude. Propranolol treatment beginning before high-altitude (4,300 m) ascent reduced heart rate during maximal and submaximal exercise in six healthy men treated with propranolol (80 mg three times daily) compared with five healthy subjects receiving placebo (lactose). Compared with sea-level values, the VO2max fell on day 2 at high altitude, but the magnitude of fall was similar in the placebo and propranolol treatment groups (26 +/- 6 vs. 32 +/- 5%, P = NS) and VO2max remained similar at high altitude in both groups once treatment was discontinued. During 30 min of submaximal (80% of VO2max) exercise, propranolol-treated subjects maintained O2 uptake levels that were as large as those in placebo subjects. The maintenance of maximal or submaximal levels of O2 uptake in propranolol-treated subjects at 4,300 m could not be attributed to increased minute ventilation, arterial O2 saturation, or hemoglobin concentration. Rather, it appeared that propranolol-treated subjects maintained O2 uptake by transporting a greater proportion of the O2 uptake with each heartbeat. Thus, contrary to our hypothesis, beta-adrenergic blockade did not impair maximal or submaximal O2 uptake at high altitude due perhaps to compensatory mechanisms acting to maintain stroke volume and cardiac output.

Organization, nucleotide sequence, and transcription of the chicken HSP70 gene

We have isolated a gene encoding a 70,000-Da heat shock protein (HSP70) from a chicken genomic library. The recombinant clone C411 was isolated by hybridization to a radioactively labeled plasmid containing Drosophila HSP70 gene sequences. The identity was established by hybrid selected translation using a subcloned restriction fragment, pC1.8, and total cytoplasmic RNA from chicken cells. The selected mRNA translated in vitro a product which co-migrates with in vivo synthesized chicken HSP70 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ mRNA from heat-shocked cells, we detected a 2.6-kilobase pair mRNA homologous to pC1.8. The nucleotide sequences within pC1.8 and a flanking 2.0-kilobase pair HindIII fragment contain a single contiguous open reading frame of 1905 nucleotides that corresponds to a protein of predicted size 70,000 daltons. Upstream of the initiator methionine codon, ATG, lie sequences homologous to the canonical transcription elements TATA, CCAAT, and SP1 binding site, and two overlapping heat shock elements. The order and spacing of these sequences share many features in common with the promoter for the human HSP70 gene.

The active immunoglobulin kappa chain gene is packaged by non-ubiquitin-conjugated nucleosomes

To elucidate the molecular features of active chromatin, we have mapped, by two-dimensional electrophoresis, the protein composition of nucleosomes that package the immunoglobulin kappa chain gene of mouse plasmacytoma cells. Nucleoprotein particles that possess the active kappa chain gene comigrate with bulk mononucleosomes that contain high mobility group proteins HMG-14 or -17 but lack histone H1. High electrophoretic resolution of the underlying core particles, after removal of ubiquitin by isopeptidase treatment, reveals that these nucleosomes are nonubiquitinated, even though they coincidently migrate with bulk ubiquitinated particles. This distinctive electrophoretic behavior may be correlated with the presence of histone H2A.X. Nucleosomes exhibiting these unusual properties appear to span at least 10 kilobases, in both transcribed and nontranscribed regions, suggesting that mechanisms independent of transcription exist to initiate, maintain, and propagate a common chromatin phenotype over long distances along the kappa chain locus.

Temperature-dependent cleavage of chromatin by micrococcal nuclease near the nucleosome center

Digestion of nuclei at 4 degrees C with micrococcal nuclease results in significant intranucleosomal cleavage compared to digestion conducted at 37 degrees C. Employing nucleoprotein gel electrophoresis in one dimension followed by DNA electrophoresis in a second dimension, we demonstrate that such temperature-sensitive, internal cleavage predominantly occurs about 20 bp from the nucleosome center. We suggest that lower temperatures reduce the stability of hydrophobic interactions within the histone octamer and lead to a conformational alteration in nucleosomes that is detected by micrococcal nuclease.

Transcription termination and chromatin structure of the active immunoglobulin kappa gene locus

To investigate the chromatin surrounding an active gene, we have determined the distribution of RNA polymerase molecules, the intactness of nucleosomal structure, and the subnuclear compartmentalization along 15 kilobase pairs (kb) of the mouse kappa immunoglobulin locus of MPC-11 plasmacytoma cells. Hybridization of in vitro nuclear transcripts to probes specific for the template strand reveals that transcription terminates within the region between 1.1 and 2.3 kb downstream from the poly(A) addition site. Ten different short sequences (8-13 base pairs) reside within 460 base pairs of this termination region that exhibit homology with sequences found in the termination regions of mouse beta-globin and chicken ovalbumin genes. Transcription of the nontemplate strand occurs on either side of this termination region. We find that both within the transcription unit and 6.5 kb downstream of the termination region of the kappa gene, the canonical nucleosomal structure is perturbed, the chromatin exhibits pronounced insolubility, and the nucleosomes liberated by micrococcal nuclease appear to lack histone H1. The insolubility is characterized by interactions that are disrupted by 0.3 to 0.6 M NaCl treatment. We conclude that the active chromatin phenotype spreads a considerable distance along the kappa locus, well beyond the region of transcription termination.

Isolation of antihemorrhagic factors in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum using a monoclonal antibody immunoadsorbent

The antihemorrhagic factor in opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum isolated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and DEAE A-50 ion exchange chromatography was used as antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. Hybrid cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against antihemorrhagic factor were produced by fusion of Sp2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells of the immunized mice. The ascites fluid was produced in BALB/c mice. The monoclonal antibody in the ascites fluid was partially purified by DEAE A-50 ion exchange and coupled to CNBr-activated isolation of isolation of antihemorrhagic factor. The neutralization capacity of the conventionally isolated antihemorrhagic factor was 14.6 times and the affinity isolated antihemorrhagic factor was 16.8 times that of crude opossum serum. Both antihemorrhagic factors were homogeneous, with one fast migrating band in the area of albumin shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, the antihemorrhagic factor showed one heavy band and one faint band in SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis, as well as in isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight of the heavy band was estimated to be 65,000 with a value of p1 4.8 and the faint band was 57,000 with a value of pI 4.1.