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To QG, Gallegos D, Do DV, Tran HTM, To KG, Wharton L, Trost SG. Psychometric properties of questionnaires to measure social ecological influences in Vietnamese children. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 1:40-43. [PMID: 35782459 PMCID: PMC9219265 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity data in primary school-aged children are limited in Vietnam. Although tools to measure social ecological influences on physical activity are validated in English, they are not available in Vietnamese. Due to cultural and contextual differences, their psychometric properties need to be tested. Five scales were translated into Vietnamese and evaluated for internal consistency and test re-test reliability, including self-efficacy, perceived social influences, and beliefs self-administered by students, and parental support for physical activity and parental perceived safety of the neighbourhood, self-administered by parents. Compared to the original scales, two items from the parental perceived neighbourhood safety were removed due to the cultural context. Another item of the self-efficacy scale was also removed as it correlated poorly with the other items in the scale at both administrations. The adjusted scales were found to be reliable and appropriate for use among students and parents to measure social ecological influences on physical activity in the Vietnamese context.
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Delaney T, Jackson JK, Jones J, Hall A, Dives A, Wedesweiler T, Campbell L, Nathan N, Romiti M, Trost SG, Lum M, Colliver Y, Hernandez L, Yoong SL. A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity of Preschool-Aged Children Attending Early Childhood Education and Care: Study Protocol for the 'Everybody Energise' Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214275. [PMID: 31689905 PMCID: PMC6862613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of ‘Energisers,’ short bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), have been shown to significantly increase children’s physical activity within the school setting but not within Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) centres. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of an intervention involving the provision of educator-led daily Energisers to increase the time children spend in MVPA while attending ECEC. Fourteen ECEC centres in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia, will be randomised to either an intervention or control group. The intervention group will be supported by the research team to implement three brief (5-min) educator-led Energisers each day for children aged three to six years between the hours of 9:00 a.m. to 3.00 p.m. Control ECEC centres will continue to provide ‘normal practice’ to children. The primary trial outcome is child minutes of MVPA whilst in ECEC, assessed objectively via accelerometery over three days. Outcome assessment will occur at baseline and 6 months post-baseline. Linear mixed models under an intention-to-treat framework will be used to compare differences between groups in MVPA at follow-up. This will be the first cluster randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of Energisers in isolation on increasing the time children spend in MVPA.
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Chowdhury AK, Tjondronegoro D, Chandran V, Zhang J, Trost SG. Prediction of Relative Physical Activity Intensity Using Multimodal Sensing of Physiological Data. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204509. [PMID: 31627335 PMCID: PMC6833090 DOI: 10.3390/s19204509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of a non-laboratory approach that uses machine learning on multimodal sensor data to predict relative physical activity (PA) intensity. A total of 22 participants completed up to 7 PA sessions, where each session comprised 5 trials (sitting and standing, comfortable walk, brisk walk, jogging, running). Participants wore a wrist-strapped sensor that recorded heart-rate (HR), electrodermal activity (Eda) and skin temperature (Temp). After each trial, participants provided ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Three classifiers, including random forest (RF), neural network (NN) and support vector machine (SVM), were applied independently on each feature set to predict relative PA intensity as low (RPE ≤ 11), moderate (RPE 12–14), or high (RPE ≥ 15). Then, both feature fusion and decision fusion of all combinations of sensor modalities were carried out to investigate the best combination. Among the single modality feature sets, HR provided the best performance. The combination of modalities using feature fusion provided a small improvement in performance. Decision fusion did not improve performance over HR features alone. A machine learning approach using features from HR provided acceptable predictions of relative PA intensity. Adding features from other sensing modalities did not significantly improve performance.
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Ahmadi MN, Chowdhury AK, Cliff D, Pavey T, Hagenbuchner M, Trost SG. Free-living Evaluation Of Laboratory-based Machine Learning Algorithms For Activity Classification In Preschool Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560991.17660.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chan DV, Thorpe DE, Trost SG, Boyd RN, Faldowski RA, Barber L, Levin I, Carroll A, Bagatell N. Novel approaches to measuring community integration in adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:2653-2664. [PMID: 30994013 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1577500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Rehabilitation goals often focus on increasing community integration for adults with disabilities and are measured by objective assessments. Research methods have lagged behind in capturing current conceptualizations of community integration as a multidimensional construct that incorporates participation, social supports, and feelings of belonging in the community. This paper addresses this challenge by describing a multi-method approach to assessing community integration for adults with cerebral palsy.Methods: Measures include standardized questionnaires, qualitative methods, measures of function and physical activity, and geospatial measures using Geographic Information System mapping and Global Positioning System tracking. These objective and subjective data are used to determine where adults spend time and are most active, and which activities and social connections are associated with feeling integrated into the community.Results: Two case examples highlight the importance of using a multi-method approach to assess community integration for adults with cerebral palsy. Results of objective clinical measures were comparable among case examples; however, actual experiences of feeling connected to the community were vastly different.Conclusions: Multiple measures are required to capture the complexity of community integration. Relying solely on objective measures may not provide a complete picture of community integration.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONCommunity integration is a complex construct that incorporates participation, socialization, and feelings of belonging in the community.New methods and measures are needed to assess the many aspects of community integration in adults with disabilities.A multi-method approach is recommended to provide a richer characterization of community integration in individuals with disabilities.A combination of quantitative and qualitative measures addressing the physical, social and psychological aspects of community integration should be used.
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Goncalves WSF, Byrne R, Viana MT, Trost SG. Parental influences on screen time and weight status among preschool children from Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:27. [PMID: 30866958 PMCID: PMC6416855 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the influence of parental attributes and parental screen time behaviours on pre-schooler’s screen time and weight status in low-to-middle income countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parental screen time, parental self-efficacy to limit screen time, child screen time and child BMI in preschool-aged children in Brazil. Methods Three hundred eighteen parent-child dyads from Caruaru, Brazil completed a survey measuring sociodemographic data, weekday and weekend screen time, and parental self-efficacy for limiting screen time. Height and weight were measured and used to derive BMI and BMI percentile. Observed variable path analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the parental and child variables. Results Analyses were conducted for screen time on weekdays and weekend days. Parental screen time was positively associated with child screen time, either directly (weekdays = β = 0.27, p < 0.001, weekends = β = 0.24, p < 0.001) or indirectly through reduced self-efficacy to limit child screen time (weekdays = β = − 0.15, p = 0.004, weekends = β = − 0.16, p = 0.004). After controlling for household income, parental occupation, and parental BMI, greater child screen time on weekends, not weekdays, was associated with higher child BMI percentile (β = 0.15, p = 0.006). Conclusions Parental screen time and self-efficacy to limit screen time are important influences on child screen time and weight status in pre-schoolers from Brazil. Reducing parental screen time and increasing parental confidence to limit screen time may be effective strategy to prevent overweight in Brazilian pre-schoolers.
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Byrne R, Bell L, Taylor RW, Mauch C, Mihrshahi S, Zarnowiecki D, Hesketh KD, Wen LM, Trost SG, Golley R. Brief tools to measure obesity-related behaviours in children under 5 years of age: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2019; 20:432-447. [PMID: 30468286 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Valid and reliable tools for measuring obesity-related behaviours in young children that are brief and can be administered quickly and cost-effectively in large-scale population studies are needed. The objectives of this systematic review were to describe brief tools that measure dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep in young children. METHODS A systematic review of studies published in English in six databases (CINAHL, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, HaPI, and Cochrane) prior to April 2018 was undertaken using the PROSPERO protocol and PRISMA guidelines. Included studies were those reporting the psychometric properties of brief (≤15 items) tools that measure dietary, activity, or sleep-related behaviours, alone or in combination, in children birth to 4.9 years of age. RESULTS The search identified 11 379 papers, 200 full-text articles were screened for eligibility, and 12 met the inclusion criteria. Three studies measured two behavioural domains, while most assessed a single behaviour (three diet, five physical activity, one sleep, and none sedentary behaviour). Only two (one diet, one sleep) focused on the under 2 age group. Few studies assessed reliability, and validity and findings were mixed. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to develop brief tools to measure early life obesity-related behaviours, particularly those assessing sedentary behaviour and sleep and tools that cover multiple domains.
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Joschtel B, Gomersall SR, Tweedy S, Petsky H, Chang AB, Trost SG. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children with bronchiectasis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:7. [PMID: 30621677 PMCID: PMC6323769 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchiectasis is a major contributor to respiratory morbidity and health care utilization in children and youth. Current treatment guidelines for bronchiectasis recommend participation in regular physical activity (PA) to improve aerobic fitness and quality of life (QoL). However, no previous study has assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior in this patient group, and the extent to which children with bronchiectasis meet guidelines for PA is unknown. In the absence of such data, we objectively measured the PA of children with bronchiectasis and compared them to current guidelines. Methods Forty-six children with bronchiectasis between 4 to 14 years (mean age 7.5 ± 2.6 years) were recruited from the Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane. Daily time in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was measured objectively over 7 days using the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer and compared their values to current guidelines (minimum 60 min of MVPA daily). Compliance with the daily guideline and average daily steps counts were compared to normative data from two population–based health surveys of healthy children. Results We had complete measurements from 36 children. On average, they accumulated 48.6 min of MVPA daily and were sedentary for ~ 7 h/day. There was no statistical difference in these values between sexes or weekdays vs. weekends. Only 2 (5.6%) children met the 60-min daily MVPA recommendation compared to 42.1% of healthy children. Children with bronchiectasis accumulated 8229 steps/day (boys: 8422 ± SD 473, girls: 8037 ± 594), well below the recommended 12,000 steps/day. In comparison, daily step counts in healthy children ranged from 11,500–14,500 steps/day. Conclusion Children with bronchiectasis are insufficiently active for health benefit and would substantially benefit from programs to promote PA and reduce sedentary behavior.
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Trost SG, Cliff DP, Ahmadi MN, Tuc NVAN, Hagenbuchner M. Sensor-enabled Activity Class Recognition in Preschoolers: Hip versus Wrist Data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:634-641. [PMID: 29059107 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pattern recognition approaches to accelerometer data processing have emerged as viable alternatives to cut-point methods. However, few studies have explored the validity of pattern recognition approaches in preschoolers, and none have compared supervised learning algorithms trained on hip and wrist data. Purpose of this study was to develop, test, and compare activity class recognition algorithms trained on hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist accelerometer data in preschoolers. METHODS Eleven children 3-6 yr of age (mean age, 4.8 ± 0.9 yr) completed 12 developmentally appropriate physical activity (PA) trials while wearing an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the right hip and nondominant wrist. PA trials were categorized as sedentary, light activity games, moderate-to-vigorous games, walking, and running. Random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were trained using time and frequency domain features from the vector magnitude of the raw signal. Features were extracted from 15-s nonoverlapping windows. Classifier performance was evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS Cross-validation accuracy for the hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist RF models was 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79-0.82), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.77-0.80), and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.80-0.83), respectively. Accuracy for hip, wrist, and combined hip and wrist SVM models was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80-0.83), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79-0.80), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.84-0.86), respectively. Recognition accuracy was consistently excellent for sedentary (>90%); moderate for light activity games, moderate-to-vigorous games, and running (69%-79%); and modest for walking (61%-71%). CONCLUSIONS Machine learning algorithms such as RF and SVM are useful for predicting PA class from accelerometer data collected in preschool children. Although classifiers trained on hip or wrist data provided acceptable recognition accuracy, the combination of hip and wrist accelerometer delivered better performance.
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VAN Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Trost SG, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Wrist Acceleration Cut Points for Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:609-616. [PMID: 29023358 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the validity of wrist acceleration cut points for classifying moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) physical activity. METHODS Fifty-seven children (5-12 yr) completed 15 semistructured activities. Three sets of wrist cut points (>192 mg, >250 mg, and >314 mg), previously developed using Euclidian norm minus one (ENMO192+), GENEActiv software (GENEA250+), and band-pass filter followed by Euclidian norm (BFEN314+), were evaluated against indirect calorimetry. Analyses included classification accuracy, equivalence testing, and Bland-Altman procedures. RESULTS All cut points classified MPA, VPA, and MVPA with substantial accuracy (ENMO192+: κ = 0.72 [95% confidence interval = 0.72-0.73], MVPA: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; GENEA250+: κ = 0.75 [0.74-0.76], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; BFEN314+: κ = 0.73 [0.72-0.74], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.86 [0.86-0.87]). BFEN314+ misclassified 19.7% non-MVPA epochs as MPA, whereas ENMO192+ and GENEA250+ misclassified 32.6% and 26.5% of MPA epochs as non-MVPA, respectively. Group estimates of MPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the BFEN314+ MPA cut point (mean bias = -1.5%, limits of agreement [LoA] = -57.5% to 60.6%), whereas estimates of MVPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the ENMO192+ (mean bias = -1.1%, LoA = -53.7% to 55.9%) and GENEA250+ (mean bias = 2.2%, LoA = -56.5% to 52.2%) cut points. Individual variability (LoA) was large for MPA (min: BFEN314+, -60.6% to 57.5%; max: GENEA250+, -42.0% to 104.1%), VPA (min: BFEN314+, -238.9% to 54.6%; max: ENMO192+, -244.5% to 127.4%), and MVPA (min: ENMO192+, -53.7% to 55.0%; max: BFEN314+, -83.9% to 25.3%). CONCLUSION Wrist acceleration cut points misclassified a considerable proportion of non-MVPA and MVPA. Group-level estimates of MVPA were acceptable; however, error for individual-level prediction was larger.
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Reedman SE, Boyd RN, Trost SG, Elliott C, Sakzewski L. Efficacy of Participation-Focused Therapy on Performance of Physical Activity Participation Goals and Habitual Physical Activity in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2018; 100:676-686. [PMID: 30543803 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of a participation-focused therapy (ParticiPAte CP) on leisure-time physical activity goal performance and satisfaction and habitual physical activity (HPA) in children with CP. DESIGN Randomized waitlist-controlled trial. SETTING Home and community. PARTICIPANTS Children classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I-III were recruited (n=37; 18 males; mean age ± SD, 10.0±1.4y) from a population-based register. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to ParticiPAte CP (an 8-wk goal-directed, individualized, participation-focused therapy delivered by a physical therapist) or waitlist usual care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Accelerometers were worn for objective measurement of HPA (min/d moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], sedentary time). Barriers to participation, community participation, and quality-of-life outcomes were also collected. Data were analyzed by intention-to-treat using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS ParticiPAte CP led to significant improvements in goal performance (mean difference [MD]=3.58; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.19-4.97; P<.001), satisfaction (MD=1.87; 95% CI, 0.37-3.36, P=.014), and barriers to participation (MD=26.39; 95% CI, 6.13-46.67; P=.011) compared with usual care at 8 weeks. There were no between-group differences on minutes per day of MVPA at 8 weeks (MD=1.17; 95% CI, -13.27 to 15.61; P=.874). There was a significant difference in response to intervention between participants who were versus were not meeting HPA guidelines at baseline (MD=15.85; 95% CI, 3.80-27.89; P<.0061). After ParticiPAte CP, low active participants had increased average MVPA by 5.98±12.16 minutes per day. CONCLUSION ParticiPAte CP was effective at increasing perceived performance of leisure-time physical activity goals in children with CP GMFCS I-III by reducing modifiable barriers to participation. This did not translate into change in HPA on average; however, low active children may have a clinically meaningful response.
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Joschtel B, Gomersall SR, Tweedy S, Petsky H, Chang AB, Trost SG. Effects of exercise training on physical and psychosocial health in children with chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000409. [PMID: 30305925 PMCID: PMC6173241 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic disease in children is increasing, including the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on health outcomes in children with chronic respiratory disease. METHOD Five databases were searched for randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of exercise training on children with chronic respiratory disease. Following the PRISMA guidelines, eligible studies were identified and data were extracted. A meta-analysis was conducted for the outcomes cardiovascular fitness, lung function and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS The initial search returned 3688 papers. Twenty-seven (17 in children with asthma, 10 in children with CF) were included in the systematic review and 24 of these were included in the meta-analysis. No studies were identified in children with bronchiectasis or BPD. Included papers had a total of 1009 participants aged 8-20 years. In addition to cardiovascular fitness, lung function and QoL, studies also assessed pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, muscular strength and inflammation. Meta-analysis showed a large significant effect size in favour of exercise for cardiovascular fitness (peak VO2) (standard mean difference (SMD)=1.16, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.70) and QoL (SMD=1.27, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.82) as well as a small, non-significant effect size for lung function (FEV1) (SMD=0.02, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.42). CONCLUSION Exercise training significantly improves cardiovascular fitness and QoL in children with asthma and CF. Further research is needed, particularly in children with bronchiectasis and BPD.
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Ainsworth BE, Watson KB, Ridley K, Pfeiffer KA, Herrmann SD, Crouter SE, McMurray RG, Butte NF, Bassett DR, Trost SG, Berrigan D, Fulton JE. Utility of the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2018; 89:273-281. [PMID: 30019994 PMCID: PMC9620797 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2018.1487754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of this article are to: (a) describe the rationale and development of the Youth Compendium of Physical Activities (Youth Compendium); and (b) discuss the utility of the Youth Compendium for audiences in research, education, community, health care, public health, and the private sector. METHODS The Youth Compendium provides a list of 196 physical activities (PA) categorized by activity types, specific activities, and metabolic costs (youth metabolic equivalents of task [METy]) as measured by indirect calorimetry. The utility of the Youth Compendium was assessed by describing ways in which it can be used by a variety of audiences. RESULTS Researchers can use METy values to estimate PA levels and determine changes in PA in intervention studies. Educators can ask students to complete PA records to determine time spent in physical activities and to identify health-enhancing activities for classroom PA breaks. Community leaders, parents, and health care professionals can identify activity types that promote healthful behaviors. Public health agencies can use the METy values for surveillance and as a resource to inform progress toward meeting national physical activity guidelines. Applications for the private sector include the use of METy in PA trackers and other applications. CONCLUSION The National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research Web site presents the Youth Compendium and related materials to facilitate measurement of the energy cost of nearly 200 physical activities in children and youth. The Youth Compendium provides a way to standardize energy costs in children and youth and has application for a wide variety of audiences.
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Parrish AM, Trost SG, Howard SJ, Batterham M, Cliff D, Salmon J, Okely AD. Evaluation of an intervention to reduce adolescent sitting time during the school day: The 'Stand Up for Health' randomised controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1244-1249. [PMID: 29891406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents spend large proportions of the school day sitting; potentially increasing their health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a school-based intervention to reduce adolescent sitting time during the school day. DESIGN Two-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial. METHODS Adolescents (13-16 years) were recruited from four private high schools in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were pair-matched and randomised to treatment or control. Research assistants were blinded to intervention aims and treatment allocation. Intervention initiatives included classroom and outdoor environmental measures to break up and reduce the proportion of adolescent school time spent sitting. Teacher and students surveys assessed intervention feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy. Proportional sitting time was the primary outcome, measured by activPAL monitors, worn for one week during the school day. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, body fatness, working memory and non-verbal reasoning. Data were analysed using a general linear model for continuous variables and adjusted for clustering. RESULTS While teachers and students supported the program, process evaluation results indicate aspects of the intervention were not implemented with fidelity. Eighty-eight adolescents (Mage=14.7±0.7, 50% male) participated in the trial. Eighty-six had valid data for all variables (43 controls, 43 intervention). There was no significant intervention effect on the primary outcome. There was a significant effect on working memory (adjusted difference ±SD=-0.42±1.37; p=0.048 (Cohen's d)=0.31). CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to limited research in this area, providing guidance for future interventions in the high school environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12614001001684).
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Joschtel BE, Gomersall SR, Tweedy S, Petsky HL, Chang AB, Trost SG. Effects Of A Therapeutic Exercise Program In Children With Non-cf Bronchiectasis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538753.12196.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ahmadi MN, Karinharju K, Gomersall S, Clancy K, Tweedy S, Trost SG. Automated Detection of Wheelchair Propulsion Using a Single Wrist Accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536066.51115.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pattinson CL, Smith SS, Staton SL, Trost SG, Thorpe KJ. Investigating the association between sleep parameters and the weight status of children: night sleep duration matters. Sleep Health 2018; 4:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Clark BK, Winkler EA, Brakenridge CL, Trost SG, Healy GN. Using Bluetooth proximity sensing to determine where office workers spend time at work. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513754 PMCID: PMC5841797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most wearable devices that measure movement in workplaces cannot determine the context in which people spend time. This study examined the accuracy of Bluetooth sensing (10-second intervals) via the ActiGraph GT9X Link monitor to determine location in an office setting, using two simple, bespoke algorithms. Methods For one work day (mean±SD 6.2±1.1 hours), 30 office workers (30% men, aged 38±11 years) simultaneously wore chest-mounted cameras (video recording) and Bluetooth-enabled monitors (initialised as receivers) on the wrist and thigh. Additional monitors (initialised as beacons) were placed in the entry, kitchen, photocopy room, corridors, and the wearer’s office. Firstly, participant presence/absence at each location was predicted from the presence/absence of signals at that location (ignoring all other signals). Secondly, using the information gathered at multiple locations simultaneously, a simple heuristic model was used to predict at which location the participant was present. The Bluetooth-determined location for each algorithm was tested against the camera in terms of F-scores. Results When considering locations individually, the accuracy obtained was excellent in the office (F-score = 0.98 and 0.97 for thigh and wrist positions) but poor in other locations (F-score = 0.04 to 0.36), stemming primarily from a high false positive rate. The multi-location algorithm exhibited high accuracy for the office location (F-score = 0.97 for both wear positions). It also improved the F-scores obtained in the remaining locations, but not always to levels indicating good accuracy (e.g., F-score for photocopy room ≈0.1 in both wear positions). Conclusions The Bluetooth signalling function shows promise for determining where workers spend most of their time (i.e., their office). Placing beacons in multiple locations and using a rule-based decision model improved classification accuracy; however, for workplace locations visited infrequently or with considerable movement, accuracy was below desirable levels. Further development of algorithms is warranted.
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Butte NF, Watson KB, Ridley K, Zakeri IF, McMurray RG, Pfeiffer KA, Crouter SE, Herrmann SD, Bassett DR, Long A, Berhane Z, Trost SG, Ainsworth BE, Berrigan D, Fulton JE. A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities: Activity Codes and Metabolic Intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:246-256. [PMID: 28938248 PMCID: PMC5768467 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A Youth Compendium of Physical Activities (Youth Compendium) was developed to estimate the energy costs of physical activities using data on youth only. METHODS On the basis of a literature search and pooled data of energy expenditure measurements in youth, the energy costs of 196 activities were compiled in 16 activity categories to form a Youth Compendium of Physical Activities. To estimate the intensity of each activity, measured oxygen consumption (V˙O2) was divided by basal metabolic rate (Schofield age-, sex-, and mass-specific equations) to produce a youth MET (METy). A mixed linear model was developed for each activity category to impute missing values for age ranges with no observations for a specific activity. RESULTS This Youth Compendium consists of METy values for 196 specific activities classified into 16 major categories for four age-groups, 6-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18 yr. METy values in this Youth Compendium were measured (51%) or imputed (49%) from youth data. CONCLUSION This Youth Compendium of Physical Activities uses pediatric data exclusively, addresses the age dependency of METy, and imputes missing METy values and thus represents advancement in physical activity research and practice. This Youth Compendium will be a valuable resource for stakeholders interested in evaluating interventions, programs, and policies designed to assess and encourage physical activity in youth.
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Chowdhury AK, Tjondronegoro D, Chandran V, Trost SG. Ensemble Methods for Classification of Physical Activities from Wrist Accelerometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1965-1973. [PMID: 28419025 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the use of ensemble learning algorithms improve physical activity recognition accuracy compared to the single classifier algorithms, and to compare the classification accuracy achieved by three conventional ensemble machine learning methods (bagging, boosting, random forest) and a custom ensemble model comprising four algorithms commonly used for activity recognition (binary decision tree, k nearest neighbor, support vector machine, and neural network). METHODS The study used three independent data sets that included wrist-worn accelerometer data. For each data set, a four-step classification framework consisting of data preprocessing, feature extraction, normalization and feature selection, and classifier training and testing was implemented. For the custom ensemble, decisions from the single classifiers were aggregated using three decision fusion methods: weighted majority vote, naïve Bayes combination, and behavior knowledge space combination. Classifiers were cross-validated using leave-one subject out cross-validation and compared on the basis of average F1 scores. RESULTS In all three data sets, ensemble learning methods consistently outperformed the individual classifiers. Among the conventional ensemble methods, random forest models provided consistently high activity recognition; however, the custom ensemble model using weighted majority voting demonstrated the highest classification accuracy in two of the three data sets. CONCLUSIONS Combining multiple individual classifiers using conventional or custom ensemble learning methods can improve activity recognition accuracy from wrist-worn accelerometer data.
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Hesketh KD, Santos R, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Grant D, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Hinkley T, Trost SG, McHugh C, Eckermann S, Thorpe K, Waters K, Olds TS, Mackey T, Livingstone R, Christian H, Carr H, Verrender A, Pereira JR, Zhang Z, Downing KL, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines - The Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (Birth to 5 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:869. [PMID: 29219094 PMCID: PMC5773882 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2017, the Australian Government funded the update of the National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0-5 years, with the intention that they be an integration of movement behaviours across the 24-h period. The benefit for Australia was that it could leverage research in Canada in the development of their 24-h guidelines for the early years. Concurrently, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group published a model to produce guidelines based on adoption, adaption and/or de novo development using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Referred to as the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, it allows guideline developers to follow a structured and transparent process in a more efficient manner, potentially avoiding the need to unnecessarily repeat costly tasks such as conducting systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process and outcomes for adapting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years to develop the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework. METHODS The development process was guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panel were formed and existing credible guidelines identified. The draft Canadian 24-h integrated movement guidelines for the early years best met the criteria established by the Panel. These were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and draft recommendations from the Canadian Draft Guidelines. Updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews were conducted and the Consensus Panel reviewed the evidence for each behaviour separately and made a decision to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. An online survey was then conducted (n = 302) along with five focus groups (n = 30) and five key informant interviews (n = 5) to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the draft guidelines. RESULTS Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Consensus Panel agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, keep the wording of the guidelines, preamble and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for infants (<1 year), toddlers (1-2 years) and preschoolers (3-5 years). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used. Following this approach, the judgments of the Australian Consensus Panel did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian recommendations were adopted with very minor alterations. This allowed the Guidelines to be developed much faster and at lower cost. As such, we would recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines, with all supporting materials and developed using a transparent process, is available. Other countries may consider using this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines.
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VAN Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Trost SG, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Wrist Accelerometer Cut Points for Classifying Sedentary Behavior in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:813-822. [PMID: 27851669 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to examine the validity and accuracy of wrist accelerometers for classifying sedentary behavior (SB) in children. METHODS Fifty-seven children (5-8 and 9-12 yr) completed an ~170-min protocol, including 15 semistructured activities and transitions. Nine ActiGraph (GT3X+) and two GENEActiv wrist cut points were evaluated. Direct observation was the criterion measure. The accuracy of wrist cut points was compared with that achieved by the ActiGraph hip cut point (≤25 counts per 15 s) and the thigh-mounted activPAL3. Analyses included equivalence testing, Bland-Altman procedures, and area under the receiver operating curve (ROC-AUC). RESULTS The most accurate ActiGraph wrist cut points (Kim; vector magnitude, ≤3958 counts per 60 s; vertical axis, ≤1756 counts per 60 s) demonstrated good classification accuracy (ROC-AUC = 0.85-0.86) and accurately estimated SB time in 5-8 yr (equivalence P = 0.02; mean bias = 4.1%, limits of agreement = -20.1% to 28.4%) and 9-12 yr (equivalence P < 0.01; -2.5%, -27.9% to 22.9%). The mean bias of SB time estimates from Kim were smaller than ActiGraph hip (5-8 yr: 15.8%, -5.7% to 37.2%; 9-12 yr: 17.8%, -3.9% to 39.5%) and similar to or smaller than activPAL3 (5-8 yr: 12.6%, -39.8% to 14.7%; 9-12 yr: -1.4%, -13.9% to 11.0%), although classification accuracy was similar to ActiGraph hip (ROC-AUC = 0.85) but lower than activPAL3 (ROC-AUC = 0.92-0.97). Mean bias (5-8 yr: 6.5%, -16.1% to 29.1%; 9-12 yr: 10.5%, -13.6% to 34.6%) for the most accurate GENEActiv wrist cut point (Schaefer: ≤0.19 g) was smaller than ActiGraph hip, and activPAL3 in 5-8 yr, but larger than activPAL3 in 9-12 yr. However, SB time estimates from Schaefer were not equivalent to direct observation (equivalence P > 0.05) and classification accuracy (ROC-AUC = 0.79-0.80) was lower than for ActiGraph hip and activPAL3. CONCLUSION The most accurate SB ActiGraph (Kim) and GENEActiv (Schaefer) wrist cut points can be applied in children with similar confidence as the ActiGraph hip cut point (≤25 counts per 15 s), although activPAL3 was generally more accurate.
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Pattinson CL, Staton SL, Smith SS, Trost SG, Sawyer EF, Thorpe KJ. Weighing in on international growth standards: testing the case in Australian preschool children. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1111-1121. [PMID: 28730679 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in preschool-aged children are major health concerns. Accurate and reliable estimates of prevalence are necessary to direct public health and clinical interventions. There are currently three international growth standards used to determine prevalence of overweight and obesity, each using different methodologies: Center for Disease Control (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Adoption and use of each method were examined through a systematic review of Australian population studies (2006-2017). For this period, systematically identified population studies (N = 20) reported prevalence of overweight and obesity ranging between 15 and 38% with most (n = 16) applying the IOTF standards. To demonstrate the differences in prevalence estimates yielded by the IOTF in comparison to the WHO and CDC standards, methods were applied to a sample of N = 1,926 Australian children, aged 3-5 years. As expected, the three standards yielded significantly different estimates when applied to this single population. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was WHO - 9.3%, IOTF - 21.7% and CDC - 33.1%. Judicious selection of growth standards, taking account of their underpinning methodologies and provisions of access to study data sets to allow prevalence comparisons, is recommended.
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Gammon C, Pfeiffer KA, Pivarnik JM, Moore RW, Rice KR, Trost SG. Age-Related Differences in OMNI-RPE Scale Validity in Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1590-4. [PMID: 27433962 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RPE scales are used in exercise science research to assess perceptions of physical effort. RPE scale validity has been evaluated by assessing correlations between RPE and physiological indicators. Cross-sectional studies indicate that RPE scale validity improves with age; however, this has not been studied longitudinally. PURPOSE This study aimed to examine age-related trends in OMNI-RPE scale validity, using a longitudinal study design, and HR and oxygen uptake (V˙O2) as criterion measures. METHODS Participants performed eleven 5-min activity trials at baseline, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up (V˙O2 data: N = 160; HR data: N = 138). HR and V˙O2 between minutes 2.5 and 4.5 of each activity were recorded. At the end of each activity, participants reported RPE. Children were stratified into the following age-groups: 6-8, 9-10, 11-12, and ≥13 yr. Within-subject correlations between OMNI-RPE and HR/V˙O2 were calculated at each time point. Differences between correlations for consecutive time points were evaluated using 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Among children age 6-8 yr at baseline, correlations progressed from 0.67 to 0.78 (V˙O2) and from 0.70 to 0.79 (HR) for 36 months. Among children age 9-10 yr at baseline, the mean within-subject correlation was 0.78 at baseline and 0.81 at 36-month follow-up. Among children age 11-12 and ≥13 yr at baseline, OMNI-RPE ratings demonstrated strong validity (r ≥ 0.82) at each time point. CONCLUSIONS For the 36-month follow-up, OMNI-RPE scale validity improved among children age 6-8 yr at baseline and remained strong among children age 9-10, 11-12, and ≥13 yr at baseline. Moderate correlations for the youngest participants suggest that caution should be used when interpreting OMNI-RPE reports from children younger than 8 yr.
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Penning A, Okely AD, Trost SG, Salmon J, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Howard S, Parrish AM. Acute effects of reducing sitting time in adolescents: a randomized cross-over study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:657. [PMID: 28810853 PMCID: PMC5558656 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of sitting among adolescents are high, especially during the school day. The acute cognitive and health consequences associated with prolonged sitting are poorly understood in adolescents. This randomized crossover design study examined the acute effects of a simulated school day with reduced sitting or usual sitting on adolescents' cognitive function and cardiometabolic biomarkers. METHODS Eighteen healthy school aged adolescents were recruited from the community to the study (11 males; 7 females; mean age [SD] = 13.5 ± 0.9 years). Two protocols were developed to simulate an adolescent school day, the amount of time spent sitting was manipulated reflecting: a 'typical' day (65% of the time spent sitting with two sitting bouts sitting >20 min) and a 'reduced sitting' day (adolescents sat for 50% less time with no bouts of sitting >20 mins). The order that participants were exposed to each condition was randomized (via random number generator). Participants were not fully blinded as they could observe the difference between conditions. Energy intake and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were standardized for both conditions and monitored for 48 h post-condition for compensatory effects. Cognitive (working memory) and cardiometabolic outcomes (lipids, glucose, insulin, IL-6, apo-A1, apo-B, blood pressure,) were assessed pre and post for both conditions, BMI and body fat were assessed on the morning of the intervention. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Standardised effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS Compared with the typical school day, the reduced sitting day demonstrated significant positive effects for apoB/apoA-1 ratio (adjusted difference ± SD) -0.02 ± 0.03; P = 0.03; effect size [Cohen's d] = -0.67. Findings for total cholesterol -0.19 ± 0.27; P = 0.28; d = -0.71; HDL cholesterol -0.23 ± 0.50; P = 0.12 d = -0.66; and total cholesterol/HDL ratio 0.25 ± 0.53; P = 0.25; d = 0.51 and for cognition 0.64 ± 0.15; P = 0.15; d = 0.54 were non-significant. There were no compensatory changes in participant energy expenditure or energy intake for 48 h post intervention. CONCLUSION Reducing school day sitting time in adolescents' resulted in significant improvements in apoB/apoA-1 ratio with medium effect sizes for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL ratio. Cognitive function results showed the equivalent of a 6 month improvement in effective mental-attentional capacity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered as a clinical trial with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614001064695 ) on the 3rd of October 2014 - registered retrospectively.
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