51
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Mehr-un-Nisa, Munawar MA, Lee YS, Rankin D, Munir J, Lai J, Khan MA, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of bifunctional ligands of opioids/SSRIs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1251-9. [PMID: 25703306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of opioid and serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) bifunctional ligands have been designed, synthesized, and tested for their activities and efficacies at μ-, δ- and κ opioid receptors and SSRIs receptors. Most of the compounds showed high affinities for μ- and δ-opioid receptors and lower affinities for SSRIs and κ opioid receptors. A docking study on the μ-opioid receptor binding pocket has been carried out for ligands 3-11. The ligands 7 and 11 have displayed the highest binding profiles for the μ-opioid receptor binding site with ΔGbind (-12.14kcal/mol) and Ki value (1.0nM), and ΔGbind (-12.41kcal/mol) and Ki value (0.4nM), respectively. Ligand 3 was shown to have the potential of dual acting serotonin/norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant activity in addition to opioid activities, and thus could be used for the design of multifunctional ligands in the area of a novel approach for the treatment of pain and depression.
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52
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Lee YS, Hall SM, Ramos-Colon C, Remesic M, LeBaron L, Nguyen A, Rankin D, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Modification of amphipathic non-opioid dynorphin A analogues for rat brain bradykinin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:30-3. [PMID: 25434001 PMCID: PMC4258438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that under chronic pain or nerve injury conditions, up-regulated dynorphin A (Dyn A) interacts with bradykinin receptors (BRs) to cause hyperalgesia in the spinal cord. Thus BRs antagonist can modulate hyperalgesia by blocking Dyn A's interaction with the BRs in the central nervous system. In our earlier structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A-(4-11) 13 was discovered as a minimum pharmacophore for rat brain BRs with its antagonist activity (anti-hyperalgesic effect) in in vivo tests using naïve or injured animals. We have pursued further modification on the [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A analogues and identified a key insight into the pharmacophore of the rat brain BRs: amphipathicity.
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53
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Banday AH, Kulkarni VV, Hruby VJ. Design, synthesis, and biological and docking studies of novel epipodophyllotoxin–chalcone hybrids as potential anticancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Click-chemistry based design and efficient synthesis of podophyllotoxin–chalcone conjugates as potential topoisomerase-II inhibitors towards the development of better anticancer leads.
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54
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Xu X, Struts AV, Giri AK, Molugu TR, Guruge C, Faylough S, Nascimento CL, Nesnas N, Hruby VJ, Brown MF. Solid-State 2H NMR Investigation of Transducin Activation by Rhodopsin. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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55
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Lee YS, Rankin D, Hall SM, Ramos-Colon C, Ortiz JJ, Kupp R, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Structure-activity relationships of non-opioid [des-Arg(7)]-dynorphin A analogues for bradykinin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4976-9. [PMID: 25282551 PMCID: PMC4250343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our earlier studies, bradykinin receptors (BRs) were identified as a potential target for the neuroexcitatory effects of dynorphin A (Dyn A) in the central nervous system (CNS), and [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A-(4-11) (6) was discovered as a lead ligand to modulate Dyn A-(2-13) induced neuroexcitatory effects in the CNS as an antagonist. In an effort to gain insights into key structural features of the Dyn A for the BRs, we pursued further structure-activity relationships (SAR) study on the [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A analogs and confirmed that all of the [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A analogues showed good binding affinities at the BRs.
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56
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Banday AH, Jeelani S, Hruby VJ. Cancer vaccine adjuvants--recent clinical progress and future perspectives. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:1-11. [PMID: 25318595 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.971963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in the prognosis, prevention and treatment, cancer still remains the leading cause of death and affects millions of people worldwide. With the US FDA approval of various preventive cancer vaccines such as Gardasil (Merck), Cervarix (Glaxosmithkline) and the therapeutic vaccine Sipulencel-T (Provenge), cancer vaccine development is gaining huge ground. Approval of these vaccines has encouraged the concept of cancer treatment through cellular immunotherapy. The FDA approval of the above vaccines has provided support for renewed interest and attention which the development of new therapeutic cancer vaccines deserves. However, most of the new generation vaccines including that for cancer are poorly immunogenic sub-unit vaccines and thus essentially need adjuvants in their formulations to compensate for the immune suppression. Adjuvants are the essential components of a potent vaccine which increases the efficacy by enhancing the antigen-specific immune response. However, the design of a successful adjuvant is not easy because of the complexity and the difficulty in designing adjuvants that are safe, potent and economically viable. The present communication takes a short review of the advancements in adjuvant technology, current clinical scenario of new adjuvants and application of their molecularly defined formulations to new generation cancer vaccines which are currently under development.
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57
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Fernandes SM, Lee YS, Gillies RJ, Hruby VJ. Synthesis and evaluation of bivalent ligands for binding to the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6360-5. [PMID: 25438759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, especially G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are interesting and important theragnostic targets since many of them serve in intracellular signaling critical for all aspects of health and disease. The potential utility of designed bivalent ligands as targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and/or therapy can be evaluated by determining their binding to the corresponding receptors. As proof of concept, GPCR cell surface proteins are shown to be targeted specifically using multivalent ligands. We designed, synthesized, and tested a series of bivalent ligands targeting the over-expressed human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Based on our data suggesting an optimal linker length of 25±10Å inferred from the bivalent melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) agonist, the truncated heptapeptide, referred to as MSH(7): Ac-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 was used to construct a set of bivalent ligands incorporating a hMC4R antagonist, SHU9119: Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-2'-D-Nal-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 and another set of bivalent ligands containing the SHU9119 antagonist pharmacophore on both side of the optimized linkers. These two binding motifs within the bivalent constructs were conjoined by semi-rigid (Pro-Gly)3 units with or without the flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGO) moieties. Lanthanide-based competitive binding assays showed bivalent ligands binds to the hMC4R with up to 240-fold higher affinity than the corresponding linked monovalent ligands.
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58
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Mollica A, Carotenuto A, Novellino E, Limatola A, Costante R, Pinnen F, Stefanucci A, Pieretti S, Borsodi A, Samavati R, Zador F, Benyhe S, Davis P, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Novel cyclic biphalin analogue with improved antinociceptive properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1032-6. [PMID: 25221662 DOI: 10.1021/ml500241n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel opioid analogues have been designed by substituting the native d-Ala residues in position 2,2' of biphalin with two residues of d-penicillamine or l-penicillamine and by forming a disulfide bond between the thiol groups. The so-obtained compound 9 containing d-penicillamines showed excellent μ/δ mixed receptor affinities (K i (δ) = 5.2 nM; K i (μ) = 1.9 nM), together with an efficacious capacity to trigger the second messenger and a very good in vivo antinociceptive activity, whereas product 10 was scarcely active. An explanation of the two different pharmacological behaviors of products 9 and 10 was found by studying their conformational properties.
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59
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Lee YS, Muthu D, Hall SM, Ramos-Colon C, Rankin D, Hu J, Sandweiss AJ, De Felice M, Xie JY, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Lai J, Hruby VJ. Discovery of amphipathic dynorphin A analogues to inhibit the neuroexcitatory effects of dynorphin A through bradykinin receptors in the spinal cord. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6608-16. [PMID: 24742335 PMCID: PMC4021566 DOI: 10.1021/ja501677q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that under chronic pain conditions, up-regulated dynorphin A (Dyn A) interacts with bradykinin receptors (BRs) in the spinal cord to promote hyperalgesia through an excitatory effect, which is opposite to the well-known inhibitory effect of opioid receptors. Considering the structural dissimilarity between Dyn A and endogenous BR ligands, bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (KD), this interaction could not be predicted, but it allowed us to discover a potential neuroexcitatory target. Well-known BR ligands, BK, [des-Arg(10), Leu(9)]-kallidin (DALKD), and HOE140 showed different binding profiles at rat brain BRs than that previously reported. These results suggest that neuronal BRs in the rat central nervous system (CNS) may be pharmacologically distinct from those previously defined in non-neuronal tissues. Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) study at the rat brain BRs was performed, and as a result, a new key structural feature of Dyn A for BR recognition was identified: amphipathicity. NMR studies of two lead ligands, Dyn A-(4-11) 7 and [des-Arg(7)]-Dyn A-(4-11) 14, which showed the same high binding affinity, confirmed that the Arg residue in position 7, which is known to be crucial for Dyn A's biological activity, is not necessary, and that a type I β-turn structure at the C-terminal part of both ligands plays an important role in retaining good binding affinities at the BRs. Our lead ligand 14 blocked Dyn A-(2-13) 10-induced hyperalgesic effects and motor impairment in in vivo assays using naïve rats. In a model of peripheral neuropathy, intrathecal (i.th.) administration of ligand 14 reversed thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent manner in nerve-injured rats. Thus, ligand 14 may inhibit abnormal pain states by blocking the neuroexcitatory effects of enhanced levels of Dyn A, which are likely to be mediated by BRs in the spinal cord.
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60
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Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ. Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:385-412. [PMID: 24635521 PMCID: PMC4137794 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl and its analogs have been mainstays for the treatment of severe to moderate pain for many years. In this review, we outline the structural and corresponding synthetic strategies that have been used to understand the structure-biological activity relationship in fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives and their biological activity profiles. We discuss how changes in the scaffold structure can change biological and pharmacological activities. Finally, recent efforts to design and synthesize novel multivalent ligands that act as mu and delta opioid receptors and NK-1 receptors are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Fentanyl/chemical synthesis
- Fentanyl/chemistry
- Fentanyl/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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61
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Giri AK, Hruby VJ. Investigational peptide and peptidomimetic μ and δ opioid receptor agonists in the relief of pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:227-41. [PMID: 24329035 PMCID: PMC4282681 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.856879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current methods for treating prolonged and neuropathic pain are inadequate and lead to toxicities that greatly diminish quality of life. Therefore, new approaches to the treatment of pain states are needed to address these problems. AREAS COVERED The review primarily reviews approaches that have been taken in the peer-reviewed literature of multivalent ligands that interact with both μ and δ opioid receptors as agonists, and in some cases, also with pharmacophores for antagonist ligands that interact with other receptors as antagonists to block pain. EXPERT OPINION Although there are a number of drugs currently on the market for the treatment of pain; none of them are 100% successful. In the authors' opinion, it is clear that new directions and modalities are needed to better address the treatment of prolonged and neuropathic pain; one drug or class clearly is not the answer for all pain therapy. Undoubtedly, there are many different phenotypes of prolonged and neuropathic pain and this should be one avenue to further develop appropriate therapies.
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62
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Largent-Milnes TM, Brookshire SW, Skinner DP, Hanlon KE, Giuvelis D, Yamamoto T, Davis P, Campos CR, Nair P, Deekonda S, Bilsky EJ, Porreca F, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW. Building a better analgesic: multifunctional compounds that address injury-induced pathology to enhance analgesic efficacy while eliminating unwanted side effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:7-19. [PMID: 23860305 PMCID: PMC3781412 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The most highly abused prescription drugs are opioids used for the treatment of pain. Physician-reported drug-seeking behavior has resulted in a significant health concern among doctors trying to adequately treat pain while limiting the misuse or diversion of pain medications. In addition to abuse liability, opioid use is associated with unwanted side effects that complicate pain management, including opioid-induced emesis and constipation. This has resulted in restricting long-term doses of opioids and inadequate treatment of both acute and chronic debilitating pain, demonstrating a compelling need for novel analgesics. Recent reports indicate that adaptations in endogenous substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1) are induced by chronic pain and sustained opioid exposure, and these changes may contribute to processes responsible for opioid abuse liability, emesis, and analgesic tolerance. Here, we describe a multifunctional mu-/delta-opioid agonist/NK1 antagonist compound [Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-Pro-Leu-Trp-NH-Bn(CF3)2 (TY027)] that has a preclinical profile of excellent antinociceptive efficacy, low abuse liability, and no opioid-related emesis or constipation. In rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain, TY027 demonstrates analgesic efficacy following central or systemic administration with a plasma half-life of more than 4 hours and central nervous system penetration. These data demonstrate that an innovative opioid designed to contest the pathology created by chronic pain and sustained opioids results in antinociceptive efficacy in rodent models, with significantly fewer side effects than morphine. Such rationally designed, multitargeted compounds are a promising therapeutic approach in treating patients who suffer from acute and chronic pain.
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63
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Podolsky AT, Sandweiss A, Hu J, Bilsky EJ, Cain JP, Kumirov VK, Lee YS, Hruby VJ, Vardanyan RS, Vanderah TW. Novel fentanyl-based dual μ/δ-opioid agonists for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Life Sci 2013; 93:1010-6. [PMID: 24084045 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Approximately one third of the adult U.S. population suffers from some type of on-going, chronic pain annually, and many more will have some type of acute pain associated with trauma or surgery. First-line therapies for moderate to severe pain include prescriptions for common mu opioid receptor agonists such as morphine and its various derivatives. The epidemic use, misuse and diversion of prescription opioids have highlighted just one of the adverse effects of mu opioid analgesics. Alternative approaches include novel opioids that target delta or kappa opioid receptors, or compounds that interact with two or more of the opioid receptors. AIMS Here we report the pharmacology of a newly synthesized bifunctional opioid agonist (RV-Jim-C3) derived from combined structures of fentanyl and enkephalin in rodents. RV-Jim-C3 has high affinity binding to both mu and delta opioid receptors. MAIN METHODS Mice and rats were used to test RV-Jim-C3 in a tailflick test with and without opioid selective antagonist for antinociception. RV-Jim-C3 was tested for anti-inflammatory and antihypersensitivity effects in a model of formalin-induced flinching and spinal nerve ligation. To rule out motor impairment, rotarod was tested in rats. KEY FINDINGS RV-Jim-C3 demonstrates potent-efficacious activity in several in vivo pain models including inflammatory pain, antihyperalgesia and antiallodynic with no significant motor impairment. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first report of a fentanyl-based structure with delta and mu opioid receptor activity that exhibits outstanding antinociceptive efficacy in neuropathic pain, reducing the propensity of unwanted side effects driven by current therapies that are unifunctional mu opioid agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Pain/drug therapy
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Chronic Pain/drug therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Enkephalins/chemistry
- Enkephalins/pharmacology
- Fentanyl/analogs & derivatives
- Fentanyl/chemistry
- Fentanyl/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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64
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Barkey NM, Preihs C, Cornnell HH, Martinez G, Carie A, Vagner J, Xu L, Lloyd MC, Lynch VM, Hruby VJ, Sessler JL, Sill KN, Gillies RJ, Morse DL. Development and in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of polymer micelles targeted to the melanocortin 1 receptor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6330-8. [PMID: 23863078 DOI: 10.1021/jm4005576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent emphasis has focused on the development of rationally designed polymer-based micelle carriers for drug delivery. The current work tests the hypothesis that target specificity can be enhanced by micelles with cancer-specific ligands. In particular, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new gadolinium texaphyrin (Gd-Tx) complex encapsulated in an IVECT micellar system, stabilized through Fe(III) cross-linking and targeted with multiple copies of a specific ligand for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), which has been evaluated as a cell-surface marker for melanoma. On the basis of comparative MRI experiments, we have been able to demonstrate that these Gd-Tx micelles are able to target MC1R-expressing xenograft tumors in vitro and in vivo more effectively than various control systems, including untargeted or un-cross-linked Gd-Tx micelles. Taken in concert, the findings reported herein support the conclusion that appropriately designed micelles are able to deliver contrast agent payloads to tumors expressing the MC1R.
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65
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Hruby VJ, Cai M. Design of peptide and peptidomimetic ligands with novel pharmacological activity profiles. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 53:557-80. [PMID: 23294313 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters are of central importance in most aspects of intercellular communication and are involved in virtually all degenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss physicochemical approaches to the design of novel peptide and peptidomimetic agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, and related compounds that have unique biological activity profiles, reduced toxic side effects, and, if desired, the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Designing ligands for specific biological and medical needs is emphasized, as is the close collaboration of chemists and biologists to maximize the chances for success. Special emphasis is placed on the use of conformational (ϕ-ψ space) and topographical (χ space) considerations in design.
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66
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Lee YS, Qu H, Davis P, Ma SW, Vardanyan R, Lai J, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Chiral Effect of a Phe Residue in Position 3 of the Dmt 1-L(or D)-Tic 2 Analogues on Opioid Functional Activities. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:656-659. [PMID: 24648867 DOI: 10.1021/ml400115n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this letter, we describe a structure-activity relationships study, specifically related to the chirality of third amino acid residue in our H-Dmt-L(or D)-Tic analogues, of which C-terminus is attached to a piperidinyl moiety. Observed selectivities and functional activities of these analogues demonstrated that the chiralities of the second and third position residues are crucial for determining whether these ligands act as antagonists or agonists at the δ opioid receptor, but not at the μ opioid receptor.
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67
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Alleti R, Vagner J, Dehigaspitiya DC, Moberg VE, Elshan NGRD, Tafreshi NK, Brabez N, Weber CS, Lynch RM, Hruby VJ, Gillies RJ, Morse DL, Mash EA. Synthesis and characterization of time-resolved fluorescence probes for evaluation of competitive binding to melanocortin receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5029-38. [PMID: 23890524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Probes for use in time-resolved fluorescence competitive binding assays at melanocortin receptors based on the parental ligands MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-α-MSH were prepared by solid phase synthesis methods, purified, and characterized. The saturation binding of these probes was studied using HEK-293 cells engineered to overexpress the human melanocortin 4 receptor (hMC4R) as well as the human cholecystokinin 2 receptor (hCCK2R). The ratios of non-specific binding to total binding approached unity at high concentrations for each probe. At low probe concentrations, receptor-mediated binding and uptake was discernable, and so probe concentrations were kept as low as possible in determining Kd values. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO-MSH(4) probe exhibited low specific binding relative to non-specific binding, even at low nanomolar concentrations, and was deemed unsuitable for use in competition binding assays. The Eu-DTPA-PEGO probes based on MSH(7) and NDP-α-MSH exhibited Kd values of 27±3.9nM and 4.2±0.48nM, respectively, for binding with hMC4R. These probes were employed in competitive binding assays to characterize the interactions of hMC4R with monovalent and divalent MSH(4), MSH(7), and NDP-α-MSH constructs derived from squalene. Results from assays with both probes reflected only statistical enhancements, suggesting improper ligand spacing on the squalene scaffold for the divalent constructs. The Ki values from competitive binding assays that employed the MSH(7)-based probe were generally lower than the Ki values obtained when the probe based on NDP-α-MSH was employed, which is consistent with the greater potency of the latter probe. The probe based on MSH(7) was also competed with monovalent, divalent, and trivalent MSH(4) constructs that previously demonstrated multivalent binding in competitive binding assays against a variant of the probe based on NDP-α-MSH. Results from these assays confirm multivalent binding, but suggest a more modest increase in avidity for these MSH(4) constructs than was previously reported.
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Key Words
- 1-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-3,19-dioxo-2,8,11,14,21-pentaoxa-4,18-diazatricosan-23-oic acid
- 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- 19-amino-5-oxo-3,10,13,16-tetraoxa-6-azanonadecan-1-oic acid
- 6-chloro-1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- 9-fluorenylmethyoxycarbonyl
- Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH(2)
- BSA
- Cl-HOBt
- Competition binding assays
- CuAAC
- DCM
- DIC
- DIEA
- DMEM
- DMF
- DMSO
- DTPA
- Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
- ESI MS
- FT-ICR MS
- Fluorescent probes
- Fmoc
- Fmoc-PEGO
- Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
- HOBt
- HRMS
- His-DPhe-Arg-Trp
- IC(50)
- MEM
- MSH(4)
- MSH(7)
- Melanocortin 4 receptor
- Minimum Essential Medium
- N,N-dimethylformamide
- NDP-α-MSH
- PEGO
- Saturation binding assays
- Ser-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp
- TBTA
- TEAA
- TFA
- THF
- TLC
- TRF
- Time-resolved fluorescence
- bovine serum albumin
- copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition
- dichloromethane
- diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- diisopropyl carbodiimide
- diisopropylethylamine
- dimethyl sulfoxide
- electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- hMC4R
- half maximal inhibitory concentration
- high resolution mass spectroscopy
- human melanocortin 4 receptor
- tetrahydrofuran
- thin-layer chromatography
- time-resolved fluorescence
- triethylammonium acetate
- trifluoroacetic acid
- tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine
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Mollica A, Pinnen F, Costante R, Locatelli M, Stefanucci A, Pieretti S, Davis P, Lai J, Rankin D, Porreca F, Hruby VJ. Biological active analogues of the opioid peptide biphalin: mixed α/β(3)-peptides. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3419-23. [PMID: 23547584 DOI: 10.1021/jm301456c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural residues of the dimeric opioid peptide Biphalin were replaced by the corresponding homo-β(3) amino acids. The derivative 1 containing hβ(3) Phe in place of Phe showed good μ- and δ-receptor affinities (Ki(δ) = 0.72 nM; Ki(μ) = 1.1 nM) and antinociceptive activity in vivo together with an increased enzymatic stability in human plasma.
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69
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Petrov RR, Lee YS, Vardanyan RS, Liu L, Ma SW, Davis P, Lai J, Porreca F, Vanderah TW, Hruby VJ. Effect of anchoring 4-anilidopiperidines to opioid peptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3434-7. [PMID: 23623418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the design, synthesis, and in vitro characterization of new opioid peptides featuring a 4-anilidopiperidine moiety. Despite the fact that the chemical structures of fentanyl surrogates have been found suboptimal per se for the opioid activity, the corresponding conjugates with opioid peptides displayed potent opioid activity. These studies shed an instructive light on the strategies and potential therapeutic values of anchoring the 4-anilidopiperidine scaffold to different classes of opioid peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Fentanyl/chemistry
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Opioid Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Opioid Peptides/chemistry
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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70
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Sandweiss A, Faridian MK, Hu J, Wallace S, Ortega S, Davis P, Ondoua‐Lozano A, Lee YS, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW. TY032, a potent opioid agonist/neurokinin 1 antagonist produces analgesia without motor impairment or sedation. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.887.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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71
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Hruby VJ. Adventures in peptides and science with students! The joys of research. Biopolymers 2013; 100:127-31. [PMID: 23616095 PMCID: PMC3967710 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Working with students at the undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels has brought me great joy and satisfaction. Each student is a unique human being, so each provides an important opportunity for learning, creativity and accomplishment in research and scholarship. In this reflection, several examples of this scientific process are discussed in the context of solving scientific problems which led to novel and critical scientific insights.
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72
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Mehr-un-Nisa, Munawar MA, Hall GB, Roberts SA, Hruby VJ. tert-Butyl 4-(3,4-dichloroanilino)piperidine-1-carboxylate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o205. [PMID: 23424488 PMCID: PMC3569265 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812051896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H22Cl2N2O2, the substituted piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation with both substituents in equatorial positions. In the crystal, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect molecules into ribbons along the a-axis direction.
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73
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Cai M, Stankova M, Muthu D, Mayorov A, Yang Z, Trivedi D, Cabello C, Hruby VJ. An unusual conformation of γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues leads to a selective human melanocortin 1 receptor antagonist for targeting melanoma cells. Biochemistry 2013; 52:752-64. [PMID: 23276279 PMCID: PMC3641192 DOI: 10.1021/bi300723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-MSH (γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, H-Tyr-Val-Met-Gly-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Asp-Arg-Phe-Gly-OH), with its exquisite specificity and potency, has recently created much excitement as a drug lead. However, this peptide is like most peptides susceptible to proteolysis in vivo, which potentially decreases its beneficial activities. In our continued effort to design a proteolytically stable ligand with specific receptor binding, we have engineered peptides by cyclizing γ-MSH using a thioether bridge. A number of novel cyclic truncated γ-MSH analogues were designed and synthesized, in which a thioether bridge was incorporated between a cysteine side chain and an N-terminal bromoacyl group. One of these peptides, cyclo-[(CH(2))(3)CO-Gly(1)-His(2)-D-Phe(3)-Arg(4)-D-Trp(5)-Cys(S-)(6)]-Asp(7)-Arg(8)-Phe(9)-Gly(10)-NH(2), demonstrated potent antagonist activity and receptor selectivity for the human melanocortin 1 receptor (hMC1R) (IC(50) = 17 nM). This novel peptide is the most selective antagonist for the hMC1R to date. Further pharmacological studies have shown that this peptide can specifically target melanoma cells. The nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of this peptide in a membrane-like environment revealed a new turn structure, specific to the hMC1R antagonist, at the C-terminus, where the side chain and backbone conformation of D-Trp(5) and Phe(9) of the peptide contribute to hMC1R selectivity. Cyclization strategies represent an approach for stabilizing bioactive peptides while keeping their full potencies and should boost applications of peptide-based drugs in human medicine.
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74
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Brabez N, Saunders K, Nguyen KL, Jayasundera T, Weber C, Lynch RM, Chassaing G, Lavielle S, Hruby VJ. Multivalent Interactions: Synthesis and Evaluation of Melanotropin Multimers - Tools for Melanoma Targeting. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:98-102. [PMID: 23524643 DOI: 10.1021/ml300312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop agents for early detection and selective treatment of melanomas, high affinity and high specificity molecular tools are required. Enhanced specificity may be obtained by simultaneously binding to multiple cell surface targets via the use of multimeric analogs of naturally occurring ligands. Trimers targeting overexpressed melanocortin receptors have been found to be potential candidates for this purpose. In the present letter, we describe the synthesis and study of multimers based on a dendrimer-like scaffold. The binding affinity and activity results revealed that dendrimers promote multivalent interactions via statistical and/or cooperative effects on binding. Moreover, viability studies showed no significant toxicity at micromolar concentrations, which will allow these molecular complexes to be used in vivo. Finally, imaging studies showed effective internalization for all the molecules confirming their potential as delivery agents.
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J. Hruby V. Design and investigation of multivalent ligands for the detection and treatment of diseases. Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.s1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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