101
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Zhu W, Song Q, Yan L, Zhang W, Wu PC, Chin LK, Cai H, Tsai DP, Shen ZX, Deng TW, Ting SK, Gu Y, Lo GQ, Kwong DL, Yang ZC, Huang R, Liu AQ, Zheludev N. A flat lens with tunable phase gradient by using random access reconfigurable metamaterial. Adv Mater 2015; 27:4739-43. [PMID: 26184076 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The first demonstration of an optofluidic metamaterial is reported where resonant properties of every individual metamolecule can be continuously tuned at will using a microfluidic system. This is called a random-access reconfigurable metamaterial, which is used to provide the first demonstration of a tunable flat lens with wavefront-reshaping capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Qinghua Song
- Université Paris-Est, UPEM, Marne-la-Vallée, Paris, F-77454, France
| | - Libin Yan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Wu Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Pin-Chieh Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Hong Cai
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117686
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zhong Xiang Shen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Tian Wei Deng
- Temasek Laboratories, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411
| | - Sing Kwong Ting
- Temasek Laboratories, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411
| | - Yuandong Gu
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117686
| | - Guo Qiang Lo
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117686
| | - Dim Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117686
| | - Zhen Chuan Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ru Huang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798
| | - Nikolay Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371
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102
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Asrar P, Sucur M, Hashemi N. Multi-Pixel Photon Counters for Optofluidic Characterization of Particles and Microalgae. Biosensors (Basel) 2015; 5:308-18. [PMID: 26075506 PMCID: PMC4493551 DOI: 10.3390/bios5020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an optofluidic biosensor to study microscale particles and different species of microalgae. The system is comprised of a microchannel with a set of chevron-shaped grooves. The chevrons allows for hydrodynamic focusing of the core stream in the center using a sheath fluid. The device is equipped with a new generation of highly sensitive photodetectors, multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC), with high gain values and an extremely small footprint. Two different sizes of high intensity fluorescent microspheres and three different species of algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain 21 gr, Chlamydomonas suppressor, and Chlorella sorokiniana) were studied. The forward scattering emissions generated by samples passing through the interrogation region were carried through a multimode fiber, located in 135 degree with respect to the excitation fiber, and detected by a MPPC. The signal outputs obtained from each sample were collected using a data acquisition system and utilized for further statistical analysis. Larger particles or cells demonstrated larger peak height and width, and consequently larger peak area. The average signal output (integral of the peak) for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain 21 gr, Chlamydomonas suppressor, and Chlorella sorokiniana falls between the values found for the 3.2 and 10.2 μm beads. Different types of algae were also successfully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Asrar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Marta Sucur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Nastaran Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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103
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Chen P, Chung MT, McHugh W, Nidetz R, Li Y, Fu J, Cornell TT, Shanley TP, Kurabayashi K. Multiplex serum cytokine immunoassay using nanoplasmonic biosensor microarrays. ACS Nano 2015; 9:4173-81. [PMID: 25790830 PMCID: PMC4447431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of the rapidly changing immune status during the course of a disease requires multiplex analysis of cytokines from frequently sampled human blood. However, the current lack of rapid, multiplex, and low volume assays makes immune monitoring for clinical decision-making (e.g., critically ill patients) impractical. Without such assays, immune monitoring is even virtually impossible for infants and neonates with infectious diseases and/or immune mediated disorders as access to their blood in large quantities is prohibited. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based microfluidic optical biosensing is a promising approach to fill this technical gap as it could potentially permit real-time refractometric detection of biomolecular binding on a metallic nanoparticle surface and sensor miniaturization, both leading to rapid and sample-sparing analyte analysis. Despite this promise, practical implementation of such a microfluidic assay for cytokine biomarker detection in serum samples has not been established primarily due to the limited sensitivity of LSPR biosensing. Here, we developed a high-throughput, label-free, multiarrayed LSPR optical biosensor device with 480 nanoplasmonic sensing spots in microfluidic channel arrays and demonstrated parallel multiplex immunoassays of six cytokines in a complex serum matrix on a single device chip while overcoming technical limitations. The device was fabricated using easy-to-implement, one-step microfluidic patterning and antibody conjugation of gold nanorods (AuNRs). When scanning the scattering light intensity across the microarrays of AuNR ensembles with dark-field imaging optics, our LSPR biosensing technique allowed for high-sensitivity quantitative cytokine measurements at concentrations down to 5-20 pg/mL from a 1 μL serum sample. Using the nanoplasmonic biosensor microarray device, we demonstrated the ability to monitor the inflammatory responses of infants following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery through tracking the time-course variations of their serum cytokines. The whole parallel on-chip assays, which involved the loading, incubation, and washing of samples and reagents, and 10-fold replicated multianalyte detection for each sample using the entire biosensor arrays, were completed within 40 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Meng Ting Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Walker McHugh
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy T. Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas P. Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Address correspondence to
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104
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Liu S, Zhao Y, Parks J, Deamer DW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Correlated electrical and optical analysis of single nanoparticles and biomolecules on a nanopore-gated optofluidic chip. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4816-20. [PMID: 25006747 PMCID: PMC4134182 DOI: 10.1021/nl502400x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of individual biological nanoparticles has significantly advanced our understanding of fundamental biological processes but is also rapidly becoming relevant for molecular diagnostic applications in the emerging field of personalized medicine. Both optical and electrical methods for the detection and analysis of single biomolecules have been developed, but they are generally not used in concert and in suitably integrated form to allow for multimodal analysis with high throughput. Here we report on a dual-mode electrical and optical single-nanoparticle sensing device with capabilities that would not be available with each technique individually. The new method is based on an optofluidic chip with an integrated nanopore that serves as a smart gate to control the delivery of individual nanoparticles to an optical excitation region for ensemble-free optical analysis in rapid succession. We demonstrate electro-optofluidic size discrimination of fluorescent nanobeads, electro-optical detection of single fluorescently labeled influenza viruses, and the identification of single viruses within a mixture of equally sized fluorescent nanoparticles with up to 100% fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- School
of Engineering, University of California,
Santa Cruz, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, Utah 84602, United
States
| | - Joshua
W. Parks
- School
of Engineering, University of California,
Santa Cruz, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - David W. Deamer
- School
of Engineering, University of California,
Santa Cruz, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, Utah 84602, United
States
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School
of Engineering, University of California,
Santa Cruz, 1156 High
Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 831-459-1482
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105
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Kettlitz SW, Moosmann C, Valouch S, Lemmer U. Sensitivity improvement in fluorescence-based particle detection. Cytometry A 2014; 85:746-55. [PMID: 24938222 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic flow cytometers are highly interesting candidates for biomedical point-of-care applications. However, the sensitivity, reliability, and throughput of these systems must be improved to provide the full functionality of established flow cytometric systems. One proposed method to improve fluorescence detection systems is to use spatial modulation techniques. We derive the noise-related statistics and calculate the coefficient of variation for a detection system with and without spatial modulation. We measure the noise properties of a nonmodulated microfluidic fluorescence particle detection system and analyze the possible performance gains using spatial modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried W Kettlitz
- Light Technology Institute and Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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106
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Oh BR, Huang NT, Chen W, Seo JH, Chen P, Cornell TT, Shanley TP, Fu J, Kurabayashi K. Integrated nanoplasmonic sensing for cellular functional immunoanalysis using human blood. ACS Nano 2014; 8:2667-76. [PMID: 24568576 PMCID: PMC4004291 DOI: 10.1021/nn406370u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) nanoplasmonic effects allow for label-free, real-time detection of biomolecule binding events on a nanostructured metallic surface with simple optics and sensing tunability. Despite numerous reports on LSPR bionanosensing in the past, no study thus far has applied the technique for a cytokine secretion assay using clinically relevant immune cells from human blood. Cytokine secretion assays, a technique to quantify intercellular-signaling proteins secreted by blood immune cells, allow determination of the functional response of the donor's immune cells, thus providing valuable information about the immune status of the donor. However, implementation of LSPR bionanosensing in cellular functional immunoanalysis based on a cytokine secretion assay poses major challenges primarily owing to its limited sensitivity and a lack of sufficient sample handling capability. In this paper, we have developed a label-free LSPR biosensing technique to detect cell-secreted tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α cytokines in clinical blood samples. Our approach integrates LSPR bionanosensors in an optofluidic platform that permits trapping and stimulation of target immune cells in a microfluidic chamber with optical access for subsequent cytokine detection. The on-chip spatial confinement of the cells is the key to rapidly increasing a cytokine concentration high enough for detection by the LSPR setup, thereby allowing the assay time and sample volume to be significantly reduced. We have successfully applied this approach first to THP-1 cells and then later to CD45 cells isolated directly from human blood. Our LSPR optofluidics device allows for detection of TNF-α secreted from cells as few as 1000, which translates into a nearly 100 times decrease in sample volume than conventional cytokine secretion assay techniques require. We achieved cellular functional immunoanalysis with a minimal blood sample volume (3 μL) and a total assay time 3 times shorter than that of the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jung Hwan Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy T. Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas P. Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Address correspondence to
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107
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Barik A, Otto LM, Yoo D, Jose J, Johnson T, Oh SH. Dielectrophoresis-enhanced plasmonic sensing with gold nanohole arrays. Nano Lett 2014; 14:2006-12. [PMID: 24646075 PMCID: PMC4083195 DOI: 10.1021/nl500149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate dielectrophoretic concentration of biological analytes on the surface of a gold nanohole array, which concurrently acts as a nanoplasmonic sensor and gradient force generator. The combination of nanohole-enhanced dielectrophoresis, electroosmosis, and extraordinary optical transmission through the periodic gold nanohole array enables real-time label-free detection of analyte molecules in a 5 μL droplet using concentrations as low as 1 pM within a few minutes, which is more than 1000 times faster than purely diffusion-based binding. The nanohole-based optofluidic platform demonstrated here is straightforward to construct, applicable to both charged and neutral molecules, and performs a novel function that cannot be accomplished using conventional surface plasmon resonance sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Barik
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lauren M. Otto
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daehan Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jincy Jose
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy
W. Johnson
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- E-mail:
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108
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Unterkofler S, Garbos MK, Euser TG, St J Russell P. Long-distance laser propulsion and deformation- monitoring of cells in optofluidic photonic crystal fiber. J Biophotonics 2013; 6:743-752. [PMID: 23281270 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a unique method for laser-propelling individual cells over distances of 10s of cm through stationary liquid in a microfluidic channel. This is achieved by using liquid-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF). HC-PCF provides low-loss light guidance in a well-defined single mode, resulting in highly uniform optical trapping and propulsive forces in the core which at the same time acts as a microfluidic channel. Cells are trapped laterally at the center of the core, typically several microns away from the glass interface, which eliminates adherence effects and external perturbations. During propagation, the velocity of the cells is conveniently monitored using a non-imaging Doppler velocimetry technique. Dynamic changes in velocity at constant optical powers up to 350 mW indicate stress-induced changes in the shape of the cells, which is confirmed by bright-field microscopy. Our results suggest that HC-PCF will be useful as a new tool for the study of single-cell biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Unterkofler
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Guenther-Scharowsky-Str.1/Bldg. 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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109
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Zeng J, Goldfeld D, Xia Y. A plasmon-assisted optofluidic (PAOF) system for measuring the photothermal conversion efficiencies of gold nanostructures and controlling an electrical switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4169-73. [PMID: 23494970 PMCID: PMC3757564 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An optofluidic system was constructed from a diode laser as the energy source, an aqueous suspension of plasmonic nanostructures as the photothermal transducer, and a glass capillary for measuring the volumetric expansion of the suspension. The suspension could be driven to move up the capillary by more than 30 mm and be used to control the operation of an electrical switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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110
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Abstract
Optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in metallic thin films are currently standard tools for measuring molecular binding kinetics and affinities - an important task for biophysical studies and pharmaceutical development. Motivated by recent progress in the design and fabrication of metallic nanostructures, such as nanoparticles or nanoholes of various shapes, researchers have been pursuing a new generation of biosensors harnessing tailored plasmonic effects in these engineered nanostructures. Nanoplasmonic devices, while demanding nanofabrication, offer tunability with respect to sensor dimension and physical properties, thereby enabling novel biological interfacing opportunities and extreme miniaturization. Here we provide an integrated overview of refractometric biosensing with nanoplasmonic devices and highlight some recent examples of nanoplasmonic sensors capable of unique functions that are difficult to accomplish with conventional SPR. For example, since the local field strength and spatial distribution can be readily tuned by varying the shape and arrangement of nanostructures, biomolecular interactions can be controlled to occur in regions of high field strength. This may improve signal-to-noise and also enable sensing a small number of molecules. Furthermore, the nanoscale plasmonic sensor elements may, in combination with nanofabrication and materials-selective surface-modifications, make it possible to merge affinity biosensing with nanofluidic liquid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Dahlin
- Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Bionanophotonics, Department of Applied Physics, Fysikgränd 3, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nathan J. Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 200 Union St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Chalmers University of Technology, Division of Bionanophotonics, Department of Applied Physics, Fysikgränd 3, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 200 Union St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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111
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Weber E, Keplinger F, Vellekoop MJ. Detection of Dissolved Lactose Employing an Optofluidic Micro-System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2012; 2:97-106. [PMID: 26859402 PMCID: PMC4665552 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics2040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel optofluidic sensor principle is employed for a non-invasive and label-free characterization of lactose containing liquid samples. Especially for medicine and food industry, a simple, fast and accurate determination of the amount of lactose in various products is highly desirable. The presented system exploits the impact of dissolved molecules on the refractive index for sample characterization. On the optofluidic chip, a microfluidic channel filled with the analyte is hit by slightly diverging laser light. The center incident angle of the beam on-chip is set close to the critical angle for total internal reflection. Both the reflected and the transmitted light signals are recorded at the solid-liquid interface. The ratio of those two signals is then used as representative value for the analyte. Using this principle, lactose containing samples were differentiated based on their concentrations at a step size of 10 mmol/L. The use of the signals ratio instead of a single signal approach improves the stability of the system significantly, allowing for higher resolutions to be achieved. Furthermore, the fabrication of the devices in PDMS ensures biocompatibility and provides low absorbance of light in the visible range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Weber
- Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems (IMSAS), Microsystems Center Bremen (MCB), University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee NW1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Franz Keplinger
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29,E366, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael J Vellekoop
- Institute for Microsensors, Actuators and Systems (IMSAS), Microsystems Center Bremen (MCB), University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee NW1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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112
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Schaap A, Rohrlack T, Bellouard Y. Lab on a chip technologies for algae detection: a review. J Biophotonics 2012; 5:661-672. [PMID: 22693123 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, lab on a chip technologies have emerged as powerful tools for high-accuracy diagnosis with minute quantities of liquid and as tools for exploring cell properties in general. In this paper, we present a review of the current status of this technology in the context of algae detection and monitoring. We start with an overview of the detection methods currently used for algae monitoring, followed by a review of lab on a chip devices for algae detection and classification, and then discuss a case study based on our own research activities. We conclude with a discussion on future challenges and motivations for algae-oriented lab on a chip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Schaap
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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113
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Zhao Y, Phillips B, Ozcelik D, Parks J, Measor P, Gulbransen D, Schmidt H, Hawkins AR. Tailoring the spectral response of liquid waveguide diagnostic platforms. J Biophotonics 2012; 5:703-11. [PMID: 22589084 PMCID: PMC4800992 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid filled waveguides that form the basis for on-chip biophotonics diagnostic platforms have primarily found application in fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy experiments that require sensitive discrimination between weak analyte signals and a variety of background signals. Primary sources of background signal can include light from excitation sources (strong, narrow frequency band) and photoluminescence generated in waveguide cladding layers (weak, wide frequency band). Here we review both solid and liquid core filtering structures which are based on anti-resonant reflection that can be integrated with waveguides for attenuating undesirable optical bands. Important criteria to consider for an optimized biosensor include cladding layer materials that minimize broad-spectrum photoluminescence and optimize layer thicknesses for creating a desired spectral response in both solid and liquid guiding layers, and a microfabrication process capable of producing regions with variable spectral response. New results describing how spurious fluorescence can be minimized by optimized thermal growth conditions and how liquid-core filter discrimination can be tuned with liquid core waveguide length are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Brian Phillips
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Damla Ozcelik
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Joshua Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Philip Measor
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - David Gulbransen
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Corresponding author: , Phone: +1 801 422 8693, Fax: +1 801 422 0201
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114
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Vasdekis AE, Laporte GP. Enhancing single molecule imaging in optofluidics and microfluidics. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5135-56. [PMID: 21954349 PMCID: PMC3179156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics and optofluidics have revolutionized high-throughput analysis and chemical synthesis over the past decade. Single molecule imaging has witnessed similar growth, due to its capacity to reveal heterogeneities at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, both resolution types are dependent on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the image. In this paper, we review how the SNR can be enhanced in optofluidics and microfluidics. Starting with optofluidics, we outline integrated photonic structures that increase the signal emitted by single chromophores and minimize the excitation volume. Turning then to microfluidics, we review the compatible functionalization strategies that reduce noise stemming from non-specific interactions and architectures that minimize bleaching and blinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Vasdekis
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Gregoire P.J. Laporte
- Optics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland; E-Mail:
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115
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Zhang D, Men L, Chen Q. Microfabrication and applications of opto-microfluidic sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2011; 11:5360-82. [PMID: 22163904 PMCID: PMC3231365 DOI: 10.3390/s110505360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A review of research activities on opto-microfluidic sensors carried out by the research groups in Canada is presented. After a brief introduction of this exciting research field, detailed discussion is focused on different techniques for the fabrication of opto-microfluidic sensors, and various applications of these devices for bioanalysis, chemical detection, and optical measurement. Our current research on femtosecond laser microfabrication of optofluidic devices is introduced and some experimental results are elaborated. The research on opto-microfluidics provides highly sensitive opto-microfluidic sensors for practical applications with significant advantages of portability, efficiency, sensitivity, versatility, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiying Zhang
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Liqiu Men
- CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1C 5S7, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Qiying Chen
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada; E-Mail:
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3X5, Canada
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116
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Abstract
Optofluidic dye lasers hold great promise for adaptive photonic devices, compact and wavelength-tunable light sources, and micro total analysis systems. To date, however, nearly all those lasers are directly excited by tuning the pump laser into the gain medium absorption band. Here we demonstrate bioinspired optofluidic dye lasers excited by FRET, in which the donor-acceptor distance, ratio, and spatial configuration can be precisely controlled by DNA scaffolds. The characteristics of the FRET lasers such as spectrum, threshold, and energy conversion efficiency are reported. Through DNA scaffolds, nearly 100% energy transfer can be maintained regardless of the donor and acceptor concentration. As a result, efficient FRET lasing is achieved at an unusually low acceptor concentration of micromolar, over 1,000 times lower than that in conventional optofluidic dye lasers. The lasing threshold is on the order of μJ/mm(2). Various DNA scaffold FRET lasers are demonstrated to illustrate vast possibilities in optofluidic laser designs. Our work opens a door to many researches and applications such as intracavity bio/chemical sensing, biocontrolled photonic devices, and biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biological Engineering, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
| | - Siyka I. Shopova
- Department of Biological Engineering, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
- MicroParticle PhotoPhysics Lab, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201
| | - Chung-Shieh Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
| | - Stephen Arnold
- MicroParticle PhotoPhysics Lab, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201
| | - Xudong Fan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Biological Engineering, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; and
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117
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Skafte-Pedersen P, Nunes PS, Xiao S, Mortensen NA. Material limitations on the detection limit in refractometry. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:8382-90. [PMID: 22291513 PMCID: PMC3260590 DOI: 10.3390/s91108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the detection limit for refractometric sensors relying on high-Q optical cavities and show that the ultimate classical detection limit is given by min {Δn} ≳ η, with n + iη being the complex refractive index of the material under refractometric investigation. Taking finite Q factors and filling fractions into account, the detection limit declines. As an example we discuss the fundamental limits of silicon-based high-Q resonators, such as photonic crystal resonators, for sensing in a bio-liquid environment, such as a water buffer. In the transparency window (λ ≳ 1100 nm) of silicon the detection limit becomes almost independent on the filling fraction, while in the visible, the detection limit depends strongly on the filling fraction because the silicon absorbs strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Skafte-Pedersen
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; E-Mails: (P.S.P.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Pedro S. Nunes
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; E-Mails: (P.S.P.); (P.S.N.)
| | - Sanshui Xiao
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Building 345 West, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; E-Mail: (S.X.)
| | - Niels Asger Mortensen
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik, Building 345 West, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; E-Mail: (S.X.)
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118
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Abstract
We review recent developments and current status of liquid-core optical waveguides in optofluidics with emphasis on suitability for creating fully planar optofluidic labs-on-a-chip. In this first of two contributions, we give an overview of the different waveguide types that are being considered for effectively combining micro and nanofluidics with integrated optics. The large number of approaches is separated into conventional index-guided waveguides and more recent implementations using wave interference. The underlying principle for waveguiding and the current status are described for each type. We then focus on reviewing recent work on microfabricated liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides, including the development of intersecting 2D waveguide networks and optical fluorescence and Raman detection with planar beam geometry. Single molecule detection capability and addition of electrical control for electrokinetic manipulation and analysis of single bioparticles are demonstrated. The demonstrated performance of liquid-core ARROWs is representative of the potential of integrated waveguides for on-chip detection with ultrahigh sensitivity, and points the way towards the next generation of high-performance, low-cost and portable biomedical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, MS: SOE-2, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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119
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Abstract
We review fabrication methods and common structures for optofluidic waveguides, defined as structures capable of optical confinement and transmission through fluid filled cores. Cited structures include those based on total internal reflection, metallic coatings, and interference based confinement. Configurations include optical fibers and waveguides fabricated on flat substrates (integrated waveguides). Some examples of optofluidic waveguides that are included in this review are Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) and two-dimensional photonic crystal arrays, Bragg fibers and waveguides, and Anti Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (ARROWs). An emphasis is placed on integrated ARROWs fabricated using a thin-film deposition process, which illustrates how optofluidic waveguides can be combined with other microfluidic elements in the creation of lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA,
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