151
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Moghbel M, Roth A, Baptista D, Miteva K, Burger F, Montecucco F, Vuilleumier N, Mach F, Brandt KJ. Epitope of antiphospholipid antibodies retrieved from peptide microarray based on R39-R43 of β2-glycoprotein I. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022; 6:e12828. [PMID: 36304483 PMCID: PMC9592562 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and thromboembolic or pregnancy complications. Although cryptic epitope R39-R43 belonging to beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1) has been identified as the main antigenic determinant for aPLs, we have recently demonstrated that the epitope is a motif determined by the polarity, rather than by the sequence or charge of amino acids. Objective In the present study, we wanted to identify the association of residues needed to obtain the highest aPL affinity. Methods Based on the epitope R39-R43 and our identified motif, we generated a printed peptide microarray of 676 different peptides. These peptides have been then screened for their ability to interact with the plasmas from 11 well-characterized APS patients and confirmed by surface plasma resonance assay. Results and Conclusions We identified a peptide that selectively bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) derived from APS patients with 100 times more affinity than β2GP1, Domain I, or epitope R39-R43. This peptide is able to inhibit the activity of IgG derived from APS patients in vitro. We have also generated a monoclonal IgG antibody against this peptide. Using both peptide and monoclonal antibody, we have been able to develop a fully standardized indirect colorimetric immunoassay with highly sensitivity. The identification of the optimized peptide offers a new standardized and accurate tool for diagnostics of APS. Furthermore, having increased affinity for aPL, this peptide could represent a useful tool as prevention strategy for APS and an alternative to the use of anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Roth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Daniela Baptista
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Kapka Miteva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Fabienne Burger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino GenoaItalian Cardiovascular NetworkGenoaItaly,Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), First Clinic of Internal MedicineUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Laboratory and PathologyGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Karim J. Brandt
- Endotelix Diagnostics SàrlGenevaSwitzerland,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical ResearchUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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152
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Liu D, Lv X, Cong Y, Li L. A Method for Screening Proteases That Can Specifically Hydrolyze the Epitope AA83-105 of α(s1)-Casein Allergen. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36359934 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk protein hydrolysates are common in infant formula, but some of them retain allergenicity due to incomplete hydrolysis of the epitopes for milk allergens. This study explored a method for screening proteases that could specifically hydrolyze the epitope of αs1-casein allergen. Firstly, the αs1-casein epitope AA83-105 was synthesized by the solid-phase synthesis method. Then, after purification and identification, the complete antigen was prepared through coupling with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and was used to raise monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in BALB/c mice. Additionally, an indirect competitive-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established. The mAb raised against αs1-casein protein was used as a control. The results showed that the purity of the synthetic epitope was >90%, and the coupling rate with BSA was 6.31. The mAb subtype is IgG1, with a titer of 1:320,000. The mAb reacted specifically with αs1-casein but did not cross-react with soybean protein. The linear regression equation of the competitive inhibition curve was y = −9.22x + 100.78 (R2 = 0.9891). The detection limit of icELISA method was more sensitive, and the method showed good accuracy and repeatability. The amounts of antigen residues in papain protease hydrolysates were relatively small, and the epitope fragment was detected in papain hydrolysate via mass spectrometry. This study provides ideas and methods for screening proteases that specifically hydrolyze the epitopes of milk allergens and also provides a superior foundation for the development of an advanced hypoallergenic formula.
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153
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Mir SA, Alaidarous M, Alshehri B, Bin Dukhyil AA, Banawas S, Madkhali Y, Alsagaby SA, Al Othaim A. Immunoinformatics-Based Identification of B and T Cell Epitopes in RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101660. [PMID: 36298525 PMCID: PMC9611076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged in December 2019, is a serious health concern throughout the world. Despite massive COVID-19 vaccination on a global scale, there is a rising need to develop more effective vaccines and drugs to curb the spread of coronavirus. METHODOLOGY In this study, we screened the amino acid sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) for the identification of B and T cell epitopes using various immunoinformatic tools. These identified potent B and T cell epitopes with high antigenicity scores were linked together to design the multi-epitope vaccine construct. The physicochemical properties, overall quality, and stability of the designed vaccine construct were confirmed by suitable bioinformatic tools. RESULTS After proper in silico prediction and screening, we identified 3 B cell, 18 CTL, and 10 HTL epitopes from the RdRp protein sequence. The screened epitopes were non-toxic, non-allergenic, and highly antigenic in nature as revealed by appropriate servers. Molecular docking revealed stable interactions of the designed multi-epitope vaccine with human TLR3. Moreover, in silico immune simulations showed a substantial immunogenic response of the designed vaccine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that our designed multi-epitope vaccine possessing intrinsic T cell and B cell epitopes with high antigenicity scores could be considered for the ongoing development of peptide-based novel vaccines against COVID-19. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies need to be performed to confirm our in silico observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-536300645
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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154
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Suprun M, Kearney P, Hayward C, Butler H, Getts R, Sicherer SH, Turner PJ, Campbell DE, Sampson HA. Predicting probability of tolerating discrete amounts of peanut protein in allergic children using epitope-specific IgE antibody profiling. Allergy 2022; 77:3061-3069. [PMID: 35960650 DOI: 10.1111/all.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-epitope profiling can accurately diagnose clinical peanut allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether sequential (linear) epitope-specific IgE (ses-IgE) profiling can provide probabilities of tolerating discrete doses of peanut protein in allergic subjects undergoing double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges utilizing PRACTALL dosing. METHODS Sixty four ses-IgE antibodies were quantified in blood samples using a bead-based epitope assay. A pair of ses-IgEs that predicts Cumulative Tolerated Dose (CTD) was determined using regression in 75 subjects from the discovery cohort. This epitope-based predictor was validated on 331 subjects from five independent cohorts (ages 4-25 years). Subjects were grouped based on their predicted values and probabilities of reactions at each CTD threshold were calculated. RESULTS In discovery, an algorithm using two ses-IgE antibodies was correlated with CTDs (rho = 0.61, p < .05); this correlation was 0.51 (p < .05) in validation. Using the ses-IgE-based predictor, subjects were assigned into "high," "moderate," or "low" dose-reactivity groups. On average, subjects in the "high" group were four times more likely to tolerate a specific dose, compared with the "low" group. For example, predicted probabilities of tolerating 4, 14, 44, and 144 or 444 mg in the "low" group were 92%, 77%, 53%, 29%, and 10% compared with 98%, 95%, 94%, 88%, and 73% in the "high" group. CONCLUSIONS Accurate predictions of food challenge thresholds are complex due to factors including limited responder sample sizes at each dose and variations in study-specific challenge protocols. Despite these limitations, an epitope-based predictor was able to accurately identify CTDs and may provide a useful surrogate for peanut challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suprun
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott H Sicherer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul J Turner
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, England, UK
| | | | - Hugh A Sampson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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155
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Li S, Mizukoshi E, Kawaguchi K, Miura M, Nishino M, Shimakami T, Arai K, Yamashita T, Sakai Y, Yamashita T, Honda M, Kaneko S. Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Specific Immune Responses Following Hepatitis C Virus Elimination by Direct-Acting Antivirals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11623. [PMID: 36232928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have recently revolutionized the eradication of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the effects of DAAs on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate immune responses to HCC influenced by DAAs in HCV-infected patients and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We compared immune responses to 19 different HCC-related tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-derived peptides and host immune cell profiles before and 24 weeks after a treatment with DAAs in 47 HLA-A24-positive patients. The relationships between the different immune responses and phenotypic changes in immune cells were also examined. The treatment with DAAs induced four types of immune responses to TAAs and markedly altered host immune cell profiles. Prominently, reductions in the frequencies of PD-1+CD4+ and PD-1+CD8+ T cells by DAAs were associated with enhanced immune responses to TAAs. The HCV F protein was identified as contributing to the increased frequency of PD-1+ T cells, which may be decreased after eradication by DAAs. DAAs altered the immune responses of patients to HCC by decreasing the frequency of PD-1-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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156
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, has infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved over the past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well as to evade the immunity established by previous infection and vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited by viral infection and vaccination, which have proved to be protective against the emergence of variants, particularly with respect to hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding of how the virus enters the host cell and how our immune system is able to defend against cell entry and infection. Neutralizing antibodies are a major component of our immune defense and have been extensively studied for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Structures of these neutralizing antibodies have provided valuable insights into epitopes that are protective against the original ancestral virus and the variants that have emerged. The molecular characterization of neutralizing epitopes as well as epitope conservation and resistance are important for design of next-generation vaccines and antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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157
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Pipitò L, Rujan R, Reynolds CA, Deganutti G. Molecular dynamics studies reveal structural and functional features of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200060. [PMID: 35843871 PMCID: PMC9350306 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic the world experience since 2019. The protein responsible for the first steps of cell invasion, the spike protein, has probably received the most attention in light of its central role during infection. Computational approaches are among the tools employed by the scientific community in the enormous effort to study this new affliction. One of these methods, namely molecular dynamics (MD), has been used to characterize the function of the spike protein at the atomic level and unveil its structural features from a dynamic perspective. In this review, we focus on these main findings, including spike protein flexibility, rare S protein conformational changes, cryptic epitopes, the role of glycans, drug repurposing, and the effect of spike protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Pipitò
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS)Faculty of Health and Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Roxana‐Maria Rujan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS)Faculty of Health and Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Christopher A. Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS)Faculty of Health and Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences (CSELS)Faculty of Health and Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
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158
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Agarwal A, Beck KL, Capponi S, Kunitomi M, Nayar G, Seabolt E, Mahadeshwar G, Bianco S, Mukherjee V, Kaufman JH. Predicting Epitope Candidates for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081837. [PMID: 36016459 PMCID: PMC9416013 DOI: 10.3390/v14081837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitopes are short amino acid sequences that define the antigen signature to which an antibody or T cell receptor binds. In light of the current pandemic, epitope analysis and prediction are paramount to improving serological testing and developing vaccines. In this paper, known epitope sequences from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other Coronaviridae were leveraged to identify additional antigen regions in 62K SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Additionally, we present epitope distribution across SARS-CoV-2 genomes, locate the most commonly found epitopes, and discuss where epitopes are located on proteins and how epitopes can be grouped into classes. The mutation density of different protein regions is presented using a big data approach. It was observed that there are 112 B cell and 279 T cell conserved epitopes between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, with more diverse sequences found in Nucleoprotein and Spike glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Agarwal
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (K.L.B.)
| | - Kristen L. Beck
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (K.L.B.)
| | - Sara Capponi
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Kunitomi
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Gowri Nayar
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Edward Seabolt
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Gandhar Mahadeshwar
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vandana Mukherjee
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - James H. Kaufman
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
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159
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Karami E, Mesbahi Moghaddam M, Behdani M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F. Effective blocking of neuropilin-1activity using oligoclonal nanobodies targeting different epitopes. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:523-531. [PMID: 35984637 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a non-tyrosine kinase receptor and when overexpressed, leads to angiogenesis. High expression of NRP-1 has been observed in various cancers. Unique characteristic of nanobodies (small size, high affinity and stability, and ease production) make them potential therapeutic tools. Oligoclonal nanobodies which detect multiple functional epitopes on the target antigen could be potential tools for inhibition of cancer resistance problems due to escape variant of tumor cells. In this study, oligoclonal anti-NRP-1 nanobodies were selected from camel immune library and their binding activities as well as in vitro functionality were evaluated. Anti-NRP-1 nanobodies were expressed in an Escherichia coli host, and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The effect of each individual and oligoclonal nanobodies on human endothelial cells were evaluated by MTT, Tube formation, and migration assay as well. Results showed that oligoclonal anti-NRP-1 nanobodies detected different epitopes of NRP-1 antigen and inhibited in vitro angiogenesis of human endothelial cells better than each individual nanobody. Results indicate promising oligoclonal anti-NRP-1 nanobodies for inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Karami
- Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Behdani
- Venom and Biotherapeuti Molcsecules Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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160
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Contreras M, Kasaija PD, Kabi F, Mugerwa S, De la Fuente J. The Correlation between Subolesin-Reactive Epitopes and Vaccine Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36016215 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an environmentally-friendly alternative for tick control. The tick antigen Subolesin (SUB) has shown protection in vaccines for the control of multiple tick species in cattle. Additionally, recent approaches in quantum vaccinomics have predicted SUB-protective epitopes and the peptide sequences involved in protein−protein interactions in this tick antigen. Therefore, the identification of B-cell−reactive epitopes by epitope mapping using a SUB peptide array could be essential as a novel strategy for vaccine development. Subolesin can be used as a model to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches for the identification of protective epitopes related to vaccine protection and efficacy. In this study, the mapping of B-cell linear epitopes of SUB from three different tick species common in Uganda (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus, and Amblyomma variegatum) was conducted using serum samples from two cattle breeds immunized with SUB-based vaccines. The results showed that in cattle immunized with SUB from R. appendiculatus (SUBra) all the reactive peptides (Z-score > 2) recognized by IgG were also significant (Z-ratio > 1.96) when compared to the control group. Additionally, some of the reactive peptides recognized by IgG from the control group were also recognized in SUB cocktail−immunized groups. As a significant result, cattle groups that showed the highest vaccine efficacy were Bos indicus immunized with a SUB cocktail (92%), and crossbred cattle were immunized with SUBra (90%) against R. appendiculatus ticks; the IgG from these groups recognized overlapping epitopes from the peptide SPTGLSPGLSPVRDQPLFTFRQVGLICERMMKERESQIRDEYDHVLSAKLAEQYDTFVKFTYDQKRFEGATPSYLS (Z-ratio > 1.96), which partially corresponded to a Q38 peptide and the SUB protein interaction domain. These identified epitopes could be related to the protection and efficacy of the SUB-based vaccines, and new chimeras containing these protective epitopes could be designed using this new approach.
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161
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Asano T, Suzuki H, Tanaka T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Identification of the Binding Epitope of an Anti-mouse CCR4 Monoclonal Antibody, C 4Mab-1. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:214-220. [PMID: 35917564 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is one of G protein-coupled receptors, and interacts with chemokines, CCL17 and CCL22. CCR4 is expressed on T cells such as helper T type 2 cells, regulatory T cells, and interleukin 17-producing T helper cells. CCR4 is associated with T cells trafficking into the tumor microenvironment, and is associated with tumor progression or metastasis. Therefore, CCR4 may be a potential therapeutic option for T cell malignancies. C4Mab-1 is a novel anti-mouse CCR4 (mCCR4) monoclonal antibody produced by mCCR4 N-terminal peptide immunization. C4Mab-1 is useful for flow cytometric analysis. In this study, we conducted the epitope mapping of C4Mab-1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and peptide blocking assay. The result of ELISA indicated that Thr7, Asp8, and Gln11 of mCCR4 are the critical amino acids for the C4Mab-1 binding. Furthermore, peptide blocking assay by flow cytometry showed that Thr7, Asp8, and Gln11 of mCCR4 are essential for C4Mab-1 binding to mCCR4-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO/mCCR4) cells, and Val6, Thr9, and Thr10 are involved in the C4Mab-1 binding to CHO/mCCR4 cells. These results indicate that the critical binding epitope of C4Mab-1 includes Thr7, Asp8, and Gln11 of mCCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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162
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Biavasco R, De Giovanni M. The Relative Positioning of B and T Cell Epitopes Drives Immunodominance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081227. [PMID: 36016115 PMCID: PMC9413633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is crucial for protection against invading pathogens. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) provide sterilizing immunity by targeting conserved regions of viral variants and represent the goal of most vaccination approaches. While antibodies can be selected to bind virtually any region of a given antigen, the consistent induction of bnAbs in the context of influenza and HIV has represented a major roadblock. Many possible explanations have been considered; however, none of the arguments proposed to date seem to fully recapitulate the observed counter-selection for broadly protective antibodies. Antibodies can influence antigen presentation by enhancing the processing of CD4 epitopes adjacent to the binding region while suppressing the overlapping ones. We analyze the relative positioning of dominant B and T cell epitopes in published antigens that elicit strong and poor humoral responses. In strong immunogenic antigens, regions bound by immunodominant antibodies are frequently adjacent to CD4 epitopes, potentially boosting their presentation. Conversely, poorly immunogenic regions targeted by bnAbs in HIV and influenza overlap with clusters of dominant CD4 epitopes, potentially conferring an intrinsic disadvantage for bnAb-bearing B cells in germinal centers. Here, we propose the theory of immunodominance relativity, according to which the relative positioning of immunodominant B and CD4 epitopes within a given antigen drives immunodominance. Thus, we suggest that the relative positioning of B-T epitopes may be one additional mechanism that cooperates with other previously described processes to influence immunodominance. If demonstrated, this theory can improve the current understanding of immunodominance, provide a novel explanation for HIV and influenza escape from humoral responses, and pave the way for a new rational design of universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Biavasco
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
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163
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Yun X, Li MS, Chen Y, Huan F, Cao MJ, Lai D, Chen GX, Liu GM. Characterization, Epitope Identification, and Cross-reactivity Analysis of Tropomyosin: An Important Allergen of Crassostrea angulata. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:9201-9213. [PMID: 35848932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oyster is a common shellfish product in China, which is associated with food allergy. However, there is still lack of research on allergens in oysters. In this study, tropomyosin (TM), an important allergen of Crassostrea angulata, was purified and identified by mass spectrometry. Subsequently, TM was cloned and expressed, with a sequence of size 852 bp, encoding 284 amino acid residues. The results of circular dichroism, digestion assay, inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and basophil activation test showed that recombinant TM had similar physicochemical properties and immunological properties to native TM. Furthermore, two conformational mimotopes were obtained and 10 IgE linear epitopes were verified. Meanwhile, different degrees of cross-reactivity were observed between C. angulata TM and the other 8 shellfish TMs using antibodies and serological analysis, which may relate to the 3 conserved epitope regions. These findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the molecular diagnosis of oyster allergy and cross-reactivity among shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yun
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Meng-Si Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yiyu Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Fei Huan
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Dong Lai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Gui-Xia Chen
- Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
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164
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Cai M, Bang S, Zhang P, Lee H. ATM-TCR: TCR- Epitope Binding Affinity Prediction Using a Multi-Head Self-Attention Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893247. [PMID: 35874725 PMCID: PMC9299376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR-epitope pair binding is the key component for T cell regulation. The ability to predict whether a given pair binds is fundamental to understanding the underlying biology of the binding mechanism as well as developing T-cell mediated immunotherapy approaches. The advent of large-scale public databases containing TCR-epitope binding pairs enabled the recent development of computational prediction methods for TCR-epitope binding. However, the number of epitopes reported along with binding TCRs is far too small, resulting in poor out-of-sample performance for unseen epitopes. In order to address this issue, we present our model ATM-TCR which uses a multi-head self-attention mechanism to capture biological contextual information and improve generalization performance. Additionally, we present a novel application of the attention map from our model to improve out-of-sample performance by demonstrating on recent SARS-CoV-2 data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cai
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Seojin Bang
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Heewook Lee
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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165
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Movahed E, Vance DJ, Ehrbar D, Van Slyke G, Yates J, Kullas K, Rudolph M, Mantis NJ. Serological Analysis Identifies Consequential B Cell Epitopes on the Flexible Linker and C-Terminus of Decorin Binding Protein A (DbpA) from Borrelia burgdorferi. mSphere 2022;:e0025222. [PMID: 35876530 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00252-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin binding protein A (DbpA) is a surface adhesin of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. While DbpA is one of the most immunogenic of B. burgdorferi’s nearly 100 lipoproteins, the B cell epitopes on DbpA recognized by humans following B. burgdorferi infection have not been fully elucidated. In this report we profiled ~270 B. burgdorferi-seropositive human serum samples for IgM and IgG reactivity with a tiled DbpA 18-mer peptide array derived from B. burgdorferisensu stricto strains B31 and 297. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and multiplex immunoassays (MIA), we identified 12 DbpA-derived peptides whose antibody reactivities were significantly elevated (generally <10-fold) in B. burgdorferi-seropositive sera, compared to those measured in a healthy cohort. The most reactive peptide (>80-fold IgG, 10-fold IgM) corresponded to residues 64 to 81, which map to an exposed flexible loop between DbpA’s α-helix 1 and α-helix 2. This loop, whose sequence is identical between strains B31 and 297, overhangs DbpA’s substrate binding pocket. A second strongly reactive antibody target (>80-fold IgG, 3 to 5-fold IgM) mapped to DbpA’s C-terminus, a lysine rich tail implicated in attachment to glycosaminoglycans. We postulate that antibody responses against these two targets on DbpA could limit B.burgdorferi’s ability to attach to and colonize distal tissues during the early stages of infection. IMPORTANCE The bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is the causative agent of Lyme disease, the most reported tick-borne illness in the United States. In humans, clinical manifestations of Lyme disease are complex and can persist for months, even in the face of a robust antibody response directed against numerous B. burgdorferi surface proteins, including decorin binding protein A (DbpA), which is involved in the early stages of infection. In this study we employed ~270 serum samples from B. burgdorferi-seropositive individuals to better understand human antibody reactivity to specific regions (called epitopes) of DbpA and how such antibodies may function in limiting B. burgdorferi dissemination and tissue colonization.
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166
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Minkiewicz P, Mattison CP, Darewicz M. Quantitative In Silico Evaluation of Allergenic Proteins from Anacardium occidentale, Carya illinoinensis, Juglans regia and Pistacia vera and Their Epitopes as Precursors of Bioactive Peptides. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3100-17. [PMID: 35877438 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study presented here was to determine if there is a correlation between the presence of specific protein domains within tree nut allergens or tree nut allergen epitopes and the frequency of bioactive fragments and the predicted susceptibility to enzymatic digestion in allergenic proteins from tree nuts of cashew (Anacardium occidentale), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), English walnut (Juglans regia) and pistachio (Pistacia vera) plants. These bioactive peptides are distributed along the length of the protein and are not enriched in IgE epitope sequences. Classification of proteins as bioactive peptide precursors based on the presence of specific protein domains may be a promising approach. Proteins possessing a vicilin, N-terminal family domain, or napin domain contain a relatively low occurrence of bioactive fragments. In contrast, proteins possessing the cupin 1 domain without the vicilin N-terminal family domain contain a relatively high total frequency of bioactive fragments and predicted release of bioactive fragments by the joint action of pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. This approach could be utilized in food science to simplify the selection of protein domains enriched for bioactive peptides.
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167
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Miller NL, Raman R, Clark T, Sasisekharan R. Complexity of Viral Epitope Surfaces as Evasive Targets for Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904609. [PMID: 35784339 PMCID: PMC9247215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interplay between virus and host plays out across many interacting surfaces as virus and host evolve continually in response to one another. In particular, epitope-paratope interactions (EPIs) between viral antigen and host antibodies drive much of this evolutionary race. In this review, we describe a series of recent studies examining aspects of epitope complexity that go beyond two interacting protein surfaces as EPIs are typically understood. To structure our discussion, we present a framework for understanding epitope complexity as a spectrum along a series of axes, focusing primarily on 1) epitope biochemical complexity (e.g., epitopes involving N-glycans) and 2) antigen conformational/dynamic complexity (e.g., epitopes with differential properties depending on antigen state or fold-axis). We highlight additional epitope complexity factors including epitope tertiary/quaternary structure, which contribute to epistatic relationships between epitope residues within- or adjacent-to a given epitope, as well as epitope overlap resulting from polyclonal antibody responses, which is relevant when assessing antigenic pressure against a given epitope. Finally, we discuss how these different forms of epitope complexity can limit EPI analyses and therapeutic antibody development, as well as recent efforts to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L. Miller
- Harvard Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rahul Raman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Clark
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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168
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Tanaka T, Li G, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Suzuki H, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of the Anti-Human CCR2 Monoclonal Antibody C 2Mab-9. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:150-156. [PMID: 35666539 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor type-2 (CCR2) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily, localized on cell surface of some immune-related cells, including monocytes and macrophages. CCR2 and its ligand CCL2 are involved in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Therefore, CCR2-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are needed for treatment and diagnosis. Previously, we successfully developed an anti-human CCR2 (hCCR2) mAb, C2Mab-9 (mouse IgG1, kappa), which is applicable for flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. In this study, we investigated the critical epitope of C2Mab-9. We conducted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using several N-terminal peptides of hCCR2, and demonstrated that C2Mab-9 recognizes 11-29 and 21-39 amino acids of hCCR2. We further performed ELISA using 20 peptides, which include alanine substitution of hCCR2. C2Mab-9 lost the reaction to the alanine-substituted peptides of F23A, F24A, D25A, Y26A, and D27A. Among them, F23A, F24A, D25A, and Y26A did not block the C2Mab-9 reaction with U937 cells in flow cytometry. These results indicate that the critical binding epitope of C2Mab-9 includes Phe23, Phe24, Asp25, and Tyr26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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169
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Charnaya O, Levy Erez D, Amaral S, Monos DS. Pediatric Kidney Transplantation-Can We Do Better? The Promise and Limitations of Epitope/Eplet Matching. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:893002. [PMID: 35722502 PMCID: PMC9204054 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.893002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplant is the optimal treatment for end-stage kidney disease as it offers significant survival and quality of life advantages over dialysis. While recent advances have significantly improved early graft outcomes, long-term overall graft survival has remained largely unchanged for the last 20 years. Due to the young age at which children receive their first transplant, most children will require multiple transplants during their lifetime. Each subsequent transplant becomes more difficult because of the development of de novo donor specific HLA antibodies (dnDSA), thereby limiting the donor pool and increasing mortality and morbidity due to longer time on dialysis awaiting re-transplantation. Secondary prevention of dnDSA through increased post-transplant immunosuppression in children is constrained by a significant risk for viral and oncologic complications. There are currently no FDA-approved therapies that can meaningfully reduce dnDSA burden or improve long-term allograft outcomes. Therefore, primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing the risk of dnDSA formation would allow for the best possible long-term allograft outcomes without the adverse complications associated with over-immunosuppression. Epitope matching, which provides a more nuanced assessment of immunological compatibility between donor and recipient, offers the potential for improved donor selection. Although epitope matching is promising, it has not yet been readily applied in the clinical setting. Our review will describe current strengths and limitations of epitope matching software, the evidence for and against improved outcomes with epitope matching, discussion of eplet load vs. variable immunogenicity, and conclude with a discussion of the delicate balance of improving matching without disadvantaging certain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Charnaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniella Levy Erez
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Nephrology, Petah Tikvah, Israel
- Departments of Pediatric Nephrology and Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sandra Amaral
- Departments of Pediatric Nephrology and Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dimitrios S. Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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170
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Zhao X, Li G, Feng X, Cheng Q, Lu Z, Gu R, Lu J, Liu W. Physicochemical characterization and linear epitopes identification of arginine kinase allergen from Crassostrea gigas. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:3435-3445. [PMID: 34837649 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molluscan shellfish, including oysters, often cause allergic reactions in sensitive people throughout the world. It has been demonstrated that arginine kinase (AK) is one of the major allergens of oyster. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunoreactivity and structure of oyster AK as affected by heat treatment, pH change, and in vitro digestion. What is more, the immunoglobulin E-binding epitopes of this allergen were also predicted and validated. RESULTS Thermal and pH assays revealed that AK was unstable at temperature >40 °C or pH ≤5.0 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism, and the digestibility assays suggested that AK was more easily digested by pepsin than by trypsin and chymotrypsin. The potential epitopes were predicted through immunoinformatics tools, and seven linear epitopes were identified by indirect competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with pooled sera and individual serum from oyster-allergic patients. The critical amino acids in each epitope were also confirmed using mutant peptides. These linear epitopes and critical amino acids were apt to distribute on the outer surface of homology-based AK model. Moreover, the three denaturants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, β-mercaptoethanol, and urea) can destroy the spatial structure of AK and increase or reduce its allergenicity by denaturation treatments. CONCLUSION Processing conditions lay the foundation for the variation of allergenicity. Seven linear epitopes and their critical amino acids were identified by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These findings will be helpful in allergy diagnosis and development of hypoallergenic products in the near future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guoming Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Feng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingli Cheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruizeng Gu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
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171
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Addala S, Vissapragada M, Aggunna M, Mukala N, Lanka M, Gampa S, Sodasani M, Chintalapati J, Kamidi A, Veeranna RP, Yedidi RS. Success of Current COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies vs. the Epitope Topology of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Receptor Binding Domain (RBD): A Computational Study of RBD Topology to Guide Future Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:841. [PMID: 35746449 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with a high morbidity rate occurring over recent years. COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome causing coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 not only challenged mankind but also gave scope to the evolution of various vaccine design technologies. Although these vaccines protected and saved many lives, with the emerging viral strains, some of the strains may pose a threat to the currently existing vaccine design that is primarily based on the wild type spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the risk involved from such mutant viral strains, we performed a systematic in silico amino acid substitution of critical residues in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Our molecular modeling analysis revealed significant topological changes in the RBD of spike protein suggesting that they could potentially contribute to the loss of antigen specificity for the currently existing therapeutic antibodies/vaccines, thus posing a challenge to the current vaccine strategies that are based on wild type viral spike protein epitopes. The structural deviations discussed in this article should be considered carefully in the future vaccine design.
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172
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Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Bloom JD. An antibody-escape estimator for mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac021. [PMID: 35573973 PMCID: PMC9092643 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A key goal of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surveillance is to rapidly identify viral variants with mutations that reduce neutralization by polyclonal antibodies elicited by vaccination or infection. Unfortunately, direct experimental characterization of new viral variants lags their sequence-based identification. Here we help address this challenge by aggregating deep mutational scanning data into an 'escape estimator' that estimates the antigenic effects of arbitrary combinations of mutations to the virus's spike receptor-binding domain. The estimator can be used to intuitively visualize how mutations impact polyclonal antibody recognition and score the expected antigenic effect of combinations of mutations. These scores correlate with neutralization assays performed on SARS-CoV-2 variants and emphasize the ominous antigenic properties of the recently described Omicron variant. An interactive version of the estimator is at https://jbloomlab.github.io/SARS2_RBD_Ab_escape_maps/escape-calc/ (last accessed 11 March 2022), and we provide a Python module for batch processing. Currently the calculator uses primarily data for antibodies elicited by Wuhan-Hu-1-like vaccination or infection and so is expected to work best for calculating escape from such immunity for mutations relative to early SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Greaney
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Seattle, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Seattle, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, USA
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173
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Markosian C, Staquicini DI, Dogra P, Dodero-Rojas E, Lubin JH, Tang FH, Smith TL, Contessoto VG, Libutti SK, Wang Z, Cristini V, Khare SD, Whitford PC, Burley SK, Onuchic JN, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Genetic and Structural Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein for Universal Epitope Selection. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac091. [PMID: 35511693 PMCID: PMC9129195 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of immunogenic epitopes for universal vaccine development in the face of ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution remains a challenge. Herein, we investigate the genetic and structural conservation of an immunogenically relevant epitope (C662-C671) of spike (S) protein across SARS-CoV-2 variants to determine its potential utility as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against coronavirus diseases. Comparative sequence analysis, structural assessment, and molecular dynamics simulations of C662-C671 epitope were performed. Mathematical tools were employed to determine its mutational cost. We found that the amino acid sequence of C662-C671 epitope is entirely conserved across the observed major variants of SARS-CoV-2 in addition to SARS-CoV. Its conformation and accessibility are predicted to be conserved, even in the highly mutated Omicron variant. Costly mutational rate in the context of energy expenditure in genome replication and translation can explain this strict conservation. These observations may herald an approach to developing vaccine candidates for universal protection against emergent variants of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Markosian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Daniela I. Staquicini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Prashant Dogra
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Esteban Dodero-Rojas
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Joseph H. Lubin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fenny H.F. Tang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Tracey L. Smith
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | - Steven K. Libutti
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Vittorio Cristini
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA
| | - Sagar D. Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul C. Whitford
- Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen K. Burley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- RCSB Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92067, USA
| | - José N. Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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174
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Neumeier D, Yermanos A, Agrafiotis A, Csepregi L, Chowdhury T, Ehling RA, Kuhn R, Cotet TS, Brisset-Di Roberto R, Di Tacchio M, Antonialli R, Starkie D, Lightwood DJ, Oxenius A, Reddy ST. Phenotypic determinism and stochasticity in antibody repertoires of clonally expanded plasma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113766119. [PMID: 35486691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113766119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell clonal selection and expansion from a genetically diverse antibody repertoire guides the immune response to a target antigen. It remains unclear if clonal selection and expansion follow any deterministic rules or are stochastic with regards to phenotypic antibody properties such as antigen-binding, affinity, and epitope specificity. We perform the in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization of antibody repertoires following immunization in mice. We identify the degree to which clonal expansion is driven by antibody binding, affinity, and epitope specificity and as such may provide greater insight into vaccine-induced immunity. The capacity of humoral B cell-mediated immunity to effectively respond to and protect against pathogenic infections is largely driven by the presence of a diverse repertoire of polyclonal antibodies in the serum, which are produced by plasma cells (PCs). Recent studies have started to reveal the balance between deterministic mechanisms and stochasticity of antibody repertoires on a genotypic level (i.e., clonal diversity, somatic hypermutation, and germline gene usage). However, it remains unclear if clonal selection and expansion of PCs follow any deterministic rules or are stochastic with regards to phenotypic antibody properties (i.e., antigen-binding, affinity, and epitope specificity). Here, we report on the in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clonally expanded PC antibody repertoires following protein immunization. We find that clonal expansion drives antigen specificity of the most expanded clones (top ∼10), whereas among the rest of the clonal repertoire antigen specificity is stochastic. Furthermore, we report both on a polyclonal repertoire and clonal lineage level that antibody-antigen binding affinity does not correlate with clonal expansion or somatic hypermutation. Last, we provide evidence for convergence toward targeting dominant epitopes despite clonal sequence diversity among the most expanded clones. Our results highlight the extent to which clonal expansion can be ascribed to antigen binding, affinity, and epitope specificity, and they have implications for the assessment of effective vaccines.
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175
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Iwasaki M, Kanda J, Tanaka H, Shindo T, Sato T, Doki N, Fukuda T, Ozawa Y, Eto T, Uchida N, Katayama Y, Kataoka K, Ara T, Ota S, Onizuka M, Kanda Y, Ichinohe T, Atsuta Y, Morishima S. Impact of HLA Epitope Matching on Outcomes After Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811733. [PMID: 35309307 PMCID: PMC8928463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of antibody-identified epitopes stimulating humoral alloimmunity is not well understood in the identification of non-permissive human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching patterns in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This was a retrospective study in a cohort of 9,991 patients who underwent their first HSCT for hematologic malignancies from unrelated bone marrow donors in the Transplant Registry Unified Management Program (TRUMP). HLA eplet mismatches (EMM) were quantified using HLAMatchmaker (HLAMM). The median age of patients was 48 years (range, 16 to 77). The number of EMM in recipient-donor pairs in our study population ranged from 0 to 37 in HLA class I (median, 0) and 0 to 60 in HLA class II (median, 1). In addition to the known high-risk mismatch patterns in the Japanese cohort, HLA-C EMM in the GVH direction was associated with a significantly higher risk for grade III-IV aGVHD, leading to a higher risk of non-relapse mortality and lower overall survival (compared with HLA-C matched patients, HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.44–1.95; HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.25–1.54; HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.10–1.30, respectively). HLAMM-based epitope matching might be useful for identifying patients who are at high risk for serious complications after HSCT from HLA mismatched unrelated donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iwasaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takero Shindo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Ozawa
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Ara
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Onizuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Satoko Morishima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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176
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Ameku WA, Provance DW, Morel CM, De-Simone SG. Rapid Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with a Spike Glycoprotein Epitope. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:272. [PMID: 35624573 PMCID: PMC9139057 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was recognized in late 2019 and has since spread worldwide, leading to a pandemic with unprecedented health and financial consequences. There remains an enormous demand for new diagnostic methods that can deliver fast, low-cost, and easy-to-use confirmation of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed an affordable electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of serological immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in sera against the spike protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS A previously identified linear B-cell epitope (EP) specific to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and recognized by IgG in patient sera was selected for the target molecule. After synthesis, the EP was immobilized onto the surface of the working electrode of a commercially available screen-printed electrode (SPE). The capture of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs allowed the formation of an immunocomplex that was measured by square-wave voltammetry from its generation of hydroquinone (HQ). RESULTS An evaluation of the performance of the EP-based biosensor presented a selectivity and specificity for COVID-19 of 93% and 100%, respectively. No cross-reaction was observed to antibodies against other diseases that included Chagas disease, Chikungunya, Leishmaniosis, and Dengue. Differentiation of infected and non-infected individuals was possible even at a high dilution factor that decreased the required sample volumes to a few microliters. CONCLUSION The final device proved suitable for diagnosing COVID-19 by assaying actual serum samples, and the results displayed good agreement with the molecular biology diagnoses. The flexibility to conjugate other EPs to SPEs suggests that this technology could be rapidly adapted to diagnose new variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A. Ameku
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Provance
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Populations Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (W.A.A.); (D.W.P.); (C.M.M.)
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecualr Systematics (LESM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Cellular and Molecular Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
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177
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Saetang J, Tipmanee V, Benjakul S. In Silico Prediction of Cross-Reactive Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Shrimp and Other Arthropods Involved in Allergy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092667. [PMID: 35566021 PMCID: PMC9104922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin in shellfish is considered a major cross-reactive allergen in house dust mites and cockroaches; however, the specific epitopes have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the consensus antigenic determinant among shrimp, house dust mites, and cockroaches using in silico methods. The protein sequences of tropomyosin, including Der f 10, Mac r 1, Pen a 1, Pen m 1, Per a 7, and Bla g 7, were retrieved from the UniProt database. The 3D structures were derived from the AlphaFold or modeled using the Robetta. The determination of linear epitopes was performed by AlgPRED and BepiPRED for B cell epitope, and NetMHCIIpan and NetMHCII for T cell epitope, while Ellipro was used to evaluate conformational epitopes. Fourteen peptides were discovered as the consensus linear B cell epitopes, while seventeen peptides were identified as linear T cell epitopes specific to high-frequency HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles. The conformational determination of B cell epitopes provided nine peptides, in which residues 209, 212, 255–256, and 258–259 were found in both linear B cell and linear T cell epitope analysis. This data could be utilized for further in vitro study and may contribute to immunotherapy for allergic diseases associated with tropomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Saetang
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7428-6337
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
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178
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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179
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Postigo-Fernandez J, Firdessa-Fite R, Creusot RJ. Preclinical evaluation of a precision medicine approach to DNA vaccination in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110987119. [PMID: 35385352 PMCID: PMC9169641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110987119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy involves the delivery of self-antigens as proteins or peptides (or using nucleic acids encoding them) to reestablish tolerance. The Endotope platform supports the optimal presentation of endogenously expressed epitopes on appropriate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. Using specific epitopes that are disease-relevant (including neoepitopes and mimotopes) and restricted to the subject’s MHC haplotypes provides a more focused and tailored way of targeting autoreactive T cells. We evaluated the efficacy of an Endotope DNA vaccine tailored to the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse in parallel to one expressing the Proinsulin protein, a central autoantigen in NOD mice, and assessed the influence of several parameters (e.g., route, dosing frequency, disease stage) on diabetes prevention. Secretion of encoded peptides and intradermal delivery of DNA offered more effective disease prevention. Long-term weekly treatments were needed to achieve protection that can persist after discontinuation, likely mediated by regulatory T cells induced by at least one epitope. Although epitopes were presented for at least 2 wk, weekly treatments were needed, at least initially, to achieve significant protection. While Endotope and Proinsulin DNA vaccines were effective at both the prediabetic normoglycemic and dysglycemic stages of disease, Proinsulin provided better protection in the latter stage, particularly in animals with slower progression of disease, and Endotope limited insulitis the most in the earlier stage. Thus, our data support the possibility of applying a precision medicine approach based on tailored epitopes for the treatment of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases with DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Postigo-Fernandez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Rémi J. Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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180
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Walker LM, Shiakolas AR, Venkat R, Liu ZA, Wall S, Raju N, Pilewski KA, Setliff I, Murji AA, Gillespie R, Makoah NA, Kanekiyo M, Connors M, Morris L, Georgiev IS. High-Throughput B Cell Epitope Determination by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855772. [PMID: 35401559 PMCID: PMC8984479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of novel technologies for the discovery of human monoclonal antibodies has proven invaluable in the fight against infectious diseases. Among the diverse antibody repertoires elicited by infection or vaccination, often only rare antibodies targeting specific epitopes of interest are of potential therapeutic value. Current antibody discovery efforts are capable of identifying B cells specific for a given antigen; however, epitope specificity information is usually only obtained after subsequent monoclonal antibody production and characterization. Here we describe LIBRA-seq with epitope mapping, a next-generation sequencing technology that enables residue-level epitope determination for thousands of single B cells simultaneously. By utilizing an antigen panel of point mutants within the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein, we identified and confirmed antibodies targeting multiple sites of vulnerability on Env, including the CD4-binding site and the V3-glycan site. LIBRA-seq with epitope mapping is an efficient tool for high-throughput identification of antibodies against epitopes of interest on a given antigen target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Walker
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrea R. Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rohit Venkat
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhaojing Ariel Liu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Steven Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Nagarajan Raju
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Pilewski
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ian Setliff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amyn A. Murji
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nigel A. Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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181
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Li X, Chen S, Niu G, Zhang X, Ji W, Ren Y, Zhang L, Ren L. Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Strains Circulating in China Are Relatively Stable and Have Higher Homology with Mink Circovirus than Other Porcine Circovirus Types. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3288. [PMID: 35328710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly identified porcine circovirus (PCV) belonging to the Circovirus genus Circoviridae family. Although several groups have conducted epidemiological investigations on PCV4 and found that PCV4 also exists widely in pigs, there are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4. In this study, the genetic relationship between PCV4, mink circovirus (MiCV), bat circovirus (BtCV), PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3 was analyzed, and the consistency of viral proteins in three-dimensional (3D) structure and epitopes was predicted. We found that the genome and protein structure of PCV4 was relatively stable among current circulating PCV4 strains. Furthermore, PCV4 was more similar to MiCV in terms of its genome, protein structure, and epitope levels than other PCVs and BtCVs, suggesting that PCV4 may be derived from MiCV or have a common origin with MiCV, or mink may be an intermediate host of PCV4, which may pose a great threat to other animals and/or even human beings. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the infection and variation of PCV4, analyze the host spectrum of PCV4, and establish the prevention and treatment methods of PCV4 infection in advance.
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182
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Hu J, Hu S, Liu X. Characterization of antibody response to an epitope spanning the haemagglutinin cleavage site of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus for differentiation of infected and vaccinated chickens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:330-338. [PMID: 35297704 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractH7N9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry in China and vaccination is used as the primary strategy for disease control. However, monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry by current serological tests is difficult because vaccine-induced antibodies are not readily distinguishable from those induced by field viruses. Therefore, a test that differentiates infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) is critical for H7N9 virus monitoring. However, no DIVA test is available for H7N9 subtype AIV. In this study, the potential of an epitope (the peptide 11) spanning the haemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site as a DIVA antigen for H7N9 virus was investigated. The results showed that the H7N9 virus infection sera and post-challenge sera obtained from H7N9 vaccinated chickens reacted with the peptide 11, whereas the sera elicited by inactivated and viral-vectored H7N9 vaccines had no reactivity with this peptide. The peptide 11 was further split in two peptides at the HA cleavage site, and the truncated peptides failed to discriminate H7N9 infected and vaccinated chickens. The peptide 11 locates in a prominent surface loop in the HA protein and contains highly conserved residues in the HA cleavage site among the H7N9 subtype and different subtypes of group 1 and 2, suggesting the potential of this peptide as a broad DIVA antigen for influenza viruses. Our study highlighted that the peptide 11 is a promising DIVA antigen and serological tests based on this peptide may serve as useful tools for monitoring H7N9 virus infection in vaccinated poultry in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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183
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike. eLife 2022; 11:75228. [PMID: 35289271 PMCID: PMC8923670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross-reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross-react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better-conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Andrew P Hederman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Carly A Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
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184
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Yu ED, Wang E, Garrigan E, Goodwin B, Sutherland A, Tarke A, Chang J, Gálvez RI, Mateus J, Ramirez SI, Rawlings SA, Smith DM, Filaci G, Frazier A, Weiskopf D, Dan JM, Crotty S, Grifoni A, Sette A, da Silva Antunes R. Development of a T cell-based immunodiagnostic system to effectively distinguish SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination status. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:388-399.e3. [PMID: 35172129 PMCID: PMC8824221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 vaccines elicit memory T cell responses. Here, we report the development of 2 pools of experimentally defined SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes that, in combination with spike, were used to discriminate 4 groups of subjects with different SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccine status. The overall T cell-based classification accuracy was 89.2% and 88.5% in the experimental and validation cohorts. This scheme was applicable to different mRNA vaccines and different lengths of time post infection/post vaccination and yielded increased accuracy when compared to serological readouts. T cell responses from breakthrough infections were also studied and effectively segregated from vaccine responses, with a combined performance of 86.6% across all 239 subjects from the 5 groups. We anticipate that a T cell-based immunodiagnostic scheme to classify subjects based on their vaccination and natural infection history will be an important tool for longitudinal monitoring of vaccinations and for establishing SARS-CoV-2 correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emily Garrigan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodwin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alison Tarke
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - James Chang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rosa Isela Gálvez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy; Bioterapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA UC92037, USA.
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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185
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Bezstarosti S, Kramer CSM, Franke-van Dijk MEI, Vergunst M, Bakker KH, Uyar-Mercankaya M, Buchli R, Roelen DL, de Fijter JW, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. HLA-DQ-Specific Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibodies Allow for In-Depth Analysis of HLA-DQ Epitopes. Front Immunol 2022; 12:761893. [PMID: 35069533 PMCID: PMC8782272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DQ donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are the most prevalent type of DSA after renal transplantation and have been associated with eplet mismatches between donor and recipient HLA. Eplets are theoretically defined configurations of surface exposed amino acids on HLA molecules that require verification to confirm that they can be recognized by alloantibodies and are therefore clinically relevant. In this study, we isolated HLA-DQ specific memory B cells from immunized individuals by using biotinylated HLA-DQ monomers to generate 15 recombinant human HLA-DQ specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with six distinct specificities. Single antigen bead reactivity patterns were analyzed with HLA-EMMA to identify amino acids that were uniquely shared by the reactive HLA alleles to define functional epitopes which were mapped to known eplets. The HLA-DQB1*03:01-specific mAb LB_DQB0301_A and the HLA-DQB1*03-specific mAb LB_DQB0303_C supported the antibody-verification of eplets 45EV and 55PP respectively, while mAbs LB_DQB0402_A and LB_DQB0602_B verified eplet 55R on HLA-DQB1*04/05/06. For three mAbs, multiple uniquely shared amino acid configurations were identified, warranting further studies to define the inducing functional epitope and corresponding eplet. Our unique set of HLA-DQ specific mAbs will be further expanded and will facilitate the in-depth analysis of HLA-DQ epitopes, which is relevant for further studies of HLA-DQ alloantibody pathogenicity in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bezstarosti
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia S M Kramer
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Manon Vergunst
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kim H Bakker
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Rico Buchli
- Pure Protein LLC, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan W de Fijter
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Eurotransplant Reference Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Eurotransplant Reference Laboratory, Leiden, Netherlands
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186
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Srivastava S, Verma S, Kamthania M, Agarwal D, Saxena AK, Kolbe M, Singh S, Kotnis A, Rathi B, Nayar SA, Shin HJ, Vashisht K, Pandey KC. Computationally validated SARS-CoV-2 CTL and HTL Multi-Patch vaccines, designed by reverse epitomics approach, show potential to cover large ethnically distributed human population worldwide. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:2369-2388. [PMID: 33155524 PMCID: PMC7651196 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1838329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak. The highly contagious COVID-19 disease has spread to 216 countries in less than six months. Though several vaccine candidates are being claimed, an effective vaccine is yet to come. A novel reverse epitomics approach, 'overlapping-epitope-clusters-to-patches' method is utilized to identify the antigenic regions from the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. These antigenic regions are named as 'Ag-Patch or Ag-Patches', for Antigenic Patch or Patches. The identification of Ag-Patches is based on the clusters of overlapping epitopes rising from SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Further, we have utilized the identified Ag-Patches to design Multi-Patch Vaccines (MPVs), proposing a novel method for the vaccine design. The designed MPVs were analyzed for immunologically crucial parameters, physiochemical properties and cDNA constructs. We identified 73 CTL (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte) and 49 HTL (Helper T-Lymphocyte) novel Ag-Patches from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2. The identified Ag-Patches utilized to design MPVs cover 768 overlapping epitopes targeting 55 different HLA alleles leading to 99.98% of world human population coverage. The MPVs and Toll-Like Receptor ectodomain complex shows stable complex formation tendency. Further, the cDNA analysis favors high expression of the MPVs constructs in a human cell line. We identified highly immunogenic novel Ag-Patches from the entire proteome of SARS CoV-2 by a novel reverse epitomics approach and utilized them to design MPVs. We conclude that the novel MPVs could be a highly potential novel approach to combat SARS-CoV-2, with greater effectiveness, high specificity and large human population coverage worldwide. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrit Srivastava
- Molecular Medicine Lab., School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Infection Biology Group, Indian Foundation for Fundamental Research, RaeBareli, India
| | - Sonia Verma
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, Protein Biochemistry & Engineering Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kamthania
- Infection Biology Group, Indian Foundation for Fundamental Research, RaeBareli, India
| | - Deepa Agarwal
- Infection Biology Group, Indian Foundation for Fundamental Research, RaeBareli, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Saxena
- Molecular Medicine Lab., School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael Kolbe
- Department for Structural Infection Biology, Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) & Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarman Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, India
| | - Ashwin Kotnis
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory For Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema A. Nayar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
- Department of Microbiology, Sree Gokulam Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, Protein Biochemistry & Engineering Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C. Pandey
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, Protein Biochemistry & Engineering Lab, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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187
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Salemme A, Fania L, Scarabello A, Caproni M, Marzano AV, Cozzani E, Feliciani C, De Simone C, Papini M, Satta RR, Parodi A, Mariotti F, Lechiancole S, Genovese G, Passarelli F, Festa F, Bellei B, Provini A, Donatella Sordi, Pallotta S, Abeni D, Mazzanti C, Didona B, Di Zenzo G. Gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid shows peculiar features of anti-BP180 and -BP230 humoral response: results from a multicenter study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 87:56-63. [PMID: 35240229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several case-control studies demonstrated an association between gliptins and bullous pemphigoid (BP) occurrence. Data on clinical and immunological features of gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid (GABP) are controversial. OBJECTIVE This study aims to clinically and immunologically characterize a large cohort of GABP patients to get insight into the pathophysiology of this emerging drug-induced variant of BP. METHODS Seventy-four GABP patients were prospectively enrolled and characterized from nine different Italian Dermatology Units between 2013 and 2020. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that in GABP patients: i) the non-inflammatory phenotype which is characterized by low amounts of circulating and skin infiltrating eosinophils is frequently found; ii) IgG, IgE and IgA humoral response to BP180 and BP230 antigens is reduced in frequency and titers when compared with idiopathic BP; iii) IgG reactivity targets multiple BP180 epitopes other than NC16A. LIMITATIONS A limitation of the study is the control group that did not comprise only type 2 diabetes mellitus BP patients. CONCLUSIONS GABP patients show peculiar features of anti-BP180 and -BP230 humoral response laying the foundations for diagnostic improvements and to get novel insights into understanding the mechanism of BP onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Salemme
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Fania
- First Dermatology Clinic, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Caproni
- Rare Diseases Unit, Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, USL Toscana Centro, European Reference Network-Skin Member, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Valerio Marzano
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cozzani
- DiSSal, Dermatology Clinic, University of Genoa, San Martino Policlinic Hospital-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Feliciani
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Clara De Simone
- Institute of Dermatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Papini
- Dermatologic Clinic of Terni, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Rita Satta
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- DiSSal, Dermatology Clinic, University of Genoa, San Martino Policlinic Hospital-IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Genovese
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center for Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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188
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Kumra Ahnlide V, Kumra Ahnlide J, Wrighton S, Beech JP, Nordenfelt P. Nanoscale binding site localization by molecular distance estimation on native cell surfaces using topological image averaging. eLife 2022; 11:64709. [PMID: 35200140 PMCID: PMC8871386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody binding to cell surface proteins plays a crucial role in immunity, and the location of an epitope can altogether determine the immunological outcome of a host-target interaction. Techniques available today for epitope identification are costly, time-consuming, and unsuited for high-throughput analysis. Fast and efficient screening of epitope location can be useful for the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Cellular morphology typically varies, and antibodies often bind heterogeneously across a cell surface, making traditional particle-averaging strategies challenging for accurate native antibody localization. In the present work, we have developed a method, SiteLoc, for imaging-based molecular localization on cellular surface proteins. Nanometer-scale resolution is achieved through localization in one dimension, namely, the distance from a bound ligand to a reference surface. This is done by using topological image averaging. Our results show that this method is well suited for antibody binding site measurements on native cell surface morphology and that it can be applied to other molecular distance estimations as well. Antibodies play a key role in the immune system. These proteins stick to harmful substances, such as bacteria and other disease-causing pathogens, marking them for destruction or blocking their attack. Antibodies are highly selective, and this ability has been used to target particular molecules in research, diagnostics and therapies. Typically, antibodies need to stick to a particular segment, or ‘epitope’, on the surface of a cell in order to trigger an immune response. Knowing where these regions are can help explain how these immune proteins work and aid the development of more effective drugs and diagnostic tools. One way to identify these sites is to measure the nano-distance between antibodies and other features on the cell surface. To do this, researchers take multiple images of the cell the antibody is attached to using light microscopy. Various statistical methods are then applied to create an ‘average image’ that has a higher resolution and can therefore be used to measure the distance between these two points more accurately. While this approach works on fixed shapes, like a perfect circle, it cannot handle human cells and bacteria which are less uniform and have more complex surfaces. Here, Kumra Ahnlide et al. have developed a new method called SiteLoc which can overcome this barrier. The method involves two fluorescent probes: one attached to a specific site on the cell’s surface, and the other to the antibody or another molecule of interest. These two probes emit different colours when imaged with a fluorescent microscope. To cope with objects that have uneven surfaces, such as cells and bacteria, the two signals are transformed to ‘follow’ the same geometrical shape. The relative distance between them is then measured using statistical methods. Using this approach, Kumra Ahnlide et al. were able to identify epitopes on a bacterium, and measure distances on the surface of human red blood cells. The SiteLoc system could make it easier to develop antibody-based treatments and diagnostic tools. Furthermore, it could also be beneficial to the wider research community who could use it to probe other questions that require measuring nanoscale distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Kumra Ahnlide
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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189
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Vallejo A, Martín-Hondarza A, Gómez S, Velasco H, Vizcarra P, Haemmerle J, Casado JL. Cellular Responses to Membrane and Nucleocapsid Viral Proteins Are Also Boosted After SARS-CoV-2 Spike mRNA Vaccination in Individuals With Either Past Infection or Cross-Reactivity. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812729. [PMID: 35222312 PMCID: PMC8874124 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable clinical efficacy in the general population, although the nature of T-cell priming is not fully understood. We performed longitudinal spike-, membrane-, and nucleocapsid-specific T-cell analysis in individuals with past infection and infection-naïve individuals with cross-reactivity. We found an additional enhancement of T-cell response to the structural membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 proteins after mRNA vaccine in these individuals. Thus, despite the spike-specific response, we found that the first dose of the vaccine boosted a significant CD8 cell response to M and N proteins, whereas no cellular response to those proteins was found in infection-naïve individuals without pre-existing cross-reactivity who were tested for eventual asymptomatic infection. These findings highlight the additional benefit of mRNA vaccines as broad boosters of cellular responses to different viral epitopes in these individuals and suggest extended protection to other viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Vallejo
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Martín-Hondarza
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Velasco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Research Institute Ramón y Cajal (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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190
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Zagorski K, Pandey K, Rajaiah R, Olwenyi O, Bade A, Acharya A, Johnston M, Filliaux S, Lyubchenko Y, Byrareddy S. Peptide Nanoarray Scaffold Vaccine for SARS-COV-2 and Its Variants of Concerns. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1206402. [PMID: 35118461 PMCID: PMC8811944 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1206402/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current vaccine development strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic utilize whole inactive or attenuated viruses, virus-like particles, recombinant proteins, and antigen-coding DNA and mRNA with various delivery strategies. While highly effective, these vaccine development strategies are time-consuming and often do not provide reliable protection for immunocompromised individuals, young children, and pregnant women. Here, we propose a novel modular vaccine platform to address these shortcomings using chemically synthesized peptides and identified based on the validated bioinformatic data about the target. The vaccine is based on the rational design of an immunogen containing two defined B-cell epitopes from the spike protein of SARS-Co-V2 and a universal T-helper epitope PADRE assembled on the DNA scaffold. The results demonstrate that this assembly is immunogenic and generates neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and its variants of concerns (VOC). This newly designed peptide nanoarray scaffold vaccine is useful in controlling virus transmission in immunocompromised individuals, as well as individuals who are prone to vaccine-induced adverse reactions. Given that the immunogen is modular, epitopes or immunomodulatory ligands can be easily introduced in order to tailor the vaccine to the recipient. This also allows the already developed vaccine to be modified rapidly according to the identified mutations of the virus.
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191
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Lee J, Lee Y, Klenow L, Coyle EM, Tang J, Ravichandran S, Golding H, Khurana S. Protective antigenic sites identified in respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein reveals importance of p27 domain. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e13847. [PMID: 34750984 PMCID: PMC8749483 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines primarily focused on surface fusion (F) protein are under development. Therefore, to identify RSV-F protective epitopes, we evaluated 14 antigenic sites recognized following primary human RSV infection. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with F peptides, F proteins, or RSV-A2, followed by rA2-Line19F challenge. F peptides generated binding antibodies with minimal in vitro neutralization titers. However, several F peptides (including Site II) reduced lung viral loads and lung pathology scores in animals, suggesting partial protection from RSV disease. Interestingly, animals vaccinated with peptides (aa 101-121 and 110-136) spanning the F-p27 sequence, which is only present in unprocessed F0 protein, showed control of viral loads with significantly reduced pathology compared with mock-vaccinated controls. Furthermore, we observed F-p27 expression on the surface of RSV-infected cells as well as lungs from RSV-infected mice. The anti-p27 antibodies demonstrated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of RSV-infected A549 cells. These findings suggest that p27-mediated immune response may play a role in control of RSV disease in vivo, and F-p27 should be considered for inclusion in an effective RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehyun Lee
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Youri Lee
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Laura Klenow
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Elizabeth M Coyle
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Supriya Ravichandran
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)FDA, Silver SpringMDUSA
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192
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Wang L, Yang F, Xiao Y, Chen B, Liu F, Cheng L, Yao H, Wu N, Wu H. Generation, characterization, and protective ability of mouse monoclonal antibodies against the HA of A (H1N1) influenza virus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2558-2567. [PMID: 35005794 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections pose a continuous threat to human health. Although vaccines function as a preventive and protective tool, they may not be effective due to antigen drift or an inaccurate prediction of epidemic strains. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have attracted wide attention as a promising therapeutic method for influenza virus infections. In this study, three hemagglutinin (HA)-specific mAbs, named 2A1, 2H4, and 2G2, respectively, were derived from mice immunized with the HA protein from A/Michigan/45/2015(H1N1). The isolated mAbs all displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity and the 2G2 mAb exhibited the strongest neutralization effect. Two amino acid mutations (A198E and G173E), recognized in the process of selection of mAb-resistant mutants, were located in antigenic site Sb and Ca1, respectively. In prophylactic experiments, all three mAbs could achieve 100% protection in mice infected with a lethal dose of A/Michigan/45/2015(H1N1). A dose of 1 mg/kg for 2H4 and 2G2 was sufficient to achieve a full protective effect. Therapeutic experiments showed that all three mAbs could protect mice from death if they received the mAb administration at 6 h postinfection, and 2G2 was still protective after 24 h. Our findings indicate that these three mAbs may have potential prevention and treatment value in an H1N1 epidemic, as well as in the study of antigen epitope recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Geriatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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193
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Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Lata S, Patro S, Misra N, Suar M. Exploring Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide proteins to design multi epitope subunit vaccine to fight against pneumonia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:569-587. [PMID: 34932430 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2021882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emerging human pathogen causing neonatal lung disease, catheter-associated infections, and nosocomial outbreaks with high fatality rates. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) protein plays a major determinant in virulence and is considered as a promising target for vaccine development. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we used immunoinformatic approaches to design a multi-peptide vaccine against K. pneumonia. The epitopes were selected through several immune filters, such as antigenicity, conservancy, nontoxicity, non-allergenicity, binding affinity to HLA alleles, overlapping epitopes, and peptides having common epitopes. RESULTS Finally, a construct comprising 2 B-Cell, 8 CTL, 2 HTL epitopes, along with adjuvant, linkers was designed. Peptide-HLA interaction analysis showed strong binding of these epitopes with several common HLA molecules. The in silico immune simulation and population coverage analysis of the vaccine showed its potential to evoke strong immune responses.. Further, the interaction between vaccine and immune was evaluated by docking and simulation, revealing high affinity and complex stability. Codon adaptation and in silico cloning revealed higher expression of vaccine in E. coli K12 expression system. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, the findings of the present study suggest that the designed novel multi-epitopic vaccine holds potential for further experimental validation against the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S Lata
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shubhransu Patro
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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194
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Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies often exhibit autoimmune features, including CD4+ and some CD8+ T lymphocytes that recognize epitopes derived from alpha-synuclein. While neurons have long been considered to not present antigens, recent data indicate that they can be induced to do so, particularly in response to interferons and other forms of stress. Here, we review literature on neuronal antigen presentation and its potential role in PD. Although direct evidence for CD8+ T cell-mediated neuronal death is lacking in PD, neuronal antigen presentation appears central to the pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis, a pediatric neurological disorder driven by cytotoxic T cell infiltration and neuroinflammation. Emerging data suggest that T cells enter the brain in PD and other synucleinopathies, where the majority of neuromelanin-containing substantia nigra and locus coeruleus neurons express MHC Class I molecules. In cell culture, CD8+ T cell recognition of antigen:MHC Class I complexes on neuronal membranes leads to cytotoxic responses and neuronal cell death. Recent animal models suggest the possibility of T cell autoreactivity to mitochondrial antigens in PD. It remains unclear if neuronal antigen presentation plays a role in PD or other neurodegenerative disorders, and efforts are underway to better elucidate the potential impact of autoimmune responses on neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Hobson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Correspondence to: David Sultzer, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. E-mail:
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195
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Abstract
Gonorrhea is a global health concern. Its etiological agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, rapidly acquires antimicrobial resistance and does not confer protective immunity as a consequence of infection. Attempts to generate an effective vaccine for gonorrhea have thus far been unsuccessful, as many structures on the bacterial envelope have the propensity to rapidly change, thus complicating recognition by the human immune system. In response to recent efforts from global health authorities to spur the efforts towards development of a vaccine, several new and promising steps have been made towards this goal, aided by advancements in computational epitope identification and prediction methods. Here, we provide a short review of recent progress towards a viable gonococcal vaccine, with a focus on antigen identification and characterization, and discuss a few of the tools that may be important in furthering these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros A Maurakis
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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196
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Akbar R, Robert PA, Weber CR, Widrich M, Frank R, Pavlović M, Scheffer L, Chernigovskaya M, Snapkov I, Slabodkin A, Mehta BB, Miho E, Lund-Johansen F, Andersen JT, Hochreiter S, Hobæk Haff I, Klambauer G, Sandve GK, Greiff V. In silico proof of principle of machine learning-based antibody design at unconstrained scale. MAbs 2022; 14:2031482. [PMID: 35377271 PMCID: PMC8986205 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2031482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Generative machine learning (ML) has been postulated to become a major driver in the computational design of antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb). However, efforts to confirm this hypothesis have been hindered by the infeasibility of testing arbitrarily large numbers of antibody sequences for their most critical design parameters: paratope, epitope, affinity, and developability. To address this challenge, we leveraged a lattice-based antibody-antigen binding simulation framework, which incorporates a wide range of physiological antibody-binding parameters. The simulation framework enables the computation of synthetic antibody-antigen 3D-structures, and it functions as an oracle for unrestricted prospective evaluation and benchmarking of antibody design parameters of ML-generated antibody sequences. We found that a deep generative model, trained exclusively on antibody sequence (one dimensional: 1D) data can be used to design conformational (three dimensional: 3D) epitope-specific antibodies, matching, or exceeding the training dataset in affinity and developability parameter value variety. Furthermore, we established a lower threshold of sequence diversity necessary for high-accuracy generative antibody ML and demonstrated that this lower threshold also holds on experimental real-world data. Finally, we show that transfer learning enables the generation of high-affinity antibody sequences from low-N training data. Our work establishes a priori feasibility and the theoretical foundation of high-throughput ML-based mAb design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmad Akbar
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Cédric R Weber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Widrich
- Ellis Unit Linz and Lit Ai Lab, Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Robert Frank
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Maria Chernigovskaya
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Igor Snapkov
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrei Slabodkin
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Brij Bhushan Mehta
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Enkelejda Miho
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Fridtjof Lund-Johansen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sepp Hochreiter
- Ellis Unit Linz and Lit Ai Lab, Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IARAI), Austria
| | | | - Günter Klambauer
- Ellis Unit Linz and Lit Ai Lab, Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Norway
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197
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Jabarzadeh S, Samiminemati A, Zeinoddini M. In Silico Design of a New Multi- Epitope Peptide-Based Vaccine Candidate Against Q Fever. Mol Biol 2021; 55:950-960. [PMID: 34955559 PMCID: PMC8682035 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel types of the vaccines with high immunogenicity and low risks, including epitope-based vaccines, are sought. Among zoonotic disease, Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii is an important target due to numerous outbreaks and the pandemic potential. Here we present a synthetic multi-epitope vaccine against Coxiella burnetii. This vaccine was developed using immunoinformatics approach. Antigenic proteins were studied, and five T cell epitopes were selected. Antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity of the selected epitopes were evaluated using the VaxiJen 2.0, AllerTOP, and ToxinPred servers, respectively. Selected epitopes were joined in a peptide sequence, with the cholera toxin B subunit (CTXB) as an adjuvant. The affinity of the proposed vaccine to MHC I and II molecules was measured in a molecular docking study. Resultant vaccine has high antigenicity, stability, and a half-life compatible with utilization in vaccination programs. In conclusion, the validated epitope sequences may be used as a potential vaccine to ensure protection against Q fever agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jabarzadeh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Samiminemati
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Zeinoddini
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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198
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Matsoukas J, Deraos G, Kelaidonis K, Hossain MK, Feehan J, Tzakos AG, Matsoukas E, Topoglidis E, Apostolopoulos V. Myelin Peptide-Mannan Conjugate Multiple Sclerosis Vaccines: Conjugation Efficacy and Stability of Vaccine Ingredient. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121456. [PMID: 34960201 PMCID: PMC8708491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin peptide–mannan conjugates have been shown to be potential vaccines in the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. The conjugates are comprised from the epitope peptide and the polysaccharide mannan which transfers as a carrier the antigenic peptide to dendritic cells that process and present antigenic peptides at their surface in complex with MHC class I or class II resulting in T-cell stimulation. The conjugation of antigenic peptide with mannan occurs through the linker (Lys–Gly)5, which connects the peptide with the oxidized mannose units of mannan. This study describes novel methods for the quantification of the vaccine ingredient peptide within the conjugate, a prerequisite for approval of clinical trials in the pursuit of multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Myelin peptides, such as MOG35–55, MBP83–99, and PLP131–145 in linear or cyclic form, as altered peptide ligands or conjugated to appropriate carriers, possess immunomodulatory properties in experimental models and are potential candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Matsoukas
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, NewfvDrug, P.C., Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.D.); (K.K.); (E.M.)
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (M.K.H.); (J.F.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (V.A.)
| | - George Deraos
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, NewfvDrug, P.C., Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.D.); (K.K.); (E.M.)
| | - Kostas Kelaidonis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, NewfvDrug, P.C., Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.D.); (K.K.); (E.M.)
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (M.K.H.); (J.F.)
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (M.K.H.); (J.F.)
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Elizabeth Matsoukas
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, NewfvDrug, P.C., Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece; (G.D.); (K.K.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (M.K.H.); (J.F.)
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (V.A.)
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199
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Guo Z, Xing R, Zhao M, Li Y, Lu H, Liu Z. Controllable Engineering and Functionalizing of Nanoparticles for Targeting Specific Proteins towards Biomedical Applications. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101713. [PMID: 34725943 PMCID: PMC8693047 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been widely used in important biomedical applications such as imaging, drug delivery, and disease therapy, in which targeting toward specific proteins is often essential. However, current targeting strategies mainly rely on surface modification with bioligands, which not only often fail to provide desired properties but also remain challenging. Here an unprecedented approach is reported, called reverse microemulsion-confined epitope-oriented surface imprinting and cladding (ROSIC), for facile, versatile, and controllable engineering coreless and core/shell nanoparticles with tunable monodispersed size as well as specific targeting capability toward proteins and peptides. Via engineering coreless imprinted and cladded silica nanoparticles, the effectiveness and superiority over conventional imprinting of the proposed approach are first verified. The prepared nanoparticles exhibit both high specificity and high affinity. Using quantum dots, superparamagnetic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, and upconverting nanoparticles as a representative set of core substrates, a variety of imprinted and cladded single-core/shell nanoparticles are then successfully prepared. Finally, using imprinted and cladded fluorescent nanoparticles as probes, in vitro targeted imaging of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and in vivo targeted imaging of TNBC-bearing mice are achieved. This approach opens a new avenue to engineering of nanoparticles for targeting specific proteins, holding great prospects in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Rongrong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Menghuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life ScienceSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023China
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Baloch Z, Ikram A, Hakim MS, Awan FM. The Impact of Mutations on the Pathogenic and Antigenic Activity of SARS-CoV-2 during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Immunoinformatics Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121410. [PMID: 34960156 PMCID: PMC8705738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of first-wave SARS-CoV-2 genome is required to identify various mutations that significantly affect viral fitness. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive in silico mutational analysis of 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and spike (S) proteins with the aim of gaining important insights into first-wave virus mutations and their functional and structural impact on SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Our integrated analysis gathered 6000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences and identified 92 mutations in S, 37 in RdRp, and 11 in 3CLpro regions. The impact of these mutations was also investigated using various in silico approaches. Among these, 32 mutations in S, 15 in RdRp, and 3 in 3CLpro proteins were found to be deleterious in nature and could alter the structural and functional behavior of the encoded proteins. The D614G mutation in spike and the P323Lmutation in RdRp are the globally dominant variants with a high frequency. Most of the identified mutations were also found in the binding moiety of the viral proteins which determine their critical involvement in host–pathogen interactions and may represent drug targets. Furthermore, potential CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes were predicted, and their overlap with genetic variations was explored. This study also highlights several hot spots in which HLA and drug selective pressure overlap. The findings of the current study may allow a better understanding of COVID-19 diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Aqsa Ikram
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore (UOL), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamad S. Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
- Center for Child Health—PRO, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Faryal Mehwish Awan
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur (UOH), Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
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