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Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Majima T, Efron PA, Kinoshita M, Hiraide H, Moldawer LL, Mochizuki H. Differential toll-like receptor expression after ex vivo lipopolysaccharide exposure in patients with sepsis and following surgical stress. Clin Immunol 2006; 119:180-7. [PMID: 16517212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocytes from septic patients have a reduced capacity to respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We examined whether the same response occurred after surgical injury, and whether this reduced activity was associated with differential monocyte toll-like receptor (TLR) expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from septic patients, patients undergoing surgery, and healthy volunteers. Cells were stimulated ex vivo with LPS (1 microg/ml) and stained for CD14, CD16, TLR-2, TLR-4, and HLA-DR surface expression. RESULTS TLR-2 and -4 expressions were significantly increased in monocytes from both septic and surgical patients. While ex vivo LPS-stimulation significantly increased TNFalpha and IL-1beta production in PBMCs from surgical patients, LPS-stimulation decreased IL-1beta production from septic patients as compared to surgical and control patients. Ex vivo LPS-stimulation induced TLR-4 upregulation in monocytes from both surgical and control patients, but not from septic patients. HLA-DR expression in CD14+CD16+ monocytes was reduced only in septic patients. CONCLUSIONS PBMCs from septic patients, but not following surgical injury, have a reduced capacity to respond to a secondary inflammatory signal, but this defect is not associated with reduced TLR-4 or CD14 expression.
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77
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Kårehed K, Dimberg A, Dahl S, Nilsson K, Oberg F. IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of Fcgamma-receptor-I during activation of monocytic cells requires the PKR and NFkappaB pathways. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:615-24. [PMID: 16516295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-gamma is a potent activator of macrophages, increasing the cells capacity to perform specific functions during inflammation and immune response. In this report we use IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of the high affinity receptor for IgG (FcgammaRI/CD64) in the human monocytic cell line U-937 as a model for monocytic activation. We show that upregulation of FcgammaRI is dependent on signals mediated by the dsRNA-dependent kinase PKR, and the transcription factor NFkappaB. Silencing of PKR expression by siRNA or inhibition of PKR by 2-aminopurine (2-AP) potently blocks the IFN-gamma-induced transcriptional activation of the FcgammaRI promoter. We find that the serine 727 phosphorylation of Stat1, required for full IFN-gamma-induced FcgammaRI promoter activity, is dependent on PKR. We further show that IFN-gamma induction of FcgammaRI upregulation is dependent on the NFkappaB pathway, as evidenced by inhibition of NFkappaB using a phosphorylation defective IkappaBalpha (S32A/S36A) mutant, or inhibiting the IkappaB-kinase (IKK) by treatment with BMS345541. Our results suggest that IFN-gamma-induced increase of FcgammaRI expression requires the integration of two signalling events: PKR-dependent Stat1 serine 727 phosphorylation, and activation of NFkappaB.
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78
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Lukashova LV, Karpova MR, Pirogova NP, Kiiutsina TA, Lepekhin AV, Perevozchikova TV, Faĭt EA. [Functional status of peripheral blood monocyte in patients with Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis accompanied by opisthorchiasis]. ZHURNAL MIKROBIOLOGII, EPIDEMIOLOGII I IMMUNOBIOLOGII 2006:81-3. [PMID: 16758907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the functional status of peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages in patients with Ixodes tick-borne acute borreliosis accompanied by opisthorchiasis invasion were studied. The study revealed a decrease in the phagocytic activity of monocytes and in the level of expression of cell receptors Fcgamma with the expression of cell receptors C3beta being normal.
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79
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Kikuchi S, Santiago-Raber ML, Amano H, Amano E, Fossati-Jimack L, Moll T, Kotzin BL, Izui S. Contribution of NZB Autoimmunity 2 to Y-Linked Autoimmune Acceleration-Induced Monocytosis in Association with Murine Systemic Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:3240-7. [PMID: 16493085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.5.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in BXSB male mice is associated with the presence of the Y-linked autoimmune acceleration (Yaa) mutation, which induces an age-dependent monocytosis. Using a cohort of C57BL/6 (B6) x (NZB x B6)F1 backcross male mice bearing the Yaa mutation, we defined the pathogenic role and genetic basis for Yaa-associated monocytosis. We observed a remarkable correlation of monocytosis with autoantibody production and subsequent development of lethal lupus nephritis, indicating that monocytosis is an additional useful indicator for severe SLE. In addition, we identified an NZB-derived locus on chromosome 1 predisposing to the development of monocytosis, which peaked at Fcgr2b encoding FcgammaRIIB and directly overlapped with the previously identified NZB autoimmunity 2 (Nba2) locus. The contribution of Nba2 to monocytosis was confirmed by the analysis of Yaa-bearing B6 mice congenic for the NZB-Nba2 locus. Finally, we observed a very low-level expression of FcgammaRIIB on macrophages bearing the NZB-type Fcgr2b allele, compared with those bearing the B6-type allele, and the development of monocytosis in FcgammaRIIB haploinsufficient B6 mice carrying the Yaa mutation. These data suggest that the Nba2 locus may play a supplementary role in the pathogenesis of SLE by promoting the development of monocytosis and the activation of effector cells bearing stimulatory FcgammaR, in addition to its implication in the dysregulated activation of autoreactive B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Female
- Genes, Y-Linked/genetics
- Genes, Y-Linked/immunology
- Leukocytosis/genetics
- Leukocytosis/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/genetics
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Mutation
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
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80
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Schleypen JS, Baur N, Kammerer R, Nelson PJ, Rohrmann K, Gröne EF, Hohenfellner M, Haferkamp A, Pohla H, Schendel DJ, Falk CS, Noessner E. Cytotoxic markers and frequency predict functional capacity of natural killer cells infiltrating renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:718-25. [PMID: 16467081 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal cell carcinoma harbors high numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes with apparent limited efficacy in tumor control. This study focused on the natural killer (NK) cells infiltrating renal cell carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated from renal cell carcinoma and analyzed for NK cell frequency and phenotype (n = 34). NK cells were enriched and tested for effector function. RESULTS Two renal cell carcinoma subtypes were identified, one containing high (>20% of the lymphocyte population, n = 14), the other low (<20%, n = 20), NK cell numbers. NK cells of both groups were noncytolytic ex vivo but differed in CD16 and cytotoxic effector molecule expression as well as in their capacity to acquire cytotoxic activity: The majority of NK cells from tumors with high NK cell content (high NK-TIL) were CD16(bright), whereas few CD16bright NK cells were found in tumors with low NK cell frequencies (low NK-TIL). The CD16 dichotomy correlated with different capacities to develop cytotoxicity after short-term activation with interleukin-2 ex vivo: Low NK-TIL remained noncytolytic against K562 and unresponsive to signals via the activating receptor NKp46 despite expression of receptor and adaptor molecules. In contrast, high NK-TIL acquired cytotoxic function. As described for peripheral CD16bright NK cells, NK cells from high-NK tumors showed high per cell expression of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin. NK cells from low NK-TIL resembled CD16(neg/dim) peripheral NK cells with few cytotoxin+ cells and lower expression of perforin. CONCLUSION The extent of NK cell infiltration and the expression of markers (CD16 and cytotoxins) predict the functional capacity of NK cells infiltrating renal cell carcinoma and can be used to characterize subgroups of renal cell carcinoma.
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81
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Snyder LC, Astsaturov I, Weiner LM. Overview of monoclonal antibodies and small molecules targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2006; 5 Suppl 2:S71-80. [PMID: 16336752 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2005.s.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) provides survival signals and is overexpressed in the majority of colorectal cancers. As more is learned about the molecular details of EGFR signaling, antibodies can be designed to interfere with specific domains of the EGFR molecule. In this review, we analyze preclinical and current clinical data on EGFR-targeting molecules and their potential role in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cetuximab binds to domain III of EGFR and hinders ligand binding. It is now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for metastatic colorectal cancer treatment. Panitumumab is another widely studied anti-EGFR antibody with similar properties. Bispecific antibodies are modified immunoglobulin molecules containing 2 different binding specificities. These antibodies can redirect the immune response against tumor cells by tethering effector cells such as CD3e-expressing T cells or CD16-expressing natural killer cells and granulocytes to the surface of cancer cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are quinazoline-derived, low molecular weight synthetic molecules that can block the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain of several receptors, including EGFR, Erb2, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and thereby inhibit ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation and abrogate the biologic effect of EGFR signaling. The presence of skin rash and EGFR gene amplification have been advanced as possible predictors of clinical effectiveness of targeted anti-EGFR therapies.
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82
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. Identification of the receptor for FGL2 and implications for susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3)-induced fulminant hepatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 581:421-5. [PMID: 17037572 PMCID: PMC7123298 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Abstract
Fcgamma receptors mediate a variety of immune responses to IgG-containing complexes. Virtually all of these responses appear to be regulated by phosphoinositides, in particular phosphatidylinositol (4,5)P2 and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)P3. Possible downstream effectors of phosphoinositides involved in multiple FcgammaR-mediated events are discussed, as are elements of the signaling pathways that may couple Fcgamma receptors to the enzymes of phosphoinositide metabolism.
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84
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Dasgupta S, Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M, O'Malley BW, Chatterjee SK. Inhibition of NK cell activity through TGF-beta 1 by down-regulation of NKG2D in a murine model of head and neck cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5541-50. [PMID: 16210663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an orthotopic murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII/SF) we studied NK cell-mediated immunity following vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 (rvv-IL-2). SCC VII/SF tumor cells were injected into the oral cavity of C3H/HeJ mice on day 0. Mice were vaccinated on days 7, 10, and 14 with rvv-IL-2 and control vaccines. Phenotypes, numbers, and biological activities of NK cells were determined following vaccination. Levels of expression of NK-activating receptor NKG2D and CD16 on NK cell surface were assayed in the vaccinated mice. Expression of NKG2D ligands, Rae1, and H60 on SCC VII/SF cells was also examined. Vaccination with rvv-IL-2 resulted in expansion of NK cells. NK cells isolated from rvv-IL-2-vaccinated mice had significantly higher biological activities compared with mice treated with control vaccines. NK cells from tumor-bearing mice expressed significantly lower levels of NKG2D and CD16 compared with rvv-IL-2 vaccinated mice. SCC VII/SF tumors expressed NKG2D ligand Rae 1, although H60 was not present. SCC VII/SF tumors expressed high levels of TGF-beta1, which were down-modulated by vaccination with rvv-IL-2. Incubation of NK cells with tumor homogenate or cultured supernatant of SCC VII/SF cells reduced the expression of NKG2D and CD16. This inhibition appeared to be mediated by TGF-beta1. SCC VII/SF tumors in the oral cavity of the mice secrete high quantities of TGF-beta1, which reduce the expression of NK cell receptor NKG2D as well as CD16 and inhibits biological functions of NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/biosynthesis
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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85
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Harada H, Suzu S, Ito T, Okada S. Selective expansion and engraftment of human CD16+ NK cells in NOD/SCID mice. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3599-609. [PMID: 16304638 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that represent a critical component of the innate immunity. Investigations of human NK cell function are largely based on in vitro assays because of the lack of suitable animal models. Here we have established conditions leading to the development of human NK cells in NOD/SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice receiving grafts of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC), and GFP-transduced HFWT inducing NK cells (GHINK-1), which have been shown to support the selective expansion of NK cells from human PBMC and CBMC in vitro. Significant numbers of CD56dimCD16+ cytotoxic and CD56-CD16+ immature NK cells appeared in peripheral blood (PB), peritoneal cavity, spleen, bone marrow and liver of the mice. The newly generated NK cells did not express activation markers such as CD25, CD69 and NKp44, the expression of which was augmented by IL-2 in vitro. The NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human NK cells exhibited antitumor activity against K562 erythroleukemia in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we succeeded in developing a CD56dimCD16+ cytotoxic NK cell populations in NOD/SCID mice closely resembling the main NK fraction in human PB and CD56-CD16+ immature NK cells. Our model provides not only information about the development and dynamics of physiological human NK cells but also an important pre-clinical system for immunotherapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/transplantation
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Transduction, Genetic
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86
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Li K, Wan B, Hu ZL, He Y, He XW, Jiang L, Sun SH. Effects of CpG-ODN on gene expression in formation of foam cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:1359-64. [PMID: 16225759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) on the formation of macrophage foam cells and related gene expression. METHODS A gene expression profile was examined by microarray techniques, and mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cholesterol and cholesteryl ester contents of cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS CD36, LPL, and Fcgamma2b, which were related to lipid metabolism and the formation of macrophage foam cells, were upregulated after CpG-ODN stimulation. The mRNA expression related to the formation of foam cells was confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, histochemical analysis confirmed that lipid deposits inside cells increased after CpG-ODN treatment. However, using flow cytometry, we found that CpG-ODN had no effect on the expression of membrane receptors. CONCLUSION CpG-ODN up-regulated the expression of genes in macrophage foam cell formation.
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87
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Rahman ZSM, Manser T. Failed up-regulation of the inhibitory IgG Fc receptor Fc gamma RIIB on germinal center B cells in autoimmune-prone mice is not associated with deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of the Fc gamma RIIB gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1440-9. [PMID: 16034080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcgammaRIIB, a low-affinity FcR for IgG, inhibits BCR-mediated activation when these two receptors are co-cross-linked by Ags and IgG-containing immune complexes. Although a role for FcgammaRIIB in the germinal center (GC) reaction has been proposed, conflicting results have been published regarding the levels of FcgammaRIIB expressed on GC B cells in normal and autoimmune-prone mice and humans. In the present study, we investigate this issue in detail in mice by using multiple GC B cell markers, two different antigenic systems, primary and secondary GC responses, and by excluding the influence of splenic influx of immature B cells and passive acquisition of FcgammaRIIB from follicular dendritic cells. Our results are in concordance with previous data indicating that FcgammaRIIB expression is up-regulated on GC B cells in normal mice. In contrast, we observe comparable levels of FcgammaRIIB on GC and non-GC B cells in New Zealand White, New Zealand Black, and B6.Sle1 autoimmune-prone strains. Therefore, we suggest that these strains exhibit failed up-regulation of FcgammaRIIB on GC B cells, rather than down-regulation, as previously suggested. Also, in contrast to previous indications, this perturbed regulation is not uniquely associated with deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FcgammaRIIB gene but does appear to be independent of genetic background. Finally, we present evidence indicating that FcgammaRIII, a low-affinity activating IgG FcR, is expressed on the GC B cells of normal but not autoimmune-prone mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- RNA/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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88
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Guriec N, Daniel C, Le Ster K, Hardy E, Berthou C. Cytokine-regulated expression and inhibitory function of FcgammaRIIB1 and -B2 receptors in human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:59-70. [PMID: 16244114 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0305155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) capture immune complexes (IC) via Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G FcgammaRII and elicit antigen presentation and protective antitumoral immune response in mice. Two protocols are commonly used to differentiate human monocyte-derived DC in vitro. They associate granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CM-CSF) with interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13. In this study, we first assessed the ability of the two types of DC to initiate an immune response against an IC-linked antigen. We evidenced that IL-4 and IL-13 DC display comparable lymphocyte stimulatory capacity and similar lifetimes. We next characterized FcgammaRIIs expressed by pure populations of circulating myeloid DC (BDCA1+DC), IL-4, and IL-13 DC. We highlighted the expression of FcgammaRIIA, -B1, and -B2 by pure populations of BDCA1 myeloid DCs and IL-4 and IL-13 DC. Moreover, IL-4 and IL-13 DC displayed greater FcgammaRIIB expression than monocytes but a comparable FcgammaRIIA. We next investigated the FcgammaRIIB mechanism of action. We evidenced that deleting FcgammaRIIB increased the ability of IC-pulsed DC to stimulate autologous lymphocytes. FcgammaRIIB acted by lowering IC uptake, surface expression of costimulation molecules, and cytokine release. Finally, the balance between activating FcgammaRIIA/inhibitory FcgammaRIIB (B1+B2) could be modulated in vitro by inflammation mediators. By lowering FcgammaRIIB expression without significantly affecting FcgammaRIIA, prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) appeared to be a major regulator of this balance. IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha were also found to potentiate PGE-2 action. Altogether, our results evidence an inhibitory role for FcgammaRIIB in human DC and provide an easy way to possibly improve in vitro the induction of immune response against IC-linked antigen.
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89
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Cao YR, Shao ZH, Liu H, Zhao MF, He GS, Shi J, Bai J, Fu R, Tu MF, Wang HQ, Xing LM, Cui ZZ, Sun J, Jia HR, Yang TY. [Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in bone marrow neutrophils of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. ZHONGGUO SHI YAN XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI 2005; 13:871-4. [PMID: 16277861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate expression levels of CD166, Fas and apoptosis-related proteins in bone marrow neutrophils of PNH patients and normal controls, and to analyze their correlation in order to explore whether exist apoptosis abnormality in BM neutrophils of PNH patients. The expression levels of CD16b, Fas and Bax, Bcl-2 in BM neutrophils of PNH patients and normal controls were assayed by flow cytometry; the difference of expression levels between patients and controls, and expression correlation between CD16b and apoptosis-related proteins were compared. The results showed that (1) the expression levels of CD16b on BM neutrophils of patients and controls were (20.36 +/- 9.05)% and (71.34 +/- 26.8)% respectively (P = 0.01); (2) the expression levels of CD95 on BM neutrophils of patients and controls were (62.83 +/- 32.11)% and (48.00 +/- 38.52)% respectively, there were no significant difference between CD95 expressions in BM neutrophils of PNH patients and controls and no significant correlation between expression of CD95 and CD16b on BM neutrophils of PNH patients (P > 0.05); (3) the expression levels of Bcl-2 in BM neutrophil cytoplasma of patients and controls were (8.64 +/- 5.40)% and (16.82 +/- 15.39)% respectively, there were no significant difference between Bcl-2 expression of patients and controls, and no significant correlation between the expression of Bcl-2 and CD16b in BM neutrophil cytoplasma of PNH patients (P > 0.05); (4) the expression levels of Bax in BM neutrophil cytoplasma of patients and control were (30.47 +/- 22.15)% and (48.47 +/- 15.99)% respectively, there were no significant difference between the Bax expressions of patients and controls, and no significant correlation between the Bax and CD16b expressions in BM neutrophil cytoplasma of PNH patients. In conclusion, BM neutrophils of PNH patients expressed apoptosis-related CD95, Bcl-2 and Bax without significant difference from the normal controls, and without significant correlation with the CD16b expression. It is suggested that the cell growth and decrease of PNH patients possibly are independent of abnormal apoptosis.
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90
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Sashida G, Takaku TI, Honda S, Ishii Y, Yamaguchi N, Sumi M, Shoji N, Gotoh A, Shimamoto T, Ito Y, Ohyashiki K. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) could enhance Fcgamma receptor expression in neutrophils of patients with B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab. Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46:789-91. [PMID: 16019521 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500052347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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91
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Mittag A, Lenz D, Gerstner AOH, Sack U, Steinbrecher M, Koksch M, Raffael A, Bocsi J, Tárnok A. Polychromatic (eight-color) slide-based cytometry for the phenotyping of leukocyte, NK, and NKT subsets. Cytometry A 2005; 65:103-15. [PMID: 15830380 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) and NK T (NKT) cells are important in innate immune defense. Their unequivocal identification requires at least four antigens. Based on the expression of additional antigens, they can be further divided into functional subsets. For more accurate immunophenotyping and to describe multiple expression patterns of leukocyte subsets, an increased number of measurable colors is necessary. To take advantage of the technologic features offered by slide-based cytometry, repeated analysis was combined with sequential optical-filter changing. METHODS Human peripheral blood leukocytes from healthy adult volunteers were labeled with antibodies by direct or indirect staining. Tandem dyes of Cy7 (phycoerythrin [PE]-/allophycocyanin [APC]-Cy7), Cy5.5 (PE-/APC-Cy5.5), and PE-Cy5 and the fluorochromes fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), PE, and APC were tested alone and in combinations. Optical filters of the laser scanning cytometer were 555 DRLP/BP 530/30 nm for photomultiplier tube (PMT) 1/FITC, 605 DRLP/BP 580/30 nm for PMT 2/PE, 740 DCXR/BP 670/20 nm for PMT 3/Cy5/APC, and BP 810/90 nm for PMT 4/Cy7. Filter PMT 3 was replaced for detection of PE/Cy5.5 and APC/Cy5.5 by 740 LP/BP 710/20 nm and the sample was remeasured. Both data files were merged into one to combine the different information on a single-cell basis. The combination of eight antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD45, and CD56 was used to characterize NK and NKT cells and their subsets. RESULTS In this way Cy5.5 is measurable at 488-nm and 633-nm excitation. Further, with the two different filters it is possible to distinguish Cy5 from Cy5.5 in the same detection channel (PMT 3). With this method we identified NK and NKT cells, subsets of NK (CD3-16+56+, CD3-16+56-, CD3-16-56+) and NKT (CD3+16+56+, CD3+16-56+) and their CD4+8-, CD4-8+, CD4-8- and CD4+8+ subsets. CONCLUSION With our adaptations it is possible to discriminate tandem conjugates of Cy5, Cy5.5, and Cy7 for eight-color immunophenotyping. Using this method, novel rare subsets of NK and NKT cells that are CD4/CD8 double positive are reported for the first time.
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de Bouteiller O, Merck E, Hasan UA, Hubac S, Benguigui B, Trinchieri G, Bates EEM, Caux C. Recognition of double-stranded RNA by human toll-like receptor 3 and downstream receptor signaling requires multimerization and an acidic pH. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38133-45. [PMID: 16144834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies involving Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-deficient mice suggest that this receptor binds double-stranded RNA. In the present study, we analyzed ligand/receptor interactions and receptor-proximal events leading to TLR3 activation. The mutagenesis approach showed that certain cysteine residues and glycosylation in TLR3 amino-terminal leucine-rich repeats were necessary for ligand-induced signaling. Furthermore, inactive mutants had a dominant negative effect, suggesting that the signaling module is a multimer. We constructed a chimeric molecule fusing the amino-terminal ectodomain of TLR3 to the transmembrane and carboxyl terminal domains of CD32a containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motif. Expression of TLR3-CD32 in HEK293T cells and the myeloid cell line U937 resulted in surface localization of the receptor, whereas the nonrecombinant molecule was intracellularly localized. The synthetic double-stranded RNAs poly(I-C) and poly(A-U) induced calcium mobilization in a TLR3-CD32 stably transfected U937 clone but not in control cells transfected with other constructs. An anti-TLR3 antibody also induced Ca(2+) flux but only when cross-linked by a secondary anti-immunoglobulin antibody, confirming that multimerization by the ligand is a requirement for signaling. The inhibitors of lysosome maturation, bafilomycin and chloroquine, inhibited the poly(I-C)-induced biological response in immune cells, showing that TLR3 interacted with its ligand in acidic subcellular compartments. Furthermore, TLR3-CD32 activation with poly(I-C) was only observed within a narrow pH window (pH 5.7-6.7), whereas anti-TLR3-mediated Ca(2+) flux was pH-insensitive. The importance of an acidic pH for TLR3-ligand interaction becomes critical when using oligomeric poly(I-C) (15-40-mers). These observations demonstrate that engagement of TLR3 by poly(I-C) at an acidic pH, probably in early phagolysosomes or endosomes, induces receptor aggregation leading to signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Chloroquine/chemistry
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- Cysteine/chemistry
- Cysteine/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Reporter
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Leucine/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lysosomes/chemistry
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Macrolides/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phagosomes/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/chemistry
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/chemistry
- U937 Cells
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93
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Bowles JA, Weiner GJ. CD16 polymorphisms and NK activation induced by monoclonal antibody-coated target cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 304:88-99. [PMID: 16109421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD16 and natural killer (NK) cells appear to play a central role in mediating the anti-tumor effects of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy, yet little is known about changes in NK cells that result from interaction of the NK cells with mAb-coated tumor cells under physiologic conditions. We developed a system using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and either transformed B cells or breast cancer cells to assess how mAbs impact on NK cell phenotype. Rituximab, apolizumab and trastuzumab induced modulation of CD16 and upregulation of CD54 on NK cells when the appropriate target cells were present. Higher concentrations of mAb were needed to induce these changes on NK cells from subjects with the lower affinity CD16 polymorphism. Phenotypic changes were greater in NK cells from subjects with the higher affinity polymorphism even when saturating concentrations of mAb were used, demonstrating increased concentration of mAb can overcome some, but not all, of the influence CD16 polymorphisms have on NK activation. These studies provide a straightforward and easily reproducible technique to measure the ability of mAb-coated tumor cells to activate NK cells in vitro which should be particularly useful as mAbs with varying affinity for both target antigen and Fc receptor (FcR) are developed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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94
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Rivera J, Casadevall A. Mouse genetic background is a major determinant of isotype-related differences for antibody-mediated protective efficacy against Cryptococcus neoformans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:8017-26. [PMID: 15944309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.12.8017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of mAbs to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan depends on Ab isotype. Previous studies in A/JCr and C57BL/6J mice showed relative protective efficacy of IgG1, IgG2a >> IgG3. However, we now report that in C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice, IgG3 is protective while IgG1 is not protective, with neither isotype being protective in 129/Sv mice. IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 had different effects on IFN-gamma expression in infected C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. IgG1-treated C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice had significantly more pulmonary eosinophilia than IgG2a- and IgG3-treated C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. C. neoformans infection and Ab administration had different effects on FcgammaRI, FcgammaRII, and FcgammaRIII expression in C57BL/6J, 129/Sv, and C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice. Our results indicate that the relative efficacy of Ab isotype function against C. neoformans is a function of the genetic background of the host and that IgG3-mediated protection in C57BL/6J x 129/Sv mice was associated with lower levels of IFN-gamma and fewer pulmonary eosinophils. The dependence of isotype efficacy on host genetics underscores a previously unsuspected complex relationship between the cellular and humoral arms of the adaptive immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Fungal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Fungal/physiology
- Antibodies, Fungal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cryptococcosis/genetics
- Cryptococcosis/immunology
- Cryptococcosis/mortality
- Cryptococcosis/pathology
- Cryptococcus neoformans/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/physiology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/physiology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Survival Analysis
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95
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Takizawa T, Anderson CL, Robinson JM. A Novel FcγR-Defined, IgG-Containing Organelle in Placental Endothelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2331-9. [PMID: 16081803 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Placental transfer of IgG from maternal circulation to that of the fetus is crucial for fetal and newborn immunity. This process requires that IgG broach two cellular layers of the placenta. IgG transport across the first layer, the syncytiotrophoblast, is almost certainly mediated by the MHC-related FcR for IgG, FcRn. The second layer, the villus endothelium, was until recently thought to allow IgG movement nonspecifically by constitutive transcytosis in caveolae. However, we recently showed that villus endothelium expressed a separate FcR for IgG, the inhibitory motif-bearing Fc gammaRIIb2 seen most notably on macrophages and as a minor fraction of the Fc gammaRIIb expressed on B cells. Now, by quantitative microscopy, we find Fc gammaRIIb2 to be expressed abundantly in an unidentifiable and likely novel organelle of the villus endothelium, unassociated with caveolae. About half of these Fc gammaRIIb2 organelles contain IgG; the remainder lack IgG. The majority fraction (approximately 80%) of IgG-containing organelles is associated with Fc gammaRIIb. No IgG-containing organelles are associated with caveolin. These findings are compatible with Fc gammaRIIb-mediated transfer of IgG across the villus endothelium, independent of caveolae.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Caveolae/chemistry
- Caveolae/immunology
- Caveolae/metabolism
- Caveolae/ultrastructure
- Caveolin 1/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chorionic Villi/blood supply
- Chorionic Villi/chemistry
- Chorionic Villi/immunology
- Chorionic Villi/ultrastructure
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, Overlapping
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Organelles/chemistry
- Organelles/immunology
- Organelles/metabolism
- Organelles/ultrastructure
- Pregnancy Proteins/biosynthesis
- Pregnancy Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy Proteins/metabolism
- Pregnancy Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Subcellular Fractions/chemistry
- Subcellular Fractions/immunology
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
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Bumgarner GW, Zampell JC, Nagarajan S, Poloso NJ, Dorn AS, D'Souza MJ, Selvaraj P. Modified cell ELISA to determine the solubilization of cell surface proteins: Applications in GPI-anchored protein purification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:99-109. [PMID: 16000225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A major step in purifying membrane bound proteins involves the solubilization of the protein of interest from the cell membranes. Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins pose a singular problem in this solubilization step since they are found in detergent-resistant membrane complexes and accordingly are insoluble in cold Triton X-100. In this study we have developed a modified cell ELISA that determines the solubility of these cell surface proteins under various solubilization conditions. Using this non-radioactive method we show that the combination of saponin/Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C solubilized GPI-anchored proteins more efficiently than Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C. The combination of saponin/Triton X-100 at 4 degrees C avoids the potential of activating proteases that occurs when using Triton X-100 at 37 degrees C. Furthermore, our method also shows the saponin/Triton X-100 solubilized GPI-anchored proteins equivalent to the more expensive octyl beta-glucoside. This is a particularly important consideration in large-scale protein purification. This method obviates the need to use radioactivity, gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting procedures. The solubilization conditions determined by this modified ELISA are readily translated to the practical application of large-scale protein purification as demonstrated in the purification of two different recombinant GPI-anchored proteins, GPI-hB7-1 (CD80) and GPI-mICAM-1 (CD54).
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Anthony IC, Ramage SN, Carnie FW, Simmonds P, Bell JE. Does drug abuse alter microglial phenotype and cell turnover in the context of advancing HIV infection? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:325-38. [PMID: 15885069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2005.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the effects of drug abuse, in particular opiate abuse, on the phenotype and turnover of microglial cells within the brain in the context of advancing HIV infection. Basal ganglia and hippocampus sections were studied in 51 cases divided into six groups: HIV-negative normal controls, HIV-negative drug abusers, AIDS nondrug abusers, AIDS drug abusers, HIV encephalitis (HIVE) nondrug abusers and HIVE drug abusers. None of the cases studied had received highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Microglial phenotypes were defined using CD14, CD16, CD68 and major histocompatibility class II (MHC II). Microglial turnover was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) (DNA damage), BAX (proapoptotic marker), Fas (CD95) (proapoptotic), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (proliferation and DNA repair), Ki-67 (cell proliferation) and BCL-2 (antiapoptosis). We find increased expression of MHC II and CD16 in response to drug abuse. We also noted increased levels of TUNEL positivity in drug abusers compared to nondrug abusers, although conversely we found lower levels of BAX in those who had abused drugs. We find no evidence of microglial proliferation in any of our study groups, including HIVE, although HIV infection leads to increased expression of CD16, CD68 and MHC II. CD14 expression was restricted to perivascular microglia in all groups (including normal controls) apart from the two HIVE groups where some but not all cases also showed parenchymal expression of CD14. In contrast, CD16 was found in parenchymal microglia in all groups. Using high-pressure antigen retrieval and tyramide signal amplification, we find moderately high levels of CD16 expression in the parenchyma of normal brains which is not normally observed using standard avidin/biotin complex (ABC) techniques. This suggests that a low basal expression of CD16 occurs in many resident microglial cells which may potentially be upregulated in HIV-infected individuals. From these data, we suggest that not all the CD16+ parenchymal cells detected in AIDS brains (using ABC) represent influx of monocyte lineage cells from the blood. Finally the increased expression of MHC II and CD68 detected in drug abusers with HIVE compared to nondrug abusers with HIVE suggests that the combination of drug abuse and HIV infection has a greater deleterious effect on the brain than either individual insult on its own.
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Abstract
Sepsis is a major healthcare problem from the perspective of mortality and economics. Advances in diagnostic detection of infection and sepsis have been slow, but recent advances in both soluble biomarker detection and quantitative cellular measurements promise the availability of improved diagnostic techniques. Though the promise of cytokine measurements reaching clinical practice have not matured, procalcitonin levels are currently available in many countries and appear to offer enhanced diagnostic distinction between bacterial and viral etiologies. Cellular diagnostics is poised to enter clinical laboratory practice in the form of neutrophil CD64 measurements, which offer superior sensitivity and specificity to conventional laboratory assessment of sepsis. Neutrophil CD64 expression is negligible in the healthy state. However, it increases as part of the systemic response to severe infection or sepsis. The combination of cellular proteomics, as in the case of neutrophil CD64 quantification, and selected soluble biomarkers of the inflammatory response, such as procalcitonin or triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, is predicted to remove the current subjectivity and uncertainty in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of infection and sepsis.
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Zhang M, Zhang YZ, Wang L, Wang S, Li FY. [The relation of local immune status to efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with condyloma acuminatum]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2005; 36:559-61. [PMID: 16078588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the local immune status and its relation to immunotherapy in patients with condyloma acuminatum. METHODS Clinical efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream in treating 30 patients with condyloma acuminatum was observed. The expressions of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR, CD1a, CD16 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in lesions of these patients before treatment. RESULTS The imiquimod cream was found to be efficacious in 20 cases after 8 weeks' treatment. Before treatment, the expressions of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD16 and ICAM-1 in the lesions of responders were significantly higher than those in the lesions of nonresponders (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Higher expressions of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD16 and ICAM-1 suggested that immunotherapy might have efficacy in treating condyloma acuminatum.
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Abe J, Jibiki T, Noma S, Nakajima T, Saito H, Terai M. Gene expression profiling of the effect of high-dose intravenous Ig in patients with Kawasaki disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5837-45. [PMID: 15843588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis of infants and young children, preferentially affecting the coronary arteries. Intravenous infusion of high dose Ig (IVIG) effectively reduces systemic inflammation and prevents coronary artery lesions in KD. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of IVIG, we examined gene expression profiles of PBMC and purified monocytes obtained from acute patients before and after IVIG therapy. The results suggest that IVIG suppresses activated monocytes and macrophages by altering various functional aspects of the genes of KD patients. Among the 18 commonly decreased transcripts in both PBMC and purified monocytes, we selected six genes, FCGR1A, FCGR3A, CCR2, ADM, S100A9, and S100A12, and confirmed the microarray results by real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, the expressions of FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIII on monocytes were reduced after IVIG. Plasma S100A8/A9 heterocomplex, but not S100A9, levels were elevated in patients with acute KD compared with those in febrile controls. Furthermore, S100A8/A9 was rapidly down-regulated in response to IVIG therapy. Persistent elevation of S100A8/A9 after IVIG was found in patients who later developed coronary aneurysms. These results indicate that the effects of IVIG in KD may be mediated by suppression of an array of immune activation genes in monocytes, including those activating FcgammaRs and the S100A8/A9 heterocomplex.
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