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Lynch SM, Boswell SA, Colón W. Kinetic stability of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase is dependent on its metal ligands: implications for ALS. Biochemistry 2005; 43:16525-31. [PMID: 15610047 DOI: 10.1021/bi048831v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 mutants of the enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been implicated in the neurodegenerative disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Growing evidence suggests that the aggregation of SOD mutants may play a causative role in FALS and that aberrant copper chemistry, decreased thermodynamic stability, and decreased affinity for metals may contribute independently or synergistically to this process. Since the loss of the copper and zinc ions significantly decreases the thermodynamic stability of SOD, it is expected that this would also decrease its kinetic stability, thereby facilitating partial or global unfolding transitions that may lead to misfolding and aggregation. Here we used wild-type (WT) SOD and five FALS-related mutants (G37R, H46R, G85R, D90A, and L144F) to show that the metals contribute significantly to the kinetic stability of the protein, with demetalated (apo) SOD showing acid-induced unfolding rates about 60-fold greater than the metalated (holo) protein. However, the unfolding rates of SOD WT and mutants were similar to each other in both the holo and apo states, indicating that regardless of the effect of mutation on thermodynamic stability, the kinetic barrier toward SOD unfolding is dependent on the presence of metals. Thus, these results suggest that pathogenic SOD mutations that do not significantly alter the stability of the protein may still lead to SOD aggregation by compromising its ability to bind or retain its metals and thereby decrease its kinetic stability. Furthermore, the mutant-like decrease in the kinetic stability of apo WT SOD raises the possibility that the loss of metals in WT SOD may be involved in nonfamilial forms of ALS.
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Tolfo Bittencourt SE, Amaral de Castro L, Estrazulas Farias S, Nair Bao S, Schrank A, Henning Vainstein M. Purification and ultrastructural localization of a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) from the entomopathogenic and acaricide fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Res Microbiol 2005; 155:681-7. [PMID: 15380557 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae contains three superoxide dismutases. One of these enzymes was purified and partially characterized as a CuZnSOD. The enzyme has an estimated molecular mass of 30690 Da and a specific activity of 3838.89 Umg(-1). SDS-PAGE and 2D gels show a single band of protein in the fractions eluted from the gel filtration column with a molecular mass of 20000 and approximately 15000 Da, respectively, and a pI of 6.0. These results suggest that the native enzyme is a dimer consisting of two subunits. Polyclonal antiserum were raised against purified CuZnSOD and used to determine its subcellular localization by immunoelectron microscopy. M. anisopliae CuZnSOD is present in the cell wall.
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78
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Becker MN, Greenleaf WB, Ostrov DA, Moyer RW. Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus expresses an active superoxide dismutase. J Virol 2004; 78:10265-75. [PMID: 15367592 PMCID: PMC516379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10265-10275.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopoxvirus from Amsacta moorei serves as the prototype of the group B entomopoxviruses. One of the interesting genes found in Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AmEPV) is a superoxide dismutase (sod) (open reading frame AMV255). Superoxide dismutases (SODs) catalyze the conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. Many vertebrate poxviruses contain a sod gene, but to date, none have been demonstrated to be active. There are three families of SODs, characterized by their metal ion-binding partners, Fe, Mn, or Cu and Zn. Poxvirus enzymes belong to the Cu-Zn SOD family. Unlike inactive vertebrate poxvirus SODs, AMVSOD contains all the amino acids necessary for function. We expressed and purified a 6X-His-tagged version of the AMVSOD in Escherichia coli. The recombinant AMVSOD demonstrates superoxide dismutase activity both in an in situ gel assay and by stopped flow spectrophotometry. The k(cat)/K(m) for AMVSOD is 4 x 10(7) M(-1)s(-1). In infected cells, the AMVSOD protein behaves as a dimer and is catalytically active; however, disruption of the gene in AMEPV has little or no effect on growth of the virus in cell culture. An analysis of mRNA expression indicates that AMVsod is expressed late during infection of Lymantria dispar (Ld652) cells and produces a discrete nonpolydisperse transcript. Characterization of protein expression with a monoclonal antibody generated against AMVSOD confirms that the AMVSOD protein can be classified as a late, postreplicative gene. Therefore, AMVSOD is the first example of an active poxvirus SOD.
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Plantivaux A, Furla P, Zoccola D, Garello G, Forcioli D, Richier S, Merle PL, Tambutté E, Tambutté S, Allemand D. Molecular characterization of two CuZn-superoxide dismutases in a sea anemone. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1170-81. [PMID: 15451057 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians living in symbiosis with photosynthetic cells--called zooxanthellae--are submitted to high oxygen levels generated by photosynthesis. To cope with this hyperoxic state, symbiotic cnidarians present a high diversity of superoxide dismutases (SOD) isoforms. To understand better the mechanism of resistance of cnidarian hosts to hyperoxia, we studied copper- and zinc-containing SOD (CuZnSOD) from Anemonia viridis, a temperate symbiotic sea anemone. We cloned two CuZnSOD genes that we call AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb. Their molecular analysis suggests that the AvCuZnSODa transcript encodes an extracellular form of CuZnSOD, whereas the AvCuZnSODb transcript encodes an intracellular form. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that both AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb transcripts are expressed in the endodermal and ectodermal cells of the sea anemone, but not in the zooxanthellae. The genomic flanking sequences of AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb revealed different putative binding sites for transcription factors, suggesting different modes of regulation for the two genes. This study represents a first step in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host animal resistance to permanent hyperoxia status resulting from the photosynthetic symbiosis. Moreover, AvCuZnSODa and AvCuZnSODb are the first SODs cloned from a diploblastic animal, contributing to the evolutionary understanding of SODs.
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Nakata M, Watanabe Y, Sakurai Y, Hashimoto Y, Matsuzaki M, Takahashi Y, Satoh T. Germin-like protein gene family of a moss, Physcomitrella patens, phylogenetically falls into two characteristic new clades. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 56:381-395. [PMID: 15604751 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-3475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We identified 77 EST clones encoding germin-like proteins (GLPs) from a moss, Physcomitrella patens in a database search. These Physcomitrella GLPs ( PpGLP s) were separated into seven groups based on DNA sequence homology. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these groups were divided into two novel clades clearly distinguishable from higher plant germins and GLPs, named bryophyte subfamilies 1 and 2. PpGLPs belonging to bryophyte subfamilies 1 lacked two cysteines at the conserved positions observed in higher plant germins or GLPs. PpGLPs belonging to bryophyte subfamily 2 contained two cysteines as observed in higher plant germins and GLPs. In bryophyte subfamily 1, 12 amino acids, in which one of two cysteines is included, were deleted between boxes A and B. Further, we determined the genomic structure of all of seven PpGLP genes. The sequences of PpGLP s of bryophyte subfamily 1 contained one or two introns, whereas those of bryophyte subfamily 2 contained no introns. Other GLPs from bryophytes, a liverwort GLP from Marchantia polymorpha , and two moss GLPs from Barbula unguiculata and Ceratodon purpureus also fell into bryophyte subfamily 1 and bryophyte subfamily 2, respectively. No higher plant germins and GLPs were grouped into the bryophyte subfamilies 1 and 2 by our analysis. Moreover, we revealed that PpGLP6 had manganese-containing extracellular superoxide dismutase activity. These results indicated that bryophyte possess characteristic GLPs, which phylogenetically are clearly distinguishable from higher plant GLPs.
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81
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Murakami K, Nishigaki R, Kazuki Y, Kadota M, Oshimura M. [Proteomics and epigenetics learned from Down syndrome model mouse]. SEIKAGAKU. THE JOURNAL OF JAPANESE BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2004; 76:1296-304. [PMID: 15580861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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82
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Krishnakumar R, Craig M, Imlay JA, Slauch JM. Differences in enzymatic properties allow SodCI but not SodCII to contribute to virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 14028. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:5230-8. [PMID: 15292124 PMCID: PMC490929 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.16.5230-5238.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium produces two Cu/Zn cofactored periplasmic superoxide dismutases, SodCI and SodCII. While mutations in sodCI attenuate virulence eightfold, loss of SodCII does not confer a virulence phenotype, nor does it enhance the defect observed in a sodCI background. Despite this in vivo phenotype, SodCI and SodCII are expressed at similar levels in vitro during the stationary phase of growth. By exchanging the open reading frames of sodCI and sodCII, we found that SodCI contributes to virulence when placed under the control of the sodCII promoter. In contrast, SodCII does not contribute to virulence even when expressed from the sodCI promoter. Thus, the disparity in virulence phenotypes is due primarily to some physical difference between the two enzymes. In an attempt to identify the unique property of SodCI, we have tested factors that might affect enzyme activity inside a phagosome. We found no significant difference between SodCI and SodCII in their resistance to acid, resistance to hydrogen peroxide, or ability to obtain copper in a copper-limiting environment. Both enzymes are synthesized as apoenzymes in the absence of copper and can be fully remetallated when copper is added. The one striking difference that we noted is that, whereas SodCII is released normally by an osmotic shock, SodCI is "tethered" within the periplasm by an apparently noncovalent interaction. We propose that this novel property of SodCI is crucial to its ability to contribute to virulence in serovar Typhimurium.
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83
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Wang BZ, Wei XB, Liu WY. Cleavage of supercoiled circular double-stranded DNA induced by a eukaryotic cambialistic superoxide dismutase from Cinnamomum camphora. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2004; 36:609-17. [PMID: 15346198 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/36.9.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A eukaryotic cambialistic superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been purified to homogeneity from mature seeds of the disease- and insect-resistant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora). Besides the known role of this SOD in protecting cells against oxidative stress, it can induce the cleavage of supercoiled double-stranded DNA into nicked and linear DNA. It can not cleave linear DNA or RNA, demonstrating there is no DNase or RNase in the purified cambialistic SOD. Furthermore, the SOD can linearize circular pGEM-4Z DNA that is relaxed by topoisomerase I. This result indicates that the DNA-cleaving activity requires substrates being topologically constrained. The supercoiled DNA-cleaving activity of the cambialistic SOD can be inhibited by either SOD inhibitor (azide) or catalase and hydroxyl radical scavengers (ethanol and mannitol). The chelator of iron, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), also inhibits the supercoiled DNA-cleaving activity. These results show that the dismutation activity is crucial for the supercoiled DNA cleavage. The modification of tryptophan residue of the cambialistic SOD with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) shows that these two activities are structurally correlative. The reaction mechanism is proposed that the hydroxyl radical formed in a transition-metal-catalyzing Fenton-type reaction contributes to the DNA-cleaving activity. In addition, the cleavage sites in supercoiled pGEM-4Z DNA are random.
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84
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Tkac J, Vostiar I, Mandenius CF. Evaluation of disruption methods for the release of intracellular recombinant protein from Escherichia coli for analytical purposes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2004; 40:83-8. [PMID: 15270710 DOI: 10.1042/ba20030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to find disruption methods that allow fast and reproducible measurement of intracellular recombinant proteins with potential for on-line application. Production of rhSOD (recombinant human superoxide dismutase) by Escherichia coli was used as a model. Three methods of cell disruption, sonication, osmotic shock and chemical treatment using a non-ionic surfactant, were critically compared with respect to efficiency and reproducibility of the release of rhSOD. The release of the recombinant protein was monitored by (i) measurement of the protein content in cell-culture extracts using an SPR (surface plasmon resonance) biosensor, and (ii) assaying the enzyme activity with a colorimetric reagent using a spectrophotometer. Disruption by the non-ionic surfactant showed the best performance in terms of simplicity, reproducibility and efficiency of sample treatment. The surfactant did not interfere with the rhSOD binding to the antibody immobilized on the SPR chip or with the rhSOD activity assay. When comparing the two detection methods during monitoring of an E. coli cultivation, comparable results were obtained.
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85
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Marín C, Rodríguez-González I, Hitos AB, Rosales MJ, Dollet M, Sánchez-Moreno M. Purification and characterization of two iron superoxide dismutases ofPhytomonassp. isolated fromEuphorbia characias(plant trypanosomatids). Parasitology 2004; 129:79-86. [PMID: 15267114 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004005293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two superoxide dismutases (SODI and SODII) have been purified by differential centrifugation, fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by chromatographic separation (ionic exchange and affinity), from a plant trypanosomatid isolated fromEuphorbia characias, and then characterized for several biochemical properties. Both enzymes were insensitive to cyanide but sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, properties characteristic of iron-containing superoxide dismutase. SODI had a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa, whereas the molecular mass of SODII was approximately 22 kDa, both enzymes showing single bands. The isoelectric points of SODI and SODII were 6·8 and 3·6, respectively. The enzymatic stability persisted at least for 6 months when the sample was lyophilized and preserved at −80 °C. Digitonin titration and subcellular fractionation showed that both enzymes were in the cytoplasmic fraction, although part of SODII isoenzyme was also associated with glycosomes. We assayed these activities (SOD) in 18 trypanosomatid isolates on isoelectric focusing gels, and have demonstrated that the SOD is a biochemical marker sufficient to identify a trypanosomatid isolated from a plant as belonging to the genusPhytomonasand to distinguish between a truePhytomonasand other trypanosomatids that are capable of causing transient infections in plants.
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86
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Yun YS, Lee YN. Purification and some properties of superoxide dismutase from Deinococcus radiophilus, the UV-resistant bacterium. Extremophiles 2004; 8:237-42. [PMID: 15106001 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-004-0383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) of Deinococcus radiophilus, a bacterium extraordinarily resistant to UV, ionizing radiations, and oxidative stress, was purified 1,920-fold with a 58% recovery yield from the cell-free extract of stationary cells by steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation and Superdex G-75 gel-filtration chromatography. A specific activity of the purified enzyme preparation was ca. 31,300 U mg(-1) protein. D. radiophilus SOD is Mn/FeSOD, judging by metal analysis and its insensitivity to cyanide and a partial sensitivity to H2O2. The molecular weights of the purified enzyme estimated by gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are 51.5+/-1 and 47.1+/-5 kDa, respectively. The SOD seems to be a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 26 +/- 0.5 kDa per monomer. The purified native SOD showed very acidic pI of ca. 3.8. The enzyme was stable at pH 5.0-11.0, but quite unstable below pH 5.0. SOD was thermostable up to 40 degrees C, but a linear reduction in activity above 50 degrees C. Inhibition of the purified SOD activity by beta-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid, rho-diazobenzene sulfonic acid, and iodine suggests that lysine, histidine, and tyrosine residues are important for the enzyme activity. The N-terminal peptide sequence of D. radiophilus Mn/FeSOD (MAFELPQLPYAYDALEPHIDA(> D) is strikingly similar to those of D. radiodurans MnSOD and Aerobacter aerogenes FeSOD.
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Mateos RM, León AM, Sandalio LM, Gómez M, del Río LA, Palma JM. Peroxisomes from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.): purification, characterisation and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1507-16. [PMID: 14717445 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pepper is a vegetable of importance in human nutrition. Currently, one of the most interesting properties of natural products is their antioxidant content. In this work, the purification and characterisation of peroxisomes from fruits of a higher plant was carried out, and their antioxidative enzymatic and non-enzymatic content was investigated. Green and red pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L., type Lamuyo) were used in this study. The analysis by electron microscopy showed that peroxisomes from both types of fruits contained crystalline cores which varied in shape and size, and the presence of chloroplasts and chromoplasts in green and red pepper fruits, respectively, was confirmed. Peroxisomes were purified by differential and sucrose density-gradient centrifugations. In the peroxisomal fractions, the activity of the photorespiration, beta-oxidation and glyoxylate cycle enzymes, and the ROS-related enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase, glutathione reductase and NADP(+)-dehydrogenases, was determined. Most enzymes studied had higher specific activity and protein content in green than in red fruits. By native PAGE and western blot analysis, the localisation of a Mn-SOD in fruit peroxisomes was demonstrated. The ascorbate and glutathione levels were also determined in crude extracts and in peroxisomes purified from both green and red peppers. The total ascorbate content (200-220 mg per 100 g FW) was similar in crude extracts from the two types of fruits, but higher in peroxisomes from red peppers. The glutathione concentration was 2-fold greater in green pepper crude extracts than in red fruits, whereas peroxisomes from both tissues showed similar values. The presence in pepper peroxisomes of different antioxidative enzymes and their corresponding metabolites implies that these organelles might be an important pool of antioxidants in fruit cells, where these enzymes could also act as modulators of signal molecules (O2*-, H202) during fruit maturation.
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88
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Ahmed H, Schott EJ, Gauthier JD, Vasta GR. Superoxide dismutases from the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus: purification, biochemical characterization, and development of a plate microassay for activity. Anal Biochem 2003; 318:132-41. [PMID: 12782041 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and biochemically characterized superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in cell extracts of clonally cultured Perkinsus marinus, a facultative intracellular parasite of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. In order to assess the SOD activity throughout the purification, we developed and optimized a 96-well-plate microassay based on the inhibition of pyrogallol oxidation. The assay was also adapted to identify SOD activity type (Cu/Zn-, Mn-, or FeSOD), even in mixtures of more than one type of SOD. All SOD activity detected in the cell extracts was of the FeSOD type. Most of the SOD activity in P. marinus trophozoites resides in a major component of subunit molecular weight 24 kDa. The protein was purified by affinity chromatography on an anti-SOD antibody-Sepharose column. Amino-terminal peptide sequence of the affinity-purified protein corresponds to the predicted product of the PmSOD1 gene and indicates that amino-terminal processing has taken place. The results are discussed in the context of processing of mitochondrially targeted SODs.
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89
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Manduzio H, Monsinjon T, Rocher B, Leboulenger F, Galap C. Characterization of an inducible isoform of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2003; 64:73-83. [PMID: 12820627 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(03)00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic organisms are protected against oxidative stress by antioxidant systems which mobilise enzymes such as the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) which transfers O2(.-) to H2O2. In this paper, we report the characterization of three isoforms of Cu/Zn-SOD in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and we show that one of these isoforms is strongly inducible. Cytosolic extracts of digestive gland and gills from adult blue mussels were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing followed by in situ staining for SOD activity. Two main bands of Cu/Zn-SOD were obtained at pI 4.7 and 4.6 corresponding to native apparent molecular weight values of 205 and 155 kDa. Blue mussels from chemically contaminated area in Le Havre harbour exhibited a third Cu/Zn-SOD isoform characterized by a more acidic isoelectric point (pI 4.55) and a native apparent molecular weight of 130 kDa. When maintained in clean marine water, mussels from this area showed a transitory decrease in total SOD activity accompanied by the disappearance of the SOD-3 band. Conversely, the exposure (4 and 8 h, and 3 and 7 days) of control blue mussels to copper (25 microg l(-1)) markedly increased SOD-3 band while the total SOD activity did not systematically change. Taken together our results suggest that the variations of SOD expression pattern in Mytihus edulis could be used as a tool for the marine environment monitoring.
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Banin E, Vassilakos D, Orr E, Martinez RJ, Rosenberg E. Superoxide dismutase is a virulence factor produced by the coral bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Curr Microbiol 2003; 46:418-22. [PMID: 12732948 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-002-3912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coral bleaching is a disease that threatens coral reefs throughout the world. The disease is correlated with higher-than-normal seawater temperatures. Data have been reported showing that bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica during the summer in the Mediterranean Sea is the result of an infection with Vibrio shiloi. The summer temperatures induce the expression of virulence factors in the pathogen. We report here that V. shiloi produces an extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) at 30 degrees C, but not at 16 degrees C. An SOD(-) mutant was avirulent. The mutant adhered to corals, penetrated into coral cells, multiplied intracellularly for a short time, and then died. These data support the hypothesis that SOD protects the intracellular V. shiloi from oxidative stress caused by the high concentration of oxygen produced by intracellular zooxanthellae photosynthesis.
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Muñoz IG, Moran JF, Becana M, Montoya G. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) from Vigna unguiculata. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2003; 59:1070-2. [PMID: 12777777 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444903006966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic iron superoxide dismutases (FeSODs) are homodimeric proteins that constitute a fundamental protection against free radicals, which can damage essential cellular mechanisms. The protein was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli with an N-terminal His tag. Crystallization experiments of the protein resulted, after several refined screenings, in crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 82.54, b = 48.41, c = 64.28 A, alpha = gamma = 90, beta = 119.66 degrees, and contain one molecule per asymmetric unit. At cryogenic temperatures, the crystals diffracted to a resolution limit of 1.80 A using synchrotron radiation at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF).
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Ken CF, Lin CT, Shaw JF, Wu JL. Characterization of fish Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and its protection from oxidative stress. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2003; 5:167-173. [PMID: 12876653 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-002-0058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2002] [Accepted: 04/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase was cloned from the zebrafish ( Danio rerio). The full coding region of the zebrafish superoxide dismutase (ZSOD) complementary DNA was ligated with pET-20b(+) and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli strain AD494(DE3)pLysS. The active enzyme was purified by His tagging. The ZSOD yield was 6 mg from 0.2 L of E. coli culture, and the specific activity was 2000 U/mg as assayed using a RANSOD kit. The enzyme stability was characterized by reaction to temperature, pH, and detergent treatment. The results showed enzyme activity was still active after heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 minutes, resistant to pH treatment from 2.3 to 12, and resistant to treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) under 4%. In addition, the recombinant ZSOD was used to protect fish from 100 ppm of paraquat-induced oxidative injury by soaking fish larva in 55 micro g/ml SOD enzyme. The results were significant.
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del Río LA, Sandalio LM, Altomare DA, Zilinskas BA. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal manganese superoxide dismutase: differential expression during leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2003; 54:923-33. [PMID: 12598563 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erg091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) is mainly localized in mitochondria as well as in peroxisomes. In this work, the effect of leaf senescence on the peroxisomal and mitochondrial Mn-SOD was studied in detached leaves from pea plants which were incubated in the dark at 25 degrees C for 3-11 d. Northern blots hybridized with a cDNA encoding mitochondrial Mn-SOD from pea leaves and a mitochondrial Mn-SOD transit peptide-specific probe showed increased Mn-SOD transcript levels during leaf senescence, due in part to in creased mitochondrial Mn-SOD mRNA. Recombinantly-expressed mitochondrial Mn-SOD was used to raise polyclonal antibodies which cross-reacted with Mn-SOD in peroxisomes purified from pea leaves. Western blot assays of crude extracts with the antibodies to pea mitochondrial Mn-SOD showed that the levels of total Mn-SOD protein gradually increased with leaf senescence. By native PAGE, the total Mn-SOD activity of pea leaves increased with senescence. EM immunocytochemistry was used to distinguish mitochondrial and peroxisomal Mn-SOD in senescent leaves. Increased Mn-SOD labelling in mitochondria was intensified, whereas the immunogold labelling of peroxisomes did not change with senescence. Overall, these results show that mitochondrial and peroxisomal Mn-SOD expression is regulated differently. The expression of mitochondrial Mn-SOD is induced during the senescence of pea leaves, whereas peroxisomal Mn-SOD could be post-translationally activated. Previously described results showing decreased mitochondrial Mn-SOD activity and increased peroxisomal Mn-SOD activity may be reflective of post-translational events regulating enzymatic activity during leaf senescence.
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Shipp EL, Cantini F, Bertini I, Valentine JS, Banci L. Dynamic properties of the G93A mutant of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase as detected by NMR spectroscopy: implications for the pathology of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochemistry 2003; 42:1890-9. [PMID: 12590575 DOI: 10.1021/bi026704y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The backbone assignment of the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase amyotrophic lateral sclerosis G93A mutant was performed on an (15)N-enriched protein sample. (15)N R(1), R(2), and R(1)(rho) and (15)N-(1)H NOE experiments were then carried out at 600 MHz on G93A Cu(2)Zn(2)SOD and the values compared to the dynamics data for the "wild-type" protein. In addition, (15)N and (1)H chemical shift comparisons between wild-type Cu(2)Zn(2)SOD and its G93A mutant were also made. G93A exhibits a higher mobility than wild-type Cu(2)Zn(2)SOD, particularly in loops III and V, on a time scale faster than the rate of protein tumbling. There are also distinct chemical shift and NOE differences in residues 35-42 and 92-95, which comprise these loops. These two regions of Cu(2)Zn(2)SOD form the end of the beta-barrel termed the "beta-barrel plug" [Tainer, J. A., Getzoff, E. D., Beem, K. M., Richardson, J. S., and Richardson, D. C. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 160, 181-217]. The increased mobility and reduction of the number of observed NOEs in this region indicate an opening of the beta-barrel that may lead to amyloid fibrillogenesis. Alternatively, a motor neuron-specific substrate may bind this region of the protein, leading to deleterious modifications and/or reactions.
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95
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Al-Gubory KH, Huet JC, Pernollet JC, Martal J, Locatelli A. Corpus luteum derived copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase serves as a luteinizing hormone-release inhibiting factor in sheep. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003; 199:1-9. [PMID: 12581874 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the purification and characterization of a polypeptide from the sheep corpus luteum of pregnancy with a potent luteinizing hormone-release inhibiting factor (LH-RIF) bioactivity that stained as a single band in SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 16000 Da. The amino acid sequences obtained after sequence analysis of peptides derived from the trypsin digestion of LH-RIF were subjected to a protein data bank search and were found to be identical with regions of sheep copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD). The measured mass of LH-RIF (15604.2+/-1.9 Da) was found to be similar to the theoretical mass of sheep Cu,Zn-SOD (15603.5 Da), with a disulfide bond and N acetylated alanine at the N-terminus. The inhibitory action of Cu,Zn-SOD on pulsatile LH secretion would suggest that this antioxidant may play an important role, either independently or in concert with some neurotransmitters, in the neuroendocrine regulation of sheep female reproductive function.
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96
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Nischwitz V, Michalke B, Kettrup A. Identification and quantification of metallothionein isoforms and superoxide dismutase in spiked liver extracts using HPLC-ESI-MS offline coupling and HPLC-ICP-MS online coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:145-56. [PMID: 12520451 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Revised: 08/22/2002] [Accepted: 09/02/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional chromatographic method for the characterization of metallothionein isoforms (MT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in spiked liver extracts was developed for the optimization of extraction procedures from liver samples. Element-specific detection (ICP-MS) and molecule-specific detection (ESI-MS) were applied for maximum species information. A special focus was laid on the quantitative data evaluation (species stoichiometry, calibration with and without matrix, recovery), which is neglected in most MT/SOD publications with hyphenated techniques. Linearity, precision (residual standard deviation of calibration curves <10%), and detection limits (<0.6 mg L(-1) for MT isoforms and 13 mg L(-1) for SOD) prove the suitability of the method for quantification. An alternative quantification is proposed for the extension towards other lesser or even unknown trace element species, especially the native porcine MT and SOD.
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97
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Yamakura F, Matsumoto T, Taka H, Fujimura T, Murayama K. 6-Nitrotryptophan: A Specific Reaction Product Of Tryptophan Residue In Human Cu, Zn-Sod Treated With Peroxynitrite. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 527:745-9. [PMID: 15206798 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was treated with peroxynitrite. The modified enzyme was digested by trypsin. Decrease of one peptide and appearance of three new peptides (A, B, C) with increase molecular weights of 16, 16, and 45 compared to that of the decreased peptide, respectively, were observed by LC/MS analysis. These increased molecular weights correspond to the addition of one oxygen and nitro group, respectively. Among these new peptides, the peptide C showed thesame visible absorption spectrum as that of 6-nitrotryptophan. We conclude 6-nitrotryptophan is one of the reaction products between tryptophan residue in Cu, Zn-SOD and peroxynitrite.
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98
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González R, Mendoza-Hernández G, Plancarte A. Purification of Taenia solium cysticerci superoxide dismutase and myoglobin copurification. Parasitol Res 2002; 88:881-7. [PMID: 12209327 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-002-0673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2001] [Accepted: 04/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase from Taenia solium cysticerci ( Ts SOD) was purified by sequential ion exchange chromatography on quaternary-amino-ethyl-cellulose (QAE) followed by hydrophobic interaction on phenyl sepharose (PS) and chromatofocusing on a polybuffer exchanger 94 (PBE). Ts SOD is a 30 kDa molecular weight dimeric enzyme with 15 kDa monomers. It is partially negative, hydrophilic, with 6.3 isoelectric point and has 2,900 U/mg activity. Bovine erythrocyte SOD antibodies cross react with Ts SOD. This enzyme is 80% inhibited by 10 mM of KCN suggesting that it has a Cu/Zn active site. Furthermore, Ts SOD totally loses its activity at 100 degrees C for 4 min. The first 25 amino acids from the Ts SOD N-terminal are (M K A V X V M R G E E G V K G V V H F T Q A G D A). This sequence is 76% similar to the Schistosoma mansoni Cu/Zn SOD. By chance, myoglobin (Mb) was also found during the purification process. A 16 kDa band was recognized in immunoblotting by horse heart Mb antibodies in QAE, PS and PBE, the last-mentioned being found at pH 7.0. The first 15 amino acids from the amino terminal group (G L S D G E W Q L V L N V W G) in this 16 kDa protein are identical to several other Mbs which have been reported.
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99
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Zieliński R, Pilecki M, Kubiński K, Zień P, Hellman U, Szyszka R. Inhibition of yeast ribosomal stalk phosphorylation by Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:1310-6. [PMID: 12207917 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of acidic ribosomal proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important mechanism, regulating the number of active ribosomes. The key role in regulation of this process is played by specific, second messenger-independent protein kinases. A new protein-inhibitor regulating activity of PK60S kinase has been purified from yeast extracts and characterised. Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) and amino-acid sequence analysis by Post Source Decay (PSD) have identified the inhibitor as a Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). Inhibition by SOD is competitive with respect to protein substrates-P proteins and 80S ribosome-with K(i) values of 3.7 microM for P2A protein and 0.6 microM for 80S ribosomes. A close correlation was found between the state of phosphorylation of P proteins in diauxic shift and logarithmic growth yeast cells and activity of SOD. The possible mechanism of regulation of PK60S activity, and participation of SOD protein in regulation of 80S-ribosome activity in stress conditions, is discussed.
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100
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Chen HY, Hu RG, Wang BZ, Chen WF, Liu WY, Schröder W, Frank P, Ulbrich N. Structural studies of an eukaryotic cambialistic superoxide dismutase purified from the mature seeds of camphor tree. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 404:218-26. [PMID: 12147259 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An iron-superoxide dismutase (SOD) was purified and characterized from the mature seeds of camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora). The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of camphor Fe-SOD showed patterns typical of cambialistic Fe-SODs. The inductively coupled plasma assay indicated that there was 0.5-1 atom of Fe(2+) per camphor Fe-SOD subunit. The cDNA of camphor Fe-SOD, including the coding region and the 3' noncoding region, was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using the total RNA from immature seeds of C. camphora as template and then sequenced. The complete amino acid sequence of camphor Fe-SOD was deduced from the cDNA sequence. The correctness of the amino acid sequence was confirmed by directly sequencing five peptide fragments of the enzyme. The molecular mass calculated for the camphor Fe-SOD subunit from its 204 amino acid residues was 22,930.6 Da, The cDNA of camphor Fe-SOD was cloned into the expression vector PMFT7-5 and then expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. The reconstructed Fe- or Mn-SOD was purified to homogeneity through column chromatography. Activity of the Fe- or Mn-SOD was found to be almost equal to that of natural camphor Fe-SOD, which is the first cambialistic SOD isolated from eukaryotic cells.
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