Reptiles and their importance in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis

Promastigote flagellates have been isolated from various species of lizard and from some other reptiles. It is known that sandflies readily feed upon lizards and it has been thought that reptiles could be a reservoir for mammalian leishmaniasis. A feature of reptilian infections is the extreme scarcity of parasites in blood smears and in tissue impression smears but isolations may readily be made in culture media. The intradermal inoculation of promastigote cultures from lizards into mammals and man induces a positive leishmanial response and gives rise to long-lasting dermal knots from which living parasites can be recovered for periods of several months.Associations between promastigotes and lizards in parts of the USSR, particularly in the Turkmenian SSR, and experimental work in the USSR on the transmission of promastigote strains to a variety of mammals, including gerbils, mice, monkeys, and man, are reviewed. The author accepts the generally held view that although promastigote flagellates of reptiles are important in an evolutionary context, having probably given rise to the mammalian leishmanias, present-day strains must be considered nonpathogenic for mammals.

The natural focality of leishmaniasis in the USSR

The paper contains up-to-date information on the occurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in natural foci in the USSR. Data are given on the vertebrates that are the main carriers and reservoirs of leishmaniae, the phlebotomines that are the vectors of the parasite, and the conditions required for the independent existence of foci of infection unlinked with any human economic activity.The main achievements of Soviet investigators in research on natural foci are described, a preliminary schema is given for typing foci by the nature of the terrain, and there is also an account of biocoenoses in the wild animal burrows that constitute the primary natural unit foci. The biology and ecology of the main hosts of leishmaniae, the interrelationships between leishmaniae, vertebrate animals, and phlebotomines, and the conditions required for infection of human beings with leishmaniae are also discussed.