Differentiation of glucose transport in human brain gray and white matter

Localized 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been applied to determine human brain gray matter and white matter glucose transport kinetics by measuring the steady-state glucose concentration under normoglycemia and two levels of hyperglycemia. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements were simultaneously performed on three 12-mL volumes, containing predominantly gray or white matter. The exact volume compositions were determined from quantitative T1 relaxation magnetic resonance images. The absolute brain glucose concentration as a function of the plasma glucose level was fitted with two kinetic transport models, based on standard (irreversible) or reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The steady-state brain glucose levels were similar for cerebral gray and white matter, although the white matter levels were consistently 15% to 20% higher. The ratio of the maximum glucose transport rate, V(max), to the cerebral metabolic utilization rate of glucose, CMR(Glc), was 3.2 +/- 0.10 and 3.9 +/- 0.15 for gray matter and white matter using the standard transport model and 1.8 +/- 0.10 and 2.2 +/- 0.12 for gray matter and white matter using the reversible transport model. The Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) was 6.2 +/- 0.85 and 7.3 +/- 1.1 mmol/L for gray matter and white matter in the standard model and 1.1 +/- 0.66 and 1.7 +/- 0.88 mmol/L in the reversible model. Taking into account the threefold lower rate of CMR(Glc) in white matter, this finding suggests that blood--brain barrier glucose transport activity is lower by a similar amount in white matter. The regulation of glucose transport activity at the blood--brain barrier may be an important mechanism for maintaining glucose homeostasis throughout the cerebral cortex.

Comparisons of intraocular-pressure- lowering efficacy and side effects of 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide

Forty-one healthy volunteers were recruited for a study to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and side effects of 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide. In a randomized double-blind design, one eye received one drop of 2% dorzolamide and the other eye received one drop of 1% brinzolamide. The IOP and side effects were evaluated by Goldmann applanation tonometry and slit lamp biomicroscopy before administration, and 3, 7 and 14 days after the initial administration of eyedrops. The IOP decreased significantly from baseline for both drugs (p < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide either before or after eyedrop administration (p > 0.05). The most frequent side effect was ocular pain in the case of 2% dorzolamide and blurred vision in 1% brinzolamide. The results suggested that 2% dorzolamide and 1% brinzolamide have similar IOP-lowering efficacies with different side effects

Surgical management of clinoidal meningiomas

OBJECTIVE

Surgical outcome has been less than desirable in the management of patients with clinoidal meningiomas in the past, and little attention has been directed at improving their visual function. The purpose of this article is to advocate an available cranial base technique for removing these difficult tumors and to delineate the technique's advantages that aid in achieving an improved extent of tumor resection and enhancing the patients' overall outcome, particularly their visual outcome.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on 15 consecutive patients with clinoidal meningiomas (including a patient with hemangiopericytoma) who underwent surgical resection at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between June 1995 and January 2000. A cranial base technique consisting of extradural anterior clinoidectomy, coupled with optic canal unroofing and optic sheath opening, was used in 13 patients, and standard pterional craniotomy was used in 2. Eight of 15 patients had significant visual deficits preoperatively. All patients had thorough preoperative and postoperative ophthalmological evaluations. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 60 months (mean, 37.2 mo).

RESULTS

Total resection was achieved in 13 (86.7%) of the 15 patients in this series, and the majority of the patients with preoperative visual impairment experienced significant improvement (6 of 8 patients; 75%).

CONCLUSION

In the majority of patients with clinoidal meningiomas, total resection may be achieved with minimal complications. For large tumors encasing the optic nerve and internal carotid artery, or for those tumors causing preoperative visual impairment, use of the cranial base technique delineated in this study may lead to significant improvement in the patients' visual and overall outcomes.

High glucose inhibits renal proximal tubule cell proliferation and involves PKC, oxidative stress, and TGF-beta 1

BACKGROUND

The alteration of renal cell growth is one of the early abnormalities in the diabetic nephropathy. However, the effects of high glucose and its action mechanism in renal proximal tubule cell (PTC) proliferation have not been elucidated.

METHODS

The effects of 25 mmol/L glucose on cell proliferation, thymidine, and leucine incorporation, cell cycle, and lipid peroxide formation were examined in the primary cultured renal PTCs.

RESULTS

Glucose 25 mmol/L inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation and decreased cell growth. However, it increased [3H]-leucine incorporation and protein content. Furthermore, 25 mmol/L glucose increased lipid peroxide formation. These effects of glucose were blocked by antioxidants, vitamin E, N-acetylcystein, or taurine. Staurosporine and H-7 totally blocked 25 mmol/L glucose-induced lipid peroxide formation and had an inhibitory effect on [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Indeed, 25 mmol/L glucose increased the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) from cytosolic fraction to membrane fraction. In addition, high glucose increased the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta 1) via the PKC-oxidative stress pathway, and TGF-beta 1 inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

High glucose inhibits renal PTC proliferation via PKC, oxidative stress, and the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway.

Prevalence of mental retardation and developmental disabilities: estimates from the 1994/1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplements

In 1994 and 1995, the National Health Interview Survey included a Disability Supplement (NHIS-D) to collect extensive information about disabilities among individuals sampled as part of annual census-based household interview surveys. Here we describe the development and application of operational definitions of mental retardation and developmental disabilities to items in the NHIS-D to estimate prevalence. In our analyses, we estimate the prevalence of mental retardation in the noninstitutionalized population of the United States to be 7.8 people per thousand (.78%); of developmental disabilities, 11.3 people per thousand (1.13%); and the combined prevalence of mental retardation and/or developmental disabilities to be 14.9 per thousand (1.49%). Differences in prevalence estimates for mental retardation and developmental disabilities and among people of various ages are explored.

Oxygen effects on glucose meter measurements with glucose dehydrogenase- and oxidase-based test strips for point-of-care testing

OBJECTIVES

To determine the effects of different oxygen tensions (Po2) on glucose measurements with glucose dehydrogenase (GD)-based and glucose oxidase (GO)-based test strips, to quantitate changes in glucose measurements observed with different Po2 levels, and to discuss the potential risks of oxygen-derived glucose errors in critical care.

DESIGN

Venous blood from healthy volunteers was tonometered to create different oxygen tensions simulating patient arterial Po2 levels. Venous blood from diabetic patients was exposed to air to alter oxygen tensions simulating changes in Po2 during sample handling. Whole-blood glucose measurements obtained from these samples with six glucose meters were compared with reference analyzer plasma glucose measurements. Glucose differences were plotted vs. different Po2 levels to identify error trends. Error tolerances were as follows: a) within +/-15 mg/dL of the reference measurement for glucose levels <or=100 mg/dL; and b) within +/-15% of the reference measurement for glucose levels >100 mg/dL.

SETTING AND SUBJECTS

Five healthy volunteers in the bench study and 11 diabetic patients in the clinical study.

RESULTS

In the bench study, increases in Po2 levels decreased glucose measured with GO-based amperometric test strips, mainly at Po2 levels >100 torr. At nearly constant glucose concentrations, glucose meter systems showed large variations at low (39 torr) vs. high (396 torr) Po2 levels. Glucose measured with GD-based amperometric and GO-based photometric test strips generally were within error tolerances. In the clinical study, 31.6% (Precision PCx), 20.2% (Precision QID), and 23.0% (Glucometer Elite) of glucose measurements with GO-based amperometric test strips, 14.3% (SureStep) of glucose measurements with GO-based photometric test strips, and 4.6% (Accu-Chek Advantage H) and 5.9% (Accu-Chek Comfort Curve) of glucose measurements with GD-based amperometric test strips were out of the error tolerances.

CONCLUSIONS

Different oxygen tensions do not significantly affect glucose measured with the GD-based amperometric test strips, and have minimal effect on GO-based photometric test strips. Increases in oxygen tension lowered glucose measured with GO-based amperometric test strips. We recommend that the effects of different oxygen tensions in blood samples on glucose measurements be minimized by using oxygen-independent test strips for point-of-care glucose testing in critically ill and other patients with high or unpredictable blood Po2 levels.

Correlation of hematopoietic progenitor cell count determined by the SE-automated hematology analyzer with CD34(+) cell count by flow cytometry in leukapheresis products

The yield of stem cell collection after mobilization is crucial for autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation. Quantitative determinations of CD34(+) cells using flow cytometry or stem cell culture have been used, but these methods require much time, technical experience, and expensive reagents. The automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex SE-9000trade mark, TOA, Japan) equipped with the Immature Information (IMI) channel for immature myeloid cells can detect IMI(+) cells within 90 sec. Detection is made possible by the combination of a special reagent system and direct current/radiofrequency biosensors. We studied the relation of IMI(+) cells and variable cell counts with CD34(+) cell yield in autologous stem cell harvest. In a series of 32 patients (median age, 44 years; M:F = 11:21), 184 leukaphereses were performed after mobilization regimens with chemotherapy and G-CSF or G-CSF alone. Full blood cell counts were enumerated on peripheral blood (PB) samples taken prior to each leukapheresis. Mononuclear cell (MNC) and IMI(+) cell counts by automated hematology analyzer and flow cytometry based CD34(+) cell yield were measured on the harvested product. The relationship among PB white blood cells (WBC), PB monocytes, IMI(+) cells, MNC, and CD34(+) cell yield in a single leukapheresis was estimated by Pearson correlation analysis. PB WBC count showed no correlation with CD34(+) cell yield in a single leukapheresis (r = 0.02, P = 0.81). PB monocyte count showed a weak correlation (r = 0.21, P = 0.01) and MNC in harvest also showed a weak correlation (r = 0.36, P = 0.0001) with CD34(+) cell yield. In contrast, CD34(+) cell yield correlated well with IMI(+) cell count (r = 0.68, P = 0.0001), and data could be fitted by a linear regression equation, y = 0.330 + 0.974x. IMI(+) cell assay by the automated hematology analyzer correlated well with the CD34(+) cell yield in a mobilized autologous stem cell harvest. The IMI(+) cell count might be used as a simple and efficient indicator of blood stem cell mobilization and collection.

The biological significance of phospholipase C beta 1 gene mutation in mouse sperm in the acrosome reaction, fertilization, and embryo development

PURPOSE

We carried out this study to evaluate the biological significance of phospholipase C beta 1 gene mutation in mouse sperm in the acrosome reaction, fertilization, and embryo development.

METHODS

Study subjects were divided into two groups according to the sperm [intact phospholipase C (PLC) beta 1 and PLC beta 1-/- C57BL/6J x CBA F1 mouse sperm] used. The positive acrosome reaction rate labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate-Pisum sativum agglutinin, the fertilization rate, and the rate of embryos developed to the stage of morula or blastocyst in the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

The mouse sperm null for the PLC beta 1 gene showed a lower acrosome reaction rate than control sperm (69.2 vs 50.9%, P < 0.05). And the fertilization rate and the rate of embryos developed to the stage of morula or blastocyst were also lower in the group using PLC beta 1-/- mouse sperm compared to the intact group (P < 0.05; 73.5 vs 51.8% and 15.7 vs 4.3%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Mutation of the PLC beta 1 gene in the mouse sperm reduces the acrosome reaction rate, fertilization rate, and embryo development rate, which may be the etiologic factors responsible for the low reproductive rate of PLC beta 1-/- mouse.

ERK activation and mitogenesis in human airway smooth muscle cells

Asthmatic airways are characterized by an increase in smooth muscle mass, due mainly to hyperplasia. Many studies suggest that extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2, respectively), one group of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily, play a key role in the signal transduction pathway leading to cell proliferation. PGE(2) and forskolin inhibited mitogen-induced ERK activation. Inhibition of MAP kinase kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1 and MEK2, respectively), which are upstream from ERK, with the specific MEK inhibitor U-0126 blocked both cell proliferation and ERK activation. In addition, U-0126 inhibited mitogen-induced activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and expression of c-Fos and cyclin D1, all of which are downstream from ERK in the signaling cascade that leads to cell proliferation. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides directed to ERK1 and -2 mRNAs reduced ERK protein and cell proliferation. These results indicate that ERK is required for human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thus targeting the control of ERK activation may provide a new therapeutic approach for hyperplasia seen in asthma.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of late-stage callus in stress fracture. A case report

BACKGROUND

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is effective in the diagnosis of bone lesions when combined with careful radiologic and clinical evaluation. The cytologic features of callus have not been described before in the English-language literature.

CASE

An 18-year-old female presented with a pain in the right lower leg that had been present for two months. Clinical and radiologic findings suggested either stress fracture or periosteal osteosarcoma. The aspiration specimen showed individually scattered, oval cells with moderate amounts of pale pink cytoplasm. The cells contained a single eccentrically located nucleus with evenly distributed, fine chromatin. Osteoclastic giant cells were scattered in the smears. A cytologic diagnosis of benign bone-forming lesion, compatible with callus in fracture, was made. The diagnosis of late-stage callus was confirmed by subsequent histologic examination.

CONCLUSION

Typical cases of stress fracture do not need histologic examination, but some cases may be confused with benign and malignant bone tumors. The typical and unique cytologic features of late-stage callus combined with clinical and radiologic findings may prevent the use of more invasive diagnostic procedures and can be a choice for management.

Viral kinetics in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with standard or peginterferon alpha2a

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Covalent attachment of a 40-kilodalton polyethylene glycol moiety to interferon alpha2a (peginterferon alpha2a) results in sustained delivery and reduced clearance compared with standard interferon alpha2a. The aim of the study was to compare viral kinetics in patients treated with standard or peginterferon alpha2a.

METHODS

Patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomly assigned to receive either standard interferon alpha2a thrice weekly (n = 16) or 180 microg peginterferon alpha2a once weekly (n = 17) for 48 weeks. HCV RNA was quantitated before and frequently during treatment.

RESULTS

The extent of the second-phase decline of HCV RNA, representing the degradation rate of infected cells during therapy for responding patients, was 0.02 +/- 0.03 day(-1) (HCV-1), 0.88 +/- 0.64 day(-1) (HCV non-1), 0.06 +/- 0.08 day(-1) (HCV-1), and 0.44 +/- 0.33 day(-1) (HCV non-1) in patients treated with standard or peginterferon alpha2a, respectively. The second-phase decline was low (<0.05 day(-1)) in most patients without a virological end-of-treatment response, and the second-phase decline was high (>0.25 day(-1)) in all patients with sustained virological response.

CONCLUSIONS

The degradation rate of infected cells is HCV genotype dependent. Treatment with peginterferon alpha2a may reinforce the death rate of infected cells (particularly in HCV-1-infected patients) or stabilize the therapeutic effect on viral production. The second-phase decline of HCV RNA is predictive of virological sustained response.

Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) graft polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) on cell adhesion

PURPOSE

To investigate the effect of surface modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting on cell adhesion.

SETTING

Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

METHODS

The PMMA surface was oxidized with ozone, and PEG acrylate was then graft polymerized. To verify the PEG grafting on the surface, the oxygen content was measured by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The contact angle was measured using the Wilhelmy plate method. The adhesion of keratocytes on modified PMMA was investigated in vitro. Cultured rabbit keratocytes (4 x10(5) cells/mL) were layered on each PMMA disk, cultured in a carbon dioxide incubator for 24 hours, harvested by trypsinization, and counted. A commercially available intraocular lens was modified as described and then inserted in the anterior chamber of a white rabbit. The cell adherence pattern on the modified IOL was examined by scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

The PEG-grafted PMMA revealed a higher oxygen content and lower dynamic receding contact angles than the untreated PMMA. The mean number of adhered cells was 72.5 +/- 22 x 10(4)/mL for untreated PMMA. After PEG grafting of 1 hour and ozone oxidation of 2 hours, the adherent cell counts significantly decreased to 6.5 +/- 1.7 x 10(4)/mL and 7.6 +/- 1.6 x 10(4)/mL, respectively (P =.002). Scanning electron microscopy showed small round cells sparsely scattered on the modified PMMA in contrast to the untreated PMMA.

CONCLUSION

Surface modification of PMMA using PEG grafting reduced cell adhesion. This may decrease the incidence of retroprosthetic membrane formation after keratoprosthesis surgery.

In vivo antitumor effect of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene therapy in rat hepatocellular carcinoma: feasibility of adenovirus-mediated intra-arterial gene delivery

Transfer of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene, followed by the administration of ganciclovir (HSV-tk/GCV), has been a major approach for cancer gene therapy. We investigated the antitumor effect of the HSV-tk/GCV strategy with the rat orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model and the tumor-selective gene delivery by an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer through the hepatic artery. The complete antitumor effect was demonstrated, after the treatment with GCV in rat HCC established by the implantation of HSV-tk transferred rat HCC cells. The in vivo bystander effect was also observed. The marked infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages and NK cells were found in the tumor area. After the injection of adenovirus carrying the LacZ gene into the hepatic artery, the selective expression of transgene in the tumor cell was achieved. These findings indicate that the HSV-tk/GCV strategy, using an adenoviral vector, could be a promising avenue for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

CDNA for an immune response gene encoding low molecular weight polypeptide from flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

The cDNA for an immune response gene encoding the low molecular weight polypeptide (LMP7) was cloned and sequenced from a flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) leukocyte cDNA library. The cDNA clone was 1,160 bp, and composed of an open reading frame of 822 bp that corresponded to a protein of 273 amino acid residues with a calculated mass of 30.5 kDa. The ScanProsite search indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence from the flounder LMP7 contains a proteasome beta-type subunit signature, which is well conserved during evolution. The sequence shares a high degree of identity with other LMP7 sequences varying from a 66% identity with zebra fish (Danio renio) to a 57% identity with the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), which was confirmed from a phylogenetic tree. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine tissue specificity, and the expression of LMP7 was detected from the liver, kidney, leukocyte, and spleen of the flounder.

Role of zinc finger domains of the transcription factor neuron-restrictive silencer factor/repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor in DNA binding and nuclear localization

The transcription factor neuron-restrictive silencer factor/repressor element-1 (RE-1) silencing transcription factor (NRSF/REST) contains nine zinc finger domains and binds to the DNA element, neuron-restrictive silencer element/repressor element-1. REST4, a C-terminally truncated form of NRSF/REST, contains the five N-terminal zinc fingers and binds weakly to DNA yet is transported into the nucleus. To study the contribution of zinc fingers 6-8 to DNA binding, each was mutated. A mutation in zinc finger 6 or 8 had little effect; however, mutation of zinc finger 7 diminished DNA binding. Mutations in any two of these zinc fingers eliminated DNA binding. The contribution of zinc fingers 2-5 to nuclear targeting was studied. Deletion of zinc finger 5 prevented nuclear targeting. Mutations in zinc finger 2, 4, or 5 did not abolish nuclear targeting. However, a zinc finger 3 mutation together with a zinc finger 2 mutation localized to the nuclear envelope. A zinc finger 3 mutation alone or in combination with a zinc finger 4 or 5 mutation produced a punctate nuclear distribution. These results suggest the presence of signals for nuclear targeting, for nuclear entry, and for release from the translocation machinery within zinc fingers 2-5 of REST4.

Determinants and prognostic significance of spontaneous coronary recanalization in acute myocardial infarction

Spontaneous recanalization (SR) occurs after the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but its clinical significance in the reperfusion era remains uncertain. We evaluated the determinants and prognostic significance of SR in 196 consecutive patients with AMI who underwent primary angioplasty at our institution. The study population was divided into 2 groups according to the presence (group I, n = 44) or absence (group II, n = 152) of SR (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] anterograde > or = 2 flow on the preintervention angiogram). The primary end point was the occurrence, within 6-weeks after AMI, of death, nonfatal reinfarction, and congestive heart failure. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Peak levels of creatine kinase were lower in group I than in group II (2,500 +/- 1,800 vs 4,000 +/- 2,900 U/L, respectively, p < 0.05). The rate of TIMI flow grade 3 after intervention was higher in group I than in group II (93.2% vs 79.6%, respectively, p < 0.05), and patients in group I had a faster corrected TIMI frame count than those in group II (22.7 +/- 12.4 vs 30.3 +/- 22.8, respectively, p < 0.05). Preinfarction angina (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 to 4.33, p < 0.05), heavy thrombi (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.74, p < 0.05), and good angiographic collaterals (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.89, p < 0.05) were independent predictors of SR. Death, reinfarction, and severe arrhythmia were not different between the 2 groups. However, heart failure occurred more frequently in group II than in group I (15.1% vs 2.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). The primary end point was also significantly lower in group I than in group II (4.5% vs 18.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). In conclusion, SR in AMI is associated with faster coronary flow, smaller infarct size, and a better clinical outcome after primary angioplasty.

Interleukin 12 gene therapy of cancer by peritumoral injection of transduced autologous fibroblasts: outcome of a phase I study

A phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of peritumoral injections of interleukin 12 (IL-12)-transduced autologous fibroblasts was performed in patients with disseminated cancer for whom effective treatment does not exist. The goals of this study were to assess the safety and toxicities as well as the efficacy, and ancillarily the immunomodulatory effects, of peritumoral IL-12 gene transfer. Primary dermal fibroblasts cultured from the patients were transduced with retroviral vector carrying human IL-12 genes (p35 and p40) as well as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (TFG-hIL-12-Neo). Patients received four injections at intervals of 7 days. Nine patients were enrolled in this dose-escalation study, with secreted IL-12 doses ranging from 300 ng/24 hr for the first three patients to 1000, 3000, and 5000 ng/24 hr for two patients in each subsequent dosage level. Although a definite statement cannot be made, there appears to be perturbation of systemic immunity. Also, the locoregional effects mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and CD8+ T cells were observed with tumor regression. Treatment-related adverse events were limited to mild to moderate pain at the injection site; clinically significant toxicities were not encountered. Transient but clear reductions of tumor sizes were observed at the injected sites in four of nine cases, and at noninjected distant sites in one melanoma patient. Hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors was observed in two melanoma patients. These data indicate that gene therapy by peritumoral injection of IL-12-producing autologous fibroblasts is feasible, and promising in patients with advanced cancer.

Infectivity and pathological changes in murine clonorchiasis: comparison in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice

The main complications of clonorchiasis are periportal inflammation, biliary hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and subsequently the development of biliary tumors in the liver. This study was undertaken to compare the infectivity and histopathologic changes between in immunocompetent FVB/NJ and BALB/cA strains, and immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and athymic nude mice after the metacercariae of Clonorchis (C.) sinensis were infected. The experiment showed that C. sinensis was very infective in all strains studies, but the status of worm development, infectivity, recovery rate, and morphological changes of livers were very different in each strain. FVB/NJ mice showed more worm recovery than any other strain. Histopathologically the liver of FVB/NJ mice at 4 weeks postinfection showed marked cystic and fibrotic changes, in which C. sinensis was fully developed with ovum production, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, mostly eosinophils, and high degrees of biliary hyperplasia. In SCID and nude mice, there were few foci of inflammatory cells even at 8 weeks postinfection in periportal areas of the liver, associated with no development into adult worm with ovum production. Fibrosis occurring at 4 weeks postinfection was highly correlated with inflammatory infiltration when each strain was compared. We suggest that massive infiltration of eosinophil and plasma cells caused by the infection might initiate cystic formation and fibrosis. These data demonstrate that the infection of C. sinensis might be related to pathologic consequences of inflammatory cell infiltration, cystic formation and fibrosis which might play a role in the defense mechanism against the parasitism in the liver of each strain. The FVB/NJ mouse model might be very helpful in elucidating the mechanism for human clonorchiasis.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the parapharyngeal space: tumor spread through the eustachian tube

SUMMARY

We report the CT and MR findings in a patient with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the parapharyngeal space who had neither a family history nor stigmata of neurofibromatosis. A high-resolution CT scan of the temporal bone revealed bony erosion and widening of both the foramen ovale and the bony portion of the eustachian tube. A temporal bone MR image showed an intensely enhancing solid mass in the parapharyngeal space, which extended into the middle ear cavity via the eustachian tube.

Cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin conditioning may be sufficient for Korean patients with early stage severe aplastic anemia transplanted with marrow from donors other than HLA-identical siblings

We gave a regimen of cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin (CY/ATG) to six patients with early stage severe aplastic anemia (SAA) transplanted with marrow from alternative donors. All patients engrafted and are alive with durable engraftment at a median follow-up of 406 days. The CY/ATG regimen may be sufficient in Korean patients with early stage SAA receiving marrow transplantation from alternative donors.

Combination chemotherapy of intermediate-dose cytarabine, idarubicin, plus etoposide and subsequent mobilized donor leukocyte infusion for relapsed acute leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

The efficacy and side effects of intermediate-dose cytarabine, idarubicin plus etoposide and subsequent donor leukocyte infusion (DLI) were investigated in patients with acute leukemia who relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Patients were given cytarabine continuous i.v. (1 g/m2 per day x 5), idarubicin i.v. (12 mg/m2 per day x 3), and etoposide i.v. infusion (150 mg/m2 per day x 3). Two days later, G-CSF mobilized donor leukocytes were infused for 2 days. No graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was given. Between August 1997 and February 2000, 13 patients enrolled (eight acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and five acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)). All patients finished chemotherapy and DLI. Eleven patients (85%) achieved complete remission (CR) at median 27 days after DLI. After median follow up of 10.9 months (2.5-33.3), five of 11 patients who achieved CR relapsed. Overall, six of 13 patients were surviving (6/8 AML and 0/5 ALL, P=0.059). Marrow recovery after chemotherapy and DLI was rapid (12 days for absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >500/microl). Side effects included fever with neutropenia (100%), pneumonia (46%), grade II-IV mucositis (69%), grade III-IV acute GVHD (45%), and extensive chronic GVHD (64%). One patient died from chronic GVHD. Chemotherapy containing intermediate-dose cytarabine and DLI produced a high CR rate in acute leukemia in relapse after allogeneic BMT. A fraction of patients are surviving long term. Side effects were substantial but manageable.

Comparison of laser epithelial keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy for low to moderate myopia

PURPOSE

To compare the effectiveness, safety, and stability of laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), a modified photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) technique, with those of conventional PRK for low to moderate myopia.

SETTING

Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

METHODS

In this prospective study, 27 patients with a manifest refraction of -3.00 to -6.50 diopters were treated and followed for 3 months. In each case, PRK was performed in 1 eye and LASEK in the other eye. The first eye treated and the surgical method used in the first eye were randomized. Postoperative pain, epithelial healing time, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), manifest refraction, corneal haze, and surgical preference were examined in PRK- and LASEK-treated eyes.

RESULTS

During the 3 month follow-up, there were no significant between-eye differences in epithelial healing time, UCVA, or refractive error. However, LASEK-treated eyes had lower postoperative pain scores (P =.047) and corneal haze scores (1 month; P =.02) than PRK-treated eyes. Seventeen patients (63%) preferred the LASEK procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Laser epithelial keratomileusis safely and effectively treated eyes with low to moderate myopia. It reduced the incidence of significant postoperative pain and corneal haze and may prevent the flap- and interface-related problems of laser in situ keratomileusis.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT1-C) represses the enhancer II and pregenomic promoter (EnII/Cp) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) through its responsive site GGAGA and nullifies the HBx-driven transcriptional activation

The immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) has been known to be a transcriptional regulator of cytokine and viral genes during the immune response. By analyses of serial deletion, mutation, and heterologous promoter assay, we report here that the CsA-sensitive NFAT1-C represses the transcriptional activity of enhancer II and pregenomic promoter (EnII/Cp) of HBV through the NFAT1-C responsive site (GGAGA, nt 1603-1618) and nullifies the HBx-driven transcriptional activation of the EnII/Cp of HBV in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that a CsA-sensitive NFAT1-C may control the viral activity in HBV-infected cells by inhibiting the EII/Cp and nullifying the HBx-driven transcriptional activation.