High-frequency ventilation by bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in dogs

We succeeded in achieving good gas exchange by oscillatory phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) in dogs. In 7 out of 14 dogs, adequate gas exchange was attained by PNS at 3, 4 and 5 pulses per sec (pps). VE increased with stimulation frequency up to 4 or 5 pps, but decreased above 6 pps. We also applied sinusoidal oscillation using a piston pump at the trachea in the same dogs to analyze the mechanical properties of the respiratory system. The V/P ratio, oscillatory volume divided by driving pressure, decreased markedly at 6 Hz while the pleural pressure remained constant up to 10 Hz. These facts indicate that the fall in VE is due to mechanical properties of the airway and lung, and not due to failure of the ventilatory pump system. We conclude that frequencies of 3-5 pps in high-frequency ventilation are optimal for maintaining effective gas transport when the diaphragma is used as the oscillatory generator.

Mouth pressure curve on abrupt interruption of airflow during forced expiration

An attempt was made to investigate how the mouth pressure curve represents the process of air flowing into the collapsed segment downstream to the choke point when the airflow is abruptly interrupted at the mouth during forced expiration. Immediately after the interruption of airflow, the mouth pressure suddenly increased (phase 1), followed by a slower rise in pressure (phase 2) within approximately 100 ms until the pressure reached the alveolar pressure. The pleural and alveolar pressures remained constant during this process. The first phase of the abrupt rise represented the pressure induced by the instantaneous interruption of the airflow itself. Analysis of the supramaximal flow (Vsupramax) observed after resumption of the airflow suggested that the choke point remained constant during the second phase of the mouth pressure after interruption of maximal flow (Vmax). From these results, examination of the second phase of the mouth pressure curve may provide useful information about the downstream segment of the airway.

Surface hydrophobicity and water transport of the toad urinary bladder: effects of vasopressin

The present study investigated whether the hydrophobic properties (wettability) of the luminal surface of the toad urinary bladder might play a role in modulating water transport across this epithelium. In the absence of vasopressin (ADH), water transport across the tissue was low, while luminal surface hydrophobicity (water contact angle) was relatively high. Following stimulation by ADH, water transport increased and surface hydrophobicity decreased. The addition of indomethacin to inhibit ADH-induced prostaglandin synthesis did not reduce these actions of ADH. In an attempt to alter water transport in this tissue, a liposomal suspension of surface-active phospholipids was administered to the luminal surface. This addition had no detectable influence on the low basal rates of water transport, but blocked the ADH-induced stimulation of water transport. We suggest that surface-active phospholipids on the toad bladder luminal membrane may contribute to the hydrophobic characteristics of this tissue. ADH may act to decrease surface hydrophobicity, facilitating the movement of water molecules across an otherwise impermeable epithelium. This surface alteration may be associated with the appearance of water channels in the apical membrane.

A 5' exo-ribonuclease and RNA ligase of T. brucei

We identified a Mg2+ dependent 5' exo-ribonuclease and an RNA ligase in cell-free extracts of Trypanosome brucei. The exo-ribonuclease in S100 or nuclear extracts, removes about 20 nts from the 5' end of SP6 derived capped as well as uncapped RNA and then stops. In contrast to the activity of the exo-ribonuclease on capped SP6 mini-exon transcripts, the exonuclease cannot degrade trypanosome-derived mini-exon transcripts or the mini-exon located at hsp 70 mRNAs. We therefore assume that the four secondary base modifications adjacent to the mini-exon cap, generated in vivo, confer resistance to the exo-ribonuclease. After exonuclease shortening of SP6 transcripts, an RNA ligase catalizes intramolecular ligation, generating a 3'-5' phosphodiester bond in a Mg2+ and ATP dependent reaction.

Antagonistic interactions between alleles of the RpII215 locus in Drosophila melanogaster

The RpII215 locus encodes the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (polII). Three of 22 RpII215 alleles cause a synergistic enhancement of the mutant phenotype elicited by mutations in the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) locus. We have recovered and analyzed three new mutations that suppress this enhancement. All three mutations map to the RpII215 locus. In addition to suppressing the Ubx enhancement of other RpII215 alleles, two of the new mutations, JH1 and WJK2, themselves enhance Ubx. RpII215 alleles can be placed into three classes based on their ability to enhance Ubx. Class I alleles, including Ubl, C4, C11, JH1, and WJK2, enhance Ubx when heterozygous with class II alleles, which include wild-type RpII215. Class III alleles, which include amorphic alleles, do not enhance Ubx. The third new mutation, WJK1, is a conditional amorphic allele, which behaves like a class III allele at 29 degrees but like a class II allele at 19 degrees. Another mutant phenotype is caused by certain RpII215 alleles, including all class I alleles. This phenotype is a synergistic enhancement of a mutant phenotype elicited by mutations at the Delta (Dl) locus. Unlike the enhancement of Ubx, the enhancement of Dl is not dependent upon antagonistic interactions between different classes of RpII215 alleles.

Physical identification of branched intron side-products of splicing in Trypanosoma brucei

Every mRNA in trypanosomes consists of two exons, a common 5' capped mini-exon or spliced leader and a coding-exon. All evidence suggests that the exons are joined by trans-splicing of two individual precursor RNAs, the mini-exon donor RNA or spliced leader precursor RNA (medRNA) and the pre-mRNA. We studied intermediates of the splicing reaction using denaturing two-dimensional PAGE and structurally identified a group of small (approximately 180-300 nt) non-polyadenylated, Y-shaped branched RNAs. The branched Y-shaped RNAs contain the 105 nt medRNA derived intron, joined in a 2'-5' phosphodiester bond to small heterogeneously sized RNAs. These non-polyadenylated branched Y-shaped RNA molecules are analogous to the lariat shaped introns of higher eukaryotes and presumably represent the released intron-like by-products of a trans-splicing reaction which joins the mini-exon and the major coding-exon.

Airway pressure-volume curve estimated by flow interruption during forced expiration

The pressure-volume characteristics of the airway downstream to the choke point was estimated with abrupt interruption of airflow at the mouth during forced expiration. The pressure was measured at the mouth and the volume was given by the maximum flow immediately before interruption multiplied by interruption time. The compliance of the airway downstream to the choke point, i.e., a slope of the pressure-volume curve, was 1.04 ml/cmH2O at 50% FVC, and increased in lower lung volumes, in 7 healthy subjects. Whereas, in a case of tracheo-bronchopathia osteochondroplastica, its value decreased markedly.

Mouth pressure curve on abrupt interruption of airflow during forced expiration

The mouth pressure curve after abrupt interruption during forced expiratory maneuver was investigated to evaluate the collapsing state of the airway downstream to the choke point. Immediately after the airflow interruption at the mouth by means of the electromagnetic valve, the mouth pressure suddenly increased (1st phase), followed by a slower rise (2nd phase) within about 100 msec until the pressure reaches the alveolar pressure. The pleural and alveolar pressures remained constant during this process. It was evidenced that, from point of view of mean flow, the airflow flowed at a rate of Vmax through the choke point during the second phase. Thus, it is strongly suggested that the choke point remained at the same point during the 2nd phase. From these results, the 2nd phase of the mouth pressure is expected to represent the specific characteristics for the downstream airway.

Asbestos fibers in human pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues

The association between asbestos fibers in human lung tissues and those in other extrapulmonary organs was studied by analysing three autopsied cases, one of whom had a high pulmonary asbestos burden, one an intermediate burden, and one a low burden. The amount, types and sizes of asbestos fibers in the tissues of lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract were identified and measured by transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The following results were obtained: 1) The concentrations of asbestos fibers in extrapulmonary organs tended to increase with that in lung tissues. 2) The types of fibers identified in lungs were approximately consistent with those in other organs. 3) A relatively large range of fiber length was observed in both lungs and other organs. The findings extend and support previous light microscopic studies comparing asbestos bodies in various organs, and may imply that persons with high levels of asbestos in their lungs are also likely to have the same types and high levels of asbestos in their other tissues.

A new method for measuring the pneumotachometer characteristics using a syringe

A new method for determining the nonlinear characteristics of pneumotachometers was developed. This method consists of a computer algorithm analyzing unsteady flows generated by a syringe. We removed the possible influence of the frequency characteristics of the measuring system by inserting an acoustic low pass filter in the path of gas flow. Two types of Fleisch pneumotachometers were tested. For a given volume of 3 l, the error of measured volume is 12.5% in uncorrected series and 0.2% in the corrected.

Chicken glucagon: sequence and potency in receptor assay

Glucagon is a 29 amino acid peptide that is generally highly conserved. Among mammalian glucagons the only one that has been shown to differ significantly is that of the guinea pig which differs from the others in 5 of the 9 COOH-terminus amino acids. The amino acid content and partial sequencing of chicken glucagon had been reported earlier. This report describes the purification and complete amino acid sequencing of chicken glucagon and demonstrates that it differs from the usual mammalian glucagon by the replacement of asparagine at position 28 with serine. Chicken glucagon is indistinguishable from porcine glucagon in the rat liver receptor assay system.

Roles of cis-acting elements and chromatin structure in Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression

The alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene of D. melanogaster is transcribed from two different promoters during fly development: the distal (adult) and the proximal (embryonic-larval). Certain aspects of Adh gene regulation are represented in Drosophila continuous cell lines. We have used Drosophila tissue culture cells in an in vivo transient expression assay to delimit cis-acting sequences affecting Adh expression, and to investigate the role of chromatin structure in Adh gene regulation. These studies show that positive cis-acting elements of the distal promoter can exist in at least 2 alternative chromatin configurations. There is a close correlation between specific transcriptional activity of the Adh distal promoter and a defined, localized chromatin structural change that indicates altered DNA-protein interactions. Thus, chromatin structure appears to play a role in regulating the accessibility of defined positive cis-acting regulatory sequences of Adh to transcription factors and the transcription machinery.

Repeated laparotomy for postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis. An analysis of outcome predictors

To identify factors modifying the outcome of reoperation for intra-abdominal infection, we analyzed the management of 47 patients who underwent repeated laparotomy from July 1980 through July 1985. Overall mortality was 30% (14/47). Factors predictive of death were as follows: age greater than 60 years (86% mortality vs 21% mortality), preoperative vs no organ failure (57% vs 6%), multiple vs single abscess (53% vs 16%), and exploratory vs directed operative approach (39% vs 17%). Although the interval between the primary surgery and reoperation was similar between survivors (13 days) and nonsurvivors (14 days), five (36%) of 14 nonsurvivors were in septic shock and eight (57%) of 15 survivors showed evidence of organ failure prior to reoperation. The median survival period following reoperation in this group was only four days. Computed tomography (CT) and/or ultrasonography were performed to localize a source of infection in 24 patients. In nine (82%) of 11 patients, CT identified the abscess, while ultrasonography was positive in 15 (72%) of 21 patients. Neither the interval to operation nor the mortality was significantly different in patients diagnosed with CT and ultrasonography when compared with those who underwent exploration on the basis of clinical findings. To lower the mortality and to shorten the interval to reoperation in these high-risk patients, noninvasive diagnostic testing and confirmation by percutaneous sampling must be sought before the onset of clinical sepsis and organ failure.

Substrate specificity of anti-epithelial antibodies of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus sera in immunofluorescence tests on monkey and guinea pig esophagus sections

The indirect immunofluorescent (IF) reactivity of the pemphigus antibodies in sera of 21 cases of pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 15 cases of pemphigus foliaceus (PF), and 14 cases of Brazilian PF (BPF) was compared on 2 substrates, notably monkey esophagus (ME) sections and guinea pig esophagus (GPE) sections. The IF reactions of the pemphigus antibodies of PV could be distinguished from those of PF or BPF by differences in their reactivity on ME and GPE sections in 98% of the cases examined in this study. In most cases, the pemphigus antibodies of PV cases gave higher titers and stronger IF staining reactions on ME sections, while those of PF and BPF cases gave stronger reactions on GPE sections. In addition, most (13 of 21) PV sera react with the lowest 3-4 cell layers of ME sections, while most (13 of 15) PF sera failed to do so but did react with the upper layers of the sections. Importantly, in 8 of the 50 cases examined by IF, the choice of substrate affected the detectability of the pemphigus antibodies, i.e., 4 of 15 PF and 2 of 14 BPF sera reacted only with GPE and 2 of 21 PV sera reacted only on ME. These research findings point to the need for an evaluation of the combined use of ME and GPE in routine diagnostic studies of pemphigus antibodies.

Urinary elimination of acetone in experimental and occupational exposure

Fifteen volunteers were exposed to an acetone vapor concentration of 964-8, 610 mumol/m3 (56-500 mg/m3) for 2-4 h in an exposure chamber. Ten subjects were at rest during the exposure, and five were exposed at alternate rest and light physical exercise. Subsequently 104 workers occupationally exposed to acetone were studied. The relative uptake averaged about 53%, and the ratio of the alveolar concentration to the environmental concentration averaged about 0.28. Both for the experimentally exposed subjects and the occupationally exposed workers the urinary acetone concentration showed a linear relationship to the corresponding environmental time-weighted average concentration. A linear equation also existed between urinary concentrations and the amounts of acetone absorbed. The findings enable a consideration of the urinary concentration of the unaltered acetone as an appropriate exposure indicator and the proposal of a "biological equivalent threshold" to be used in the field of biological monitoring.

Monoamine oxidase: an important intracellular regulator of gastrin release in the rat

The role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the meal-induced or amino acid-induced release of gastrin was investigated. Rats that were pretreated with the nonspecific MAO inhibitor nialamide (200 mg/kg) showed a greater rise in meal-induced serum gastrin than did untreated controls. In vitro experiments demonstrated that gastrin secretion from dispersed antral G cells in response to a stimulatory dose of phenylalanine or methylbenzylamine (10 mM) was markedly enhanced if the cells were treated with nialamide. Studies with the more specific MAO inhibitors clorgyline and deprenyl indicated that antral mucosa contained predominantly type A activity. Inhibition of MAO type A with clorgyline, both in vivo and in vitro, resulted in a greater release of gastrin after stimulation by a meal or phenylalanine. It is concluded that MAO may play an important role in the regulation of gastrin release from the G cell by partially controlling the level of amines within the cell.

A new method for estimation of nerve conduction velocity distribution in the frequency domain

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) measurements have been widely used to assess the electrophysiological properties of peripheral nerves and to detect neuropathies at a subclinical stage. Conventional NCVs are usually expressed as the NCV for the fastest conducting fibers and the current standard methods do neither supply information about slower conducting fibers, nor detect information about individual fiber groups. We present a new analytical method, to estimate the distribution of conduction velocity (DCV), based upon spectral analysis of the wave forms of two compound action potentials (CAPs) recorded by surface electrodes from a nerve bundle. If the spectra of the two CAPs recorded at two different sites in response to supramaximal electrical stimulation at distances l1 and l2 are given as G11(omega) and G12(omega), the spectral representation of the latency distribution P12(omega) for the propagation distance l2 is expressed as follows: P12(l1 omega/l2) = [G11(omega)/G12(omega)]P12(omega), where omega is an angular frequency. We developed an algorithm that computes P12(omega) successively without using iterative calculation methods. Our estimation method is theoretically based upon the principle that the CAPs are recorded monopolarly to estimate the DCV, but in practical use, it is almost impossible to obtain appropriate CAP wave forms by monopolar recording methods, because of stimulation and muscle artefacts. In order to evaluate the efficacy of bipolarly recorded CAP wave forms for this computation algorithm, we examined the two CAP wave forms reconstructed by simulation techniques. We found that the difference between the monopolar and bipolar recording methods was reflected in the wave form extracted for the single fiber action potentials but not in the latency distribution. The distance between the bipolarly recorded electrodes (1.5 cm was the minimal distance used) did not affect the reproducibility of estimating the latency distribution. This new method is non-invasive and could be used for evaluation of peripheral neuropathies.

An HTLV-III peptide produced by recombinant DNA is immunoreactive with sera from patients with AIDS

Human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III (HTLV-III), also called lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), has been identified as the aetiological agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sera of most patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complexes, and of asymptomatic individuals infected with HTLV-III, contain antibodies against antigens of HTLV-III. The characterization of these antibodies and their corresponding viral antigens is important not only for understanding immunity against HTLV-III and the pathology of AIDS, but also for the development of diagnostic methods and preventive vaccine for AIDS. Following the successful establishment of a long-term T-cell line permissive for HTLV-III replication, large quantities of virus have been produced, facilitating the purification of viral proteins and the development of mouse monoclonal antibodies against several viral antigens. More recently, the structure of HTLV-III proviral DNA has been elucidated. We now report the production, by genetic engineering methods, of a peptide encoded by a gene segment of HTLV-III. A 1.1-kilobase (kb) EcoRI DNA segment from an isolate of HTLV-III was inserted into a lpp and lac promoter-coupled expression vector, pIN-III-ompA. Escherichia coli transformants of this plasmid produced a peptide of relative molecular mass (Mr) 15,000 (15K) which was strongly immunoreactive with anti-HTLV-III antibodies present in sera from AIDS patients. Lysates of the clones expressing this 15K peptide inhibited the reactivity of the p31 virion protein with AIDS sera, suggesting that it is a fragment of the viral p31 protein. The peptide reacted with sera from all 20 AIDS patients but none of the 8 normal controls tested. These results suggest that the peptide may be useful for detecting anti-HTLV-III antibodies in blood samples.

Expression in Escherichia coli of open reading frame gene segments of HTLV-III

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), the causative agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), was recently isolated and its genomic structure analyzed by DNA cloning methods. In the studies reported here a combined cloning and expression system was used to identify HTLV-III encoded peptides that react immunologically with antibodies in sera from AIDS patients. Cloned HTLV-III DNA was sheared into approximately 500-base-pair fragments and inserted into an "open reading frame" expression vector, pMR100. The inserted DNA was expressed in Escherichia coli transformants as a polypeptide fused to the lambda CI protein at its amino terminus and to beta-galactosidase at its carboxyl terminus. Sera from AIDS patients containing antibodies to HTLV-III were then used to screen for immunoreactive fusion proteins. Twenty clones, each specifying a fusion protein strongly reactive with AIDS serum, were identified. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the HTLV-III fragments were derived from the open reading frame DNA segments corresponding to the gag and pol gene coding regions and also the large open reading frame region (env-lor) located near the 3' end of the viral genome.

Electron microscopic assessment of bile regurgitation of humans in extrahepatic obstructive jaundice

Thirty-seven patients were studied on the anatomic routes of bile regurgitation into the blood stream by electron microscopy. The aim was to identify the relationship between the clinical results and pathway of bile regurgitation. These patients were classified into 3 groups; recovered, delayed, and fatal. Transcellular, paracellular, direct communication, necrotic hepatocyte and ruptured ductule pathway were found. In the recovered group, the transcellular pathway was most frequent with an incidence of 54.17%, and a direct communication pathway was found to be 54.55% in the fatal group with a significant difference between that of the recovered and delayed group. Long-duration bile duct obstruction creates bile regurgitation by way of direct communication between the canaliculi and Disse's space, and usually with a poor prognosis, since the serum bilirubin reached the high level of 22.65 mg%. Therefore, it is better to relieve the intrabiliary pressure as early as possible to prevent the jaundice from producing the irreversible change of hepatic canaliculi and Disse's space.

Zinc-induced seizures: a new experimental model of epilepsy

Seizures produced by intracerebral injection of zinc sulfate in rabbits are a new chronic model of experimental epilepsy. The main features of this model are: the animals are easily controlled, the electrocorticogram is conveniently recorded, the endpoints are definite, and the rate of seizure is higher than with other methods. The commonly used antiepileptic drugs, such as phenobarbital (30 mg/kg), diphenylhydantoin (30 mg/kg), nitrazepam (3 mg/kg), and sodium valproate (300 mg/kg), have therapeutic effects in treating this experimental epilepsy, when they are given intravenously. But they can not protect the rabbits from death, except phenobarbital.