Rhizoma Alismatis Decoction improved mitochondrial dysfunction to alleviate SASP by enhancing autophagy flux and apoptosis in hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of the exocrine pancreas, especially hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis (HLAP) is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis which is more severe with a greater incidence of persistent multiorgan failure. HLAP inflicts injury upon the organelles within the acinar cell, particularly mitochondria, the endolysosomal-autophagy system, and is accompanied by senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). RAD, only two consists of Rhizoma Alismatis and Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma, which is best known for its ability to anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which RAD alleviates HLAP remains obscure, necessitating further investigation.

PURPOSE

The study aimed to assess the effects of the RAD on HLAP and to elucidate the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro, offering a potential medicine for clinical treatment for HLAP.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

C57BL/6 mice with hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis were induced by HFD and CER, then administrated with RAD. AR42J were stimulated by cerulein or conditioned medium and then cultured with RAD. Serums were analyzed to evaluate potential pancreas and liver damage. Furthermore, tissue samples were obtained for histological, and protein investigations by H&E, Oil red staining, and Western blot. In addition, western blot and immunofluorescent staining were utilized to estimate the effect of RAD on mitochondrial function, autophagy flux, and SASP.

RESULTS

In vivo, RAD considerably alleviated systemic inflammation while attenuating TC, TG, AMY, LPS, inflammatory cytokines, histopathology changes, oxidative damage, mitochondrial fission, and autophagy markers in HLAP mice. Impaired autophagy flux and mitochondrial dysfunction resulted in a significant enhancement of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the pancreas. RAD could reverse these changes. In vitro, RAD significantly restored mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative phosphorylation levels. RAD decreased Beclin-1 and LC3-II expression and increased LAMP-1 and Parkin-Pink expression, which showed that RAD significantly ameliorated HLAP-induced damage to the mitochondria function by suppressing mitochondrial oxidative damage and enhancing autophagy flux and mitophagy to remove the damaged mitochondria. In addition, we found that RAD could up-regulate the expression of BAX, and Bad and down-regulate the expression of p16, and p21, indicating that RAD could promote damaged cell apoptosis and alleviate SASP.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that RAD ameliorates mitochondrial function to alleviate SASP through enhancing autophagy flux, mitophagy, and apoptosis which provided a molecular basis for the advancement and development of protection strategies against HLAP.

Polymeric micellar nanoparticles for effective CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in cancer

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing has attracted extensive attentions in various fields, however, its clinical application is hindered by the lack of effective and safe delivery system. Herein, we reported a cationic micelle nanoparticle composed of cholesterol-modified branched small molecular PEI (PEI-CHO) and biodegradable PEG-b-polycarbonate block copolymer (PEG-PC), denoted as PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9, for the CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to realize genomic editing in cancer. Specifically, PEI-CHO condensed pCas9 into nanocomplexes, which were further encapsulated into PEG-PC nanoparticles (PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9). PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9 had a PEG shell, protecting DNA from degradation by nucleases. Enhanced cellular uptake of PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9 nanoparticles was observed as compared to that mediated by Lipo2k/pCas9 nanoparticles, thus leading to significantly elevated transfection efficiency after escaping from endosomes via the proton sponge effect of PEI. In addition, the presence of PEG shell greatly improved biocompatibility, and significantly enhanced the in vivo tumor retention of pCas9 compared to PEI-CHO/pCas9. Notably, apparent downregulation of GFP expression could be achieved both in vitro and in vivo by using PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9-sgGFP nanoparticles. Furthermore, PEG-PC/PEI-CHO/pCas9-sgMcl1 induced effective apoptosis and tumor suppression in a HeLa tumor xenograft mouse model by downregulating Mcl1 expression. This work may provide an alternative paradigm for the efficient and safe genome editing in cancer.

Liver cancer wars: plant-derived polyphenols strike back

Liver cancer currently represents the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The majority of liver cancer arises in the context of chronic inflammation and cirrhosis. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy have been the guideline-recommended treatment options for decades. Despite enormous advances in the field of liver cancer therapy, an effective cure is yet to be found. Plant-derived polyphenols constitute a large family of phytochemicals, with pleiotropic effects and little toxicity. They can drive cellular events and modify multiple signaling pathways which involves initiation, progression and metastasis of liver cancer and play an important role in contributing to anti-liver cancer drug development. The potential of plant-derived polyphenols for treating liver cancer has gained attention from research clinicians and pharmaceutical scientists worldwide in the last decades. This review overviews hepatic carcinogenesis and briefly discusses anti-liver cancer mechanisms associated with plant-derived polyphenols, specifically involving cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metastasis. We focus on plant-derived polyphenols with experiment-based chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties against liver cancer and generalize their basic molecular mechanisms of action. We also discuss potential opportunities and challenges in translating plant-derived polyphenols from preclinical success into clinical applications.

Sunitinib malate induces cell death in adult human cardiac progenitor cells

Sunitinib malate is known to cause cardiotoxicity in a sub-population of patients, with heart failure seen in more severe cases. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have been identified in adult human myocardium and contribute to overall tissue maintenance, with previous work identifying negative impacts of sunitinib on these cells. This study aimed to characterise the toxic effects of sunitinib in human CPCs, applying sunitinib concentrations equivalent to clinical plasma levels to these cells in vitro. Cell viability was reduced by 26.5 ± 6.6 % by 2 μM sunitinib for 24 h (p < 0.01); this concentration also induced fold-change increases in gene expression of: calpain (3.1 ± 0.73, p < 0.05), FAS (2.3 ± 0.8, p < 0.05) and BAX (1.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.05), and a decrease in BCL-2 (3.5 ± 0.0, p < 0.001), vs. control (1.0 ± 0.0). This was affirmed by sunitinib inducing fold changes in protein expression of: calpain-1 (2.5 ± 0.5, p < 0.05); FAS receptor (2.1 ± 0.2, p < 0.05) and BAX (2.1 ± 0.2, p < 0.05) vs. control (1.0 ± 0.0). These results indicated that sunitinib induced apoptosis in CPCs, but negative annexin V staining and lack of protection by caspase inhibitors indicated this was not the cell death pathway activated. Further investigation found sunitinib was concentrated in the lysosomes and autophagosomes within CPCs, but did not induce accumulation of acidic organelles. In conclusion, these data confirm that cell death is caused by sunitinib in CPCs at concentrations equivalent to clinical plasma levels, inducing cell death pathway signals that lead to non-apoptotic cell death.

Isoflavones isolated from the fruits of Ficus altissima and their anti-proliferative activities

Ficus altissima, also known as lofty fig, is a monoecious plant from the Moraceae family commonly found in southern China. In this study, we isolated and identified one new isoflavone (1), three new hydroxycoumaronochromones (2a, 2b and 3a) and 12 known compounds from the fruits of F. altissima. Their chemical structures were determined using spectroscopic analysis methods. We also tested all the isolated compounds for their anti-proliferative activities against eight human tumour cell lines (A-549, AGS, K562, K562/ADR, HepG2, HeLa, SPC-A-1 and CNE2) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Our experiments showed that compound 6 exhibited obvious anti-proliferative activity against the K562 cell line with an IC50 value of 1.55 μM. Additionally, compounds 8 and 9 showed significant anti-proliferative activities against the AGS and K562 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, compound 6 induced apoptosis in K562 cells through the caspase family signalling pathway.

TRPC4 aggravates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by promoting pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating disease that lacks effective treatment options and is characterized by severe pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction drives the initiation and pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, a family of Ca2+-permeable channels, play an important role in various diseases. However, the effect and mechanism of TRPCs on PH development have not been fully elucidated. Among the TRPC family members, TRPC4 expression was markedly upregulated in PAECs from hypoxia combined with SU5416 (HySu)-induced PH mice and monocrotaline (MCT)-treated PH rats, as well as in hypoxia-exposed PAECs, suggesting that TRPC4 in PAECs may participate in the occurrence and development of PH. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether TRPC4 in PAECs has an aggravating effect on PH and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. We observed that hypoxia treatment promoted PAEC apoptosis through a caspase-12/endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-dependent pathway. Knockdown of TRPC4 attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and caspase-3/caspase-12 activity in PAECs. Accordingly, adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 6-mediated pulmonary endothelial TRPC4 silencing (AAV6-Tie-shRNA-TRPC4) or TRPC4 antagonist suppressed PH progression as evidenced by reduced right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), pulmonary vascular remodeling, PAEC apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mechanistically, unbiased RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) suggested that TRPC4 deficiency suppressed the expression of the proapoptotic protein sushi domain containing 2 (Susd2) in hypoxia-exposed mouse PAECs. Moreover, TRPC4 activated hypoxia-induced PAEC apoptosis by promoting Susd2 expression. Therefore, inhibiting TRPC4 ameliorated PAEC apoptosis and hypoxic PH in animals by repressing Susd2 signaling, which may serve as a therapeutic target for the management of PH.

Potential Mechanisms of Guizhi Fuling Wan in Treating Endometriosis: An Analysis Based on TCMSP and DisGeNET Databases

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Guizhi Fuling Wan (GFW), is a traditional Chinese herbal formula that consists of Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi), Poria Cocos(Schw.) Wolf. (Fuling), Persicae Semen (Taoren), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Chishao), and Cortex Moutan (Mudanpi). This formula has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1800 years to treat disorders caused by stagnation of circulation and qi (air).

AIM OF THE STUDY

Based on pre-clinical and clinical studies, this review aimed to reveal the potential mechanisms of GFW in inhibiting endometriosis. The enhancement of therapeutic effects of western medications on endometriosis by GFW was also shown.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A bibliographic assessment of publications on "Guizhi Fuling Wan" and "endometriosis" indexed in PubMed, Science Direct, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was conducted. Five pre-clinical studies and 13 clinical studies were selected for this review. Moreover, the targeted molecules of each herb were first extracted from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) Database and Analysis Platform followed by obtaining the endometriosis-related genes from DisGeNET. Subsequently, pathway and gene ontology analyses using David Bioinformatics Resources explored the potential mechanisms of therapeutic effects of GFW in treating endometriosis.

RESULTS

Pre-clinical and clinical studies showed that GFW might inhibit the growth of endometriotic lesion through the modulation of immunity, apoptosis-regulating molecules, and angiogenesis-associated factors, while enhancing the therapeutic effects of western medications in treating endometriosis. Furthermore, pathway and gene ontology analyses demonstrated that GFW might attenuate the disease primarily by affecting AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications (hsa04933) as well as pathways involved in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection (hsa05167), human cytomegalovirus infection (has05163), and fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis (hsa05418). These pathways were all involved in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis and commonly affected by all herbs.

CONCLUSIONS

The current review revealed that endometriosis is highly associated with aberrant inflammatory, angiogenic, and apoptotic activities. The therapeutic effects of GFW on endometriosis are likely to act through regulating these activities.

Ephrin B2 (EFNB2) potentially protects against intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibiting nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis

Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is a significant indication of accelerated intervertebral disc degeneration; however, the precise mechanism is unelucidated as of yet. Ephrin B2 (EFNB2), the only gene down-regulated in the three degraded intervertebral disc tissue microarray groups (GSE70362, GSE147383 and GSE56081), was screened for examination in this study. Subsequently, EFNB2 was verified to be down-regulated in degraded NP tissue samples. Interleukin-1 (IL-1β) treatment of NP cells to simulate the IDD environment indicated that IL-1β treatment decreased EFNB2 expression. In degenerative NP cells stimulated by IL-1β, EFNB2 knockdown significantly increased the rate of apoptosis as well as the apoptosis-related molecules cleaved-caspase-3 and the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio. EFNB2 was found to promote AKT, PI3K, and mTOR phosphorylation; the PI3K/AKT signaling role was investigated using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. EFNB2 overexpression significantly increased PI3K/AKT pathway activity in IL-1β-stimulated NP cells than the normal control. Moreover, EFNB2 partially alleviated NP cell apoptosis induced by IL-1β, reduced the cleaved-cas3 level, and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio after the addition of the inhibitor LY294002. Additionally, EFNB2 overexpression inhibited the ERK1/2 phosphorylation; the effects of EFNB2 overexpression on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, degenerative NP cell viability, and cell apoptosis were partially reversed by ERK signaling activator Ceramide C6. EFNB2 comprehensively inhibited the apoptosis of NP cells by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling and inhibiting the ERK signaling, obviating the exacerbation of IDD. EFNB2 could be a potential target to protect against degenerative disc changes.

Fangji Huangqi Decoction alleviates rheumatoid arthritis through regulating HIF-1α mediated the angiogenesis and the balance between autophagy and apoptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fangji Huangqi Decoction (FHD) is frequently prescribed for the clinical treatment of wind-cold and wind-dampness pathogenic superficial deficiency syndrome. It also has a notable curative effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to explore the possible mechanism of FHD against RA and provided a theoretical basis for alternative therapies for RA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to analysis the ingredients and absorbed blood components of FHD. At the same time, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model was established to estimate the therapeutic effects on FHD by considering body weight, arthritis score, paw swelling, autonomous movement ability, and synovial microvessel counts. Subsequently, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were employed to detect the anti-angiogenic capacity of FHD in vivo, as well as the levels of apoptosis and autophagy in the synovial tissue. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to assess the effects of FHD on apoptosis and autophagy in MH7A cells. The effects of FHD on the proliferation and migration of MH7A cells were measured by CCK8 assay, cell migration and, invasion experiments. Finally, a tube formation assay was performed to evaluate the angiogenic capacity of FHD in co-cultures of MH7A cells and HUVEC cells.

RESULTS

Through testing of FHD's original formula, a total of 26 active ingredients have been identified, with 17 of them being absorbed into the bloodstream. FHD significantly improved the pathological symptoms and synovial hyperplasia of CIA rats. FHD could suppress the expression of HIF-1α, promote apoptosis in CIA rat synovial tissue, and suppress autophagy and angiogenesis. In vitro experiments showed that serum containing FHD inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MH7A cells, and also suppressed the expression of autophagy-related proteins while promoting apoptosis. FHD markedly repressed the expression of HIF-1α protein in TNF-α-stimulated MH7A cells and inhibited the tube formation capacity induced by MH7A cells in HUVEC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The study had proven that FHD played an excellent anti-RA role, which may be attributed to its potential mechanism of regulating the balance between autophagy and apoptosis in RA FLS by suppressing the HIF-1α, thus contributing to its anti-angiogenic activities.

USP7 promotes cervical cancer progression by stabilizing MTDH expression through deubiquitination

BACKGROUND

Metadherin (MTDH) and ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) have been identified to involve in the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer (CC). USP7 is one of the deubiquitinating enzymes. Here, this study aimed to explore whether USP7 affected CC progression via interacting with MTDH and regulating its stability via deubiquitination.

METHODS

qRT-PCR and western blotting assays detected the levels of genes and proteins. Functional analysis was conducted using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, transwell, and tube formation assays, respectively. Proteins between USP7 and MTDH were identified by co-immunoprecipitation assay. A mouse xenograft model was established for in vivo analysis.

RESULTS

MTDH was highly expressed in CC tissues and cells, silencing of MTDH suppressed CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and macrophage M2 polarization. Mechanistically, USP7 directly bound to MTDH, and maintained its stability by removing ubiquitination on MTDH. CC tissues and cells showed high USP7 expression, and USP7 knockdown also inhibited CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and macrophage M2 polarization, and these effects mediated by USP7 knockdown were reversed by MTDH overexpression. Moreover, USP7 knockdown impeded CC growth in vivo by regulating MTDH.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, USP7 promoted CC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and macrophage M2 polarization in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo by regulating MTDH.

The involvement of ROS-regulated programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reactive oxidative species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the regulation of cellular biological activity and function, and aberrant levels of ROS can contribute to the development of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Numerous discoveries have affirmed that this process is strongly associated with "programmed cell death (PCD)," which refers to the suicide protection mechanism initiated by cells in response to external stimuli, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc. Research has demonstrated that ROS-induced PCD is crucial for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These activities serve a dual function in both facilitating and inhibiting cancer, suggesting the existence of a delicate balance within healthy cells that can be disrupted by the abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby influencing the eventual advancement or regression of a tumor. In this review, we summarize how ROS regulates PCD to influence the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Studying how ROS-induced PCD affects the progression of HCC at a molecular level can help develop better prevention and treatment methods and facilitate the design of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.

PEI, a new transfection method, augments the inhibitory effect of RBM5 on prostate cancer

PEI is a cationic polymer, serving as a non-viral transfection carrier grounded in nanotechnology that enhances transfection efficiency via the proton sponge effect. RBM5 is an RNA-binding protein that can inhibit tumor development. This study involved the transfection of RBM5 in prostate cancer cells with PEI, Lipo2000, and their combination. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to observe invasion and migration of prostate cancer cells and flow cytometry was used to observe the apoptosis. Detect the expression of invasion and migration-related protein MMP9 through western blotting experiment. An activity detection kit was used to detect the activity of apoptotic protein caspase-3. We found that there was no significant difference in transfection efficiency when PEI and Lipo2000 were used alone but it significantly improved when they are combined. RBM5 reduced invasion, migration, and proliferation of prostate cancer and enhanced apoptosis. MMP9 expression was reduced, and the activity of caspase-3 was increased. PEI transfection could improve the inhibition of RBM5 on tumors more than Lipo2000. The inhibitory effect is more obvious when the two are used together. RBM5 transfected with PEI can amplify its inhibitory effect on prostate cancer, and this effect is more evident when combined with Lipo2000.

Individual cytotoxicity of three major type A trichothecene, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol in human Jurkat T cells

Mycotoxins are toxic, fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities, food, and feed. Among them, T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS; the major type A trichothecene) are primarily produced from Fusarium species. These mycotoxins exert numerous toxicological effects in animals and humans, such as dermatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the present study, human Jurkat T cells were used as a model to investigate apoptotic cell death induced by T-2, HT-2, and DAS. The results showed that T-2, HT-2, and DAS decreased cell viability and increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species in a time- and dose-dependency. Based on their IC50 values, they could be ranked in decreasing order of cytotoxicity as T-2 > HT-2 > DAS. All tested mycotoxins caused DNA fragmentation, up-regulated cytochrome C, caspase 3, and caspase 9 mRNA levels, and down-regulated the relative expression of Bcl-2 and caspase 8. The effects of these trichothecenes on apoptosis were determined based on flow cytometry. At the IC50 concentrations, the percentages of apoptotic cells were significantly higher than for the controls. Taken together, these data suggested that T-2, HT-2, and DAS could induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Regular transient limb ischemia improves endothelial function and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis to prevent atherosclerosis in rabbit

AIMS

Regular transient limb ischemia (RTLI) can prevent atherosclerosis (AS) progression in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. This study aimed to investigate the minimum effective intensity and possible mechanisms of RTLI for preventing atherosclerosis.

METHODS

Eighty rabbits were divided into eight groups: normal (N), high cholesterol (H), three RTLI [three RTLI cycles every other day (R3qod), three RTLI cycles daily (R3qd), and six RTLI cycles daily (R6qd), each cycle of RTLI included 5 min of limb ischemia followed by 5 min limb reperfusion], and three correlated sham RTLI [sham ischemia for 30 min once every other day (S3qod), sham ischemia for 30 min once daily (S3qd), and sham ischemia for 60 min once daily (S6qd)]. Rabbits in group N were kept normally, while the others were fed 1% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The RTLI and sham RTLI groups were received RTLI or sham RTLI procedure, respectively. The plaque area in the thoracic aorta was determined by oil red O staining, and quantifying the ratio of plaque area to intimal area (PA/IA). Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation were also determined. Endothelial cell were isolated from abdominal aorta of rabbits, and the apoptosis ratio was detected using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The PA/IA and early apoptotic cell ratio was significantly lower as well as the endothelium-dependent relaxation response was higher in group R6qd than those in groups H and S6qd, while those in the R3qod group was not significantly different from those in groups H and S3qod, as well as those in the R3qd group showed no significant difference compared to those in groups H and S3qd.

CONCLUSIONS

Six cycles of RTLI daily was the optimal effective intensity to prevent AS progression in rabbits. Endothelial function improvement and apoptosis inhibition might contribute to the anti-AS effects.

Ssc-miR-7139-3p suppresses foot-and-mouth disease virus replication by promoting degradation of 3Cpro through targeting apoptosis-negative regulatory gene Bcl-2

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious and infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. Disease control is complicated by its highly contagious nature and antigenic diversity. Host microRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators that either promote or repress viral replications in virus infection. In the present study, we found that ssc-miR-7139-3p (Sus scrofa miR-7139-3p) was significantly up-regulated in host cells during foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Overexpression of miR-7139-3p attenuated FMDV replication, whereas inhibition promoted FMDV replication. In addition, the survival rate of FMDV infected suckling mice was increased through injection of miR-7139-3p agomiR. Further studies revealed that miR-7139-3p targets Bcl-2 to initiate the apoptotic pathway and caspase-3 cleaved 3Cpro behind the 174th aspartic acid (D174), which eventually promotes the degradation of 3Cpro. Overall, our findings demonstrate that miR-7139-3p suppresses FMDV replication by promoting degradation of 3Cpro through targeting the apoptosis-negative regulatory gene Bcl-2.

FTIR microspectroscopic study of gastric cancer AGS cells apoptosis induced by As2O3

As2O3 has shown significant anti-gastric cancer effects, but the mechanism is still unclear. Thus, biomacromolecular changes induced by As2O3 were investigated by using human gastric cancer AGS cells as the model. Flow cytometry results confirmed that As2O3 induced AGS cells apoptosis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy detected biomacromolecular changes during As2O3-induced AGS cells apoptosis sensitively: IR spectra showed significant changes in the lipids content and the proteins and DNA structure. Peak-area ratios indicated obvious changes in the lipids and DNA content and the proteins structure, while also showing a relatively good linear relationship between A1733/A969 and the apoptosis rate. PCA exhibited significant alteration in nucleic acids while curve fitting further revealed the changes in nucleic acids and proteins. On the whole, our study explored As2O3-induced gastric cancer cells apoptosis in depth on the basis of analyzing biomacromolecular changes, in addition, it also suggested FTIR microspectroscopy to be possibly useful in the research of apoptosis.

Biomimetic nanocarriers loaded with temozolomide by cloaking brain-targeting peptides for targeting drug delivery system to promote anticancer effects in glioblastoma cells

Glioma is the leading cancer of the central nervous system (CNS). The efficacy of glioma treatment is significantly hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumour barrier (BBTB), which prevent most drugs from entering the brain and tumours. Hence, we established a novel drug delivery nanosystem of brain tumour-targeting that could self-assemble the method using an amphiphilic Zein protein isolated from corn. Zein's amphiphilicity prompted it to self-assembled into NPs, efficiently containing TMZ. This allowed us to investigate temozolomide (TMZ) for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. To construct TMZ-encapsulated NPs (TMZ@RVG-Zein NPs), the NPs' Zein was clocked to rabies virus glycoprotein 29 (RVG29). To verify that the NPs could penetrate the BBB and precisely target and kill the GBM cancer cell line, in vitro studies were performed. The process of NPs penetrating cancer cell membranes was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure the expressions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the U87 cell line. Therefore, effective targeted brain cancer treatment is possible by forming NP clocks, a cell-penetrating natural Zein protein with an RVG29. These NPs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the glioblastoma (U87) cell line to release TMZ. These NPs have a distinct cocktail of biocompatibility and brain-targeting abilities, making them ideal for involving brain diseases.

zDHHC3-mediated S-palmitoylation of SLC9A2 regulates apoptosis in kidney clear cell carcinoma

PURPOSE

Kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) has a poor prognosis, high morbidity and mortality rates, and high invasion and metastasis rate, and effective therapeutic targets are lacking. zDHHC3 has been implicated in various cancers, but its specific role in KIRC remains unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we performed a pan-cancer analysis, bioinformatics analysis, and cell experiment to detect the role of zDHHC3 in KIRC.

RESULTS

zDHHC3 was significantly down-regulated in KIRC, and that its high expression was associated with favorable patient outcomes. We identified 202 hub genes that were most relevant to high zDHHC3 expression and KIRC, and found that they were involved mainly in ion transport and renal cell carcinoma. Among these hub genes, SLC9A2 was identified as a downstream gene of zDHHC3. zDHHC3 suppression led to decreased expression and S-palmitoylation of SLC9A2, which further inhibited the apoptosis of Caki-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that zDHHC3 plays an important role in KIRC, due partly to its regulation of SLC9A2 S-palmitoylation. The targeting of the zDHHC3-SLC9A2 axis may provide a new option for the clinical treatment of KIRC.

The navel nanoethosomal formulation of gamma-oryzanol attenuates testicular ischemia/reperfusion damages

Testicular torsion reduces blood flow to testes and induces tissue ischemia. Antioxidant can have pivotal roles in alleviation of the effects of torsion/reperfusion. Gamma-oryzanol (γ-Oryzanol) has several pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and anti-apoptosis that can be used in this way. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nanoethosomal formulation of gamma-oryzanol (γ-Oryzanol-NEs) on testicular damages in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion damage. Following induction of ischemia/reperfusion, the mice were treated with γ-Oryzanol and γ-Oryzanol-NEs (6 mg/kg) in times of 3 h and 6 h. The expression of positive cells of TUNEL, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) and caspase 3 and histopathological parameters were assessed. The results showed higher expression of positive cells of TUNEL, HSP70 and caspase 3 and lower expressions of SOD and GPx in control mice compared with those treated with γ-Oryzanol-NEs (P = 0.001). The treatment with γ-Oryzanol-NEs could decrease pathological damages and the expression of positive cells of TUNEL, HSP70 and caspase 3 and increase the expressions of SOD and GPx. In conclusion, γ-Oryzanol-NEs could have the protective effects on torsion/reperfusion by decreasing apoptosis and increasing antioxidant status in a mouse model.

Integration of network pharmacology and experimental verifications reveals the Bian-Se-Tong mixture can alleviate constipation in STC rats by reducing apoptosis of Cajal cells via activating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway

Bian-Se-Tong mixture (BSTM) is an optimized formulation based on the classical prescription "Zhizhu pill", which is widely used in the clinical treatment of slow-transit constipation (STC). The potential molecular mechanism of BSTM therapy for STC was investigated by network pharmacology prediction combined with animal experiments. The active components of BSTM were screened via the TCMSP platform. The GeneCards, OMIM and DrugBank databases were used to search for STC targets. With the help of the Biogenet tool, a protein interaction network between drugs and disease targets was constructed, and the intersection network of the two was extracted to obtain the key targets of BSTM in the treatment of STC. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of key targets were carried out with Metascape. Loperamide hydrochloride was used to establish an STC rat model, and the key targets and related pathways were preliminarily verified. The important signaling pathways included the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, IL-17, cAMP, and cell cycle signaling pathways. The experimental results showed that BSTM treatment increased the body weight of STC rats and increased the fecal particle number, fecal water content and intestinal carbon ink promotion rate within 24 h. Further pathological changes in the colon of the rats were also observed. In-depth mechanistic studies have shown that BSTM can significantly reduce the apoptosis of intestinal Cajal cells, downregulate the expression of Bax and c-Caspase 3, upregulate the expression of Bcl-2 and c-kit, and promote the phosphorylation of AKT. The results showed that BSTM can significantly relieve constipation in STC rats via a mechanism related to activating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and improving Cajal cell apoptosis.

Molecular functions of microRNAs in colorectal cancer: recent roles in proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and chemoresistance

MiRNAs (microRNAs) constitute a group of diminutive molecules of non-coding RNA intricately involved in regulating gene expression. This regulation is primarily accomplished through the binding of miRNAs to complementary sequences situated in the 3'-UTR of the messenger RNA (mRNA) target; as a result, they are degraded or repressed. The multifaceted biogenesis of miRNAs is characterized by a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events encompassing transcription, processing, transportation, and decay. Colorectal cancer stands as a pervasive and formidable ailment, afflicting millions across the globe. Colorectal cancer is not well diagnosed early, and metastasis rates are high, which results in low survival rates in advanced stages. The genesis and progression of colorectal cancer are subject to the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors, among which miRNAs play a pivotal role. When it comes to colorectal cancer, miRNAs have a dual character, depending on the genes they target, functioning as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes and the prevailing cellular milieu. Their impact extends to modulating critical facets of colorectal cancer pathogenesis, including proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and radiotherapy response. The discernible potential of miRNAs which are used as biomarkers to diagnose colorectal cancer, prognosis, and treatment response has come to the forefront. Notably, miRNAs are easily found and detected readily in a variety of biological fluids, including saliva, blood, urine, and feces. This prominence is attributed to the inherent advantages of miRNAs over conventional biomarkers, including heightened stability, specificity, sensitivity, and accessibility. Various investigations have pinpointed miRNA signatures or panels capable of differentiating colorectal cancer patients from their healthy counterparts, predicting colorectal cancer stage and survival, and monitoring colorectal cancer recurrence and therapy response. Although there has been research on miRNAs in various diseases, there has been less research on miRNAs in cancer. Moreover, updated results of preclinical and clinical studies on miRNA biomarkers and drugs are required. Nevertheless, the integration of miRNAs as biomarkers for colorectal cancer is not devoid of challenges and limitations. These encompass the heterogeneity prevalent among colorectal cancer subtypes and stages, the variability in miRNA expression across different tissues and individuals, the absence of standardized methodologies for miRNA detection and quantification, and the imperative for validation through extensive clinical trials. Consequently, further research is imperative to conclusively establish the clinical utility and reliability of miRNAs as colorectal cancer biomarkers. MiR-21 demonstrates carcinogenic characteristics by targeting several tumor suppressor genes, which encourages cell division, invasion, and metastasis. On the other hand, by controlling the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the tumor suppressor miRNA miR-34a prevents CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, in colorectal cancer, the miR-200 family increases chemotherapy sensitivity while suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As an oncogene, the miR-17-92 cluster targets elements of the TGF-β signaling pathway to encourage the growth of CRC cells. Finally, miR-143/145, which is downregulated in CRC, influences apoptosis and the progression of the cell cycle. These miRNAs affect pathways like Wnt, TGF-β, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and EMT, making them potential clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review summarizes recent research related to miRNAs, their role in tumor progression and metastasis, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. In addition, we combined miRNAs' roles in tumorigenesis and development with the therapy of CRC patients, leading to novel perspectives on colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Micro(nano)-plastics exposure induced programmed cell death and corresponding influence factors

Plastic products have played an indispensable role in our daily lives for several decades, primarily due to their cost-effectiveness and unmatched convenience. Nevertheless, recent developments in nanotechnology have propelled our attention toward a distinct category of plastic fine particulates known as micro(nano)-plastics (MPs/NPs). The investigation of the cytotoxic effects of MPs/NPs has emerged as a central and burgeoning area of research in environmental toxicology and cell biology. In the scope of this comprehensive review, we have meticulously synthesized recent scientific inquiries to delve into the intricate interplay between MPs/NPs and programmed cell death mechanisms, which encompass a range of highly regulated processes. First, the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of different programmed death modalities induced by MPs/NPs were elaborated, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. The causes of different programmed deaths induced by MPs/NPs, such as size, surface potential, functional group modification, aging, biological crown, and co-exposure of MPs/NPs are further analyzed. In contrast, the various cellular programmed death modes induced by MPs/NPs are not alone most of the time, and lastly, the connections between different cellular programmed death modes induced by MPs/NPs, such as interconversion, mutual promotion, and mutual inhibition, are explained. Our primary objective is to unveil the multifaceted toxicological implications of MPs/NPs on the intricate web of cellular fate and biological homeostasis. This endeavor not only broadens our understanding of the potential risks associated with MPs/NPs exposure but also underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessments and regulatory measures in the context of environmental health.

Di-n-butyl phthalate promotes the neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through neurogenic differentiation 1

An understanding of the risk of gene deletion and mutation posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is necessary for the identification of etiological reagents for many human diseases. Therefore, the characterization of the genetic traits caused by developmental exposure to EDCs is an important research subject. A new regenerative approach using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) holds promise for the development of stem-cell-based therapies and the identification of novel therapeutic agents against human diseases. Here, we focused on the characterization of the genetic traits and alterations in pluripotency/stemness triggered by phthalate ester derivatives. Regarding their in vitro effects, we reported the abilities of ESCs regarding proliferation, cell-cycle control, and neural ectoderm differentiation. The expression of their stemness-related genes and their genetic changes toward neural differentiation were examined, which led to the observation that the tumor suppressor gene product p53/retinoblastoma protein 1 and its related cascades play critical functions in cell-cycle progression, cell death, and neural differentiation. In addition, the expression of neurogenic differentiation 1 was affected by exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate in the context of cell differentiation into neural lineages. The nervous system is one of the most sensitive tissues to exposure to phthalate ester derivatives. The present screening system provides a good tool for studying the mechanisms underlying the effects of EDCs on the developmental regulation of humans and rodents, especially on the neuronal development of ESCs.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and death receptor-mediated apoptosis in the neuronal differentiation of adult adipose-derived stromal cells

Apoptosis is the primary cause of cell death in the differentiation of Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) into neurons. However, the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and death receptor-mediated apoptosis in ADSC-induced neuronal differentiation is not clear. ADSCs were isolated and induced to differentiate into neurons using β-mercaptoethanol. The expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), GRP94, CHOP, Fas/FasL, TNFR1/TNF-α, DR5/TRAIL, Caspase8, and Caspase3 in ADSCs was examined using immunocytochemistry and Western blotting before induction, during pre-induction, and after induction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe changes in the morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the MTT assay was employed to measure cell viability in the uninduced and induced groups. Additionally, the number of apoptotic cells during the induction process was measured using flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI. With increasing induction time, the positive expression rates of CHOP, Fas/FasL, Caspase8, Caspase-3, and NSE gradually increased, while the positive expression rate of GRP94 decreased. TNFR1/TNF-α and DR5/TRAIL peaked at 5 h post-induction and then decreased at 8 h. TEM revealed swelling and expansion of the ER, vacuolar changes, and degranulation in cells. The MTT assay showed a gradual decrease in the absorbance of surviving cells in all groups. Flow cytometry indicated an increasing rate of apoptosis in cells. Therefore, ERS in the normal culture and growth of ADSCs, manifesting as enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR), maintains the normal survival of ADSCs. However, in the process of ADSC-induced differentiation into neurons, ERS and death receptor-mediated apoptosis are significant causes of cell death.

Dual Optical Response Strategy for the Detection of Cytochrome c Using Highly Luminescent Lanthanide-Based Nanotubular Sensor Arrays

Here, we demonstrate a label-free dual optical response strategy for the detection of cytochrome c (Cyt c) with ultrahigh sensitivity using highly luminescent lanthanides containing inorganic-organic hybrid nanotubular sensor arrays. These sensor arrays are formed by the sequential incorporation of the photosensitizers 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) or 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), and trivalent lanthanide terbium ions (Tb3+) into sodium lithocholate (NaLC) nanotube templates. Our sensing platform relies on the detection and quantification of Cyt c in solution by providing dual photoluminescence quenching responses from the nanotubular hybrid arrays in the presence of Cyt c. The large quenching of the sensitized Tb3+ emission within the DHN/Phen-Tb3+-NaLC nanotubular sensor arrays caused by the strong binding of the photosensitizers to Cyt c provides an important signal response for the selective detection of Cyt c. This long-lived lanthanide emission response-based sensing strategy can be highly advantageous for the detection of Cyt c in a cellular environment eliminating background fluorescence and scattering signals through time-gated measurements. The DHN containing nanotubular sensor arrays (DHN-NaLC and DHN-Tb3+-NaLC) provide an additional quenching response characterized by a unique spectral valley splitting with quantized quenching dip on the DHN fluorescence emission. This spectral quenching dip resulting from efficient FRET between the protein bound DHN photosensitizer and the heme group of Cyt c serves as an important means for specific detection and quantification of Cyt c in the concentration range of 0-30 μM with a low detection limit of around 20 nM.

Caspase-resistant ROCK1 expression prolongs survival of Eµ-Myc B cell lymphoma mice

Apoptosis is characterized by membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. Caspase cleavage of ROCK1 generates an active fragment that promotes actin-myosin mediated contraction and membrane blebbing during apoptosis. Expression of caspase-resistant non-cleavable ROCK1 (Rock1 NC) prolonged survival of mice that rapidly develop B cell lymphomas due to Eµ-Myc transgene expression. Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mice had significantly fewer bone marrow cells relative to Eµ-Myc mice expressing wild-type ROCK1 (Rock1 WT), which was associated with altered cell cycle profiles. Circulating macrophage numbers were lower in Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mice, but there were higher levels of bone marrow macrophages, consistent with spontaneous cell death in Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mice bone marrows being more inflammatory. Rock1 WT recipient mice transplanted with pre-neoplastic Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC bone marrow cells survived longer than mice transplanted with Eµ-Myc; Rock1 WT cells, indicating that the survival benefit was intrinsic to the Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC bone marrow cells. The results suggest that the apoptotic death of Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC cells generates a proliferation-suppressive microenvironment in bone marrows that reduces cell numbers and prolongs B cell lymphoma mouse survival.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of oroxylin A in cancer therapy: Recent advances

Seeking an effective and safe scheme is the common goal of clinical treatment of tumor patients. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has attracted more and more attention in order to discover new drugs with good anti-tumor effects. Oroxylin A (OA) is a compound found in natural Oroxylum indicum and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plants and has been used in the treatment of various cancers. Studies have shown that OA has a wide range of powerful biological activities and plays an important role in neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-allergy, anti-tumor and so on. OA shows high efficacy in tumor treatment. Therefore, it has attracted great attention of researchers all over the world. This review aims to discuss the anti-tumor effects of OA from the aspects of cell cycle arrest, induction of cell proliferation and apoptosis, induction of autophagy, anti-inflammation, inhibition of glycolysis, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and reversal of drug resistance. In addition, the safety and toxicity of the compound were also discussed. As a next step, to clarify the benefits and adverse effects of Oroxylin A in cancer patients further experiments, especially clinical trials, are needed.

Preliminary investigation into the impact of BPA on osteoblast activity and bone development: In vitro and in vivo models

Bisphenol A (BPA), an ingredient in consumer products, has been suggested that it can interfere with bone development and maintenance, whereas the molecule mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of BPA on early bone differentiation and metabolism, and its potential molecule mechanism by employing hFOB1.19 cell as an in vitro model, as well as larval zebrafish as an in vivo model. The in vitro experiments indicated that BPA decreased cell viability, inhibited osteogenic activity (such as ALP, RUNX2), increased ROS production, upregulated transcriptional or protein levels of apoptosis-related molecules (such as Caspase 3, Caspase 9), while suppressed transcriptional or protein levels of pyroptosis-specific markers (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1β, ASC, Caspase 1, and GSDMD). Moreover, the evidences from in vivo model demonstrated that exposure to BPA distinctly disrupted pharyngeal cartilage, craniofacial bone development, and retarded bone mineralization. The transcriptional level of bone development-related genes (bmp2, dlx2a, runx2, and sp7), apoptosis-related genes (bcl2), and pyroptosis-related genes (cas1, nlrp3) were significantly altered after treating with BPA in zebrafish larvae. In summary, our study, combining in vitro and in vivo models, confirmed that BPA has detrimental effects on osteoblast activity and bone development. These effects may be due to the promotion of apoptosis, the initiation of oxidative stress, and the inhibition of pyroptosis.

Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease: a review

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have become a promising therapeutic target for various disorders. PDEs are a vast and diversified family of enzymes that degrade cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which have several biochemical and physiological functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the most abundant PDE in the central nervous system (CNS) and is extensively expressed in the mammalian brain, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP. An alteration in the balance of PDE4 and cAMP results in the dysregulation of different biological mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases. By inhibiting PDE4 with drugs, the levels of cAMP inside the cells could be stabilized, which may improve the symptoms of mental and neurological disorders such as memory loss, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Though numerous studies have shown that phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) are beneficial in PD, there are presently no approved PDE4I drugs for PD. This review presents an overview of PDE4Is and their effects on PD, their possible underlying mechanism in the restoration/protection of dopaminergic cell death, which holds promise for developing PDE4Is as a treatment strategy for PD. Methods on how these drugs could be effectively delivered to develop as a promising treatment for PD have been suggested.

Mono-quinoxaline-induced DNA structural alteration leads to ZBP1/RIP3/MLKL-driven necroptosis in cancer cells

Evading the cellular apoptosis mechanism by modulating multiple pathways poses a sturdy barrier to effective chemotherapy. Cancer cell adeptly resists the apoptosis signaling pathway by regulating anti and pro-apoptotic proteins to escape cell death. Nevertheless, bypassing the apoptotic pathway through necroptosis, an alternative programmed cell death process, maybe a potential therapeutic modality for apoptosis-resistant cells. However, synthetic mono-quinoxaline-based intercalator-induced cellular necroptosis as an anti-cancer perspective remains under-explored. To address this concern, we undertook the design and synthesis of quinoxaline-based small molecules (3a-3l). Our approach involved enhancing the π-surface of the mandatory benzyl moiety to augment its ability to induce DNA structural alteration via intercalation, thereby promoting cytotoxicity across various cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and HeLa). Notably, the potent compound 3a demonstrated the capacity to induce DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to the induction of ZBP1-mediated necroptosis in the RIP3-expressed cell line (HT-29), where Z-VAD effectively blocked apoptosis-mediated cell death. Interestingly, we observed that 3a induced RIP3-driven necroptosis in combination with DNA hypomethylating agents, even in the RIP3-silenced cell lines (HeLa and HCT116). Overall, our synthesized compound 3a emerged as a promising candidate against various cancers, particularly in apoptosis-compromised cells, through the induction of necroptosis.

BMSCs attenuate radiation-induced brain injury induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis through a PI3K/Akt/Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) -based therapies represent a promising treatment for neurological disorders. However, therapeutic effects and mechanisms of BMSCs transplantation for radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) have not been fully disclosed. In this article, we explored the functions of BMSCs transplantation on RIBI and investigated the protective effects of BMSCS on hippocampal neurons in RIBI as well as the related molecular mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

6-8 weeks-old rats were used to build a RIBI model. Rats in BMSC group were treated with a 3 × 106 BMSCs injection through the tail vein on the 1st day and 8th day after irradiation; rats in both control and RIBI groups were injected with an equivalent volume of physiological saline for comparisons. The Morris water maze was applied to detect the variations in cognitive function after RIBI. MRS was performed to test changes in NAA/Cr, indicating neuronal apoptosis after RIBI. TUNEL was conducted to detect apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons, and HE staining was carried out to show pathological variations in the hippocampal region of rats. Protein levels of PI3K, P-PI3K, AKT, P-AKT, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins of rats in the hippocampal area were all determined by Western blot.

RESULTS

Cognitive function was reduced and hippocampal neurons underwent apoptosis in the rats of the RIBI group, and cognitive abilities, histopathological alterations, and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons were significantly improved after BMSCs treatment; the expression of PI3K, P-PI3K, AKT, P-AKT, and Bcl-2 proteins, in the hippocampal region of the rat, was up-regulated, and Bax proteins were down-regulated.

CONCLUSIONS

BMCSs can inhibit hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in RIBI, and the mechanism may be associated with the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of Bax by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

ML162 derivatives incorporating a naphthoquinone unit as ferroptosis/apoptosis inducers: Design, synthesis, anti-cancer activity, and drug-resistance reversal evaluation

Activating apoptosis has long been viewed as an anti-cancer process, but recently increasing evidence has accumulated that induction of ferroptosis has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapeutics. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is one of the pivotal factors regulating ferroptosis that targeted inhibition or degradation of GPX4 could effectively trigger ferroptosis. In this study, a series of ML162-quinone conjugates were constructed by using pharmacophore hybridization and bioisosterism strategies, with the aim of obtaining more active anticancer agents via the ferroptosis and apoptosis dual cell death processes. Of these compounds, GIC-20 was identified as the most active one that exhibited promising anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo via ferroptosis and apoptosis dual-targeting processes, without obvious toxicity compared with ML162. On one hand, GIC-20 could trigger ferroptosis in cells by inducing intracellular lipid peroxide and ROS accumulation, and destroying mitochondrial structure. In addition to GPX4 inhibition, GIC-20 can also trigger ferroptosis via proteasomal-mediated degradation of GPX4, suggesting GIC-20 may function as a molecule glue degrader. On the other hand, GIC-20 can also induce apoptosis via upregulating the level of apoptotic protein Bax and downregulating the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in HT1080 cells. Furthermore, GIC-20 also enhanced the sensitivity of resistant MIA-PaCa-2-AMG510R cells to AMG510, suggesting the great potential of GIC-20 in overcoming the acquired resistance of KRASG12C inhibitors. Overall, GIC-20 represents a novel dual ferroptosis/apoptosis inducer warranting further development for cancer therapeutics and overcoming drug resistance.

Curcumin inhibits the growth and invasion of gastric cancer by regulating long noncoding RNA AC022424.2

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer, characterized by a multifactorial etiology and high heterogeneity, continues to confound researchers in terms of its pathogenesis. Curcumin, a natural anticancer agent, exhibits therapeutic promise in gastric cancer. Its effects include promoting cell apoptosis, curtailing tumor angiogenesis, and enhancing sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have garnered significant attention as biomarkers for early screening, diagnosis, treatment, and drug response because of their remarkable specificity and sensitivity. Recent investigations have revealed an association between aberrant lncRNA expression and early diagnosis, clinical staging, metastasis, drug sensitivity, and prognosis in gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the intricate mechanisms through which lncRNAs influence gastric cancer development can provide novel insights for precision treatment and tailored management of patients with gastric cancer. This study aimed to unravel the potential of curcumin in suppressing the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells by upregulating specific lncRNAs and modulating gastric cancer onset and progression.

AIM

To identify lncRNAs associated with curcumin treatment and investigate the role of lncRNA AC022424.2 in the effects of curcumin on gastric cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion. Furthermore, these findings were validated in clinical samples.

METHODS

The study employed CCK-8 assays to assess the impact of curcumin on gastric cancer cell proliferation, flow cytometry to investigate its effects on apoptosis, and scratch and Transwell assays to evaluate its influence on the migration and invasion of BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells. Western blotting was used to gauge changes in the protein expression levels of CDK6, CDK4, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, P65, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer cell lines after curcumin treatment. Differential expression of lncRNAs before and after curcumin treatment was assessed using lncRNA sequencing and validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells. AC022424.2-1 knockdown BGC-823 and MGC-803 cells were generated to scrutinize the impact of lncRNA AC022424.2 on apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Western blotting was performed to ascertain changes in the expression of proteins implicated in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways. RT-PCR was employed to measure lncRNA AC022424.2 expression in clinical gastric cancer tissues and to correlate its expression with clinical pathological characteristics.

RESULTS

Curcumin induced apoptosis and hindered proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LncRNA AC022424.2 was upregulated after curcumin treatment, and its knockdown enhanced cancer cell aggressiveness. LncRNA AC022424.2 may have affected cancer cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways. LncRNA AC022424.2 downregulation was correlated with lymph node metastasis, making it a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin has potential anticancer effects on gastric cancer cells by regulating lncRNA AC022424.2. This lncRNA plays a significant role in cancer cell behavior and may have clinical implications in diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. The results of this study enhance our understanding of gastric cancer development and precision treatment.

Time-course transcriptome analysis discloses PFDMO2OA (C8 HFPO-TA)-induced developmental malformations and cardiovascular toxicities in zebrafish

PFDMO2OA (C8 HFPO-TA), a novel substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been frequently detected in surface waters. However, information on its toxicity remains scarce. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to varying concentrations of PFDMO2OA, ranging from 80 to 800 mg/L, until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to explore its potential developmental toxicities. The LC50 value for mortality was 505.9 mg/L, comparable to that of PFOA (over 500 mg/L), suggesting a lack of safety of PFDMO2OA compared to PFOA. At 120 hpf, PFDMO2OA exposure led to various malformations in embryos, including uninflated swim bladder, yolk sac oedema, spinal deformation, and pigmentation changes, with pericardial oedema being prominent. Analysis using O-dianisidine stain indicated a decline in erythrocytes over time. Transcriptome analysis further revealed the cardiovascular toxicity caused by PFDMO2OA at the molecular level. Time-course differential analysis pointed to the apoptosis dependent on disrupted mitochondrial function as a significant contributor to erythrocyte disappearance, as confirmed by the TUNEL stain. Therefore, the present findings suggest that PFDMO2OA induces developmental malformations and cardiovascular toxicities in zebrafish embryos, demonstrating a toxic potency comparable to that of PFOA. The results further highlight the significance of evaluating the health risks associated with PFDMO2OA.

Chondroprotective effects of Apolipoprotein D in knee osteoarthritis mice through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Because the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) has not been fully elucidated, targeted treatments are lacking. In this study, we assessed the role and underlying mechanism apolipoprotein D (APOD) on the development of OA.

METHODS

To establish an in vitro OA model, we extracted primary chondrocytes from the cartilage of C57BL/6 mice and stimulated the chondrocytes with IL-1β. After APOD intervention or incubation with an overexpressing plasmid, we detected inflammatory-related markers using RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. To detect apoptosis and autophagy-related markers, we used flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, we measured the level of oxidative stress. We also used RNA-seq to identify the APOD-regulated downstream signaling pathways. We used an in vivo mice OA model of the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and administered intra-articular adenovirus overexpressing APOD. To examine cartilage damage severity, we used immunohistochemical analysis (IHC), micro-CT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Safranin O-fast green staining.

RESULTS

Our results showed that APOD inhibited chondrocyte inflammation, degeneration, and apoptosis induced by IL-1β. Additionally, APOD reversed autophagy inhibition and oxidative stress and also blocked activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway induced by IL-1β. Finally, overexpression of the APOD gene through adenovirus was sufficient to mitigate OA progression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that APOD had a chondroprotective role in OA progression by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Ecological assessment of stream water polluted by phosphorus chemical plant: Physiological, biochemical, and molecular effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

The rapid development of the phosphorus chemical industry has caused serious pollution problems in the regional eco-environment. However, understanding of their ecotoxic effects remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity of a stream polluted by a phosphorus chemical plant (PCP) on zebrafish embryos. For this, zebrafish embryos were exposed to stream water (0, 25, 50, and 100% v/v) for 96 h, and developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage were assessed. Stream water-treated embryos exhibited decreased hatching rates, heart rates, and body lengths, as well as increased mortality and malformation rates. The general morphology score system indicated that the swim bladder and pigmentation were the main abnormal morphological endpoints. Stream water promoted antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. It also triggered apoptosis in the embryos' heads, hearts, and spines by activating apoptotic enzymes (Caspase-3 and Caspase-9). Additionally, stream water influenced growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related 19 gene expression. Notably, tyr, sod (Mn), and caspase9 were the most sensitive indicators of growth, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, respectively. The current trial concluded that PCP-polluted stream water exhibited significant developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryos, which was regulated by the oxidative stress-mediated activation of endogenous apoptotic signaling pathways.

TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates synergistically induce SH-SY5Y cell neurotoxicity by excessive mitochondrial fission and mitophagy inhibition

Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), a halogen-containing phosphorus flame retardant, is widely used and has been shown to possess health risks to humans. The sustained release of artificial nanomaterials into the environment increases the toxicological risks of their coexisting pollutants. Nanomaterials may seriously change the environmental behavior and fate of pollutants. In this study, we investigated this combined toxicity and the potential mechanisms of toxicity of TDCPP and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) aggregates on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates were exposed in various concentration combinations, revealing that TDCPP (25 μg/mL) reduced cell viability, while synergistic exposure to TiO2 NPs aggregates exacerbated cytotoxicity. This combined exposure also disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to dysregulation in the expression of mitochondrial fission proteins (DRP1 and FIS1) and fusion proteins (OPA1 and MFN1). Consequently, excessive mitochondrial fission occurred, facilitating the translocation of cytochrome C from mitochondria to activate apoptotic signaling pathways. Furthermore, exposure of the combination of TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates activated upstream mitochondrial autophagy but disrupted downstream Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria, preventing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and thereby disrupting mitochondrial autophagy. Altogether, our findings suggest that TDCPP and TiO2 NPs aggregates may stimulate apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by inducing mitochondrial hyperfission and inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy.

Preparation of UiO-66 loaded Letrozole nano-drug delivery system: enhanced anticancer and apoptosis activity

The use of drug delivery systems in targeting and achieving the targeting of drugs in treating diseases, especially cancer, has attracted the attention of researchers. Letrozole is one of the drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, the organic-metallic pharmaceutical porous nanostructure based on zirconium UiO-66 loaded letrozole was synthesized. Its cytotoxicity and effect on apoptosis and migration against breast cancer cell line were investigated. In this experimental study, the UiO-66 nanoparticle-loaded letrozole was synthesized using zirconium chloride (ZrCl4), dimethylformamide (DMF), and HCl. Its characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy, and its average size was determined by the DLS method. Also, the rate of letrozole drug release from the nanoparticle was investigated in 24, 48, and 72 h. In addition, its cytotoxicity effects were investigated using the MTT colorimetric method at concentrations of 3.125-100 µg/ml against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) in the periods of 48 and 72 h. Also, the expression level of apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl2 was investigated by the Real-Time PCR method. Also, the amount of cell migration was done by the migration assay method. The results showed that UiO-66 bound to letrozole had a spherical morphology and an average size of 9.2 ± 160.1. Also, the letrozole drug was loaded by 62.21 ± 1.80% in UiO-66 nanoparticles and had a slower release pattern than free letrozole in the drug release test, so within 72 h, 99.99% of free letrozole was released in If in UiO-66 containing letrozole, 57.55% of the drug has been released. Also, the cytotoxicity results showed that UiO-66 bound to letrozole has more significant cytotoxic effects than free letrozole (p < 0.05). Also, the results of Bax and Bcl2 gene expression showed that the treatment of MCF-7 cells with UiO-66 nanoparticles attached to letrozole increased the expression of Bax and Bcl2 genes compared to the reference gene Beta-actin in MCF-7 cell line, respectively. (p < 0.05) increased by 3.71 ± 0.42 and (p < 0.01) decreased by 0.636 ± 0.034 (p < 0.05). Cell migration results showed that the concentration of 50 µg/ml of UiO-66 bound to letrozole decreased the migration of MCF-7 cells. Generally, the results of this study showed that UiO-66 loaded letrozole can be used as a suitable drug carrier for cellular purposes, as it has increased the effects of cytotoxicity and the rate of apoptosis in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), so it can be used with more studies used nanocarriers as a drug delivery system.

Protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) alleviates cerebral infarction and inflammation after cerebral ischemia in rats

Background

Ischemic stroke is a severe disorder with high incidence, disability rate and mortality. Multiple pathogenesis mechanisms are involved in ischemic stroke, such as inflammation and neuronal cell apoptosis. Protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activators of transcription 1 (PIAS1) plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including inflammation. PIAS1 is also downregulated in ischemia-reperfusion injury and involved in the disease processes. However, the role of PIAS1 in cerebral ischemia is unclear.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The role and mechanisms of PIAS1 in ischemic cerebral infarction were explored by Longa test, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Morris water maze (MWM) test, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, quantification of brain water content, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL), Western blot and immunofluorescence assays.

Results

The expression of PIAS1 in MCAO-induced rat was declined compared to sham rats. Overexpression of PIAS1 reduced the Longa neurological scores, the percent of infarction area, the pathological abnormality, the escape latency of swimming and the percent of brain water content, and increased the number of platform crossings and time in the target quadrant in the MCAO-induced rats. Besides, overexpression of PIAS1 decreased the MCAO-induced the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, but further elevated the concentrations of IL-10 in both sera and brain tissues. Moreover, overexpression of PIAS1 reversed the MCAO-induced apoptosis rate and the relative protein level of Bax, cleaved caspase3 and Bcl-2. Overexpression of PIAS1 also reversed the level of proteins involved in NF-κB pathway.

Conclusion

PIAS1 reduced inflammation and apoptosis, thereby alleviating ischemic cerebral infarction in MCAO-induced rats through regulation NF-κB pathway.

Exploration of isoxazole analogs: Synthesis, COX inhibition, anticancer screening, 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, and molecular modeling

In this study, a new series of Isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and characterized via HRMS, 1H-, 13CAPT-NMR, and MicroED. The findings revealed that nearly all of the synthesized derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both COX enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 nM to 3.87 μM. Specifically, MYM1 demonstrated the highest efficacy among the compounds tested against the COX-1, displaying an IC50 value of 4.1 nM. The results showed that 5 compounds possess high COX-2 isozyme inhibitory effects with IC50 value in range 0.24-1.30 μM with COX-2 selectivity indexes (2.51-6.13), among these compounds MYM4 has the lowest IC50 value against COX-2, with selectivity index around 4. Intriguingly, this compound displayed significant antiproliferative effects against CaCo-2, Hep3B, and HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 10.22, 4.84, and 1.57 μM, respectively, which was nearly comparable to that of doxorubicin. Compound MYM4 showed low cytotoxic activities on normal cell lines LX-2 and Hek293t with IC50 values 20.01 and 216.97 μM respectively, with safer values than doxorubicin. Furthermore, compound MYM4 was able to induce the apoptosis, suppress the colonization of both HeLa and HepG2 cells. Additionally, the induction of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be the mechanism underlying the apoptotic effect and the cytotoxic activity of the compound. In the 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model, results revealed that MYM4 compound hampered the spheroid formation capacity of Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells. Moreover, the molecular docking of MYM4 compound revealed a high affinity for the COX2 enzyme, with energy scores (S) -7.45 kcal/mol, which were comparable to celecoxib (S) -8.40 kcal/mol. Collectively, these findings position MYM4 as a promising pharmacological candidate as COX inhibitor and anticancer agent.

Protective effects of ginsenoside F2 on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Ginsenoside F2 (GF2) serves as the principal intestinal metabolite resulting from the oral intake of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius, exhibiting antioxidative, hypolipidemic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, its effect on myocardial infarction (MI) is still unknown.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect and the underlying mechanisms of GF2 against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI.

METHODS

ISO-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes and MI rat models were utilized as in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the impact of anti-MI of GF2. The underlying mechanisms were investigated using a variety of methodologies, including electrocardiography, Western blot analysis, histopathological examination, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA techniques.

RESULTS

In vivo experiments, our results indicated that GF2 significantly ameliorated ISO-induced electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, myocardial fiber necrosis, rupture, fibrosis of myocardial tissues, and suppressed cardiac enzyme activities. Meanwhile, GF2 notably raised the activity of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, GSH, and SOD. Furthermore, it downregulated Keap1 expression level while upregulating NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression levels. Additionally, GF2 suppressed the expression of the cleaved caspase-3 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax while promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, p-PI3K, and p-Akt. TUNEL fluorescence results also demonstrated that GF2 effectively inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, consistent with the results of animal experiments, GF2 considerably attenuated ROS generation, changed apoptosis and mitochondrial function, and reduced oxidative stress in ISO-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes through activating Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, GF2 ameliorated MI by preventing cardiocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, showing potential as a treatment strategy for treating MI.

Liquiritin reduces chondrocyte apoptosis through P53/PUMA signaling pathway to alleviate osteoarthritis

AIMS

The main pathological features of osteoarthritis (OA) include the degeneration of articular cartilage and a decrease in matrix synthesis. Chondrocytes, which contribute to matrix synthesis, play a crucial role in the development of OA. Liquiritin, an effective ingredient extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., has been used for over 1000 years to treat OA. This study aims to investigate the impact of liquiritin on OA and its underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gait and hot plate tests assessed mouse behavior, while Micro-CT and ABH/OG staining observed joint morphological changes. The TUNEL kit detected chondrocyte apoptosis. Western blot and immunofluorescence techniques determined the expression levels of cartilage metabolism markers COL2 and MMP13, as well as apoptosis markers caspase3, bcl2, P53, and PUMA. KEGG analysis and molecular docking technology were used to verify the relationship between liquiritin and P53.

KEY FINDINGS

Liquiritin alleviated pain sensitivity and improved gait impairment in OA mice. Additionally, we found that liquiritin could increase COL2 levels and decrease MMP13 levels both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, liquiritin reduced chondrocyte apoptosis induced by OA, through decreased expression of caspase3 expression and increased expression of bcl2 expression. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity between liquiritin and P53. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that liquiritin suppressed the expression of P53 and PUMA in cartilage.

SIGNIFICANCE

This indicated that liquiritin may alleviate OA progression by inhibiting the P53/PUMA signaling pathway, suggesting that liquiritin is a potential strategy for the treatment of OA.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-imidazolidinone-containing compounds as potent inhibitors of the MDM2/p53 interaction

Inhibition of MDM2/p53 interaction with small-molecule inhibitors stabilizes p53 from MDM2 mediated degradation, which is a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this report, a novel series of 4-imidazolidinone-containing compounds have been synthesized and tested in MDM2/p53 and MDM4/p53 FP binding assays. Upon SAR studies, compounds 2 (TB114) and 22 were identified as the most potent inhibitors of MDM2/p53 but not MDM4/p53 interactions. Both 2 and 22 exhibited strong antiproliferative activities in HCT-116 and MOLM-13 cell lines harboring wild type p53. Mechanistic studies show that 2 and 22 dose-dependently activated p53 and its target genes and induced apoptosis in cells based on the Western blot, qPCR, and flow cytometry assays. In addition, the antiproliferative activities of 2 and 22 were dependent on wild type p53, while they were not toxic to HEK-293 kidney cells. Furthermore, the on-target activities of 2 were general and applicable to other cancer cell lines with wild type p53. These attributes make 2 a good candidate for future optimization to discover a potential treatment of wild-type p53 cancer.

RACGAP1 promotes lung cancer cell proliferation through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

We aimed to investigate the expression and clinic significance of Rac GTPase Activating Protein 1 (RACGAP1) in human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Online database analysis revealed a significant increase in RACGAP1 mRNA expression among 26 types of tumor tissues, including LUAD tissues. Online database and tissue microarray analyses indicated that RACGAP1 expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues. Genetic variation analysis identified four different genetic variations of RACGAPs in LUAD. Moreover, online database analysis showed that RACGAP1 upregulation was correlated with shorter survival in patients with LUAD. After silencing RACGAP1 expression in A549 cells using siRNA and assessing its protein levels via Western blotting, we found that RACGAP1 knockdown inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. Mechanistically, western blot analysis indicated that Bax expression increased, whereas Bcl-2 expression decreased. Moreover, RACGAP1 knockdown attenuated PI3K/AKT pathway activation in lung cancer cells. Taken together, our findings showed that RACGAP1 was overexpressed in LUAD tissues and played an important role in lung cancer by increasing cell growth through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study suggests recommends evaluating RACGAP1 in clinical settings as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.

Dapagliflozin ameliorates myocardial infarction injury through AMPKα-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis

Dapagliflozin (DAPA) has been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization rates in diabetic patients. However, the mechanism underlying its cardio-protective effect in non-diabetic patients remains unclear. Our study aimed to explore the cardio-protective impact of DAPA on myocardial infarction in non-diabetic mice. We induced myocardial infarction in C57BL/6 mice by ligating the descending branch of the left coronary artery. After surgery, the animals were randomly treated with either saline or DAPA. We employed echocardiography, Western blot analysis, and tissue staining to assess post-infarction myocardial injury. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of action through cell experiments. Compared to the myocardial infarction group, DAPA treatment significantly attenuated ventricular remodeling and improved cardiac function. By mitigating myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis, DAPA may activate the AMPKα signaling pathway, thereby exerting a protective effect. These findings suggest that DAPA could serve as a novel therapeutic approach for patients with cardiac infarction.

Necroptosis contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathoetiology with promising diagnostic and therapeutic functions

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease. However, the disease is underappreciated as a remarkable chronic disorder as there are rare managing strategies. Several studies have focused on determining NAFLD-caused hepatocyte death to elucidate the disease pathoetiology and suggest functional therapeutic and diagnostic options. Pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis are the main subtypes of non-apoptotic regulated cell deaths (RCDs), each of which represents particular characteristics. Considering the complexity of the findings, the present study aimed to review these types of RCDs and their contribution to NAFLD progression, and subsequently discuss in detail the role of necroptosis in the pathoetiology, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. The study revealed that necroptosis is involved in the occurrence of NAFLD and its progression towards steatohepatitis and cancer, hence it has potential in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular changes of acute pancreatitis in experimental models

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) encompasses a spectrum of pancreatic inflammatory conditions, ranging from mild inflammation to severe pancreatic necrosis and multisystem organ failure. Given the challenges associated with obtaining human pancreatic samples, research on AP predominantly relies on animal models. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying AP using various AP models.

AIM

To investigate the shared molecular changes underlying the development of AP across varying severity levels.

METHODS

AP was induced in animal models through treatment with caerulein alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, using Ptf1α to drive the specific expression of the hM3 promoter in pancreatic acinar cells transgenic C57BL/6J- hM3/Ptf1α^(cre) mice were administered Clozapine N-oxide to induce AP. Subsequently, we conducted RNA sequencing of pancreatic tissues and validated the expression of significantly different genes using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.

RESULTS

Caerulein-induced AP showed severe inflammation and edema, which were exacerbated when combined with LPS and accompanied by partial pancreatic tissue necrosis. Compared with the control group, RNA sequencing analysis revealed 880 significantly differentially expressed genes in the caerulein model and 885 in the caerulein combined with the LPS model. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated substantial enrichment of the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway, alongside elevated levels of apoptosis-related pathways, such as apoptosis, P53 pathway, and phagosome pathway. The significantly elevated genes in the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways, as well as in the apoptosis pathway, were validated through quantitative real-time PCR experiments in animal models. Validation from the GEO database revealed that only MYD88 concurred in both mouse pancreatic tissue and human AP peripheral blood, while TLR1, TLR7, RIPK3, and OAS2 genes exhibited marked elevation in human AP. The genes TUBA1A and GADD45A played significant roles in apoptosis within human AP. The transgenic mouse model hM3/Ptf1α^(cre) successfully validated significant differential genes in the TLR and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways as well as the apoptosis pathway, indicating that these pathways represent shared pathological processes in AP across different models.

CONCLUSION

The TLR and NOD receptor signaling pathways play crucial roles in the inflammatory progression of AP, notably the MYD88 gene. Apoptosis holds a central position in the necrotic processes of AP, with TUBA1A and GADD45A genes exhibiting prominence in human AP.

TXNIP knockdown protects rats against bupivacaine-induced spinal neurotoxicity via the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis

Bupivacaine (BUP) is an anesthetic commonly used in clinical practice that when used for spinal anesthesia, might exert neurotoxic effects. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a member of the α-arrestin protein superfamily that binds covalently to thioredoxin (TRX) to inhibit its function, leading to increased oxidative stress and activation of apoptosis. The role of TXNIP in BUP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. In this context, the present study aimed to explore the effects of TXNIP knockdown on BUP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spinal cord of rats and in PC12 cells through the transfection of adeno-associated virus-TXNIP short hairpin RNA (AAV-TXNIP shRNA) and siRNA-TXNIP, respectively. In vivo, a rat model of spinal neurotoxicity was established by intrathecally injecting rats with BUP. The BUP + TXNIP shRNA and the BUP + Control shRNA groups of rats were injected with an AAV carrying the TXNIP shRNA and the Control shRNA, respectively, into the subarachnoid space four weeks prior to BUP treatment. The Basso, Beattie & Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating score, % MPE of TFL, H&E staining, and Nissl staining analyses were conducted. In vitro, 0.8 mM BUP was determined by CCK-8 assay to establish a cytotoxicity model in PC12 cells. Transfection with siRNA-TXNIP was carried out to suppress TXNIP expression prior to exposing PC12 cells to BUP. The results revealed that BUP effectively induced neurological behavioral dysfunction and neuronal damage and death in the spinal cord of the rats. Similarly, BUP triggered cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PC12 cells. In addition, treated with BUP both in vitro and in vivo exhibited upregulated TXNIP expression and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Interestingly, TXNIP knockdown in the spinal cord of rats through transfection of AAV-TXNIP shRNA exerted a protective effect against BUP-induced spinal neurotoxicity by ameliorating behavioral and histological outcomes and promoting the survival of spinal cord neurons. Similarly, transfection with siRNA-TXNIP mitigated BUP-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. In addition, TXNIP knockdown mitigated the upregulation of ROS, MDA, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 and restored the downregulation of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPX4, and Bcl2 induced upon BUP exposure. These findings suggested that TXNIP knockdown protected against BUP-induced spinal neurotoxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis. In summary, TXNIP could be a central signaling hub that positively regulates oxidative stress and apoptosis during neuronal damage, which renders TXNIP a promising target for treatment strategies against BUP-induced spinal neurotoxicity.

Acute lung injury: a view from the perspective of necroptosis

BACKGROUND

ALI/ARDS is a syndrome of acute onset characterized by progressive hypoxemia and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema as the primary clinical manifestations. Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell necrosis that is precisely regulated by molecular signals. This process is characterized by organelle swelling and membrane rupture, is highly immunogenic, involves extensive crosstalk with various cellular stress mechanisms, and is significantly implicated in the onset and progression of ALI/ARDS.

METHODS

The current body of literature on necroptosis and ALI/ARDS was thoroughly reviewed. Initially, an overview of the molecular mechanism of necroptosis was provided, followed by an examination of its interactions with apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, PANOptosis, and NETosis. Subsequently, the involvement of necroptosis in various stages of ALI/ARDS progression was delineated. Lastly, drugs targeting necroptosis, biomarkers, and current obstacles were presented.

CONCLUSION

Necroptosis plays an important role in the progression of ALI/ARDS. However, since ALI/ARDS is a clinical syndrome caused by a variety of mechanisms, we emphasize that while focusing on necroptosis, it may be more beneficial to treat ALI/ARDS by collaborating with other mechanisms.

BmNPV p35 regulates apoptosis in Bombyx mori via a novel target of interaction with the BmVDAC2-BmRACK1 complex

Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) is an important channel protein that plays a crucial role in the host response to viral infection. The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is also a key host factor involved in viral replication. Our previous research revealed that Bombyx mori VDAC2 (BmVDAC2) and B. mori RACK1 (BmRACK1) may interact with Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), though the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the interaction between BmVDAC2 and BmRACK1 in the mitochondria was determined by various methods. We found that BmNPV p35 interacts directly with BmVDAC2 rather than BmRACK1. BmNPV infection significantly reduced the expression of BmVDAC2, and activated the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Overexpression of BmVDAC2 in BmN cells inhibited BmNPV-induced cytochrome c (cyto c) release, decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as apoptosis. Additionally, the inhibition of cyto c release by BmVDAC2 requires the involvement of BmRACK1 and protein kinase C. Interestingly, overexpression of p35 inhibited cyto c release during mitochondrial apoptosis in a RACK1 and VDAC2-dependent manner. Even the mutant p35, which loses Caspase inhibitory activity, could still bind to VDAC2 and inhibit cyto c release. In summary, our results indicated that BmNPV p35 interacts with the VDAC2-RACK1 complex to regulate apoptosis by inhibiting cyto c release. These findings confirm the interaction between BmVDAC2 and BmRACK1, the interaction between p35 and the VDAC2-RACK1 complex, and a novel target that BmNPV p35 regulates apoptosis in Bombyx mori via interaction with the BmVDAC2-BmRACK1 complex. The result provide an initial exploration of the function of this interaction in the BmNPV-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.