201
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Abstract
Crossing the Gram-negative bacterial membrane poses a major barrier to antibiotic development, as many small molecules that can biochemically inhibit key bacterial processes are rendered microbiologically ineffective by their poor cellular uptake. The outer membrane is the major permeability barrier for many drug-like molecules, and the chemical properties that enable efficient uptake into mammalian cells fail to predict bacterial uptake. We have developed a computational method for accurate prospective prediction of outer membrane uptake of drug-like molecules, which we combine with a new medium-throughput experimental assay of outer membrane vesicle swelling. Parallel molecular dynamics simulations of compound uptake through Escherichia coli (E. coli) OmpF are used to successfully and quantitatively predict experimental permeabilities measured via either outer membrane swelling or prior liposome-swelling measurements. These simulations are analyzed using an inhomogeneous solubility-diffusion model to yield predictions of permeability. For most polar molecules we test, outer membrane permeability also correlates well with whole-cell uptake. The ability to accurately predict and measure outer membrane uptake of a wide variety of small molecules will enable simpler determination of which molecular scaffolds and which derivatives are most promising prior to extensive chemical synthesis. It will also assist in formulating a more systematic understanding of the chemical determinants of outer membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J. Ferreira
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter M. Kasson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Box 800886, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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202
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Trzewikoswki de Lima G, Portilho AI, De Gaspari E. Cross-reactivity with Brazilian strains of Neisseria meningitidis B after immunization with outer membrane vesicles. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135519894825. [PMID: 31853514 PMCID: PMC6909266 DOI: 10.1177/2515135519894825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization against Neisseria meningitidis is important for public health. Vaccines composed of cross-reactivity antigens avoid strain-specific responses, ensuring more comprehensive protection. Methods The cross-reactivity between three strains from the last outbreak of N. meningitidis in Brazil was assessed in our studies, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting assays. Results Both assays verifed a similar humoral response between the strains evaluated. Patterns of antigen recognition differed with each dose evaluated. Conclusions We observed that immunization with N. meningitidis B outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) led to the production of antibodies that recognized antigens of heterologous strains, indicating possible protection against these evaluated strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11° andar, sala 1116, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP 01246-902, Brasil
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203
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Belibasakis GN, Maula T, Bao K, Lindholm M, Bostanci N, Oscarsson J, Ihalin R, Johansson A. Virulence and Pathogenicity Properties of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Pathogens 2019; 8:E222. [PMID: 31698835 PMCID: PMC6963787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a periodontal pathogen colonizing the oral cavity of a large proportion of the human population. It is equipped with several potent virulence factors that can cause cell death and induce or evade inflammation. Because of the large genetic diversity within the species, both harmless and highly virulent genotypes of the bacterium have emerged. The oral condition and age, as well as the geographic origin of the individual, influence the risk to be colonized by a virulent genotype of the bacterium. In the present review, the virulence and pathogenicity properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Terhi Maula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (T.M.); (R.I.)
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Mark Lindholm
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Riikka Ihalin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (T.M.); (R.I.)
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
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204
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Bagheri Nejad R, Yahyaraeyat R, Es-Haghi A, Nayeri Fasaei B, Zahraei Salehi T. Induction of specific cell-mediated immune responses and protection in BALB/c mice by vaccination with outer membrane vesicles from a Brucella melitensis human isolate. APMIS 2019; 127:797-804. [PMID: 31514254 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a worldwide bacterial zoonosis caused by Brucella spp. No approved vaccine is available for human use against the disease. In this study, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from a Brucella melitensis biovar 1 human isolate obtained in Iran were used to immunize BALB/c mice (n = 12) by 2 intramuscular injections with a 2-week interval. Another group of 12 mice was used as non-vaccinated controls. Two weeks after the last vaccination, six mice of each group were sacrificed, and proliferation and interferon gamma (IFNγ) production responses of their splenocytes were evaluated following in vitro stimulation with killed Brucella cells. The other mice were challenged with the virulent B. melitensis isolate. Two weeks later, mice were killed and spleens were cultured to determine the number of the challenge strain. The results showed proliferative response and IFNγ production of splenocytes from vaccinated mice (stimulation index: 2.18 ± 0.57, and 1519.35 ± 10.70 pg/mL, respectively) were significantly higher than those of control mice (stimulation index: 1.02 ± 0.02, and 210.01 ± 17.58 pg/mL, respectively). Numbers of the challenge strain in spleens of vaccinated mice were also significantly less than those in the controls with 1.6 units of protection. Our study revealed vaccination with OMVs of the B. melitensis isolate could induce specific immune responses and protection against infection in the mouse model suggesting their potential application for active immunization against brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Bagheri Nejad
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacterial Vaccines, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ramak Yahyaraeyat
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Es-Haghi
- Department of Physicochemistry, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahar Nayeri Fasaei
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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205
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Pastor Y, Larrañeta E, Erhard Á, Quincooces G, Peñuelas I, Irache JM, Donnelly R, Gamazo C. Dissolving Microneedles for Intradermal Vaccination against Shigellosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E159. [PMID: 31653077 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal (ID) immunization is of increasing interest due to the easy accessibility and excellent immunogenic properties of the skin. Among ID immunization methods, dissolving microneedles (MNs) have appeared as an alternative to traditional hypodermic immunization, offering many advantages, such as being an easily administered method, with no need for health personnel, painless, and avoiding the use of needles and sharp wastage. In this study, an affordable and easy-to-produce MNs method was developed based on aqueous blends of 30% w/w poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride). As an antigen model, a subunit vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicles from Shigella flexneri was used. Both unloaded and antigen-loaded MNs were synthetized and characterized. The MNs were successfully validated in an in vitro Parafilm M® skin model and in a pig skin ex vivo model. Biodistribution studies were performed in BALB/c mice using 99mTcO4− radiolabeled samples. Results indicated that the vesicle vaccine was successfully released from the MNs and targeted gastrointestinal tract after 6 h post-administration. In vivo immunization and protection studies were performed in BALB/c mice. Mice were intradermally immunized through ear skin with one single dose of 200 μg antigenic complex, eliciting the production of specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA. Moreover, MNs were able to protect mice from an experimental infection with 1×106 CFU/mouse of S. flexneri four weeks after immunization. This work demonstrates for the first time the potential of outer membrane vesicle-loaded dissolving MNs for ID vaccination against enteropathogens like Shigella.
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206
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Lynch JB, Schwartzman JA, Bennett BD, McAnulty SJ, Knop M, Nyholm SV, Ruby EG. Ambient pH Alters the Protein Content of Outer Membrane Vesicles, Driving Host Development in a Beneficial Symbiosis. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00319-19. [PMID: 31331976 PMCID: PMC6755730 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00319-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are continuously produced by Gram-negative bacteria and are increasingly recognized as ubiquitous mediators of bacterial physiology. In particular, OMVs are powerful effectors in interorganismal interactions, driven largely by their molecular contents. These impacts have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogenesis but have not been well documented within the context of mutualism. Here, we examined the proteomic composition of OMVs from the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which forms a specific mutualism with the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes We found that V. fischeri upregulates transcription of its major outer membrane protein, OmpU, during growth at an acidic pH, which V. fischeri experiences when it transitions from its environmental reservoir to host tissues. We used comparative genomics and DNA pulldown analyses to search for regulators of ompU and found that differential expression of ompU is governed by the OmpR, H-NS, and ToxR proteins. This transcriptional control combines with nutritional conditions to govern OmpU levels in OMVs. Under a host-encountered acidic pH, V. fischeri OMVs become more potent stimulators of symbiotic host development in an OmpU-dependent manner. Finally, we found that symbiotic development could be stimulated by OMVs containing a homolog of OmpU from the pathogenic species Vibrio cholerae, connecting the role of a well-described virulence factor with a mutualistic element. This work explores the symbiotic effects of OMV variation, identifies regulatory machinery shared between pathogenic and mutualistic bacteria, and provides evidence of the role that OMVs play in animal-bacterium mutualism.IMPORTANCE Beneficial bacteria communicate with their hosts through a variety of means. These communications are often carried out by a combination of molecules that stimulate responses from the host and are necessary for development of the relationship between these organisms. Naturally produced bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain many of those molecules and can stimulate a wide range of responses from recipient organisms. Here, we describe how a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, changes the makeup of its OMVs under conditions that it experiences as it goes from its free-living lifestyle to associating with its natural host, the Hawaiian bobtail squid. This work improves our understanding of how bacteria change their signaling profile as they begin to associate with their beneficial partner animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lynch
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Julia A Schwartzman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brittany D Bennett
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sarah J McAnulty
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mirjam Knop
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Spencer V Nyholm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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207
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Klimentova J, Pavkova I, Horcickova L, Bavlovic J, Kofronova O, Benada O, Stulik J. Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica Releases Differentially Loaded Outer Membrane Vesicles Under Various Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2304. [PMID: 31649645 PMCID: PMC6795709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium, causing a severe disease called tularemia. It secretes unusually shaped nanotubular outer membrane vesicles (OMV) loaded with a number of virulence factors and immunoreactive proteins. In the present study, the vesicles were purified from a clinical isolate of subsp. holarctica strain FSC200. We here provide a comprehensive proteomic characterization of OMV using a novel approach in which a comparison of OMV and membrane fraction is performed in order to find proteins selectively enriched in OMV vs. membrane. Only these proteins were further considered to be really involved in the OMV function and/or their exceptional structure. OMV were also isolated from bacteria cultured under various cultivation conditions simulating the diverse environments of F. tularensis life cycle. These included conditions mimicking the milieu inside the mammalian host during inflammation: oxidative stress, low pH, and high temperature (42°C); and in contrast, low temperature (25°C). We observed several-fold increase in vesiculation rate and significant protein cargo changes for high temperature and low pH. Further proteomic characterization of stress-derived OMV gave us an insight how the bacterium responds to the hostile environment of a mammalian host through the release of differentially loaded OMV. Among the proteins preferentially and selectively packed into OMV during stressful cultivations, the previously described virulence factors connected to the unique intracellular trafficking of Francisella were detected. Considerable changes were also observed in a number of proteins involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of the bacterial envelope components like O-antigen, lipid A, phospholipids, and fatty acids. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Klimentova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Lenka Horcickova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jan Bavlovic
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Olga Kofronova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Jiri Stulik
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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208
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Marjuki H, Topaz N, Joseph SJ, Gernert KM, Kersh EN, Wang X; Antimicrobial-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Working Group. Genetic Similarity of Gonococcal Homologs to Meningococcal Outer Membrane Proteins of Serogroup B Vaccine. mBio 2019; 10:e01668-19. [PMID: 31506309 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01668-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis share high genome identity. Retrospective analysis of surveillance data from New Zealand indicates the potential cross-protective effect of outer membrane vesicle (OMV) meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (MeNZB) against N. gonorrhoeae A licensed OMV-based MenB vaccine, MenB-4C, consists of a recombinant FHbp, NhbA, NadA, and the MeNZB OMV. Previous work has identified several abundantly expressed outer membrane proteins (OMPs) as major components of the MenB-4C OMV with high sequence similarity between N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, suggesting a mechanism for cross-protection. To build off these findings, we performed comparative genomic analysis on 970 recent N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected through a U.S surveillance system against N. meningitidis serogroup B (NmB) reference sequences. We identified 1,525 proteins that were common to both Neisseria species, of which 57 proteins were predicted to be OMPs using in silico methods. Among the MenB-4C antigens, NhbA showed moderate sequence identity (73%) to the respective gonococcal homolog, was highly conserved within N. gonorrhoeae, and was predicted to be surface expressed. In contrast, the gonococcal FHbp was predicted not to be surface expressed, while NadA was absent in all N. gonorrhoeae isolates. Our work confirmed recent observations (E. A. Semchenko, A. Tan, R. Borrow, and K. L. Seib, Clin Infect Dis, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1061) and describes homologous OMPs from a large panel of epidemiologically relevant N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States against NmB reference strains. Based on our results, we report a set of OMPs that may contribute to the previously observed cross-protection and provide potential antigen targets to guide the next steps in gonorrhea vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease, causes substantial global morbidity and economic burden. New prevention and control measures for this disease are urgently needed, as strains resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics available for treatment have emerged. Previous reports demonstrate that cross-protection from gonococcal infections may be conferred by meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based vaccines. Among 1,525 common proteins shared across the genomes of both N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, 57 proteins were predicted to be surface expressed (outer membrane proteins [OMPs]) and thus preferred targets for vaccine development. The majority of these OMPs showed high sequence identity between the 2 bacterial species. Our results provide valuable insight into the meningococcal antigens present in the current OMV-containing MenB-4C vaccine that may contribute to cross-protection against gonorrhea and may inform next steps in gonorrhea vaccine development.
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209
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Zhang Y, Fang Z, Li R, Huang X, Liu Q. Design of Outer Membrane Vesicles as Cancer Vaccines: A New Toolkit for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091314. [PMID: 31500086 PMCID: PMC6769604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been extensively studied in recent years and have contributed to exceptional achievements in cancer treatment. They are some of the most newly developed vaccines, although only two are currently approved for use, Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC). Despite the approval of these two vaccines, most vaccines have been terminated at the clinical trial stage, which indicates that although they are effective in theory, concerns still exist, including low antigenicity of targeting antigens and tumor heterogeneity. In recent years, with new understanding of the biological function and vaccine potential of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), their potential application in cancer vaccine design deserves our attention. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms, advantages, and prospects of OMVs as antigen-carrier vaccines in cancer vaccine development. We believe that OMV-based vaccines present a safe and effective cancer therapeutic option with broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zheyan Fang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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210
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Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decades, glycoconjugate vaccines have been proven to be a successful strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Many diseases remain to be controlled, especially in developing countries, and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an alarming public-health threat. The increasing complexity of future vaccines, and the need to accelerate development processes have triggered the development of faster approaches to glycoconjugate vaccines design. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of recent progress in glycoconjugation technologies toward faster vaccine design. Expert opinion: Among the different emerging approaches, glycoengineering has the potential to combine glycan assembly and conjugation to carrier systems (such as proteins or outer membrane vesicles) in one step, resulting in a simplified manufacturing process and fewer analytical controls. Chemical and enzymatic strategies, and their automation can facilitate glycoepitope identification for vaccine design. Other approaches, such as the liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides, potentially enable fast and easy combination of numerous antigens in the same formulation. Additional progress is envisaged in the near future, and some of these systems still need to be further validated in humans. In parallel, new strategies are needed to accelerate the vaccine development process, including the associated clinical trials, up to vaccine release onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Renzo Alfini
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
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211
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Coelho C, Casadevall A. Answers to naysayers regarding microbial extracellular vesicles. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1005-1012. [PMID: 31320501 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now over 30 years since the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in Gram-negative bacteria. However, for cell-walled microbes such as fungi, mycobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria it was thought that EV release would be impossible, since such structures were not believed to cross the thick cell wall. This notion was disproven 10 years ago with the discovery of EVs in fungi, mycobacteria, and gram-positive bacteria. Today, EVs have been described in practically every species tested, ranging from Fungi through Bacteria and Archaea, suggesting that EVs are a feature of every living cell. However, there continues to be skepticism in some quarters regarding EV release and their biological significance. In this review, we list doubts that have been verbalized to us and provide answers to counter them. In our opinion, there is no doubt as to existence and physiological function of EVs and we take this opportunity to highlight the most pressing topics in our understanding of the biological processes underlying these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
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212
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Gonçalves VM, Kaneko K, Solórzano C, MacLoughlin R, Saleem I, Miyaji EN. Progress in mucosal immunization for protection against pneumococcal pneumonia. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:781-792. [PMID: 31305196 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1643719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth cause of death worldwide and pneumococcus is the leading cause of pneumonia. Nonetheless, existing pneumococcal vaccines are less effective against pneumonia than invasive diseases and serotype replacement is a major concern. Protein antigens could induce serotype-independent protection, and mucosal immunization could offer local and systemic immune responses and induce protection against pneumococcal colonization and lung infection. Areas covered: Immunity induced in the experimental human pneumococcal carriage model, approaches to address the physiological barriers to mucosal immunization and improve delivery of the vaccine antigens, different strategies already tested for pneumococcal mucosal vaccination, including live recombinant bacteria, nanoparticles, bacterium-like particles, and nanogels as well as, nasal, pulmonary, sublingual and oral routes of vaccination. Expert opinion: The most promising delivery systems are based on nanoparticles, bacterial-like particles or nanogels, which possess greater immunogenicity than the antigen alone and are considered safer than approaches based on living cells or toxoids. These particles can protect the antigen from degradation, eliminating the refrigeration need during storage and allowing the manufacture of dry powder formulations. They can also increase antigen uptake, control release of antigen and trigger innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kan Kaneko
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- c Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- d Science Department and Clinical Department, Aerogen Ltd., IDA Business Park , Galway , Ireland
| | - Imran Saleem
- b School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University James Parsons Building , Liverpool , UK
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213
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Oscarsson J, Claesson R, Lindholm M, Höglund Åberg C, Johansson A. Tools of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to Evade the Host Response. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1079. [PMID: 31336649 PMCID: PMC6678183 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease that affects the tooth supporting tissues, i.e., bone and connective tissues. The initiation and progression of this disease depend on dysbiotic ecological changes in the oral microbiome, thereby affecting the severity of disease through multiple immune-inflammatory responses. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium associated with such cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In the present review, we outline virulence mechanisms that help the bacterium to escape the host response. These properties include invasiveness, secretion of exotoxins, serum resistance, and release of outer membrane vesicles. Virulence properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans that can contribute to treatment resistance in the infected individuals and upon translocation to the circulation, also induce pathogenic mechanisms associated with several systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oscarsson
- Department of Odontology, Oral Microbiology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Department of Odontology, Oral Microbiology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mark Lindholm
- Department of Odontology, Oral Microbiology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carola Höglund Åberg
- Department of Odontology, Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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214
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Carvalho AL, Fonseca S, Miquel-Clopés A, Cross K, Kok KS, Wegmann U, Gil-Cordoso K, Bentley EG, Al Katy SH, Coombes JL, Kipar A, Stentz R, Stewart JP, Carding SR. Bioengineering commensal bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles for delivery of biologics to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1632100. [PMID: 31275534 PMCID: PMC6598475 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1632100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria naturally produce and secrete nanosized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In the human gastrointestinal tract, OMVs produced by commensal Gram-negative bacteria can mediate interactions amongst host cells (including between epithelial cells and immune cells) and maintain microbial homeostasis. This OMV-mediated pathway for host-microbe interactions could be exploited to deliver biologically active proteins to the body. To test this we engineered the Gram-negative bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a prominent member of the intestinal microbiota of all animals, to incorporate bacteria-, virus- and human-derived proteins into its OMVs. We then used the engineered Bt OMVs to deliver these proteins to the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI)-tract to protect against infection, tissue inflammation and injury. Our findings demonstrate the ability to express and package both Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium-derived vaccine antigens and influenza A virus (IAV)-derived vaccine antigens within or on the outer membrane of Bt OMVs. These antigens were in a form capable of eliciting antigen-specific immune and antibody responses in both mucosal tissues and systemically. Furthermore, immunisation with OMVs containing the core stalk region of the IAV H5 hemagglutinin from an H5N1 strain induced heterotypic protection in mice to a 10-fold lethal dose of an unrelated subtype (H1N1) of IAV. We also showed that OMVs could express the human therapeutic protein, keratinocyte growth factor-2 (KGF-2), in a stable form that, when delivered orally, reduced disease severity and promoted intestinal epithelial repair and recovery in animals administered colitis-inducing dextran sodium sulfate. Collectively, our data demonstrates the utility and effectiveness of using Bt OMVs as a mucosal biologics and drug delivery platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Carvalho
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Sonia Fonseca
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Ariadna Miquel-Clopés
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Cross
- Core Science Resources, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Khoon-S. Kok
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Udo Wegmann
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Katherine Gil-Cordoso
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | - Janine L. Coombes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Instiute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regis Stentz
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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215
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Beernink PT, Vianzon V, Lewis LA, Moe GR, Granoff DM. A Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine with Overexpressed Mutant FHbp Elicits Higher Protective Antibody Responses in Infant Rhesus Macaques than a Licensed Serogroup B Vaccine. mBio 2019; 10:e01231-19. [PMID: 31213564 PMCID: PMC6581866 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01231-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MenB-4C (Bexsero; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) is a licensed meningococcal vaccine for capsular B strains. The vaccine contains detergent-extracted outer membrane vesicles (dOMV) and three recombinant proteins, of which one is factor H binding protein (FHbp). In previous studies, overexpression of FHbp in native OMV (NOMV) with genetically attenuated endotoxin (LpxL1) and/or by the use of mutant FHbp antigens with low factor H (FH) binding increased serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) responses. In this study, we immunized 13 infant macaques with 2 doses of NOMV with overexpressed mutant (R41S) FHbp with low binding to macaque FH (NOMV-FHbp). Control macaques received MenB-4C (n = 13) or aluminum hydroxide adjuvant alone (n = 4). NOMV-FHbp elicited a 2-fold higher IgG anti-FHbp geometric mean titer (GMT) than MenB-4C (P = 0.003), and the anti-FHbp repertoire inhibited binding of FH to FHbp, whereas anti-FHbp antibodies to MenB-4C enhanced FH binding. MenB-4C elicited a 10-fold higher GMT against strain NZ98/254, which was used to prepare the dOMV component, whereas NOMV-FHbp elicited an 8-fold higher GMT against strain H44/76, which was the parent of the mutant NOMV-FHbp vaccine strain. Against four strains with PorA mismatched to both of the vaccines and different FHbp sequence variants, NOMV-FHbp elicited 6- to 14-fold higher SBA GMTs than MenB-4C (P ≤ 0.0002). Two of 13 macaques immunized with MenB-4C but 0 of 17 macaques immunized with NOMV-FHbp or adjuvant developed serum anti-FH autoantibodies (P = 0.18). Thus, the mutant NOMV-FHbp approach has the potential to elicit higher and broader SBA responses than a licensed group B vaccine that contains wild-type FHbp that binds FH. The mutant NOMV-FHbp also might pose less of a risk of eliciting anti-FH autoantibodies.IMPORTANCE There are two licensed meningococcal capsular B vaccines. Both contain recombinant factor H binding protein (FHbp), which can bind to host complement factor H (FH). The limitations of these vaccines include a lack of protection against some meningococcal strains and the potential to elicit autoantibodies to FH. We immunized infant macaques with a native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccine with genetically attenuated endotoxin and overproduced mutant FHbp with low binding to FH. The NOMV-FHbp vaccine stimulated higher levels of protective serum antibodies than a licensed meningococcal group B vaccine against five of six genetically diverse meningococcal strains tested. Two of 13 macaques immunized with the licensed vaccine, which contains FHbp that binds macaque FH, but 0 of 17 macaques given NOMV-FHbp or the negative control developed serum anti-FH autoantibodies Thus, in a relevant nonhuman primate model, the NOMV-FHbp vaccine elicited greater protective antibodies than the licensed vaccine and may pose less of a risk of anti-FH autoantibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Beernink
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vianca Vianzon
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lisa A Lewis
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory R Moe
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dan M Granoff
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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216
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Huang W, Zhang Q, Li W, Chen Y, Shu C, Li Q, Zhou J, Ye C, Bai H, Sun W, Yang X, Ma Y. Anti-outer Membrane Vesicle Antibodies Increase Antibiotic Sensitivity of Pan-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1379. [PMID: 31275290 PMCID: PMC6591364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii often causes serious nosocomial infections. Because of its serious drug resistance problems, complex drug resistance mechanism, and rapid adaptation to antibiotics, it often shows pan-drug resistance and high fatality rates, which represent great challenges for clinical treatment. Therefore, identifying new ways to overcome antibiotic resistance is particularly important. In this study, mice immunized with A. baumannii outer membrane vesicles (AbOMVs) produced high IgG levels for a long time, and this antiserum significantly increased the small molecule intracellular aggregation rate and concentrations. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the combined used of anti-AbOMV serum and quinolone antibiotics significantly increased the sensitivity of the bacteria to these antibiotics. Mouse sepsis model experiments demonstrated that delivery of these antibodies using both active and passive immunization strategies significantly improved the susceptibility to quinolone antibiotics, improved the survival rate of mice infected with A. baumannii, and reduced the bacterial load in the organs. In a pneumonia model, the combination of serum anti-AbOMVs and levofloxacin improved levofloxacin sensitivity, which significantly reduced the bacterial loads in the lung and spleen compared with those of the antibiotic or antibody alone. This combination also significantly reduced lung inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine aggregation. In this study, the main protein targets that bound to these antibodies were identified. Structural modeling showed that seven of the proteins were porins. Therefore, we speculated that the anti-AbOMV antibodies mainly improved the intracellular aggregation of antibiotics by affecting porins, thus improving susceptibility to quinolone antibiotics. This study provides a method to improve susceptibility to existing antibiotics and a novel idea for the prevention and treatment of pan-drug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Qishu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Congyan Shu
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingrong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jingxian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Hongmei Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Wenjia Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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217
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Fayolle D, Berthet N, Doumeche B, Renaudet O, Strazewski P, Fiore M. Towards the preparation of synthetic outer membrane vesicle models with micromolar affinity to wheat germ agglutinin using a dialkyl thioglycoside. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:937-946. [PMID: 31164930 PMCID: PMC6541351 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of alkyl thioglycosides and alkyl thiodiglycosides bearing glucose and N-acetylglucosamine residues were prepared by thiol-ene coupling in moderate to good yields (40-85%). Their binding ability towards wheat germ agglutinin was measured by competitive enzyme-linked lectin assays. One of the synthetic compounds presenting two GlcNAc units showed the highest inhibitory effect of this study with an IC50 of 11 µM corresponding to a 3182-fold improvement compared to GlcNAc. These synthetic molecules were used to produce giant vesicles, alone or in mixture with phospholipids, mimicking bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) with potential antiadhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Fayolle
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nathalie Berthet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bastien Doumeche
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Strazewski
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Michele Fiore
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 blvd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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218
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Davies C, Taylor AJ, Elmi A, Winter J, Liaw J, Grabowska AD, Gundogdu O, Wren BW, Kelly DJ, Dorrell N. Sodium Taurocholate Stimulates Campylobacter jejuni Outer Membrane Vesicle Production via Down-Regulation of the Maintenance of Lipid Asymmetry Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:177. [PMID: 31192166 PMCID: PMC6549495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain numerous virulence-associated proteins including the cytolethal distending toxin and three serine proteases. As C. jejuni lacks the classical virulence-associated secretion systems of other enteric pathogens that deliver effectors directly into target cells, OMVs may have a particularly important role in virulence. C. jejuni OMV production is stimulated by the presence of physiological concentrations of the bile salt sodium taurocholate (ST) through an unknown mechanism. The maintenance of lipid asymmetry (MLA) pathway has been implicated in a novel mechanism for OMV biogenesis, open to regulation by host signals. In this study we investigated the role of the MLA pathway in C. jejuni OMV biogenesis with ST as a potential regulator. OMV production was quantified by analyzing protein and lipid concentrations of OMV preparations and OMV particle counts produced by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Mutation of mlaA which encodes the outer membrane component of the MLA pathway significantly increased OMV production compared to the wild-type strain. Detergent sensitivity and membrane permeability assays confirmed the increased OMV production was not due to changes in membrane stability. The presence of 0.2% (w/v) ST increased wild-type OMV production and reduced OMV size, but did not further stimulate mlaA mutant OMV production or significantly alter mlaA mutant OMV size. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the presence of ST decreased expression of both mlaA and mlaC in C. jejuni wild-type strains 11168 and 488. Collectively the data in this study suggests C. jejuni can regulate OMV production in response to host gut signals through changes in expression of the MLA pathway. As the gut bile composition is dependent on both diet and the microbiota, this study highlights the potential importance of diet and lifestyle factors on the varying disease presentations associated with gut pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadi Davies
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Winter
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janie Liaw
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna D Grabowska
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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219
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Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved degradative pathway that host cells use to deal with invading pathogens. Despite significant overlap with starvation-induced autophagy, the early signaling that potentiates anti-bacterial autophagy is still unclear. Here we report AMPK, an upstream kinase regulating starvation-mediated autophagy induction, is activated in response to bacterial infection. AMPK inhibits MTORC1, an autophagy repressor, and activates autophagic ULK1 and PIK3C3/VPS34 complexes. Although AMPK-mediated inhibition of MTORC1 is not accompanied by the induction of bulk autophagy, AMPK regulation is critical for selectively targeting the bacteria for degradation. Moreover, AMPK signaling is triggered by the detection of bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles and does not require bacterial invasion. Together, these data characterize and highlight the significance of AMPK signaling in priming the autophagic response to bacterial infection. Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; ULK1: Unc-51 like kinase 1; PIK3C3/VPS34: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc T Losier
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ryan C Russell
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,b Immunity and Inflammation , University of Ottawa Center for Infection , Ottawa , Canada
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220
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Skerniškytė J, Karazijaitė E, Deschamps J, Krasauskas R, Briandet R, Sužiedėlienė E. The Mutation of Conservative Asp268 Residue in the Peptidoglycan-Associated Domain of the OmpA Protein Affects Multiple Acinetobacter baumannii Virulence Characteristics. Molecules 2019; 24:E1972. [PMID: 31121924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial human pathogen of increasing concern due to its multidrug resistance profile. The outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is an abundant bacterial cell surface component involved in A. baumannii pathogenesis. It has been shown that the C-terminal domain of OmpA is located in the periplasm and non-covalently associates with the peptidoglycan layer via two conserved amino acids, thereby anchoring OmpA to the cell wall. Here, we investigated the role of one of the respective residues, D268 in OmpA of A. baumannii clinical strain Ab169, on its virulence characteristics by complementing the ΔompA mutant with the plasmid-borne ompAD268A allele. We show that while restoring the impaired biofilm formation of the ΔompA strain, the Ab169ompAD268A mutant tended to form bacterial filaments, indicating the abnormalities in cell division. Moreover, the Ab169 OmpA D268-mediated association to peptidoglycan was required for the manifestation of twitching motility, desiccation resistance, serum-induced killing, adhesion to epithelial cells and virulence in a nematode infection model, although it was dispensable for the uptake of β-lactam antibiotics by outer membrane vesicles. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the OmpA C-terminal domain-mediated association to peptidoglycan is critical for a number of virulent properties displayed by A. baumannii outside and within the host.
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221
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Wu T, Li S, Ye L, Zhao D, Fan F, Li Q, Zhang B, Bi C, Zhang X. Engineering an Artificial Membrane Vesicle Trafficking System (AMVTS) for the Excretion of β-Carotene in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1037-1046. [PMID: 30990999 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large hydrophobic molecules, such as carotenoids, cannot be effectively excreted from cells by natural transportation systems. These products accumulate inside the cells and affect normal cellular physiological functions, which hinders further improvement of carotenoid production by microbial cell factories. In this study, we proposed to construct a novel artificial transport system utilizing membrane lipids to carry and transport hydrophobic molecules. Membrane lipids allow the physiological mechanism of membrane dispersion to be reconstructed and amplified to establish a novel artificial membrane vesicle transport system (AMVTS). Specifically, a few proteins in E. coli were reported or proposed to be related to the formation mechanism of outer membrane vesicles, and were individually knocked out or overexpressed to test their physiological functions. The effects on tolR and nlpI were the most significant. Knocking out both tolR and nlpI resulted in a 13.7% increase of secreted β-carotene with a 35.6% increase of specific production. To supplement the loss of membrane components of the cells due to the increased membrane vesicle dispersion, the synthesis pathway of phosphatidylethanolamine was engineered. While overexpression of AccABCD and PlsBC in TW-013 led to 15% and 17% increases of secreted β-carotene, respectively, the overexpression of both had a synergistic effect and caused a 53-fold increase of secreted β-carotene, from 0.2 to 10.7 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW). At the same time, the specific production of β-carotene increased from 6.9 to 21.9 mg/g DCW, a 3.2-fold increase. The AMVTS was also applied to a β-carotene hyperproducing strain, CAR025, which led to a 24-fold increase of secreted β-carotene, from 0.5 to 12.7 mg/g DCW, and a 61% increase of the specific production, from 27.7 to 44.8 mg/g DCW in shake flask fermentation. The AMVTS built in this study establishes a novel artificial transport mechanism different from natural protein-based cellular transport systems, which has great potential to be applied to various cell factories for the excretion of a wide range of hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300314, PR China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Siwei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Lijun Ye
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Feiyu Fan
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Qinyan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Bolin Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Changhao Bi
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
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222
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De Lise F, Mensitieri F, Rusciano G, Dal Piaz F, Forte G, Di Lorenzo F, Molinaro A, Zarrelli A, Romanucci V, Cafaro V, Sasso A, Filippelli A, Di Donato A, Izzo V. Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y as a novel source of outer membrane vesicles. J Microbiol 2019; 57:498-508. [PMID: 31054137 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanostructures of 20-200 nm diameter deriving from the surface of several Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs are emerging as shuttles involved in several mechanisms of communication and environmental adaptation. In this work, OMVs were isolated and characterized from Novosphingobium sp. PP1Y, a Gram-negative non-pathogenic microorganism lacking LPS on the outer membrane surface and whose genome was sequenced and annotated. Scanning electron microscopy performed on samples obtained from a culture in minimal medium highlighted the presence of PP1Y cells embedded in an extracellular matrix rich in vesicular structures. OMVs were collected from the exhausted growth medium during the mid-exponential phase, and purified by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that purified PP1Y OMVs had a spherical morphology with a diameter of ca. 150 nm and were homogenous in size and shape. Moreover, proteomic and fatty acid analysis of purified OMVs revealed a specific biochemical "fingerprint", suggesting interesting details concerning their biogenesis and physiological role. Moreover, these extracellular nanostructures do not appear to be cytotoxic on HaCaT cell line, thus paving the way to their future use as novel drug delivery systems.
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223
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Zurita ME, Wilk MM, Carriquiriborde F, Bartel E, Moreno G, Misiak A, Mills KHG, Hozbor D. A Pertussis Outer Membrane Vesicle-Based Vaccine Induces Lung-Resident Memory CD4 T Cells and Protection Against Bordetella pertussis, Including Pertactin Deficient Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 31106160 PMCID: PMC6498398 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a respiratory infectious disease that has been resurged during the last decades. The change from the traditional multi-antigen whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines to acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines that consist of a few antigens formulated with alum, appears to be a key factor in the resurgence of pertussis in many countries. Though current aP vaccines have helped to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with pertussis, they do not provide durable immunity or adequate protection against the disease caused by the current circulating strains of Bordetella pertussis, which have evolved in the face of the selection pressure induced by the vaccines. Based on the hypothesis that a new vaccine containing multiple antigens could overcome deficiencies in the current aP vaccines, we have designed and characterized a vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicle (OMVs). Here we show that the OMVs vaccine, but not an aP vaccine, protected mice against lung infection with a circulating pertactin (PRN)-deficient isolate. Using isogenic bacteria that in principle only differ in PRN expression, we found that deficiency in PRN appears to be largely responsible for the failure of the aP vaccine to protect against this circulating clinical isolates. Regarding the durability of induced immunity, we have already reported that the OMV vaccine is able to induce long-lasting immune responses that effectively prevent infection with B. pertussis. Consistent with this, here we found that CD4 T cells with a tissue-resident memory (TRM) cell phenotype (CD44+CD62LlowCD69+ and/or CD103+) accumulated in the lungs of mice 14 days after immunization with 2 doses of the OMVs vaccine. CD4 TRM cells, which have previously been shown to play a critical role sustained protective immunity against B. pertussis, were also detected in mice immunized with wP vaccine, but not in the animals immunized with a commercial aP vaccine. The CD4 TRM cells secreted IFN-γ and IL-17 and were significantly expanded through local proliferation following respiratory challenge of mice with B. pertussis. Our findings that the OMVs vaccine induce respiratory CD4 TRM cells may explain the ability of this vaccine to induce long-term protection and is therefore an ideal candidate for a third generation vaccine against B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Zurita
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mieszko M Wilk
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco Carriquiriborde
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Erika Bartel
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Griselda Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicja Misiak
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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224
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Carvalho AL, Miquel-Clopés A, Wegmann U, Jones E, Stentz R, Telatin A, Walker NJ, Butcher WA, Brown PJ, Holmes S, Dennis MJ, Williamson ED, Funnell SGP, Stock M, Carding SR. Use of bioengineered human commensal gut bacteria-derived microvesicles for mucosal plague vaccine delivery and immunization. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:287-304. [PMID: 30985006 PMCID: PMC6514708 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague caused by the Gram‐negative bacterium, Yersinia pestis, is still endemic in parts of the world today. Protection against pneumonic plague is essential to prevent the development and spread of epidemics. Despite this, there are currently no licensed plague vaccines in the western world. Here we describe the means of delivering biologically active plague vaccine antigens directly to mucosal sites of plague infection using highly stable microvesicles (outer membrane vesicles; OMVs) that are naturally produced by the abundant and harmless human commensal gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt). Bt was engineered to express major plague protective antigens in its OMVs, specifically Fraction 1 (F1) in the outer membrane and LcrV (V antigen) in the lumen, for targeted delivery to the gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory tracts in a non‐human primate (NHP) host. Our key findings were that Bt OMVs stably expresses F1 and V plague antigens, particularly the V antigen, in the correct, immunogenic form. When delivered intranasally V‐OMVs elicited substantive and specific immune and antibody responses, both in the serum [immunoglobulin (Ig)G] and in the upper and lower respiratory tract (IgA); this included the generation of serum antibodies able to kill plague bacteria. Our results also showed that Bt OMV‐based vaccines had many desirable characteristics, including: biosafety and an absence of any adverse effects, pathology or gross alteration of resident microbial communities (microbiotas); high stability and thermo‐tolerance; needle‐free delivery; intrinsic adjuvanticity; the ability to stimulate both humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses; and targeting of primary sites of plague infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Carvalho
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - A Miquel-Clopés
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - U Wegmann
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - E Jones
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - R Stentz
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - A Telatin
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - N J Walker
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - W A Butcher
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - P J Brown
- Public Health England, Porton, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Holmes
- Public Health England, Porton, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - M J Dennis
- Public Health England, Porton, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - E D Williamson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - S G P Funnell
- Public Health England, Porton, Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - M Stock
- Plant Biotechnology Ltd, Norwich, UK
| | - S R Carding
- Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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225
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Rasti ES, Brown AC. Cholera Toxin Encapsulated within Several Vibrio cholerae O1 Serotype Inaba Outer Membrane Vesicles Lacks a Functional B-Subunit. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E207. [PMID: 30959895 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT), the major virulence factor of Vibrio cholerae, is an AB5 toxin secreted through the type II secretion system (T2SS). Upon secretion, the toxin initiates endocytosis through the interaction of the B pentamer with the GM1 ganglioside receptor on small intestinal cells. In addition to the release of CT in the free form, the bacteria secrete CT in association with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Previously, we demonstrated that strain 569B releases OMVs that encapsulate CT and which interact with host cells in a GM1-independent mechanism. Here, we have demonstrated that OMV-encapsulated CT, while biologically active, does not exist in an AB5 form; rather, the OMVs encapsulate two enzymatic A-subunit (CTA) polypeptides. We further investigated the assembly and secretion of the periplasmic CT and found that a major fraction of periplasmic CTA does not participate in the CT assembly process and instead is continuously encapsulated within the OMVs. Additionally, we found that the encapsulation of CTA fragments in OMVs is conserved among several Inaba O1 strains. We further found that under conditions in which the amount of extracellularly secreted CT increases, the concentration of OMV-encapsulated likewise CTA increases. These results point to a secondary mechanism for the secretion of biologically active CT that does not depend on the CTB-GM1 interaction for endocytosis.
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226
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Tran F, Boedicker JQ. Plasmid Characteristics Modulate the Propensity of Gene Exchange in Bacterial Vesicles. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00430-18. [PMID: 30670543 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for the exchange of many types of genetic elements, including plasmids. Properties of the exchanged genetic element are known to influence the efficiency of transfer via the mechanisms of conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Recently, an alternative general pathway of horizontal gene transfer has been identified, namely, gene exchange by extracellular vesicles. Although extracellular vesicles have been shown to facilitate the exchange of several types of plasmids, the influence of plasmid characteristics on genetic exchange within vesicles is unclear. Here, a set of different plasmids was constructed to systematically test the impact of plasmid properties, specifically, plasmid copy number, size, and origin of replication, on gene transfer in vesicles. The influence of each property on the production, packaging, and uptake of vesicles containing bacterial plasmids was quantified, revealing how plasmid properties modulate vesicle-mediated horizontal gene transfer. The loading of plasmids into vesicles correlates with the plasmid copy number and is influenced by characteristics that help set the number of plasmids within a cell, including size and origin of replication. Plasmid origin also has a separate impact on both vesicle loading and uptake, demonstrating that the origin of replication is a major determinant of the propensity of specific plasmids to transfer within extracellular vesicles.IMPORTANCE Extracellular vesicle formation and exchange are common within bacterial populations. Vesicles package multiple types of biomolecules, including genetic material. The exchange of extracellular vesicles containing genetic material facilitates interspecies DNA transfer and may be a promiscuous mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. Unlike other mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, it is unclear whether characteristics of the exchanged DNA impact the likelihood of transfer in vesicles. Here, we systematically examine the influence of plasmid copy number, size, and origin of replication on the loading of DNA into vesicles and the uptake of DNA containing vesicles by recipient cells. These results reveal how each plasmid characteristic impacts gene transfer in vesicles and contribute to a greater understanding of the importance of vesicle-mediated gene exchange in the landscape of horizontal gene transfer.
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227
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Sinha A, Nyongesa S, Viau C, Gruenheid S, Veyrier FJ, Le Moual H. PmrC (EptA) and CptA Negatively Affect Outer Membrane Vesicle Production in Citrobacter rodentium. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00454-18. [PMID: 30670547 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00454-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although OMVs secreted by Gram-negative bacteria fulfill multiple functions, the molecular mechanism of OMV biogenesis remains ill defined. Our group has previously shown that PmrC (also known as EptA) and CptA maintain OM integrity and provide resistance to iron toxicity and antibiotics in the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In several enteric bacteria, these proteins modify the lipid A and core regions of lipopolysaccharide with phosphoethanolamine moieties. Here, we show that these proteins also repress OMV production in response to environmental iron in C. rodentium. These data support the emerging understanding that lipopolysaccharide modifications are important regulators of OMV biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally produced by Gram-negative bacteria by a bulging of the outer membrane (OM) and subsequent release into the environment. By serving as vehicles for various cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids and small metabolites, OMVs are central to interbacterial interactions and both symbiotic and pathogenic host bacterial interactions. However, despite their importance, the mechanism of OMV formation remains unclear. Recent evidence indicates that covalent modifications of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) influence OMV biogenesis. Several enteric bacteria modify LPS with phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) using the iron-regulated PmrC (EptA) and CptA pEtN transferases. In wild-type Citrobacter rodentium, the presence of increasing subtoxic concentrations of iron was found to stimulate OMV production 4- to 9-fold above baseline. C. rodentium uses the two-component system PmrAB to sense and adapt to environmental iron. Compared to the wild type, the C. rodentium ΔpmrAB strain exhibited heightened OMV production at similar iron concentrations. PmrAB regulates transcription of pmrC (also known as eptA) and cptA. OMV production in strains lacking either pmrC (eptA) or cptA was similarly increased in comparison to that of the wild type. Importantly, plasmid complementation of C. rodentium strains with either pmrC (eptA) or cptA resulted in a drastic inhibition of OMV production. Finally, we showed that β-lactamase and CroP, two enzymes found in the C. rodentium periplasm and outer membrane (OM), respectively, are associated with OMVs. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which C. rodentium and possibly other Gram-negative bacteria can negatively affect OMV production through the PmrAB-regulated genes pmrC (eptA) and cptA. IMPORTANCE Although OMVs secreted by Gram-negative bacteria fulfill multiple functions, the molecular mechanism of OMV biogenesis remains ill defined. Our group has previously shown that PmrC (also known as EptA) and CptA maintain OM integrity and provide resistance to iron toxicity and antibiotics in the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In several enteric bacteria, these proteins modify the lipid A and core regions of lipopolysaccharide with phosphoethanolamine moieties. Here, we show that these proteins also repress OMV production in response to environmental iron in C. rodentium. These data support the emerging understanding that lipopolysaccharide modifications are important regulators of OMV biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria.
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228
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Yang D, Chen X, Wang J, Lou Q, Lou Y, Li L, Wang H, Chen J, Wu M, Song X, Qian Y. Dysregulated Lung Commensal Bacteria Drive Interleukin-17B Production to Promote Pulmonary Fibrosis through Their Outer Membrane Vesicles. Immunity 2019; 50:692-706.e7. [PMID: 30824326 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe form of lung fibrosis with a high mortality rate. However, the etiology of IPF remains unknown. Here, we report that alterations in lung microbiota critically promote pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis. We found that lung microbiota was dysregulated, and the dysregulated microbiota in turn induced production of interleukin-17B (IL-17B) during bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis. Either lung-microbiota depletion or IL-17B deficiency ameliorated the disease progression. IL-17B cooperated with tumor necrosis factor-α to induce expression of neutrophil-recruiting genes and T helper 17 (Th17)-cell-promoting genes. Three pulmonary commensal microbes, which belong to the genera Bacteroides and Prevotella, were identified to promote fibrotic pathogenesis through IL-17R signaling. We further defined that the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that were derived from the identified commensal microbes induced IL-17B production through Toll-like receptor-Myd88 adaptor signaling. Together our data demonstrate that specific pulmonary symbiotic commensals can promote lung fibrosis by regulating a profibrotic inflammatory cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xi Chen
- International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunwei Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China; Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiangye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xinyang Song
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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229
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Go G, Lee J, Choi D, Kim SS, Gho YS. Extracellular Vesicle-Mimetic Ghost Nanovesicles for Delivering Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to Mitigate Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801082. [PMID: 30549424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the major causes of death in hospital patients and is represented by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with infection. Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli can provoke sepsis by stimulating the immune systems. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanosized vesicular structures derived from Gram-negative bacteria, contain several pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and are demonstrated to mediate SIRS. Here, extracellular vesicle-mimetic ghost nanovesicles loaded with dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory drug, are developed using alkaline solution, sonication, and buoyant density gradient ultracentrifugation. These ghost nanovesicles have comparable physical features with naturally released extracellular vesicles but have 200-fold higher production yields than extracellular vesicles. Importantly, these ghost nanovesicles are devoid of potentially unwanted luminal cargos, including cytosolic proteins and nucleic acids. By maintaining the same topology as the parental cells, these dexamethasone-loaded ghost nanovesicles derived from human U937 monocytes reduce the release of interleukin-8 from OMV-treated endothelial cells in vitro, and mitigate the symptoms of OMV-induced SIRS in vivo. This study sheds light on using extracellular vesicle-mimetic ghost nanovesicles to deliver therapeutics to treat diseases such as bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongyun Go
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Sic Choi
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam‐ro, Nam‐gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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230
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Kawamoto S, Masutani R, Kurata K, Shima E, Iwatani Y, Takubo T. Toll-like receptor 4 promoter polymorphisms in a familial mediterranean fever patient with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:155-159. [PMID: 30656032 PMCID: PMC6333084 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A periodic fever, due to inherited inflammatory disorders, can be misdiagnosed as a common infection, when a possible pathogen is detected from a patient. TLR4 SNPs that are responsible for asymptomatic bacteriuria might disturb the pathophysiology of familial Mediterranean fever without MEFV mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kawamoto
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell TherapyKobe University HospitalHyogoJapan
| | - Ryota Masutani
- Department of Central Clinical LaboratoryOsaka Medical College HospitalOsakaJapan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health SciencesOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Keiji Kurata
- Department of Medical Oncology/HematologyKobe University HospitalHyogoJapan
| | - Etsuko Shima
- Department of General MedicineKobe Central HospitalHyogoJapan
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health SciencesOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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231
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Abstract
Our research into Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on the oral cavity and the brain, from which key evaluations of prospective and retrospective population-based data have shown that chronic periodontal disease existing for ten-years or over doubles the risk for the sporadic form of AD. Furthermore, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) mono-infections in established periodontal lesions, or introducing its lipopolysachharide (LPS), as demonstrated in in vivo studies, show hallmark pathology inclusive of extracellular amyloid plaques and phospho-tau bound neurofibrillary tangles with AD-like phenotype. Other studies have shown that if periodontitis remains untreated in human AD patients, cognitive decline ensues. This is a bi-directional relationship meaning that the converse is also true; treating periodontal disease in AD patients improves memory. Bacterial cultures and established oral biofilms generate vast numbers of microvesicles and P. gingivalis outer membrane vesicles encase key virulence factors (LPS, gingipains, capsule, fimbriae) as though they are complete destructive "microbullets" when shed in the host. This provides P. gingivalis additional arsenal to manipulate its entry into disparate organs, hijack phagocytosis, destroy tissues, and affect complement related genes while transducing the onset of proinflammatory signaling cascades. The resulting inflammatory mediators may be the cause of disease defining lesions and cognitive decline typical of clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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232
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Zavan L, Bitto NJ, Johnston EL, Greening DW, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Helicobacter pylori Growth Stage Determines the Size, Protein Composition, and Preferential Cargo Packaging of Outer Membrane Vesicles. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1800209. [PMID: 30488570 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as part of their normal growth that contain a range of cargo from their parent bacterium, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. The protein content of OMVs is suggested to be similar in composition to various sub-cellular locations of their parent bacterium. However, very little is known regarding the effect of bacterial growth stage on the size, content, and selective packaging of proteins into OMVs. In this study, the global proteome of Helicobacter pylori and their OMVs throughout bacterial growth are examined to determine if bacterial growth stage affected OMV cargo composition. Analysis of OMVs produced by H. pylori reveals that bacterial growth stage affects the size, composition, and selection of protein cargo into OMVs. Proteomic analysis identifies that the proteome of H. pylori OMVs is vastly different throughout bacterial growth and that OMVs contain a range of proteins compared to their parent bacteria. In addition, bacterial growth stage affects the ability of OMVs to induce the production of IL-8 by human epithelial cells. Therefore, the findings identify that the size, proteome, and immunogenicity of OMVs produced during various stages of bacterial growth is not comparable. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of considering the bacterial growth stage from which OMVs are isolated, as this will impact their size, protein composition, and ultimately their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zavan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ella L Johnston
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.,Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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233
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Abstract
Various gram-negative species sequester host cytokines using outer membrane proteins or surface modulation by sulfated polysaccharides. An outer membrane lipoprotein (BilRI) of the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans binds several cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-8. Because IL-8 is positively charged at physiological pH, we aimed to determine whether IL-8 interacts with negatively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Binding was investigated using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and microwell-based time-resolved fluorometric immunoassay. LPS from each tested strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans (N = 13), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N = 1) and Escherichia coli (N = 1) bound IL-8. The Kd value of the A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-IL-8 interaction varied between 1.2–17 μM irrespective of the serotype and the amount of phosphorus in LPS and was significantly lower than that of the BilRI-IL-8 interaction. Moreover, IL-8 interacted with whole A. actinomycetemcomitans cells and outer membrane vesicles. Hence, LPS might be involved in binding of IL-8 to the outer membrane of A. actinomycetemcomitans. This raises an interesting question regarding whether other gram-negative periodontal pathogens use LPS for IL-8 sequestering in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Ahlstrand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kovesjoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Maula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Riikka Ihalin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Avila-Calderón ED, Otero-Olarra JE, Flores-Romo L, Peralta H, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Morales-García MR, Calderón-Amador J, Medina-Chávez O, Donis-Maturano L, Ruiz-Palma MDS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. The Outer Membrane Vesicles of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC ® 7966 TM: A Proteomic Analysis and Effect on Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2765. [PMID: 30519218 PMCID: PMC6250952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular environment. OMVs have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, however, information related with the composition of Aeromonas hydrophila OMVs is missing. In this study we analyzed the composition of purified OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM by proteomics. Also we studied the effect of OMVs on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Vesicles were grown in agar plates and then purified through ultracentrifugation steps. Purified vesicles showed an average diameter of 90-170 nm. Moreover, 211 unique proteins were found in OMVs from A. hydrophila; some of them are well-known as virulence factors such as: haemolysin Ahh1, RtxA toxin, extracellular lipase, HcpA protein, among others. OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM induced lymphocyte activation and apoptosis in monocytes, as well as over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This work contributed to the knowledge of the composition of the vesicles of A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM and their interaction with the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Erick Otero-Olarra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Peralta
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olin Medina-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - María del Socorro Ruiz-Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- División Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Tecámac, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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235
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Chmiela M, Walczak N, Rudnicka K. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles involvement in the infection development and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:78. [PMID: 30409143 PMCID: PMC6225681 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori - (H. pylori) play a role in the pathogenesis of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers as well as gastric cancer. A possible involvement of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by H. pylori in the distribution of bacterial antigens through the gastric epithelial barrier and their role in the development of local and systemic host inflammatory and immune responses has been suggested. OMVs contain various biologically active compounds, which internalize into host cells affecting signaling pathways and promoting apoptosis of gastric epithelial and immunocompetent cells. OMVs-associated H. pylori virulence factors may strengthen or downregulate the immune responses leading to disease development. This review describes the biological importance of H. pylori OMVs and their role in the course of H. pylori infections, as well as H. pylori related local and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chmiela
- Laboratory of Gastroimmunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Natalia Walczak
- Laboratory of Gastroimmunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Laboratory of Gastroimmunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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236
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Taboada H, Meneses N, Dunn MF, Vargas-Lagunas C, Buchs N, Castro-Mondragón JA, Heller M, Encarnación S. Proteins in the periplasmic space and outer membrane vesicles of Rhizobium etli CE3 grown in minimal medium are largely distinct and change with growth phase. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 165:638-650. [PMID: 30358529 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium etli CE3 grown in succinate-ammonium minimal medium (MM) excreted outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with diameters of 40 to 100 nm. Proteins from the OMVs and the periplasmic space were isolated from 6 and 24 h cultures and identified by proteome analysis. A total of 770 proteins were identified: 73.8 and 21.3 % of these occurred only in the periplasm and OMVs, respectively, and only 4.9 % were found in both locations. The majority of proteins found in either location were present only at 6 or 24 h: in the periplasm and OMVs, only 24 and 9 % of proteins, respectively, were present at both sampling times, indicating a time-dependent differential sorting of proteins into the two compartments. The OMVs contained proteins with physiologically varied roles, including Rhizobium adhering proteins (Rap), polysaccharidases, polysaccharide export proteins, auto-aggregation and adherence proteins, glycosyl transferases, peptidoglycan binding and cross-linking enzymes, potential cell wall-modifying enzymes, porins, multidrug efflux RND family proteins, ABC transporter proteins and heat shock proteins. As expected, proteins with known periplasmic localizations (phosphatases, phosphodiesterases, pyrophosphatases) were found only in the periplasm, along with numerous proteins involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Nearly one-quarter of the proteins present in the OMVs were also found in our previous analysis of the R. etli total exproteome of MM-grown cells, indicating that these nanoparticles are an important mechanism for protein excretion in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermenegildo Taboada
- 1Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C. P. 62210, México
| | - Niurka Meneses
- 1Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C. P. 62210, México.,3Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.,2Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael F Dunn
- 1Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C. P. 62210, México
| | - Carmen Vargas-Lagunas
- 1Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C. P. 62210, México
| | - Natasha Buchs
- 2Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jaime A Castro-Mondragón
- 4Aix Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, Theory and Approaches of Genomic Complexity, UMR_S 1090, Marseille, France
| | - Manfred Heller
- 2Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Encarnación
- 1Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos C. P. 62210, México
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237
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Nice JB, Balashova NV, Kachlany SC, Koufos E, Krueger E, Lally ET, Brown AC. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin Is Delivered to Host Cells in an LFA-1-Indepdendent Manner When Associated with Outer Membrane Vesicles. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100414. [PMID: 30322160 PMCID: PMC6215133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, has been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). In particular, highly leukotoxic strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans have been more closely associated with this disease, suggesting that LtxA is a key virulence factor for A. actinomycetemcomitans. LtxA is secreted across both the inner and outer membranes via the Type I secretion system, but has also been found to be enriched within outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), derived from the bacterial outer membrane. We have characterized the association of LtxA with OMVs produced by the highly leukotoxic strain, JP2, and investigated the interaction of these OMVs with host cells to understand how LtxA is delivered to host cells in this OMV-associated form. Our results demonstrated that a significant fraction of the secreted LtxA exists in an OMV-associated form. Furthermore, we have discovered that in this OMV-associated form, the toxin is trafficked to host cells by a cholesterol- and receptor-independent mechanism in contrast to the mechanism by which free LtxA is delivered. Because OMV-associated toxin is trafficked to host cells in an entirely different manner than free toxin, this study highlights the importance of studying both free and OMV-associated forms of LtxA to understand A. actinomycetemcomitans virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Nice
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Nataliya V Balashova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Scott C Kachlany
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers University School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Evan Koufos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Eric Krueger
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Edward T Lally
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Angela C Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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238
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Lee J, Yoon YJ, Kim JH, Dinh NTH, Go G, Tae S, Park KS, Park HT, Lee C, Roh TY, Di Vizio D, Gho YS. Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived From Escherichia coli Regulate Neutrophil Migration by Induction of Endothelial IL-8. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2268. [PMID: 30369908 PMCID: PMC6194319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, proteolipid nanostructures that are constitutively released by Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli. Although it has been shown that administration of E. coli OMVs stimulates a strong pulmonary inflammatory response with infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs in vivo, the mechanism of E. coli OMV-mediated neutrophil recruitment is poorly characterized. In this study, we observed significant infiltration of neutrophils into the mouse lung tissues in vivo, with increased expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1, a murine functional homolog of human IL-8, on intraperitoneal administration of E. coli OMVs. In addition, OMVs and CD31-positive endothelial cells colocalized in the mouse lungs. Moreover, in vitro results showed that E. coli OMVs significantly increased IL-8 release from human microvascular endothelial cells and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 was found to be the main component for recognizing E. coli OMVs among human endothelial cell-associated TLRs. Furthermore, the transmigration of neutrophils was suppressed in the lung tissues obtained from TLR4 knockout mice treated with E. coli OMVs. Taken together, our data demonstrated that E. coli OMVs potently recruit neutrophils into the lung via the release of IL-8/CXCL1 from endothelial cells in TLR4- and NF-κB-dependent manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Yae Jin Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Nhung Thi Hong Dinh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Gyeongyun Go
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sookil Tae
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Su Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Changjin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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239
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Meers PR, Liu C, Chen R, Bartos W, Davis J, Dziedzic N, Orciuolo J, Kutyla S, Pozo MJ, Mithrananda D, Panzera D, Wang S. Vesicular Delivery of the Antifungal Antibiotics of Lysobacter enzymogenes C3. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01353-18. [PMID: 30097441 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01353-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a predatory strain of Gram-negative gliding bacteria that produces antifungal antibiotics by the polyketide synthetic pathway. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are formed as a stress response and can deliver virulence factors to host cells. The production of OMV by C3 and their role in antifungal activity are reported here. Vesicles in the range of 130 to 150 nm in diameter were discovered in the cell-free supernatants of C3 cultures. These OMV contain molecules characteristic of bacterial outer membranes, such as lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids. In addition, they contain chitinase activity and essentially all of the heat-stable antifungal activity in cell supernatants. We show here that C3 OMV can directly inhibit growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as that of the filamentous fungus Fusarium subglutinans The activity is dependent on physical contact between OMV and the cells. Furthermore, fluorescent lipid labeling of C3 OMV demonstrated transfer of the membrane-associated probe to yeast cells, suggesting the existence of a mechanism of delivery for membrane-associated molecules. Mass spectrometric analysis of C3 OMV extracts indicates the presence of molecules with molecular weights identical to some of the previously identified antifungal products of C3. These data together suggest that OMV act as an important remote mobile component of predation by Lysobacter IMPORTANCE The data presented here suggest a newly discovered function of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) that are produced from the outer membrane of the bacterial species Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3. We show that these OMV can be released from the surface of the cells to deliver antibiotics to target fungal organisms as a mechanism of killing or growth inhibition. Understanding the role of OMV in antibiotic delivery can generally lead to improved strategies for dealing with antibiotic-resistant organisms. These results also add to the evidence that some bacterially produced antibiotics can be discovered and purified using methods designed for isolation of nanoscale vesicles. Information on these systems can lead to better identification of active molecules or design of delivery vehicles for these molecules.
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240
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de Almeida AF, De Gaspari E. Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB-BF) as a new adjuvant for maternal-fetal immunization in mice against Neisseria meningitidis: evaluation of humoral response. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4780273. [PMID: 29293977 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis bacterium is a Gram-negative diplococcus. Among their serogroups, the B is one of the main causes of invasive meningococcal disease. Newborns and children are particularly susceptible to this infection because of their immune systems that are still maturing and relatively inexperienced. Thus, further studies on the use of maternal immunization for protection against this disease are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential immunogenic antigens from the outer membrane of N. meningitidis serogroup B in outbred mice and the influence of maternal immunization in the offspring, and analyze the adjuvant effect of bilayer fragments of dioctadecyldimethylamonium bromide (DODAB-BF) and hydroxide aluminium (alum) in enhancing antibodies production and transference to offspring. IgG and IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses of antibodies in serum from immunized mice and controls were quantified and compared. Immunization by subcutaneous and intramuscular routes exhibited evidence of IgG, and both adjuvants promoted the production of IgG1 and IgG2b that were transferred to the offspring. These antibodies also showed specificity with the outer membrane vesicles from homologous strain and were capable to cross react with different strains. The use of DODAB-BF seems to enhance immune response on mothers and offspring and may have immunological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Freitas de Almeida
- Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 andar, 01246902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Departamento de Imunologia, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 andar, 01246902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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241
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Lekmeechai S, Su YC, Brant M, Alvarado-Kristensson M, Vallström A, Obi I, Arnqvist A, Riesbeck K. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles Protect the Pathogen From Reactive Oxygen Species of the Respiratory Burst. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1837. [PMID: 30245670 PMCID: PMC6137165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play an important role in the persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter OMVs carry a plethora of virulence factors, including catalase (KatA), an antioxidant enzyme that counteracts the host respiratory burst. We found KatA to be enriched and surface-associated in OMVs compared to bacterial cells. This conferred OMV-dependent KatA activity resulting in neutralization of H2O2 and NaClO, and rescue of surrounding bacteria from oxidative damage. The antioxidant activity of OMVs was abolished by deletion of KatA. In conclusion, enrichment of antioxidative KatA in OMVs is highly important for efficient immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujinna Lekmeechai
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marta Brant
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Vallström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ikenna Obi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Arnqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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242
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Stentz R, Carvalho AL, Jones EJ, Carding SR. Fantastic voyage: the journey of intestinal microbiota-derived microvesicles through the body. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1021-7. [PMID: 30154095 DOI: 10.1042/BST20180114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As part of their life cycle, Gram-negative bacteria produce and release microvesicles (outer membrane vesicles, OMVs) consisting of spherical protrusions of the outer membrane that encapsulate periplasmic contents. OMVs produced by commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals are dispersed within the gut lumen with their cargo and enzymes being distributed across and throughout the GI tract. Their ultimate destination and fate is unclear although they can interact with and cross the intestinal epithelium using different entry pathways and access underlying immune cells in the lamina propria. OMVs have also been found in the bloodstream from which they can access various tissues and possibly the brain. The nanosize and non-replicative status of OMVs together with their resistance to enzyme degradation and low pH, alongside their ability to interact with the host, make them ideal candidates for delivering biologics to mucosal sites, such as the GI and the respiratory tract. In this mini-review, we discuss the fate of OMVs produced in the GI tract of animals with a focus on vesicles released by Bacteroides species and the use of OMVs as vaccine delivery vehicles and other potential applications.
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243
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Jasim R, Han ML, Zhu Y, Hu X, Hussein MH, Lin YW, Zhou QT, Dong CYD, Li J, Velkov T. Lipidomic Analysis of the Outer Membrane Vesicles from Paired Polymyxin-Susceptible and -Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2356. [PMID: 30103446 PMCID: PMC6121281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as delivery vehicles for nefarious bacterial cargo such as virulence factors, which are antibiotic resistance determinants. This study aimed to investigate the impact of polymyxin B treatment on the OMV lipidome from paired polymyxin-susceptible and -resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. K. pneumoniae ATCC 700721 was employed as a reference strain in addition to two clinical strains, K. pneumoniae FADDI-KP069 and K. pneumoniae BM3. Polymyxin B treatment of the polymyxin-susceptible strains resulted in a marked reduction in the glycerophospholipid, fatty acid, lysoglycerophosphate and sphingolipid content of their OMVs. Conversely, the polymyxin-resistant strains expressed OMVs richer in all of these lipid species, both intrinsically and increasingly under polymyxin treatment. The average diameter of the OMVs derived from the K. pneumoniae ATCC 700721 polymyxin-susceptible isolate, measured by dynamic light scattering measurements, was ~90.6 nm, whereas the average diameter of the OMVs isolated from the paired polymyxin-resistant isolate was ~141 nm. Polymyxin B treatment (2 mg/L) of the K. pneumoniae ATCC 700721 cells resulted in the production of OMVs with a larger average particle size in both the susceptible (average diameter ~124 nm) and resistant (average diameter ~154 nm) strains. In light of the above, we hypothesize that outer membrane remodelling associated with polymyxin resistance in K. pneumoniae may involve fortifying the membrane structure with increased glycerophospholipids, fatty acids, lysoglycerophosphates and sphingolipids. Putatively, these changes serve to make the outer membrane and OMVs more impervious to polymyxin attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raad Jasim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Immunity and Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Immunity and Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Maytham H Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Yu-Wei Lin
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Immunity and Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Charlie Yao Da Dong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Immunity and Infection Program and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Park KS, Lee J, Lee C, Park HT, Kim JW, Kim OY, Kim SR, Rådinger M, Jung HY, Park J, Lötvall J, Gho YS. Sepsis-Like Systemic Inflammation Induced by Nano-Sized Extracellular Vesicles From Feces. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1735. [PMID: 30131776 PMCID: PMC6090151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and other types of vesicles, are released by most mammalian cells and bacteria. We here ask whether feces contain EVs of mammalian and/or bacterial origin, and whether these EVs induce systemic inflammation. Fecal extracellular vesicles (fEVs) were isolated from mice and humans. The presence of EVs from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-lipid A and anti-lipoteichoic acid antibodies, whereas Western blot using anti-beta-actin antibody was employed to detect host-derived EVs in the fEVs. Further, fEVs were administered into mice by intraperitoneal injection, and inflammatory responses were investigated in the peritoneum, blood, and lungs. The role of TLR2 and TLR4 were studied using knockout mice. Significant quantities of EVs were present in feces from mice as well as humans, and derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the host. Bacteria-free fEVs introduced into the peritoneum induced local and systemic inflammation (including in the lungs), but fEVs from germ-free animals had weaker effects. This pronounced local and systemic inflammatory responses seemed to be induced by EVs from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and was attenuated in mice lacking TLR2 or TLR4. Our findings show that fEVs cause sepsis-like systemic inflammation, when introduced intraperitoneally, a process regulated by TLR2 and TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Su Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Changjin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Oh Youn Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Sae Rom Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hoe-Yune Jung
- R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co. Ltd., Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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245
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Paulsson M, Che KF, Ahl J, Tham J, Sandblad L, Smith ME, Qvarfordt I, Su YC, Lindén A, Riesbeck K. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Vitronectin Release Into the Bronchoalveolar Space Conferring Protection From Complement-Mediated Killing. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1559. [PMID: 30061873 PMCID: PMC6055051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens causing pneumonia utilize the complement regulator vitronectin to evade complement-mediated killing. Although vitronectin is associated with several chronic lung diseases, the role of bronchoalveolar vitronectin in pneumonia has not been studied. This study sought to reveal the involvement of vitronectin in the bronchoalveolar space during pneumonia, to assess the effect of outer membrane vesicles and endotoxin on vitronectin release, and to determine whether bacterial pathogens utilize pulmonary vitronectin for evasion. Vitronectin was analyzed in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from patients with pneumonia (n = 8) and from healthy volunteers after subsegmental endotoxin instillation (n = 13). Vitronectin binding by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae was analyzed, and subsequent complement evasion was assessed by serum challenge. The effects of outer membrane vesicles on vitronectin production in mouse lungs and human type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were determined. We detected increased vitronectin concentrations in lavage fluid during pneumonia (p = 0.0063) and after bronchial endotoxin challenge (p = 0.016). The capture of vitronectin by bacteria significantly reduced complement-mediated lysis. Following challenge with vesicles, vitronectin was detected in mouse bronchoalveolar space, and mouse alveolar epithelial cells in vivo as well as A549 cells in vitro contained increased levels of vitronectin. Taken together, outer membrane vesicles and endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria induce vitronectin, which is released into the bronchoalveolar space, and used for evasion of complement-mediated clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Paulsson
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F Che
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Tham
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linda Sandblad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Margaretha E Smith
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, New Karolinska Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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246
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Turner L, Bitto NJ, Steer DL, Lo C, D'Costa K, Ramm G, Shambrook M, Hill AF, Ferrero RL, Kaparakis-Liaskos M. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicle Size Determines Their Mechanisms of Host Cell Entry and Protein Content. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1466. [PMID: 30013553 PMCID: PMC6036113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative pathogens ubiquitously shed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that play a central role in initiating and regulating pathogenesis in the host. Due to their highly inflammatory nature, OMVs are extensively being examined for their role in mediating disease in addition to their applications in innovative vaccines. A key mechanism whereby OMVs mediate inflammation and disease progression is dependent on their ability to enter host cells. Currently, the role of OMV size on determining their mechanism of cellular entry and their protein composition remains unknown. In this study, we examined the mechanisms whereby OMV size regulates their mode of entry into epithelial cells, in addition to their protein cargo and composition. We identified that a heterogeneous sized population of Helicobacter pylori OMVs entered epithelial cells via macropinocytosis, clathrin, and caveolin-dependent endocytosis. However, smaller OMVs ranging from 20 to 100 nm in size preferentially entered host cells via caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Whereas larger OMVs ranging between 90 and 450 nm in size entered host epithelial cells via macropinocytosis and endocytosis. Most importantly, we identified the previously unknown contribution that OMV size has on determining their protein content, as fewer and less diverse bacterial proteins were contained within small OMVs compared to larger OMVs. Collectively, these findings identify the importance of OMV size in determining the mechanisms of OMV entry into host cells, in addition to regulating their protein cargo, composition, and subsequent immunogenicity. These findings have significant implications in broadening our understanding of the bacterial regulation of virulence determinants and immunogenic proteins associated with OMVs, their role in mediating pathogenesis and in refining the design and development of OMV-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda Turner
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Camden Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kimberley D'Costa
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitch Shambrook
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, School of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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247
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Kim JH, Lee J, Park KS, Hong SW, Gho YS. Drug Repositioning to Alleviate Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701476. [PMID: 29683274 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) accompanied with infection. Gram-negative bacteria can evoke sepsis by activating the host immune system, such as the release of IL-6 and TNF-α, through their virulence factors. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanosized bilayered proteolipids derived from Gram-negative bacteria, harbor various virulence factors and are shown to induce SIRS. Here, drugs are repositioned to alleviate SIRS caused by Gram-negative bacterial OMVs. Using novel OMV-based drug screening systems, a total of 178 commercially available drugs are primarily screened, and a total of 18 repositioned drug candidates are found to effectively block IL-6 and TNF-α production from OMV-stimulated macrophages. After excluding the compounds which are previously known to intervene sepsis or which show cytotoxicity to macrophages, the compounds which show dose-dependency in inhibiting the release of IL-6 and TNF-α by the OMV-stimulated macrophages in vitro and which reduce OMV-induced SIRS in vivo are selected. Salbutamol, a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, is selected as a novel candidate to alleviate OMV-induced SIRS. This study sheds light on using Gram-negative bacterial OMVs in exploring novel candidate compounds to alleviate inflammatory diseases including sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Su Park
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology; Institute of Basic Science; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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248
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Champion AE, Bandara AB, Mohapatra N, Fulton KM, Twine SM, Inzana TJ. Further Characterization of the Capsule-Like Complex (CLC) Produced by Francisella tularensis Subspecies tularensis: Protective Efficacy and Similarity to Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:182. [PMID: 29963499 PMCID: PMC6013578 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the etiologic agent of tularemia, and subspecies tularensis (type A) is the most virulent subspecies. The live vaccine strain (LVS) of subspecies holarctica produces a capsule-like complex (CLC) that consists of a large variety of glycoproteins. Expression of the CLC is greatly enhanced when the bacteria are subcultured in and grown on chemically defined medium. Deletion of two genes responsible for CLC glycosylation in LVS results in an attenuated mutant that is protective against respiratory tularemia in a mouse model. We sought to further characterize the CLC composition and to determine if a type A CLC glycosylation mutant would be attenuated in mice. The CLCs isolated from LVS extracted with 0.5% phenol or 1 M urea were similar, as determined by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, but the CLC extracted with urea was more water-soluble. The CLC extracted with either 0.5% phenol or 1 M urea from type A strains was also similar to the CLC of LVS in antigenic properties, electrophoretic profile, and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The solubility of the CLC could be further enhanced by fractionation with Triton X-114 followed by N-Lauroylsarcosine detergents; the largest (>250 kDa) molecular size component appeared to be an aggregate of smaller components. Outer membrane vesicles/tubules (OMV/T) isolated by differential centrifugation and micro-filtration appeared similar to the CLC by TEM, and many of the proteins present in the OMV/T were also identified in soluble and insoluble fractions of the CLC. Further investigation is warranted to assess the relationship between OMV/T and the CLC. The CLC conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or flagellin was highly protective against high-dose LVS intradermal challenge and partially protective against intranasal challenge. A protective response was associated with a significant rise in cytokines IL-12, IL-10, and IFN-γ. However, a type A CLC glycosylation mutant remained virulent in BALB/c mice, and immunization with the CLC did not protect mice against high dose respiratory challenge with type A strain SCHU S4.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/genetics
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flagellin/genetics
- Flagellin/immunology
- Francisella tularensis/genetics
- Francisella tularensis/metabolism
- Francisella tularensis/pathogenicity
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Hemocyanins/genetics
- Hemocyanins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutagenesis
- Sequence Deletion
- Tularemia/immunology
- Tularemia/prevention & control
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/genetics
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Champion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aloka B. Bandara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nrusingh Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Fulton
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susan M. Twine
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Inzana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States
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249
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Abstract
Biogenic and biomimetic therapeutics are a relatively new class of systems that are of physiological origin and/or take advantage of natural pathways or aim at mimicking these to improve selective interaction with target tissue. The number of biogenic and bioengineered avenues for drug therapy and diagnostics has multiplied over the past years for many applications, indicating the high expectations associated with this biological route. Nevertheless, the use of "bio"-related approaches for treating or diagnosing infectious diseases is still rare. Given that infectious diseases, in particular bacterial resistances, are seriously on the rise, there is an urgent need to take advantage of biogenic and bioengineered systems to target these challenges. In this manuscript, we first give a definition of the various "bio" terms, including biogenic, biomimetic, bioinspired, and bioengineered and we highlight them using tangible applications in the field of infectious diseases. Our examples cover cell-derived systems, including bioengineered bacteria, virus-like particles, and different cell-mimetics. Moreover, we discuss natural and bioengineered particles such as extracellular vesicles from mammalian and bacterial sources and liposomes. A concluding section outlines the potential for biomaterial-related avenues to overcome challenges associated with difficult-to-treat infections. We critically discuss benefits and risks for these applications and give an outlook on the future of biogenic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriely Goes
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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250
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Thoma J, Sun Y, Ritzmann N, Müller DJ. POTRA Domains, Extracellular Lid, and Membrane Composition Modulate the Conformational Stability of the β Barrel Assembly Factor BamA. Structure 2018; 26:987-996.e3. [PMID: 29861346 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The core component BamA of the β barrel assembly machinery (BAM) adopts several conformations, which are thought to facilitate the insertion and folding of β barrel proteins into the bacterial outer membrane. Which factors alter the stability of these conformations remains to be quantified. Here, we apply single-molecule force spectroscopy to characterize the mechanical properties of BamA from Escherichia coli. In contrast to the N-terminal periplasmic polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) domains, the C-terminal transmembrane β barrel domain of BamA is mechanically much more stable. Exposed to mechanical stress this β barrel stepwise unfolds β hairpins until unfolding has been completed. Thereby, the mechanical stabilities of β barrel and β hairpins are modulated by the POTRA domains, the membrane composition and the extracellular lid closing the β barrel. We anticipate that these differences in stability, which are caused by factors contributing to BAM function, promote conformations of the BamA β barrel required to insert and fold outer membrane proteins.
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