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Jacobson M. Risk factors for infective endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:154; author reply 155. [PMID: 10419436 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-2-199907200-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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102
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Jones R, Jacobson M, Steudel W. alpha-smooth-muscle actin and microvascular precursor smooth-muscle cells in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:582-94. [PMID: 10100989 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known of the molecular basis of smooth-muscle cell development in the microvessels of the adult lung in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Using quantitative and immunogold electron microscopy techniques we report the development of microvascular precursor smooth-muscle cells (PSMCs) expressing alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alphaSMA), a first marker of smooth-muscle cell differentiation, in rats with hyperoxic PH. Increase in the frequency of distal (alveolar wall) vessels with alphaSMA cells preceded (Pchi2 < 0.02, Day 4) the increase in proximal (alveolar duct) vessels (Pchi2 < 0.02, Day 14). The smallest vessel with cells expressing alphaSMA (< 50 micrometer in diameter) increased most with time (Pchi2 < 0.001). Immunopositive PSMCs were rare in normal lung and frequent in hyperoxia. Well-developed filament arrays decorated with alphaSMA were detected in intermediate cells early in hyperoxia (Day 4). Similar filament networks were detected later in fibroblasts recruited to vessel walls (Days 7 to 14). By Day 28, cells derived from fibroblasts formed several layers in the vessel wall and expressed dense alphaSMA filament arrays, in either a central domain or mesh. Thus, intermediate cells are the source of cells expressing alphaSMA early in the microvessels in hyperoxic pulmonary hypertension and fibroblasts of cells in the late stage-the time of intense neomuscularization of the microvessels.
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Jones R, Steudel W, White S, Jacobson M, Low R. Microvessel precursor smooth muscle cells express head-inserted smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-B) isoform in hyperoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 295:453-65. [PMID: 10022965 DOI: 10.1007/s004410051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzes smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) expression as lung microvascular precursor smooth muscle cells (PSMCs), cells derived from fibroblasts and intermediate cells (immature SMCs), acquire a smooth muscle phenotype in an in vivo model of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Because of the unique contractile properties of the SMMHC isoform SM-B, we analyzed its expression in the microvessels (<100 micrometers diameter) and in larger vessels (100-700 micrometers) quantitatualy by the labeled [strept]avidin-biotin technique (day 1-28), and related this to cell phenotype by transmission microscopy and protein A-gold labeling (at day 28). Airway SMCs of the normal and hypertensive lung uniformly expressed SM-B whereas vascular SMC expression was heterogeneous. Thus, in some large arteries (and veins) SMCs contained cells expressing SM-B while in others all the cells were immunonegative. Microvascular cells expressing SM-B (arteries and veins) were rare in normal lung and numerous in PH, increasing as wall muscle developed in smaller segments with time. As in large vessels, some microvessels had immunopositive cells and others only negative ones. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed that the SMCs of bronchial vessels, and the septal SMCs adjoining alveolar ducts, contained dense filament arrays decorated with SM-B. While the PSMC processes of the normal lung contained sparse filaments decorated with SM-B, these cells expressed dense filament arrays in PH. Fibroblasts migrating to align around the microvessels also expressed SM-B but in the absence of a filament network. For the first time, we demonstrate in vivo that newly developed microvascular PSMCs express the SMMHC SM-B isoform in PH.
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104
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Jacobson M, Bornstein S, Wallgren P. The efficacy of simplified eradication strategies against sarcoptic mange mite infections in swine herds monitored by an ELISA. Vet Parasitol 1999; 81:249-58. [PMID: 10190868 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(98)00247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eradication programmes directed against Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis, performed without any disinfection of the environment, were compared to an eradication programme including a simultaneous environmental disinfection. The performance of such programmes would be facilitated considerably if environmental disinfection could be avoided. The trial was conducted in four conventional piglet-producing herds designated A-D. All herds suffered from a subclinical but persistent infection with the sarcoptic mite. Herd A was treated with two injections of ivermectin and simultaneously disinfection of the environment was done. In the other herds, the animals were treated twice (B and C) or three times (D) with acaricides (ivermectin or phoxim) at intervals of 7-12 days without any simultaneous disinfection of the buildings or environment. The results were monitored by attempts to demonstrate the mite by skin scrapings, and by monitoring the levels of serum antibodies to Sarcoptes scabiei by an ELISA. Samples were taken from all adults and from 20% of the piglets aged 10-12 weeks, before initiating the control programmes, every third month during the first year and a final sampling 18 months after the treatments. After treatment, the levels of antibodies continuously decreased. Presumably dead S. scabiei were demonstrated in one sow from two of the herds 3 months after initiating acaricidal treatments. S. scabiei was not demonstrated later, nor from skin scrapings of the piglets. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to eradicate sarcoptic mange mites in swine herds with the use of simplified eradication programmes. The success of such programmes may efficiently be monitored by measuring the levels of serum antibodies to S. scabiei.
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Steudel W, Watanabe M, Dikranian K, Jacobson M, Jones RC. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (NOS II and NOS III) in adult rat lung in hyperoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cell Tissue Res 1999; 295:317-29. [PMID: 9931378 DOI: 10.1007/s004410051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Breathing air with a high oxygen tension induces an inflammatory response and injures the microvessels of the lung. The resulting development of smooth muscle cells in these segments contributes to changes in vasoreactivity and increased pulmonary artery pressure. This in vivo study determines the temporal and spatial expression of endogenous endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III) and inducible NOS (NOS II), important enzymes regulating vasoreactivity and inflammation, in the adult rat lung during the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension induced by oxidant injury. We analyzed the cellular distribution of these NOS isoforms, using specific antibodies, and assessed enzyme activity at baseline and after 1-28 days of hyperoxia (FIO2 0.87). The number of NOS III-immuno-positive endothelial cells increased early in hyperoxia and then remained high. By day 28, the relative number of these cells had increased from 40% in proximal vessels and 13-16% in distal alveolar vessels of the normal lung to 73-86% and 40-59%, respectively, in hyperoxia. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), normally few in number and only weakly immunopositive for NOS II or III in the normal lung, increased in number in hyperoxia and were strongly immunopositive for each isoform. These morphological data were supported by a temporal increase in total and calcium-independent NOS activity. Thus NOS expression and activity significantly increased in hyperoxia as pulmonary hypertension developed, and NOS III expression increased selectively in vascular endothelial cells, while both NOS isoforms were expressed by the PAM population. We conclude that this increase in expression of a potent vasodilator, an antiproliferative agent for smooth muscle cells, and an antioxidant molecule represents an adaptive response to protect the lung from oxidant-induced vascular and epithelial injury.
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106
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Powell PP, Wang CC, Horinouchi H, Shepherd K, Jacobson M, Lipson M, Jones R. Differential expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 to 4 and ligand genes in late fetal and early postnatal rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:563-72. [PMID: 9761752 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.4.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene expression in the late fetal (days E18 to E22) and early postnatal lung (days P0 to P28), when the alveolar region undergoes extensive growth and reorganization, we analyzed the expression of four FGF receptors and six ligands. FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) RNA levels were first low (E18) before rising late in the postnatal period (P28). FGFR2 RNA levels were detected early (at E18) and then increased (E20-P0) before falling (P2) to below later postnatal levels (P6 to P28). FGFR3 RNA levels were low at first (E18) and then increased, with peak levels in the days after birth (P2 to P10). FGFR4 RNA levels, barely detected in fetal lung (E18 to E22), increased at birth (P0) and remained high postnatally (P2 to P28). In fetal lung, FGF2 (basic FGF) RNA expression levels were low and FGF1 (acidic FGF) RNA levels were not detected: low RNA levels of each ligand were detected postnatally (P7 to P28). FGF3 to 5 and FGF7 RNA were not detected in fetal or postnatal lung. With in situ hybridization, predominantly the smooth muscle cells of large vessels expressed FGFR1 and 4 mRNA; the epithelial cells of large airways expressed FGFR1, 2, and 4; and alveolar cells expressed FGFR2, 3, and 4. Analysis of protein expression first identified FGF2 localized to the basement membrane of large airways and branching epithelial buds, to mesenchymal cells associated with buds, to the putative smooth muscle cells of large airways and vessels, and to pleural- and mesenchymal-associated cells (E18). Immediately before birth, this pattern of expression persisted (E20 to E22), with FGF2 also being expressed by putative smooth muscle cells of smaller airways and vessels (E22). After birth (P0 to P28), FGF2 expression remained relatively high in the smooth muscle cells of large and small vessels and in pleural cells; in airway smooth muscle cells and in most cells in the alveolar region, however, although FGF2 expression persisted in some cells, its intensity decreased with time.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells/chemistry
- 3T3 Cells/physiology
- Animals
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/chemistry
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Female
- Fetus/cytology
- Fetus/physiology
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Ligands
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/embryology
- Lung/growth & development
- Male
- Mice
- Mitogens/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Time Factors
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107
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Melcher A, Todryk S, Hardwick N, Ford M, Jacobson M, Vile RG. Tumor immunogenicity is determined by the mechanism of cell death via induction of heat shock protein expression. Nat Med 1998; 4:581-7. [PMID: 9585232 DOI: 10.1038/nm0598-581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ killing of tumor cells using suicide gene transfer to generate death by a non-apoptotic pathway was associated with high immunogenicity and induction of heat shock protein (hsp) expression. In contrast, a syngeneic colorectal tumor line, CMT93, killed predominantly by apoptosis, showed low levels of hsp expression and less immunogenicity. When apoptosis was inhibited in CMT93 cells by overexpression of bcl-2, hsp was also induced. Furthermore, when cDNA encoding hsp70 was stably transfected into B16 and CMT93 cells, its expression significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of both tumors. Increased levels of hsp, induced by non-apoptotic cell killing, may provide an immunostimulatory signal in vivo which helps break tolerance to tumor antigens. These findings have important implications for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies aimed at promoting patients' immune responses to their own tumors.
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108
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Galanti MR, Jacobson M, Lambe M. [More than 20,000 adolescents start smoking every year. Is school-based prevention a possible way?]. LAKARTIDNINGEN 1998; 95:1298-300. [PMID: 9542844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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109
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Aweeka FT, Brody SR, Jacobson M, Botwin K, Martin-Munley S. Is there a pharmacokinetic interaction between foscarnet and zalcitabine during concomitant administration? Clin Ther 1998; 20:232-43. [PMID: 9589815 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(98)80087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foscarnet, an antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infection, and zalcitabine, an antiretroviral nucleoside analogue used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection, are commonly used concomitantly. Foscarnet and zalcitabine may interact pharmacokinetically, as both compounds are partially eliminated by renal tubular secretion. Owing to dose-related toxicities associated with these two drugs, it is essential that we have data regarding their pharmacokinetic disposition during concomitant therapy. Twelve patients randomly received either foscarnet (four doses) or zalcitabine (five doses) (Phase 1), followed by concomitant foscarnet (four doses) and zalcitabine (six doses) (Phase 2), followed by dosing with the drug not received in Phase 1 (Phase 3). Following the last dose in each phase of the study, serial plasma samples were collected over 8 hours for zalcitabine and over 12 hours for foscarnet to determine the pharmacokinetics of each drug using noncompartmental analysis. Foscarnet plasma and urine levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and zalcitabine levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. No clinically significant alterations in the pharmacokinetics of foscarnet or zalcitabine occurred in this study. Thus despite the potential for foscarnet and zalcitabine to compete for renal tubular secretion, no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction exists between these two drugs at the clinically relevant doses studied.
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110
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Chin L, Pomerantz J, Polsky D, Jacobson M, Cohen C, Cordon-Cardo C, Horner JW, DePinho RA. Cooperative effects of INK4a and ras in melanoma susceptibility in vivo. Genes Dev 1997; 11:2822-34. [PMID: 9353252 PMCID: PMC316663 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.21.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1997] [Accepted: 08/26/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The familial melanoma gene (INK4a/MTS1/CDKN2) encodes potent tumor suppressor activity. Although mice null for the ink4a homolog develop a cancer-prone condition, a pathogenetic link to melanoma susceptibility has yet to be established. Here we report that mice with melanocyte-specific expression of activated H-rasG12V on an ink4a-deficient background develop spontaneous cutaneous melanomas after a short latency and with high penetrance. Consistent loss of the wild-type ink4a allele was observed in tumors arising in ink4a heterozygous transgenic mice. No homozygous deletion of the neighboring ink4b gene was detected. Moreover, as in human melanomas, the p53 gene remained in a wild-type configuration with no observed mutation or allelic loss. These results show that loss of ink4a and activation of Ras can cooperate to accelerate the development of melanoma and provide the first in vivo experimental evidence for a causal relationship between ink4a deficiency and the pathogenesis of melanoma. In addition, this mouse model affords a system in which to identify and analyze pathways involved in tumor progression against the backdrop of genetic alterations encountered in human melanomas.
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111
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Laberge S, Durham SR, Ghaffar O, Rak S, Center DM, Jacobson M, Hamid Q. Expression of IL-16 in allergen-induced late-phase nasal responses and relation to topical glucocorticosteroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:569-74. [PMID: 9338554 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-induced late nasal responses (LNRs) are associated with a cellular infiltrate in which CD4+ cells are prominent. These cells have been shown to be the major cellular source of Th2-type cytokines. Mechanisms responsible for the local accumulation of CD4+ cells in the nasal mucosa after allergen exposure are unclear. IL-16 is a potent chemoattractant for CD4+ cells in vitro and may play a significant role in recruiting CD4+ cells in LNRs. We investigated the expression of IL-16 messenger RNA and immunoreactivity in nasal biopsy specimens from 17 subjects with allergic rhinitis. A biopsy specimen of the nasal inferior turbinate was obtained before and 24 hours after local nasal provocation with grass pollen extract after 6 weeks of treatment with either topical fluticasone propionate (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) nasal spray twice daily. IL-16 mRNA-positive cells and IL-16-immunoreactive cells were identified in both the epithelium and the subepithelial tissue at baseline. Within the placebo-treated group, the numbers of epithelial and subepithelial IL-16 mRNA-positive cells and IL-16-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased 24 hours after challenge compared with baseline (p < 0.001). Topical glucocorticoid therapy resulted in a decrease in allergen-induced epithelial immunoreactive cells and subepithelial IL-16 mRNA-positive cells. The numbers of CD4+ cells increased after antigen challenge compared with baseline (p < 0.05), and this increase was inhibited by glucocorticoid treatment. There were significant correlations between epithelial and subepithelial IL-16 immunoreactivity and CD4+ cell infiltration after antigen challenge. The upregulation of IL-16 expression in allergic nasal mucosa after antigen challenge may have critical implications in the accumulation of CD4+ cells in response to antigen exposure. Steroid-mediated inhibition of IL-16 may be partly responsible for the decrease in local CD4+ cells after topical glucocorticoid therapy.
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112
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Knight D, Zheng X, Rocchini C, Jacobson M, Bai T, Walker B. Adenosine A3 receptor stimulation inhibits migration of human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 62:465-8. [PMID: 9335316 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.62.4.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of adenosine A3 receptors (A3-R) produced a dose-dependent reduction in the chemotaxis of human eosinophils to platelet-activating factor (PAF), RANTES, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to a maximum of 58, 48, and 52%, respectively (P < 0.02). This effect was completely reversed by selective A3-R antagonists. In contrast, activation of A1 or A2a-R did not affect PAF-induced eosinophil chemotaxis. PAF up-regulated the expression of CDllb/CD18, down-regulated L-selectin, and also increased F-actin assembly in eosinophils. The expression of these activation markers was not influenced by A3-R, A2a, or A1-R stimulation. Activation of A3-R may play an important role in inflammation by inhibiting eosinophil migration.
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113
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Jacobson M. A letter from Tanzania. MINNESOTA MEDICINE 1997; 80:8-51. [PMID: 9242021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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114
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Kollias-Baker CA, Ruble J, Jacobson M, Harrison JK, Ozeck M, Shryock JC, Belardinelli L. Agonist-independent effect of an allosteric enhancer of the A1 adenosine receptor in CHO cells stably expressing the recombinant human A1 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 281:761-8. [PMID: 9152383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The allosteric enhancer PD 81,723, a 2-amino-3-benzoylthiophene derivative, has been shown to potentiate agonist binding to A1 adenosine receptors (A1AdoRs) and to enhance the functional effects of adenosine and adenosine analogs. The objective of this study was to determine whether the apparent agonist-independent effect of PD 81,723 observed in CHO cells stably expressing the recombinant human A1AdoR was due to the potentiation of the action of endogenous adenosine, to the presence of constitutive receptor activity and/or to the binding of PD 81,723 to the agonist binding site of the A1AdoR. The allosteric enhancer PD 81,723, the A1AdoR agonist (R)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine and adenosine all significantly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in intact cells and increased [35S]-5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate binding to cell membranes. The effects of adenosine on cAMP formation and [35S]-5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate binding were attenuated by adenosine deaminase, but the effects of PD 81,723 were not. In the presence of ADA, the A1AdoR antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine increased forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the recombinant human A1AdoR but not in nontransfected CHO cells. In binding experiments, the agonist (R)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine, but not PD 81,723, significantly displaced the specific binding of the A1AdoR agonist [3H]-N6-cyclohexyladenosine and the antagonist [3H]-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. The results of this study demonstrate that in CHO cells stably expressing the recombinant human A1AdoR, the agonist-independent effect of PD 81,723 is not due to potentiation of the action of endogenous adenosine or mediated by the binding of the allosteric enhancer to the agonist binding site of the recombinant human A1AdoR. It is possible that these effects are due to potentiation of constitutive receptor activity by PD 81,723.
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115
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Raich T, Jacobson M, Holbrook F, Babion R, Blair C, Beaty B. Culicoides variipennis (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) host selection in Colorado. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 1997; 34:247-249. [PMID: 9103772 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/34.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drop traps containing either steer or ewe bait were used to investigate host selection and crepuscular period host seeking activity of Culicoides spp. at 2 farms in Colorado. Of the 1,103 Culicoides spp. collected, 755 were Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett). Of these, 86% were collected from steers and 14% from ewes. The engorgement rate of C. variipennis was 31% on steers and 6% on ewes. Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch was the 2nd most abundant species. Of the 253 collected, 39% were from the steers, and 61% were from ewes: The engorgement rate of the C. crepuscularis collected was 71% on ewes and 34% on steers. Thus, C. variipennis preferentially selected and fed upon cattle, whereas C. crepuscularis preferentially selected and fed upon sheep.
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116
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Rajakulasingam K, Hamid Q, O'Brien F, Shotman E, Jose PJ, Williams TJ, Jacobson M, Barkans J, Durham SR. RANTES in human allergen-induced rhinitis: cellular source and relation to tissue eosinophilia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:696-703. [PMID: 9032215 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human allergen-induced rhinitis is associated with recruitment and activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes and eosinophils. RANTES is a novel CC chemokine that is a potent chemoattractant for both memory T cells and eosinophils. We therefore investigated RANTES in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation. Nasal lavage was performed, and biopsies from the inferior nasal turbinate were taken from 14 atopic, seasonal rhinitic patients and seven normal subjects for as long as 6 h after challenge with a grass pollen extract and after a control (allergen diluent) challenge. In five of seven rhinitics tested, radioimmunoassay of nasal fluid demonstrated increases in RANTES at 2 to 4 h (p < 0.05). Nasal allergen challenge provoked significant increases in RANTES mRNA (p = 0.0015) and protein (p = 0.01) containing cells in the nasal submucosa at 6 h. No changes were observed in normal subjects. Increases in RANTES mRNA+ cells correlated with the associated increases in eosinophils (r = 0.78, p = 0.001). Colocalization studies revealed that the majority of RANTES mRNA+ cells were macrophages (51%) followed by eosinophils (15%), T lymphocytes (11%), and mast cells (3%). Our results demonstrate that allergen-induced rhinitis is associated with release of RANTES and upregulation of RANTES mRNA and protein+ cells, predominantly macrophages, in the nasal mucosa. RANTES synthesis, release, or receptor antagonism may represent a potential target for antiallergy treatment.
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Jacobson M. Prevention of venous thrombosis in knee arthroplasty. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:173. [PMID: 9005757 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-2-199701150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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118
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Gries JM, Troconiz IF, Verotta D, Jacobson M, Sheiner LB. A pooled analysis of CD4 response to zidovudine and zalcitabine treatment in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61:70-82. [PMID: 9024175 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(97)90183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article reports a meta-analysis focused on the efficacy of zalcitabine and zidovudine alone or in combination as reported by three AIDS Clinical Trial Group trials. We analyzed the log CD4 count (LCD4) response to therapy up to 1 year after the beginning of therapy. One of the purposes of this article was to illustrate a meta-analysis method that permits pooling of original data from trials with different designs. METHODS To effectively eliminate obvious differences due to design, we first estimated complete (1 year) individual LCD4 versus time curves using a sophisticated smoothing technique. Then several summary descriptors were computed from the completed LCD4 curves. Those descriptors were corrected for baseline covariate differences, and the corrected values were then related to measures of drug exposure. RESULTS Significant baseline covariates were LCD4 baseline count and AIDS-related complex or AIDS diagnosis. The predictor, corrected for baseline covariates, that correlated best with drug exposure was intensity, the initial rate of rise of LCD4, estimated as the slope of LCD4 between pretreatment and peak LCD4. CONCLUSION Using intensity as a single response measure, we found weak evidence for synergism of zalcitabine and zidovudine: combination therapy increased response by 20% over that expected from a purely additive interaction.
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119
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Drusano GL, Aweeka F, Gambertoglio J, Jacobson M, Polis M, Lane HC, Eaton C, Martin-Munley S. Relationship between foscarnet exposure, baseline cytomegalovirus (CMV) blood culture and the time to progression of CMV retinitis in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 1996; 10:1113-9. [PMID: 8874628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine some of the factors influencing the time to progression of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis among HIV-infected patients being treated with foscarnet. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of two open-label Phase I/II studies in multiple university hospitals. Patients were studied in both inpatient and outpatient settings. PATIENTS Of the patients in the databases examined, 31 had adequate pharmacokinetic information and 29 had information on outcome and the other patient covariates. INTERVENTION After induction therapy with foscarnet at a dose of 60 mg/kg three times daily was completed, patients had maintenance therapy with 60-120 mg/kg foscarnet once daily. Doses were subsequently adjusted for changed estimated creatinine clearance. MEASUREMENTS The measured endpoint was time to progression of CMV retinitis. The independent variables examined to determine influence on time to progression included mean peak foscarnet concentration, mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for foscarnet, the positive or negative outcome of a baseline blood culture for CMV, the initial CD4 cell count for a patient and the peak CD4 cell count observed during maintenance therapy. RESULTS A wide range (-10-fold) of foscarnet AUC was observed, even though only a fourfold dose range was employed, and doses were altered for changing estimated creatinine clearance. In a multivariate Cox model, only AUC and the status of the baseline CMV blood culture significantly affected the time to progression of the retinitis. CONCLUSION The AUC produced by a dose of foscarnet has a wide interindividual range. The AUC of foscarnet significantly altered time to progression of the retinitis. However, patients with positive baseline CMV blood cultures had a significantly more shallow dose-response curve. This indicates that the added risk of nephrotoxicity which is present with aggressive foscarnet dosing might be best borne by the subgroup of patients with a positive CMV blood culture at baseline.
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Jacobson M. Acute renal failure and mortality. JAMA 1996; 276:529. [PMID: 8709400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Taborda-Barata L, Jacobson M, Walker S, Njuki F, Ying S, Randev P, Durham SR, Kay AB. Effect of cetirizine and prednisolone on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late cutaneous responses. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26:68-78. [PMID: 8789545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of cetirizine to inhibit eosinophil infiltration into the sites of allergen-induced cutaneous late-phase reactions is controversial. A previous skin biopsy study gave negative results with 15 mg of cetirizine as a single dose. OBJECTIVE To confirm these findings we have used cetirizine (30 mg daily) for 5 days and compared the results with prednisolone (20 mg daily for 5 days) as a positive control. The effect of these agents on mRNA positive cells for interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was also evaluated. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study (n = 12) was followed. After each treatment 30 biological units (BUs) of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Phleum pratense were injected intradermally and the early (15 min) and late-phase response sizes (6 and 24 h) were measured. Skin biopsies were taken at 24 h for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Cetirizine but not prednisolone inhibited the early-phase response (37%, P = 0.004). In contrast prednisolone, but not cetirizine, significantly inhibited the size of the late-phase reaction at 24 h (70%, P = 0.021). This was associated with significant decreases in total (MBP+) and activated (EG2+) eosinophils (P = 0.019 and 0.014, respectively), as compared with placebo. There were also clear but non-significant reductions in interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor mRNA+ cells. CONCLUSION Prednisolone, but not cetirizine, inhibited both the magnitude of the allergen-induced late-phase response and the accompanying local eosinophil infiltration. These corticosteroid effects were associated with a reduction in cells expressing mRNA for 'TH2-type' cytokines.
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Yuen GJ, Drusano GL, Fletcher C, Capparelli E, Connor JD, Lalezari JP, Drew L, Follansbee S, Busch D, Jacobson M. Population differences in ganciclovir clearance as determined by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:2350-2. [PMID: 8619596 PMCID: PMC162943 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.10.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in different populations of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected patients through the use of nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. As expected, patient weight and estimated creatinine clearance were shown to be important covariates in the serum ganciclovir clearance. Unexpectedly, major differences in ganciclovir clearance between different populations of patients were found. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with CMV retinitis cleared ganciclovir 41% faster than HIV-infected patients only shedding CMV into the urine. Solid-organ transplant patients had a serum clearance one-fourth that of HIV-infected patients, even with correction for creatinine clearance. These findings require prospective validation and may have important implications for ganciclovir dosing in different populations of CMV-infected patients.
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Haramati N, Hiller N, Dowdle J, Jacobson M, Barax CN, Lieberfarb RI, Lester B, Kulick RG. MRI of the Stener lesion. Skeletal Radiol 1995; 24:515-8. [PMID: 8545648 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the utility of MR in detecting surgically induced Stener lesions (displaced thumb ulnar collateral ligaments) in cadaveric models. DESIGN Six cadaver thumbs had ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears created surgically. MR examinations (2D STIR and 3D GRASS) were performed identically on all specimens both before displacement (non-Stener) and after displacement (Stener lesion) of the UCL. The MR images were then randomly numbered. Each image was evaluated separately in blinded fashion by four musculoskeletal radiologists for the presence or absence of a Stener lesion. Each radiologist reinterpreted the images after an interval of several days. The interpretation was based on previously published criteria for Stener lesion diagnosis by MR. RESULTS The sensitivity of GRASS ranged from 0.17 to 0.67 with the most experienced reader scoring the lowest. The specificity of GRASS ranged from 0.33 to 1.0 (most experienced reader 0.67, 0.83). STIR had a sensitivity of 0.00-0.17 and a specificity of 0.53-0.83. The kappa values for inter- and intraobserver agreement were measured. The intraobserver kappa for GRASS was 0.27-0.75 (most experienced reader 0.75). CONCLUSIONS 2D imaging is probably inadequate for the evaluation of Stener lesions. The most likely reason is that the STIR slice thickness of 3 mm limits resolution of small UCLs. The poor sensitivity and specificity of GRASS as well as poor interobserver agreement suggest that MR may not be sufficiently accurate for Stener lesion evaluation.
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Haczku A, Moqbel R, Jacobson M, Kay AB, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. T-cells subsets and activation in bronchial mucosa of sensitized Brown-Norway rats after single allergen exposure. Immunology 1995; 85:591-7. [PMID: 7558154 PMCID: PMC1383788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the relationship between changes in T-cell activation in the bronchial mucosa, airway responsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation in sensitized Brown-Norway rats exposed to ovalbumin (OVA). Rats sensitized intraperitoneally with OVA and exposed to OVA aerosol 21 days later showed an enhanced increase in lung resistance (RNL) to acetylcholine (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in the number of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) (P < 0.05), compared with sensitized but saline-exposed controls. There was a significant increase in cells expressing the T-cell activation marker CD25 (P < 0.05) and the numbers of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.05), but not in the numbers of CD2+ and CD4+ cells. Eosinophil counts in airway submucosal tissue, as assessed by staining with BMK-13; a monoclonal antibody that binds to eosinophil major basic protein (MBP), were increased in rats receiving sensitization and exposure to OVA compared with naive controls (P < 0.002). There were significant positive correlations between the increase in RL to acetylcholine and the numbers of CD25+ (r = 0.92, P < 0.001), CD4+ (r = 0.77, P < 0.05), CD8+ (r = 0.71, P < 0.05) and MBP+ (r = 0.72, P < 0.03) cells in the OVA-sensitized and exposed group, but not in saline-exposed or naive animals. The number of MBP+ cells also correlated with CD25 expression (r = 0.71, P < 0.05). We conclude that airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammatory cell infiltration caused by OVA exposure of sensitized animals is associated with the presence of activated T cells in the airway mucosa. CD8+ T cells may play a role in the regulation of events leading to eosinophil inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness.
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