201
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Zhou X, Dong X, Tong J, Xu P, Wang Z. High levels of vitamin E affect retinol binding protein but not CYP26A1 in liver and hepatocytes from laying hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1135-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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202
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Zhang HM, Wu SY, Zhang ZH, Xu P. Investigations on the local structure and spin Hamiltonian parameters for the orthorhombic Cu2+ center in Ca(OD)2. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476612020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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203
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Wang SM, Mu SY, Zhu C, Gong YX, Xu P, Liu H, Li T, Zhu SN, Zhang X. Hong-Ou-Mandel interference mediated by the magnetic plasmon waves in a three-dimensional optical metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:5213-5218. [PMID: 22418327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.005213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the quantum properties of magnetic plasmon waves in a three-dimensional coupled metamaterial. A Hong-Ou-Mandel dip of two-photon interference with a visibility of 86 ± 6.0% was explicitly observed, when the sample was inserted into one of the two arms of the interferometer. This meant that the quantum interference property survived in such a magnetic plasmon wave-mediated transmission process, thus testifying the magnetic plasmon waves owned a quantum nature. A full quantum model was utilized to describe our experimental results. The results showed that the metamaterials could not only steer the classical light but also the non-classical light and they might have potential application in the future quantum information.
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Liu H, Wei L, Tao Q, Deng H, Ming M, Xu P, Le W. Decreased NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:870-5. [PMID: 22309633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The preferential degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the pathological hallmark in Parkinson's disease (PD). The transcription factors NURR1 and PITX3 have been shown to play a crucial role in the maturation and survival of mDA neurons, and both of them were potential susceptibility genes for PD. METHODS To determine whether NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression are altered in Chinese patients with PD, we measured their gene expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in 255 patients with PD and 211 age- and gender-matched healthy controls by quantitative real-time PCR technique. RESULTS We found that both NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression in PBL were significantly decreased in patients with PD as compared with controls (P < 0.0001). Lower levels of NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression were significantly associated with the increased risk for PD in male and older subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide useful information that the NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression is decreased in the PBL of Chinese patients with PD, indicating their possible systemic involvement in PD.
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Liu J, Xu C, Chen L, Xu P, Xiong H. Involvement of Kv1.3 and p38 MAPK signaling in HIV-1 glycoprotein 120-induced microglia neurotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e254. [PMID: 22258405 PMCID: PMC3270274 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses mediated by activated microglia play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders. Studies on identification of specific targets to control microglia activation and resultant neurotoxic activity are imperative. Increasing evidence indicate that voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels are involved in the regulation of microglia functionality. In this study, we investigated Kv1.3 channels in the regulation of neurotoxic activity mediated by HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120)-stimulated rat microglia. Our results showed treatment of microglia with gp120 increased the expression levels of Kv1.3 mRNA and protein. In parallel, whole-cell patch-clamp studies revealed that gp120 enhanced microglia Kv1.3 current, which was blocked by margatoxin, a Kv1.3 blocker. The association of gp120 enhancement of Kv1.3 current with microglia neurotoxicity was demonstrated by experimental results that blocking microglia Kv1.3 attenuated gp120-associated microglia production of neurotoxins and neurotoxicity. Knockdown of Kv1.3 gene by transfection of microglia with Kv1.3-siRNA abrogated gp120-associated microglia neurotoxic activity. Further investigation unraveled an involvement of p38 MAPK in gp120 enhancement of microglia Kv1.3 expression and resultant neurotoxic activity. These results suggest not only a role Kv1.3 may have in gp120-associated microglia neurotoxic activity, but also a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Li C, Duan S, Xu J, Qiao R, Xu P, Zhao Y. Modulation of ascorbic acid-induced DNA cleavage by polyamide: cleavage manner, kinetics and mechanism. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:921-6. [PMID: 22214457 DOI: 10.2174/092986712799034860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of DNA presents a great interest in biotechnology and therapeutics. The molecules that damage DNA selectively offer new prospects for controlled manipulation of DNA. The conjugations of DNA-code reading molecules such as polyamides to reagents that induce DNA damages provide an approach to reach this goal. In this work, a new compound which contained polyamide and ascorbic acid conjugated by flexible linker (polyamide-Vc), was successfully synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as DNA cleavage agent, compared with that by using ascorbic acid molecule. The kinetics data showed that polyamide-Vc successfully promoted the cleavage of plasmid DNA, with k(max) of 0.314 h(-1) and K(d) of 0.105 mM. The evaluation of DNA linearization elicited that the activity of cleaving double-strand in the supercoiled pUC18 plasmid DNA by polyamide-Vc was enhanced remarkably, achieving n1/n2 ratio of 13.9 at 1.2 mM for 1 h. The introduction of polyamide to Vc could also partially weaken the inhibition of hydrogen radical to double-strand cleavage process because of its good binding activity to DNA. We anticipate that this work could provide a method for improving the efficiency of double-strand cleavage, especially to oxidative cleavage agents.
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Fu B, Wang Y, Xu P, Yan K. Modelling nutrient retention function of ecosystem – a case study in Baoxing County, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang W, Zhong B, Sun J, Cao J, Tian J, Zhong N, Zhao W, Tian L, Xu P, Guo D, Ju X, Ma W, Li M, Hou W, Lu S. Down-regulated HS6ST2 in osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease inhibits cell viability and influences expression of the genes relevant to aggrecan metabolism of human chondrocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:2176-86. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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211
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Qian J, Yao K, Xue L, Xie G, Zheng Y, Wang C, Shang Y, Wang H, Wan L, Liu L, Li C, Ji W, Wang Y, Xu P, Yu S, Tang YW, Yang Y. Diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and relation to sequence typing in Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in Chinese children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:217-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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212
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Rodriguez A, Callahan J, Fawcett P, Ge X, Xu P, Kitten T. Physiological and molecular characterization of genetic competence in Streptococcus sanguinis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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213
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Rodriguez AM, Callahan JE, Fawcett P, Ge X, Xu P, Kitten T. Physiological and molecular characterization of genetic competence in Streptococcus sanguinis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:99-116. [PMID: 21375701 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a major component of the oral flora and an important cause of infective endocarditis. Although S. sanguinis is naturally competent, genome sequencing has suggested significant differences in the S. sanguinis competence system relative to those of other streptococci. An S. sanguinis mutant possessing an in-frame deletion in the comC gene, which encodes competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), was created. Addition of synthetic CSP induced competence in this strain. Gene expression in this strain was monitored by microarray analysis at multiple time-points from 2.5 to 30 min after CSP addition, and verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Over 200 genes were identified whose expression was altered at least two-fold in at least one time point, with the majority upregulated. The 'late' response was typical of that seen in previous studies. However, comparison of the 'early' response in S. sanguinis with that of other oral streptococci revealed unexpected differences with regard to the number of genes induced, the nature of those genes, and their putative upstream regulatory sequences. Streptococcus sanguinis possesses a comparatively limited early response, which may define a minimal streptococcal competence regulatory circuit.
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Lv XJ, Lu J, Xie ZD, Yang J, Zhao G, Xu P, Qin YQ, Zhu SN. Polarization-free second-order nonlinear frequency conversion using the optical superlattice. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:7-9. [PMID: 21209669 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We propose a universal and practical scheme to realize polarization-free second-order nonlinear frequency-conversion processes, including sum-frequency generation, difference-frequency generation, and optical parametric amplification. This scheme is based on the optical superlattice with a noncritical phase-matching condition, which is suitable for optical integration. A chirped dual-period structure is proposed to ensure the efficiency and stability of the conversions.
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Zhou Y, Chen XP, Liang C, Xu P. Resistance Properties of a Bend in Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying of Pulverized Coal under High Pressure. Chem Eng Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hu J, Zuo G, Li J, Luo N, Zakharov L, Zhang L, Zhang W, Xu P. Investigation of lithium as plasma facing materials on HT-7. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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217
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Guarise M, Dalla Piazza B, Moretti Sala M, Ghiringhelli G, Braicovich L, Berger H, Hancock JN, van der Marel D, Schmitt T, Strocov VN, Ament LJP, van den Brink J, Lin PH, Xu P, Rønnow HM, Grioni M. Measurement of magnetic excitations in the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Sr₂CuO₂Cl₂ insulator using resonant x-ray scattering: evidence for extended interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:157006. [PMID: 21230933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.157006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We measured the momentum dependence of magnetic excitations in the model spin-1/2 2D antiferromagnetic insulator Sr2CuO2Cl2 (SCOC). We identify a single-spin-wave feature and a multimagnon continuum, with different polarization dependences. The spin waves display a large (70 meV) dispersion between the zone-boundary points (π, 0) and (π/2, π/2). Employing an extended t-t'-t''-U one-band Hubbard model, we find significant electronic hopping beyond nearest-neighbor Cu ions, indicative of extended magnetic interactions. The spectral line shape at (π, 0) indicates sizable quantum effects in SCOC and probably more generally in the cuprates.
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Zhang J, Ge X, Xu P, Feng S. e0449 Effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy with rosuvastatin calcium tablet on coronary flow reserve in patients with unstable angina pectoris. BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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219
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Xu P, Irby JH, Bergerson WF, Bosco J, Brower DL, Ding WX, Kanojia A, Leccacorvi R, Mansfield DK, Marmar ES, Michael P, Murray R, Rokhman Y, Vieira R. Preliminary results from the Alcator C-Mod polarimeter. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:10D507. [PMID: 21033862 DOI: 10.1063/1.3466803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A poloidally viewing far infrared polarimeter diagnostic is being developed for the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, and will be used to determine the q-profile and to study density and magnetic field fluctuations. A three-chord version of what will eventually be up to a ten-chord system has been designed and fabricated and will be installed on C-Mod before the end of the current run period. Bench tests of a single chord mock-up of this system show acceptable noise levels for the planned measurements. We will discuss the analysis and experimental techniques used to diagnose and reduce noise sources.
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220
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Peng L, Ren LB, Dong G, Wang CL, Xu P, Ye L, Zhou XD. Wnt5a promotes differentiation of human dental papilla cells. Int Endod J 2010; 43:404-12. [PMID: 20518933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of Wnt5a in the process of differentiation of human dental papilla cells (HDPCs). METHODOLOGY Recombinant adenovirus encoding full-length Wnt5a cDNA was constructed to investigate the biological role of Wnt5a on the differentiation of HDPCs. The effect of Wnt5a on HDPCs differentiation was determined by ALP activity assay, ALP staining and mineral induction assay. Mineralization-related gene expressions were assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunostaining revealed Wnt5a expression in the odontoblast layer and dental papilla tissue. Over-expression of Wnt5a by transfecting HDPCs with an Wnt5a-carrying construct increased ALPase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules of HDPCs. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expressions of mineralization-related genes, such as bone sialoprotein, collagen type I, osteonectin, osteopontin (OCN), dentine matrix protein-1 were up-regulated by Wnt5a. CONCLUSIONS Wnt5a promoted differentiation of HDPCs.
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Liu JT, Guo X, Ma WJ, Zhang YG, Xu P, Yao JF, Bai YD. Mitochondrial function is altered in articular chondrocytes of an endemic osteoarthritis, Kashin-Beck disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1218-26. [PMID: 20650322 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) associated with extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte necrosis in the articular and growth plate cartilage. The role of mitochondria in degenerative diseases is widely recognized but its function in KBD is unknown. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate mitochondrial function to understand the mitochondria-mediated caspase activation and apoptosis in adult KBD chondrocytes. METHODS Mitochondrial function was evaluated by analyzing the activities of respiratory chain enzyme complexes and citrate synthase (CS), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, as well as changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by analyzing the cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol, caspase-9 and 3 activities, and the apoptosis rate of KBD articular chondrocytes. RESULTS Activities of complexes II, III, IV and V were reduced in KBD articular chondrocytes compared with cells from normal controls. However, the mitochondrial mass was increased in KBD samples. Cultured KBD chondrocytes had a reduction of cellular ATP levels and contained a higher proportion of cells with de-energized mitochondria. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-9 and 3 were also observed. The percentages of positive apoptotic chondrocytes from the KBD patient group stained by Hoechst nuclear stain and Annexin V/PI for flow cytometry exhibited higher levels than that of the healthy controls. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the involvement of mitochondrial function and apoptotic cell death in the pathophysiology of KBD. The dysfunction of the mitochondria may play an important role in KBD articular chondrocytes apoptosis.
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Yang J, Hu XP, Xu P, Lv XJ, Zhang C, Zhao G, Zhou HJ, Zhu SN. Chirped-quasi-periodic structure for quasi-phase-matching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:14717-14723. [PMID: 20639957 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.014717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose in this paper a chirped-quasi-periodic structure using the projection method. This type of new structure combines the advantages of chirped and quasi-periodic structures, and can be used for both multiple quasi-phase-matching and multiple bandwidths control. Numerical simulation of second-harmonic generation performance is in good agreement with the Fourier spectrum of the structure.
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223
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Zhao LN, Su J, Hu XP, Lv XJ, Xie ZD, Zhao G, Xu P, Zhu SN. Single-pass sum-frequency-generation of 589-nm yellow light based on dual-wavelength Nd:YAG laser with periodically-poled LiTaO(3) crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:13331-13336. [PMID: 20588462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.013331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact all-solid-state yellow laser source based on Q-switched dual-wavelength Nd:YAG laser and periodically-poled LiTaO(3) crystal. 589-nm yellow light was generated by single-pass sum-frequency generation of the fundamental IR waves at 1064 and 1319 nm. The maximum output power of yellow light was 506 mW and the corresponding conversion efficiency was approximately 5.5% [W(-1)cm(-1)].
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Xu P, Lin SY, Hu LQ, Duan YM, Zhang JZ, Chen KY, Zhong GQ. First results obtained from the soft x-ray pulse height analyzer on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:063501. [PMID: 20590235 DOI: 10.1063/1.3443572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An assembly of soft x-ray pulse height analyzer system, based on silicon drift detector (SDD), has been successfully established on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) to measure the spectrum of soft x-ray emission (E=1-20 keV). The system, including one 15-channel SDD linear array, is installed on EAST horizontal port C. The time-resolved radial profiles of electron temperature and K(alpha) intensities of metallic impurities have been obtained with a spatial resolution of around 7 cm during a single discharge. It was found that the electron temperatures derived from the system are in good agreement with the values from Thomson scattering measurements. The system can also be applied to the measurement of the long pulse discharge for EAST. The diagnostic system is introduced and some typical experimental results obtained from the system are also presented.
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Wang C, Xu P, Ren L, Dong G, Ye L. Comparison of post-obturation pain experience following one-visit and two-visit root canal treatment on teeth with vital pulps: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J 2010; 43:692-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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226
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Lu ZL, Xu P, Wang X, Dosher B, Zhou J, Zhang D, Zhou Y. Category and perceptual learning in subjects with treated wilson's disease. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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227
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Peng L, Dong G, Xu P, Ren L, Wang C, Aragon M, Zhou X, Ye L. Expression of Wnt5a in tooth germs and the related signal transduction analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bellona CL, Wuertle A, Xu P, Drewes JE. Evaluation of a bench-scale membrane fouling protocol to determine fouling propensities of membranes during full-scale water reuse applications. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2010; 62:1198-1204. [PMID: 20818065 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in recycling wastewater effluents for augmentation of existing water supplies. The treatment of wastewater effluents by an integrated membrane system, such as microfiltration pre-treatment followed by reverse osmosis, is the industry standard for groundwater recharge or reservoir augmentation projects. Membrane fouling, especially effluent organic matter fouling, is a major challenge for water reuse applications employing high-pressure membranes. While fouling control through pre-treatment is an important aspect in membrane system design and operation, selecting low fouling membranes is an equally important aspect. Although recent research has begun to elucidate fouling mechanisms, little work has been performed to develop methods to pre-determine the effluent organic matter fouling propensities of high-pressure membranes so that low-fouling membranes can be pre-selected for reuse applications. The purpose of this study was to utilize a bench-scale testing protocol to test the relative effluent organic matter fouling propensities of commercially available NF and RO membranes when treating wastewater effluents. Bench-scale fouling test results were then compared to operational data generated during pilot- and full-scale membrane testing. Pilot- and full-scale testing using recycled water demonstrated that membranes foul at significantly different rates and that the extent of fouling could be estimated utilizing the proposed bench-scale testing protocol.
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Xu P, Ling J, Li D, Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA. Identification of a novel DNA-binding protein to osmotin promoter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:657-63. [PMID: 18726223 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One novel osmotin promoter, binding-protein (OPBP1) gene, was isolated from salt-adapted tobacco suspension cells using yeast one-hybrid system. The OPBP1 interacted specifically in vivo with FA, a DNA sequence from the 5 upstream region of osmotin gene, which was essential for osmotin responsiveness. The deduced amino acid sequence of OPBP1 contained a conserved motif of a new gene family, AP2 family. This protein did not contain the typical motif found in the most known DNA-binding proteins and transcription factors.
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Peng L, Ye L, Dong G, Ren L, Wang C, Xu P, Zhou X. WNT5A inhibits human dental papilla cell proliferation and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1072-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Song L, Xu P, Wang H, Yang Y. Inclusion phenomena of clove oil with α-, β-, γ- and heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:789-800. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410801937105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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232
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Le W, Xu P, Pan T, Deng H, Xie W, Jankovic J. FP41-TH-01 Nurr1 and Pitx3 are risk factors for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(09)70484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To isolate and characterize bacteria capable of degrading nicotine from the rhizospheric soil of a tobacco plant and to use them to degrade the nicotine in tobacco solid waste. METHODS AND RESULTS A bacterium, strain S33, was newly isolated from the rhizospheric soil of a tobacco plant, and identified as Agrobacterium sp. based on morphology, physiological tests, Biolog MicroLog3 4.20 system and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Using nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen in the medium, it grew optimally with 1.0 g l(-1) of nicotine at 30 degrees C and pH 7.0, and nicotine was completely degraded within 6 h. The resting cells prepared from the glucose-ammonium medium or LB medium could not degrade nicotine within 10 h, while those prepared from the nicotine medium could completely degrade 3 g l(-1) of nicotine in 1.5 h at a maximal rate of 1.23 g nicotine h(-1) g(-1) dry cell. Using the medium containing nicotine, glucose and ammonium simultaneously to cultivate strain S33, the resting cells could degrade 98.87% of nicotine in tobacco solid waste with the concentration as 30 mg nicotine g(-1) dry weight tobacco solid waste within 7 h at a maximal rate of 0.46 g nicotine h(-1) g(-1) dry cell. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that Agrobacterium sp. has the ability to degrade nicotine. Agrobacterium sp. S33 could use nicotine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The use of resting cells of the strain S33 prepared from the nicotine-glucose-ammonium medium was an effective method to degrade nicotine and detoxify tobacco solid waste. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Nicotine in tobacco wastes is both toxic and harmful to human health and the environment. This study showed that Agrobacterium sp. S33 may be suitable for the disposal of tobacco wastes and reducing the nicotine content in tobacco leaves.
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Huang L, Cheng T, Xu P, Duan J, Fang T, Xia Q. Immunoglobulin superfamily is conserved but evolved rapidly and is active in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:517-530. [PMID: 19604311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) proteins are known for their abilities to specifically recognize and adhere to cells. In this paper, we predicted the presence of 133 IgSF proteins in the silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome. Comparison with similar proteins in other model organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera and Homo sapiens) indicated that IgSF proteins are conserved but have rapidly evolved from worms to human beings. However, these proteins are well conserved amongst insects. Silkworm microarray-based expression data showed tissue expression of 57 IgSF genes and microbe-induced differential expression of 37 genes. Based on the expression data, we can conclude that the silkworm IgSF is active.
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235
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Xu P, Zhao LN, Lv XJ, Lu J, Yuan Y, Zhao G, Zhu SN. Compact high-power red-green-blue laser light source generation from a single lithium tantalate with cascaded domain modulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:9509-9514. [PMID: 19506598 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.009509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
1W quasi-white-light source has been generated from a single lithium tantalate with cascaded domain modulation. The quasi-white-light is combined by proper proportion of the red, green and blue laser light. The red and the blue result from a compact self-sum frequency optical parametric oscillation when pumped by a single green laser. The efficiency of quasi-white-light from the green pump reaches 27%. This compact design can be employed not only as a stable and powerful RGB light source but also an effective blue laser generator.
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236
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Sheng D, Jao J, Li M, Xu P, Zhang J. RecX is Involved In the Switch between DNA Damage Response and Normal Metabolism in D. radiodurans. J Biochem 2009; 146:337-42. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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237
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Feng L, Wang T, Wang Q, Xu P, Hu W. Morphology features of adult cleft lip and palate patients under Delaire cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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238
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Gu X, Xu P, Zhang Q, Li X, Liu C, Jiang Q. Digital craniomaxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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239
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Wang T, Song J, Xu P, Hu W, Fen G, Lu L. An effective process to correct skeletal tongue source dento-maxillofacial open bite deformities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.03.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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240
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Xu P, Wang JF, Li C, Xie ZD, Lv XJ, Leng HY, Zhao JS, Zhu SN. Simultaneous optical parametric oscillation and intracavity second-harmonic generation based on a hexagonally poled lithium tantalate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:4289-4294. [PMID: 19293853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous optical parametric oscillation and intracavity second-harmonic generation based on a hexagonally poled lithium tantalate is reported. Both the optical parametric oscillation and the cascaded noncollinear second-order harmonic generation processes reach a high efficiency. A variety of possible self-doubling optical parametric oscillation processes indicate this hexagonally poled lithium tantalate has potential applications as a compact multi-wavelength light source.
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241
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Jiang L, Wei XF, Yi DH, Xu P, Liu H, Chang Q, Yang SM, Li ZF, Gao HB, Hao GJ. Synergistic effects of cyclic strain and Th1-like cytokines on tenascin-C production by rheumatic aortic valve interstitial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:216-23. [PMID: 19040616 PMCID: PMC2675252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is a key component of extracellular matrix (ECM) and its expression process is poorly understood during rheumatic heart valvular disease (RHVD). In this study, we found that interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TN-C concentrations in patients with RHVD were significantly higher than in normal controls. More IFN-gamma receptors and TNF receptors were found being expressed on rheumatic aortic valves interstitial cells than on non-rheumatic ones and their expression was patients' sera dependent. Antibodies neutralizing IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha could attenuate patients' sera-induced TN-C transcription by isolated rheumatic aortic valves interstitial cells. By application with different protein kinase inhibitors, we found that combined with cyclic strain, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induced TN-C transcription through the RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway. At the same time, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was involved in TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induced TN-C transcription. TNF-alpha also increased TN-C mRNA level by additional PKC and ERK 1/2 activation. Our finding revealed a new insight into ECM remodelling during RHVD pathogenesis and new mechanisms involved in the clinical anti-IFN-gamma and anti-TNF-alpha therapy.
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242
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Yu XQ, Xu P, Xie ZD, Wang JF, Leng HY, Zhao JS, Zhu SN, Ming NB. Transforming spatial entanglement using a domain-engineering technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:233601. [PMID: 19113550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the spatial correlation of a two-photon entangled state produced in a multistripe periodically poled LiTaO3 crystal by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The far-field diffraction-interference experiments reveal that the transverse modulation of domain patterns transforms the spatial mode function of the two-photon state. This result offers an approach to prepare a novel type of two-photon state with a unique spatial entanglement by using a domain-engineering technique.
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243
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Xu P, Xie ZD, Leng HY, Zhao JS, Wang JF, Yu XQ, Qin YQ, Zhu SN. Frequency self-doubling optical parametric amplification: noncollinear red-green-blue light-source generation based on a hexagonally poled lithium tantalate. OPTICS LETTERS 2008; 33:2791-2793. [PMID: 19037428 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous generation of noncollinear red, green, and blue light from a single hexagonally poled lithium tantalate is reported. It results from the frequency self-doubling optical parametric amplification process, a process of second-order harmonic generation cascaded optical parametric amplification in a single-pass setup. The temperature and spectrum detuning characters of each cascaded quasi-phase-matching process are studied. This unique red-green-blue light source has potential applications in laser display and other laser industries.
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244
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Zhu Y, Shu X, Chen J, Xie Y, Xu P, Huang DQ, Lu NH. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on oncogenes and cell proliferation. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:628-33. [PMID: 18837738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori , the main cause of chronic gastritis, is a class 1 gastric carcinogen. However, it remains unclear whether H. pylori affects molecular alterations in chronic gastritis. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effect of H. pylori eradication on the expression of human telomerase RNA (hTR), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), c-myc and proliferation nuclear cell antigen (PCNA) in H. pylori associated chronic gastritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS hTR was determined by in situ hybridization, hTERT, c-myc and PCNA were detected by immunohistochemistry using stomach tissues obtained from 39 H. pylori-infected and 21 H. pylori-negative patients with chronic gastritis before and after H. pylori eradication therapy or treatment for symptom relief only. RESULTS Levels of hTR, hTERT, c-myc and PCNA were significantly higher in H. pylori-infected mucosa (51.3%, 53.8%, 53.8% and 16.8 +/- 5.8, respectively) when compared to H. pylori-negative mucosa before therapy (19.0%, 23.8%, 28.6%, 8.8 +/- 3.4, respectively; P < 0.05 in all cases). In patients with successful eradication of H. pylori the levels of hTR, hTERT, c-myc and PCNA (55.5%, 59.3%, 59.3%, 16.8 +/- 5.8, respectively) were significantly reduced after the therapy (22.2%, 22.2%, 14.8%, 7.0 +/- 5.0, respectively; P < 0.05 in all cases). In the H. pylori failed eradication and H. pylori-negative groups, there was no statistical difference in all four measurements. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori infection may induce the overexpression of hTR, hTERT, c-myc and stimulate cell proliferation. Eradication of H. pylori may reverse the aberrant expression of these oncoproteins and thus correct the abnormal cell proliferation.
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Xu P, Li HD, Zhang BK, Xiao YW, Yuan HY, Zhu YG. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in Chinese subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2008; 33:429-37. [PMID: 18613861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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246
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Ismail-Khan R, Minton S, Cox C, Sims I, Lacevic M, Gross-King M, Xu P, Carter B, Munster PN. Preservation of ovarian function in young women treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A randomized trial using the GnRH agonist (triptorelin) during chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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247
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Xu P, Hall AK. Activin acts with nerve growth factor to regulate calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2007; 150:665-74. [PMID: 17964731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases in sensory neurons after inflammation and plays an important role in abnormal pain responses, but how this neuropeptide is regulated is not well understood. Both activin A and nerve growth factor (NGF) increase in skin after inflammation and induce CGRP in neurons in vivo and in vitro. This study was designed to understand how neurons integrate these two signals to regulate the neuropeptide important for inflammatory pain. In adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, NGF but not activin alone produced a dose-dependent increase in CGRP mRNA. When added together with NGF, activin synergistically increased CGRP mRNA, indicating that sensory neurons combine these signals. Studies were then designed to learn if that combination occurred at a common receptor or shared intracellular signals. Studies with activin IB receptor or tyrosine receptor kinase A inhibitors suggested that each ligand required its cognate receptor to stimulate the neuropeptide. Further, activin did not augment NGF-initiated intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signals but instead stimulated Smad phosphorylation, suggesting these ligands initiated parallel signals in the cytoplasm. Activin synergy required several NGF intracellular signals to be present. Because activin did not further stimulate, but did require NGF intracellular signals, it appears that activin and NGF converge not in receptor or cytoplasmic signals, but in transcriptional mechanisms to regulate CGRP in rat sensory neurons after inflammation.
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248
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Fan L, Zhang W, Guo D, Tan ZR, Xu P, Li Q, Liu YZ, Zhang L, He TY, Hu DL, Wang D, Zhou HH. The Effect of Herbal Medicine Baicalin on Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin, Substrate of Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide 1B1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:471-6. [PMID: 17851565 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore potential herb-drug interaction between baicalin and rosuvastatin, a typical substrate for organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) related to different OATP1B1 haplotype groups. Eighteen unrelated healthy volunteers who were CYP2C9*1/*1 with different OATP1B1 haplotypes (six OATP1B1*1b/*1b, six OATP1B1*1b/*15, and six OATP1B1*15/*15) were selected to participate in this study. Rosuvastatin (20 mg orally) pharmacokinetics after coadministration of placebo and 50-mg baicalin tablets (three times daily orally for 14 days) were measured for up to 72 h by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in a two-phase randomized crossover study. After baicalin treatment, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)(0-72) and AUC(0-infinity) of rosuvastatin decreased by 47.0+/-11.0% (P=0.001) and 41.9+/-7.19% (P=0.001) in OATP1B1*1b/*1b, 21.0+/-20.6% (P=0.035) and 23.9+/-8.66% (P=0.004) in OATP1B1*1b/*15, and 9.20+/-11.6% (P=0.077) and 1.76+/-4.89% (P=0.36) in OATP1B1*15/*15, respectively. Moreover, decreases of both AUC(0-72) and AUC(0-infinity) of rosuvastatin among different haplotype groups were significantly different (P=0.002 and <0.001). Baicalin reduces plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin in an OATP1B1 haplotype-dependent manner.
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249
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Zhang T, Gong W, Li Z, Yang S, Zhang K, Yin D, Xu P, Jia T. Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen on survival of random pattern skin flap in diabetic rats. Undersea Hyperb Med 2007; 34:335-339. [PMID: 18019084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine if hyperbaric oxygen improved random pattern skin flap survival in diabetic rats. METHODS Cranially-based, 4 x 10 cm dorsal skin flaps were raised in 38 diabetic rats induced by streptozocin (STZ). The animals were randomly divided equally into two groups. Group A was a control group observed in the room air and Group B was the experimental group, which received hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. The HBO2 regimen consisted of 90 minutes of treatment with 100% O2 at 2.5 ATA (atmosphere absolute ATA) per day for 7 consecutive days. On the 7th postoperative day, we measured the necrotic flap area and the new growth number of capillary vessel and the granulation tissue thickness. RESULTS The percentage of necrosis flap area for group A was 50.5 +/- 10.5%; for group B it was 38.5 +/- 9.3%. The reduction in necrosis flap area was highly significant (p < 0.01) compared with controls. Also, new-growth capillary vessel and granulation tissue thickness were statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrated beneficial effects of HBO2 in improving diabetic rat dorsal skin flap survival.
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Yuan QL, Yang CX, Xu P, Gao XQ, Deng L, Chen P, Sun ZL, Chen QY. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2007; 1167:1-12. [PMID: 17663984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous experiments showed that ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) reduced infarct and neuronal deficit in rats followed by transient cerebral ischemia. The mechanism of this neuroprotective function is unclear. Here, we tested whether the effect of GRb1 can be achieved through preventing ischemic neuronal death, modulating apoptotic-related genes and affecting glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in rats subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. When GRb1(40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after reperfusion, the apoptotic cells in the GRb1 group were decreased significantly from 12 to 72 h of reperfusion compared to the ischemia group by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling. Immunostaining and Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of GDNF from 3 to 120 h of the GRb1 group was significantly increased compared to the ischemia group, and GDNF expression peaked at 48 h after reperfusion. The enhanced GDNF mRNA in the GRb1 group was not detected by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization compared to the ischemia group, but GDNF mRNA at 48 h after reperfusion was strongly increased in both the ischemia and GRb1 group when compared to other time points. The number of bcl-2-positive cells was significantly increased from 12 to 120 h of reperfusion compared to the ischemia group. However, the number of bax-positive cells in the GRb1 group was significantly declined compared to the ischemia group. In the GRb1 group, the number of neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein-positive cells from 12 to 120 h after reperfusion was evidently higher than that in the ischemia group. Therefore, ginsenoside Rb1 prevents ischemic neuronal death induced by transient cerebral ischemia, and this mechanism of which is related to increase the expression of the antiapoptotic genes and modulate the expression of GDNF.
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