Geraniol is a potent inducer of apoptosis-like cell death in the cultured shoot primordia of Matricaria chamomilla

We screened various isoprenoids to search for inducers of apoptosis-like cell death ("apoptosis") in the shoot primordia of Matricaria chamomilla and found that geraniol has the most potent apoptosis-inducing activity among terpenoids, as judged from DNA fragmentation in the cells. The apoptosis-inducing activity of geraniol is concentration and time dependent. Morphologically, the nuclei of the cells treated with 5 mM geraniol were condensed and fragmented.

Trousseau's syndrome with brachiocephalic vein thrombosis in a patient with uterine carcinosarcoma. A case report

The authors treated a patient with the previously unreported occurrence of brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava thrombosis in association with a distantly located cancer. A 71-year-old woman presented with swelling over the right side of the neck and abdominal distension. Physical examination revealed a huge mass, and computed tomography demonstrated thrombosis of the brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava accompanied by jugular vein dilatation. No coagulation disorder was demonstrable. After anticoagulation and thrombolysis, hysterectomy was performed; microscopic examination of the specimen revealed uterine carcinosarcoma. Even though local tumor obstruction is a much more common cause of neck vein thrombosis, a distant occult cancer can present as this form of Trousseau's syndrome. In patients with otherwise unexplained neck vein thrombosis, examination not only of the head and neck but also of the abdomen and pelvis should be pursued.

Prevalence and heterogeneity of antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies in patients with recurrent early pregnancy losses

OBJECTIVE

To describe the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies to both anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids in women with early recurrent pregnancy losses (RPLs).

DESIGN

Retrospective data analysis.

SETTING

Tokai University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.

PATIENT(S)

One hundred thirty-nine patients with unexplained early RPLs.

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure autoantibodies to phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylserine.

RESULT(S)

Twenty-eight (20.1%), 17 (12.2%), and 2 (1.4%) patients of the 139 total patients were positive for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies, respectively. Because 3 patients had two isotypes, 44 (31.7%) of the patients were positive for antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies. Six patients (4.3%) and 1 patient (0.7%) were positive for IgG and IgM antiphosphatidylserine antibodies, respectively. Seven patients (5%) were positive for beta2-glycoprotein I-independent anticardiolipin IgG, and 1 patient was positive for beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin IgG. Two patients (1.4%) had lupus anticoagulant.

CONCLUSION(S)

Our data show a statistically stronger association between RPLs and antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies than between RPLs and antibodies to anionic phospholipids for early gestational losses. Our data suggest that antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies may be a risk factor in patients with early RPLs.

Genetic analysis of obese diabetes in the TSOD mouse

The molecular pathogenesis of diabetes remains poorly understood because of the genetic complexity of the disease. One possibly effective approach to elucidate the pathogenesis is to study an animal model with a similar phenotype. The TSOD (Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes) mouse, a newly developed animal model, exhibits both diabetes and obesity with marked hyperinsulinemia and hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets and might represent a common form of obese type 2 diabetes in humans. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the TSOD mouse had both insulin resistance and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A comprehensive genetic dissection of diabetes and obesity has been performed using F1 and F2 progeny between the TSOD and control BALB/cA strains. A genome-wide screen for loci linked to glucose homeostasis and body weight allowed us to map three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in this disorder. The major genetic determinant of blood glucose levels was identified on chromosome 11. Furthermore, two independent QTLs involved in controlling body weight were found on chromosomes 1 and 2. The QTL on chromosome 2 also affected insulin levels significantly. Each QTL has distinct effects on different traits and a different mode of inheritance. Our study indicates that hyperglycemia and obesity are clearly controlled by distinct combinations of genetic loci in this mouse model and provides insights into the genetic basis of common forms of human type 2 diabetes with obesity.

Generation of 6.6-microm optical parametric oscillation with periodically poled LiNbO3

Greater than 6-microm-oscillation was demonstrated by means of optical parametric oscillation with periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN). The interaction length and thickness were 40 mm and 500 microm. The pump source used was a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 120 ns and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The tuning ranges of the idler waves were 6.57-6.56, 6.22-6.12, and 6.06-5.94 microm for PPLN wafers of 20-, 21.3-, and 22-microm periods, respectively.

Induction of ovulation by Sairei-to for polycystic ovary syndrome patients

In anovulatory patients ovulation is usually induced by clomiphene citrate (CC) or gonadotropin therapy, but in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diagnosed by the presence of several micropolycysts in the ovaries and a high LH/FSH ratio in the serum, CC is only minimally effective, and side effects are often a problem with gonadotropin therapy. In the present study we administered a Chinese herbal medicine Sairei-to which appears to have a steroidal effect in anovulatory PCOS patients. As a result of the treatment, serum LH and the LH/FSH ratio significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the ovulatory rate was 70.6%. Serum testosterone levels were within normal limits before the treatment, and did not significantly change during the treatment. Sairei-to may therefore be useful for the treatment of anovulation in PCOS patients.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a larval cuticle protein of Bombyx mori

Cuticle proteins termed LCPs are the major protein components of the larval integument of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. We purified an 18 kDa LCP (LCP18) from the guanidine hydrochloride extract of the larval cuticle and identified an LCP18 cDNA clone. The deduced primary structure and mRNA expression pattern of LCP18 are similar to those of other Bombyx LCPs and to several cuticle proteins identified in other insect species. RNA blot analysis demonstrated that the biosynthesis of LCP18 is regulated in a stage-dependent manner at the level of mRNA in epidermal cells. An in vivo study using a juvenile hormone analogue suggested that juvenile hormone positively regulates expression of LCP18 mRNA during larval intermolt stages.

Mycobacterium leprae DNA in daily using water as a possible source of leprosy infection

Some environmental factors were suspected to be sources of leprosy infection according to the results of total survey in the highly endemic villages in Indonesia. M. leprae DNA were detected by PCR from 21 out of 44 water sources used daily by villagers. Prevalence of leprosy among the people using PCR-positive water for bathing and washing was significantly higher than that among the people who used PCR-negative water. No significant difference in prevalence was, however, recognized in case of usage of negative or positive water for drinking. Water was regarded as a reservoir and infectious source of M. leprae. Transmission of leprosy through the contaminated water was strongly suggested by epidemiological analysis.

An epidemiological study on Mycobacterium leprae infection and prevalence of leprosy in endemic villages by molecular biological technique

One of the most important unsolved questions in epidemiology of leprosy is the highly uneven geographic distribution of the disease. There are many hyperendemic "pockets" in endemic countries. Little is known about the reasons why leprosy is hyperendemic in these areas. We conducted, therefore, a series of epidemiological studies on Mycobacterium leprae infection and prevalence of leprosy in North Maluku district, Maluku Province, Indonesia where leprosy is highly endemic. It was found that considerable number of general inhabitants are seropositive to various mycobacterial antigens and 27% of the villagers were carrying leprosy bacilli on their surface of nasal cavity. These results suggested the importance of M. leprae in the residential environment in infection of the leprosy bacillus and the resulting transmission of the disease. Based on these observations, we conclude that new preventive measures are essential for global elimination of leprosy in addition to early diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT).

[Present situation of leprosy in highly endemic area of tropical Asia--a seroepidemiological study of Mycobacterium leprae infection in general inhabitants]

One of the most important unsolved problems in epidemiology of leprosy is the heterogeneous geographic distribution of the disease. There are highly endemic area called "Pocket" in the endemic countries. Little is known why leprosy is so endemic in the area. We conducted, therefore, an epidemiological study on M. leprae infection and distribution of leprosy bacilli in the environment by using serological and molecular biological techniques. It was found that considerable number of general inhabitants in the pocket are infected with leprosy bacilli and more than 20% of the villagers are carrying M. leprae on the surface of the nasal cavity; suggesting that leprosy bacilli in the residential environment play an important role in high prevalence of leprosy in the endemic area. New preventive measures such as chemoprophylaxis, in addition to MDT, will be needed for global elimination of the disease.

[A case of mediastinal teratoma discovered availing of pneumonia]

A 42-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with hemosputum and an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. Although her hemosputum disappeared after the treatment of pneumonia, the abnormal shadow was not improved. Chest CT showed a mediastinal mass. She underwent thoracotomy and the tumor, measuring 6 x 5 x 5 cm in size, was resected. Pathological diagnosis was a mature type teratoma with direct invasion to the lung. We have to take mediastinal teratoma into consideration as one of the causes of pneumonia.

Detection of coronary blood flow associated with right coronary ostial stenosis by means of transthoracic Doppler echocardiography

We report a case of ostial stenosis of the right coronary artery. Transthoracic echocardiography combined with Doppler flow velocity measurement and color flow imaging allowed noninvasive evaluation of disordered flow caused by stenosis.

Intracellular localization and release of eotaxin from normal eosinophils

Eotaxin is a potent and selective CC chemokine for eosinophils and basophils. We established several monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) allowing the neutralization and measurement of human eotaxin. Using the Mabs as probes, we demonstrated that normal eosinophils contained intracellular granule-associated eotaxin. Quantification of cell-associated eotaxin in different leukocyte subsets revealed that it was principally expressed in eosinophils. Finally, we showed that normal eosinophils released eotaxin upon stimulation with either of two secretagogues, C5a or ionomycin. These findings raise the possibility that eosinophil-derived eotaxin contributes to the local accumulation of eosinophils at the site of inflammation.

Real-time optical monitoring of ligand-mediated internalization of alpha1b-adrenoceptor with green fluorescent protein

The study of G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction and behavior in living cells is technically difficult because of a lack of useful biological reagents. We show here that a fully functional alphalb-adrenoceptor tagged with the green fluorescent protein (alphalbAR/GFP) can be used to determine the molecular mechanism of intemalization of alphalbAR/ GFP in living cells. In mouse alphaT3 cells, alpha1bAR/GFP demonstrates strong, diffuse fluorescence along the plasma membrane when observed by confocal laser scanning microscope. The fluorescent receptor binds agonist and antagonist and stimulates phosphatidylinositol/Ca2+ signaling in a similar fashion to the wild receptor. In addition, alpha1bAR/ GFP can be internalized within minutes when exposed to agonist, and the subcellular redistribution of this receptor can be determined by measurement of endogenous fluorescence. The phospholipase C inhibitor U73,122, the protein kinase C activator PMA, and inhibitor staurosporine, and the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin were used to examine the mechanism of agonist-promoted alphalbAR/GFP redistribution. Agonist-promoted internalization of alphalbAR/GFP was closely linked to phospholipase C activation and was dependent on protein kinase C activation, but was independent of the increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration. This study demonstrated that real-time optical monitoring of the subcellular localization of alphalbAR (as well as other G protein-coupled receptors) in living cells is feasible, and that this may provide a valuable system for further study of the biochemical mechanism(s) of agonist-induced receptor endocytosis.

Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of humoral responses to culture filtrate of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in patients with leprosy and tuberculosis

Sera from 3 lepromatous (LL), 3 borderline lepromatous (BL), 3 mid-borderline (BB), 3 borderline tuberculoid (BT), 2 tuberculoid (TT) and 4 tuberculosis (TB) patients and 3 healthy individuals were examined for their reactivities against the proteins in the culture filtrate of BCG separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The sera were obtained from patients who were untreated. Sera from LL and BL patients reacted strongly with the antigen 85 (Ag85) complex and MPB51. Sera from LL and BL patients also weakly reacted with the newly identified 29-, 24- and 23-kDa spots. Sera from the other patients reacted similarly, but the levels of reaction were remarkably lower than those form LL and BL patients. Mycobacterium leprae antigens that are analogous to BCG AG85 and MPB51 are suggested as the main targets for the humoral immunity of untreated patients. The reactivities of sera with newly identified antigens may provide the potential for predicting the severity and prognosis of diseases.

Structure and expression of a cyst specific protein of Acanthamoeba castellanii

The life cycle of Acanthamoeba is divided into a growth-division phase and two distinctive processes of cellular differentiation, termed encystment and excystment. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that a specific protein of 21 kDa in molecular weight occurs in the cyst, but not in the trophozoite stages of A. castellanii Neff strain. This cyst-specific protein, designated as CSP21, was purified from guanidine-HCl extract of cyst wall and anti-CSP21 antibody was produced. Immunoblotting of proteins extracted from a variety of species of Acanthamoeba genus suggested that the antibody is specific for group II amoebae, therefore, providing a useful tool for Acanthamoebae taxonomy. A cDNA clone for A. castellanii CSP21 was isolated by immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library constructed from mRNA of amoebae at encysting stage. The deduced primary structure indicated that CSP21 is a hydrophilic protein showing no significant homology with peptides thus far published. RNA blot analysis showed that the expression of CSP21 mRNA was restricted within early stages of encystment, suggesting that the biosynthesis of CSP21 is regulated at mRNA level.

Glucocorticoids inhibit chemokine generation by human eosinophils

Recent identification of eosinophils as a cellular source of various cytokines suggests that eosinophil-derived cytokines contribute to allergic inflammation through either an autocrine or a paracrine fashion. The profound inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids (GCCs) on the production of various cytokines have been well recognized, however, there has been no definitive evidence that GCCs in fact inhibit cytokine generation by eosinophils. To verify the inhibitory ability of GCCs on eosinophil cytokine generation, we studied the effect of GCCs by determination of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) as parameters. Dexamethasone (DEX) inhibited both generation and secretion of IL-8 in a dose-dependent fashion. DEX also dampened formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-or ionomycin-induced eosinophil IL-8 production. Furthermore, MCP-1 production was also inhibited by DEX. The slope and the shape of the dose-response curve of DEX were similar irrespective of either the input stimuli or the output cytokines; half-maximal inhibition was observed at 10(-8) mol/L, and nearly complete abolishment was observed at 10(-7) mol/L. The competitive polymerase chain reaction for IL-8 mRNA and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction for MCP-1 mRNA revealed that the inhibition occurred at a level of pretranslation. These results indicate that the beneficial effect of GCCs in allergic inflammation might be related, at least in part, to a direct effect of the drugs on eosinophil cytokine synthesis.

Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is not associated with the increased frequency of apolipoprotein-E-epsilon-4 allele in elderly non-demented leprosy patients

In our previous study, elderly leprosy patients showed a low prevalence of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, but the frequency of apolipoprotein E (APO-E) epsilon 4 was elevated in non-demented elderly leprosy patients. Recent study has shown that Alzheimer's disease risk associated with APO-E epsilon 4 is significantly increased by the alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) genotype AA. Therefore we examined an association between ACT polymorphism and the APO-E epsilon 4 allele in 350 leprosy patients. None of our data showed an association of ACT genotype and APO-E epsilon 4 allele in leprosy patients. The allelic frequencies of the ACT gene did not differ even between demented patients with leprosy and age-matched controls. Our present data suggest that ACT polymorphism is not associated with the increased frequency of APO-E epsilon 4 in leprosy patients.

[Change in intraocular pressure after intraocular lens implant during a follow-up period of over 10 years]

Changes in intraocular pressure were studied in 141 eyes following intraocular lens implant. The average observational time was twelve years. We tried to fix both loops of the implant in the ciliary sulcus. The intraocular pressure increased over the ten year interval at 0.19 mmHg per year. Twenty-seven of the 141 eyes developed glaucoma. We studied the intraocular pressure of the cases with or without complications. Thirty-eight eyes had complications, fifteen eyes (39%) developed secondary glaucoma, and three eyes (8%) developed glaucomatous visual field defect. In twenty-three cases without secondary glaucoma, the intraocular pressure increased over a three-year interval after surgery and remained constant thereafter. 103 eyes had no complications to influence the intraocular pressure, twelve eyes (12%) developed secondary glaucoma, and four eyes (4%) developed glaucomatous visual field defect. In 91 cases without secondary glaucoma, the intraocular pressure increased over a five-year interval after surgery at 0.28 mmHg per year and remained constant thereafter. We recommend regular examination, especially during the initial five-year period when the intraocular pressure is apt to increase even if complications are not evident.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced changes in EEG and responses recorded from the scalp of healthy humans

We determined the changes and responses in the electroencephalogram (EEG) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the scalp of five healthy men. The center of a circular coil was positioned at the vertex, and 80 stimulations were administered clockwise with the maximum output of electric current. To reduce stimulus artifacts, we created a circuit that blocked the input for 150 ms after stimulation. EEGs were recorded from F3,4, C3,4, P3,4, and T3,4. The following results were obtained: (1) slowing of the EEG was observed immediately (150 m) after each stimulation. The incidence of changes ranged from 25-80%; their duration ranged from 200-600 ms. (2). Electroencephalographic responses in the averaged form appeared as gentle positive waves. In some subjects and leads, 1 to 3 negative peaks were fused. The methods used in the present study may be useful in evaluating the sensitivity to TMS of patients with stroke and other types of brain injury.