101
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Huang R, Hirata K, Bogyo M, Phillips C, Reed S. 315 TOXOPLASMA GONDIICATHEPSIN L, TgCPL: CHARACTERIZATION AND INHIBITOR DESIGN. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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102
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Huang R, Hirata K, Bogyo M, Phillips C, Reed S. Toxoplasma Gondii Cathepsin L, TgCPL: Characterization and Inhibitor Design. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890605401s198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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103
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Fowler KJ, Wong LH, Griffiths BK, Sibson MC, Reed S, Choo KHA. Centromere protein b-null mice display decreasing reproductive performance through successive generations of breeding due to diminishing endometrial glands. Reproduction 2004; 127:367-77. [PMID: 15016956 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Centromere protein B is a highly conserved constitutive protein found at centromeres. Gene knockout studies in mice have unexpectedly identified Cenpb as a candidate gene involved in uterine function. The present study further explores the role of Cenpb in mice by intermating Cenpb-null mice over several generations. Breeding studies and analysis of uterine tissue indicate that Cenpb-null mice lose reproductive fitness over a number of generations due to a significant reduction in endometrial glands. These results suggest that Cenpb may play an important function in the short- and long-term maintenance of uterine integrity.
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104
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McCrory DC, Williams JW, Dolor RJ, Gray RN, Kolimaga JT, Reed S, Sundy J, Witsell DL. Management of allergic rhinitis in the working-age population. EVIDENCE REPORT/TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY) 2003:1-4. [PMID: 12674744 PMCID: PMC4781251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Environmental Health
- Ethnicity
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Female
- Health Care Costs
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Male
- Medicine
- Middle Aged
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/economics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/economics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Specialization
- United States/epidemiology
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105
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Reed S. Prohibiting mandatory overtime. Am J Nurs 2001; 101:23. [PMID: 11718109 DOI: 10.1097/00000446-200111000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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106
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Milliken N, Freund K, Pregler J, Reed S, Carlson K, Derman R, Zerr A, Battistini M, Bowman S, Magnus JH, Sarto GE, Chambers JT, McLaughlin M. Academic models of clinical care for women: the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2001; 10:627-36. [PMID: 11571092 DOI: 10.1089/15246090152563506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Between 1996 and 1999, 18 academic health centers were awarded the designation of National Center of Excellence (CoE) in Women's Health by the Office on Women's Health within the Department of Health and Human Services and were provided with seed monies to develop model clinical services for women. Although the model has evolved in various forms, core characteristics that each nationally designated CoE has adopted include comprehensive, women-friendly, women-focused, women-relevant, integrated, multidisciplinary care. The permanent success of these comprehensive clinical programs resides in the ability to garner support of leaders of the academic health centers who understand both the importance of multidisciplinary programs to the clinical care they provide women and the education they offer to the future providers of women's healthcare.
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107
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Reed S, Coupland J. Cascaded linear shift-invariant processors in optical pattern recognition. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:3843-3849. [PMID: 18360417 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.003843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We study a cascade of linear shift-invariant processing modules (correlators), each augmented with a nonlinear threshold as a means to increase the performance of high-speed optical pattern recognition. This configuration is a special class of multilayer, feed-forward neural networks and has been proposed in the literature as a relatively fast best-guess classifier. However, it seems that, although cascaded correlation has been proposed in a number of specific pattern recognition problems, the importance of the configuration has been largely overlooked. We prove that the cascaded architecture is the exact structure that must be adopted if a multilayer feed-forward neural network is trained to produce a shift-invariant output. In contrast with more generalized multilayer networks, the approach is easily implemented in practice with optical techniques and is therefore ideally suited to the high-speed analysis of large images. We have trained a digital model of the system using a modified backpropagation algorithm with optimization using simulated annealing techniques. The resulting cascade has been applied to a defect recognition problem in the canning industry as a benchmark for comparison against a standard linear correlation filter, the minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filter. We show that the nonlinear performance of the cascade is a significant improvement over that of the linear MACE filter in this case.
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108
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Roberge RJ, Luellen JR, Reed S. False-positive amphetamine screen following a trazodone overdose. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2001; 39:181-2. [PMID: 11407508 DOI: 10.1081/clt-100103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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109
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Reed S, Hambridge K, Land L. Implementing best practice in pressure ulcer prevention. NURSING TIMES 2001; 97:69-71. [PMID: 11954495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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110
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Van Kessel K, Reed S, Newton K, Meier A, Lentz G. The second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:1571-5. [PMID: 11408883 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the potential association between prolonged second stage of labor and stress urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective, population-based study was performed. A random, case-controlled sample of 85 cases and 88 controls was identified by means of a standard computerized patient database. Subjects were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, and medical records were reviewed. The median follow-up time from delivery was 7.8 years for cases and 7.2 years for controls. Multiple logistic regression was performed to test for an association between stress urinary incontinence and variables of interest. RESULTS The data suggest that for all women who labored the length of the second stage of labor for the first delivery was not associated with stress urinary incontinence (odds ratio, 1.07; P =.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.3). However, forceps delivery was associated with a significant increase in stress urinary incontinence risk (odds ratio, 10.4; P =.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-93.4). CONCLUSION Length of second stage of labor was not associated with stress urinary incontinence. However, the odds of having a later diagnosis of stress urinary incontinence was 10 times higher for women who underwent forceps delivery.
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111
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Méndez S, Gurunathan S, Kamhawi S, Belkaid Y, Moga MA, Skeiky YA, Campos-Neto A, Reed S, Seder RA, Sacks D. The potency and durability of DNA- and protein-based vaccines against Leishmania major evaluated using low-dose, intradermal challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5122-8. [PMID: 11290794 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA- and protein- based vaccines against cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major were evaluated using a challenge model that more closely reproduces the pathology and immunity associated with sand fly-transmitted infection. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated s.c. with a mixture of plasmid DNAs encoding the Leishmania Ags LACK, LmSTI1, and TSA (AgDNA), or with autoclaved L. major promastigotes (ALM) plus rIL-12, and the mice were challenged by inoculation of 100 metacyclic promastigotes in the ear dermis. When challenged at 2 wk postvaccination, mice receiving AgDNA or ALM/rIL-12 were completely protected against the development of dermal lesions, and both groups had a 100-fold reduction in peak dermal parasite loads compared with controls. When challenged at 12 wk, mice vaccinated with ALM/rIL-12 maintained partial protection against dermal lesions and their parasite loads were no longer significantly reduced, whereas the mice vaccinated with AgDNA remained completely protected and had a 1000-fold reduction in dermal parasite loads. Mice vaccinated with AgDNA also harbored few, if any, parasites in the skin during the chronic phase, and their ability to transmit L. major to vector sand flies was completely abrogated. The durable protection in mice vaccinated with AgDNA was associated with the recruitment of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells to the site of intradermal challenge and with IFN-gamma production by CD8(+) T cells in lymph nodes draining the challenge site. These data suggest that under conditions of natural challenge, DNA vaccination has the capacity to confer complete protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis and to prevent the establishment of infection reservoirs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Surface/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/therapeutic use
- DNA, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Protozoan/immunology
- DNA, Protozoan/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory
- Injections, Intradermal
- Insect Vectors/parasitology
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Leishmania major/genetics
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/transmission
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protozoan Proteins/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/therapeutic use
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Protozoan Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Psychodidae/parasitology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma
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112
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Wherry KL, Dubinsky TJ, Waitches GM, Richardson ML, Reed S. Low-resistance endometrial arterial flow in the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy revisited. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2001; 20:335-342. [PMID: 11316311 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2001.20.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of endometrial arterial flow in the exclusion of ectopic pregnancy. From October 1997 to June 1999, 66 women with elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin titers and clinical indications of ectopic pregnancy were evaluated by endovaginal sonography. Women with a gestational sac containing an embryo, a yolk sac, or both were excluded from the study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed in the remaining cases when a definite intrauterine pregnancy could not be visualized. In all cases the thermal index was kept to less than 1.0, consistent with as-low-as-reasonably-achievable principles. Trophoblastic flow was defined as a resistive index of less than 0.6 within the endometrium. Statistical analysis was performed using a 2-tailed t test. Twenty women had ectopic pregnancies; 33 had spontaneous pregnancy losses; and 13 had normal intrauterine pregnancies. A total of 29 women had endometrial trophoblastic flow: 11 of 13 with intrauterine pregnancies, 1 of 20 with ectopic pregnancies, and 17 of 33 with spontaneous pregnancy losses. The negative predictive value for the presence of endometrial low-resistance flow for excluding ectopic pregnancy was 97%. The presence of low-resistance arterial endometrial flow can be a useful sign in diagnosing an early intrauterine pregnancy and decreasing the probability that an ectopic pregnancy is present, particularly in patients with otherwise normal ultrasonographic findings.
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113
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Reed S. Lobbying efforts gain momentum. Am J Nurs 2001; 101:24. [PMID: 11279992 DOI: 10.1097/00000446-200103000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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114
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Furr M, Kennedy T, MacKay R, Reed S, Andrews F, Bernard B, Bain F, Byars D. Efficacy of ponazuril 15% oral paste as a treatment for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS : RESEARCH IN APPLIED VETERINARY MEDICINE 2001; 2:215-222. [PMID: 19746664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic disease of horses most commonly caused by the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis neurona. Until recently the only treatment option was the combination of a sulfonamide with pyrimethamine. The present study was performed to assess the efficacy of ponazuril, an anticoccidial triazine-based compound, as a treatment for naturally occurring EPM. One hundred one horses with EPM were randomly allocated to treatment with ponazuril 15% oral paste at either 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Horses were evaluated clinically and by analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and 28 and 118 days after the start of treatment. Clinical success was defined as either an improvement in neurologic score by at least one grade (on a 0 to 5 scale) or conversion to negative status on Western blot for S. neurona antibodies by 90 days following cessation of treatment. Overall, 62% of the horses, including 28 of 47 treated with ponazuril at 5 mg/kg and 35 of 54 treated with 10 mg/kg, met the criteria for successful treatment. The Western blot for CSF became negative in 10% (10/101) of the horses. Quantification of the anti-17kDa antibody response in Western blot (relative quantity CSF) did not reveal a significant change in response to treatment. However, immunoglobulin index did decrease significantly during treatment (P = .01). The findings of this study support the efficacy of ponazuril for the treatment of EPM.
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115
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Reed S. A victory for nurses. Needlestick prevention legislation is passed by Congress and signed into law. Am J Nurs 2000; 100:22. [PMID: 11202778 DOI: 10.1097/00000446-200012000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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116
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Reed S, Coupland J. Statistical performance of cascaded linear shift-invariant processing. APPLIED OPTICS 2000; 39:5949-5955. [PMID: 18354599 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.005949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The cascaded correlator architecture comprises a series of traditional linear correlators separated by nonlinear threshold functions, trained with neural-network techniques. We investigate the shift-invariant classification performance of cascaded correlators in comparison with optimum Bayes classifiers. Inputs are formulated as randomly generated sample members of known statistical class distributions. It is shown that when the separability of true and false classes is varied in both the first and the second orders, the two-stage cascaded correlator shows performance similar to that of the optimum quadratic Bayes classifier throughout the studied range. It is shown that this is due to the similar decision boundaries implemented by the two nonlinear classifiers.
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117
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Franks S, Reed S. Comparison of trail making part B and oral trail making in assessing cognitive impairment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/15.8.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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118
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Abstract
This study examined the spectrum and frequency of dental disorders presenting to an urban ED. Data were retrospectively collected on all patients presenting with dental complaints between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1995. Data included age, date and time of presentation, diagnosis, triage acuity and disposition. Of the 3,943 charts reviewed, 1,892 (48%) patients required emergent oral surgery management and 2,051 (52%) emergency physician management only. The frequency of dental patients increased from 4.4/1,000 total ED patients in 1987 to 11.5/1,000 in 1995 (P < .05). The rate of emergent dental trauma, emergent nontraumatic dental care, and nonemergent nontraumatic dental care increased similarly during the study period. There was no significant difference by day of week, but a significantly greater number of nonemergent patients presented between 7:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. (72%). The incidence of dental patients presenting to the ED increased significantly between 1987 and 1995. Approximately one-half did not require specialist consultation and could potentially have been managed by a primary care dental practitioner.
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119
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Ghosh S, Frisardi M, Ramirez-Avila L, Descoteaux S, Sturm-Ramirez K, Newton-Sanchez OA, Santos-Preciado JI, Ganguly C, Lohia A, Reed S, Samuelson J. Molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp.: evidence of a bottleneck (Demographic sweep) and transcontinental spread of diploid parasites. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3815-21. [PMID: 11015408 PMCID: PMC87481 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3815-3821.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic colitis and liver abscess in developing countries such as Mexico and India. Entamoeba dispar is morphologically identical but is not associated with disease. Here we determined the ploidy of E. histolytica and developed PCR-based methods for distinguishing field isolates of E. histolytica or E. dispar. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that E. histolytica trophozoites are diploid for five "single-copy" probes tested. Intergenic sequences between superoxide dismutase and actin 3 genes of clinical isolates of E. histolytica from the New and Old Worlds were identical, as were those of E. dispar. These results suggest a bottleneck or demographic sweep in entamoebae which infect humans. In contrast, E. histolytica and E. dispar genes encoding repeat antigens on the surface of trophozoites (Ser-rich protein) or encysting parasites (chitinase) were highly polymorphic. chitinase alleles suggested that the early axenized strains of E. histolytica, HM-1 from Mexico City, Mexico, and NIH-200 from Calcutta, India, are still present and that similar E. dispar parasites can be identified in both the New and Old Worlds. Ser-rich protein alleles, which suggested the presence of the HM-1 strain in Mexico City, included some E. histolytica genes that predicted Ser-rich proteins with very few repeats. These results, which suggest diversifying selection at chitinase and Ser-rich protein loci, demonstrate the usefulness of these alleles for distinguishing clinical isolates of E. histolytica and E. dispar.
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120
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Hauser P, Soler R, Reed S, Kane R, Gulati M, Khosla J, Kling MA, Valentine AD, Meyers CA. Prophylactic treatment of depression induced by interferon-alpha. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2000; 41:439-41. [PMID: 11015632 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.41.5.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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121
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Bangur C, Fan L, Reed S, Wang T. Identification of genes overexpressed in small cell lung carcinoma by PCR-based suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray. Lung Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)80709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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122
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Zerpa O, Ulrich M, Negrón E, Rodríguez N, Centeno M, Rodríguez V, Barrios RM, Belizario D, Reed S, Convit J. Canine visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island (Nueva Esparta, Venezuela). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:484-7. [PMID: 11132371 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency of American visceral leishmaniasis affecting humans on Margarita Island, Venezuela, has increased in recent years, and infected dogs appear to constitute the principal source of infection. ELISA tests with Leishmania donovani promastigotes and rK39 antigen from L. chagasi in serum from 541 dogs were positive in 33.1% and 21.6% of the samples, respectively. A second blood sample taken from 50 animals after 8-10 months revealed an increase from 24% to 40% of ELISA positivity to both antigens, suggesting high susceptibility and transmission in the canine population. Among 42 serologically positive dogs, 33% of which showed clinical signs of disease, 79% were positive in polymerase chain reactions using primers specific for the L. donovani complex. Control measures including epidemiological hypersurveillance, the humane sacrifice of infected dogs, and rapid diagnosis and treatment of human cases have been initiated.
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123
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Kanter M, Mott J, Ohashi N, Fried B, Reed S, Lin YC, Rikihisa Y. Analysis of 16S rRNA and 51-kilodalton antigen gene and transmission in mice of Ehrlichia risticii in virgulate trematodes from Elimia livescens snails in Ohio. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3349-58. [PMID: 10970382 PMCID: PMC87385 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3349-3358.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Operculate snails (the family Pleuroceridae: Elimia livescens) were collected between June and October 1998 from a river in central Ohio where repeated cases of Potomac horse fever (PHF) have occurred. Of collected snails, consistently 50 to 80% carried a combination of cercariae and sporocysts of digenetic virgulate trematodes. The trematodes obtained from each snail were pooled and tested for Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of PHF, by nested PCR using primers specific to the 16S rRNA gene. Out of a total of 209 trematode pools, 50 pools were found to be positive by PCR. The DNA sequence of the 16S rRNA gene identified in one trematode pool was identical to that of the type strain of E. risticii, and the sequence of the gene identified in another pool differed from that of the type strain by 1 nucleotide. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the partial 51-kDa antigen gene from various sources revealed that Maryland, Ohio (except Ohio 081), and Kentucky strains are in a cluster distinct from the sequences obtained from sources in California and Oregon. Ohio 081 was shown previously by antigenic composition analysis to be distinct from other groups. However, all sequences examined were not segregated according to their sources: horse blood or infected trematodes. E. risticii was found to be transmittable from trematodes to mice and was subsequently passaged from infected mice to additional mice, as determined by PCR analysis. Our findings suggest the evolution of E. risticii in the natural reservoir in separate geographic regions and persistent infection of trematode populations with E. risticii during summer and early fall. The study also suggests that the mouse can be used to isolate E. risticii from the infected trematode.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/chemistry
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Ehrlichia/genetics
- Ehrlichia/isolation & purification
- Ehrlichia/pathogenicity
- Ehrlichiosis/microbiology
- Ehrlichiosis/transmission
- Genes, rRNA
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horses
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Snails/parasitology
- Trematoda/microbiology
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124
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Reed S. Congressional action sought. Am J Nurs 2000; 100:77. [PMID: 10949574 DOI: 10.1097/00000446-200008000-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Reed S. Keeping secrets secret. Legislation to secure patient privacy and confidentiality is still needed. Am J Nurs 2000; 100:73-4. [PMID: 10949573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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