201
|
Boykins RA, Liu TY. Automatic analysis of neutral sugar components in glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1980; 2:71-8. [PMID: 7419860 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(80)90075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive automated method has been developed to separate monosaccharides by reverse-phase chromatography using the amino acid analyzer column in the Li+ form with 90% alcohol as eluent. The column can be regenerated with LiBr and 90% ethanol to achieve highly reproducible resolution of sugar components. Glycoproteins and polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by a combination of methanesulfonic acid/Dowex 50 X 8 resin in water. Glucose and mannose are distinguished by treatment of the hydrolysate with glucose oxidase prior to analysis.
Collapse
|
202
|
Oliveira EB, Gotschlich C, Liu TY. Primary structure of human C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:489-502. [PMID: 762075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence has been derived for human C-reactive protein (CRP). The protein yielded a unique sequence containing 187 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. The NH2-terminal residue of CRP is pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid and the COOH terminus is proline. The 2 half-cystine residues at positions 36 and 78 are involved in a disulfide bond. Based on the amino acid composition derived from the sequence data, a minimal molecular weight of 20,946 has been calculated for human CRP. This value agrees well with the molecular weight of 21,500 established by gel filtration of CRP in 5.0 M guanidine Cl (Gotschlich, E.C., and Edelman, G.M. (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 54, 558--566). The primary structure of human CRP has been examined for internal homology and compared to all known proteins whose structures were published before April, 1978 by two computer programs; program SEARCH and program RELATE (Dayhoff, M. O., ed (1976) in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Vol. 5, Suppl. 2, pp. 3--8, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Silver Spring, MD). The computer analyses showed no significant repeating sequences within the C-reactive protein molecule. This observation seems to rule out the possibility of gene duplication in the evolution of this protein. Distant homologies, which were statistically insignificant, have been noted to the CH2 domain of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and to C3a anaphylotoxin. The homologie noted are insufficient to support a common evolutionary origin of these proteins. No homology region in other heavy chains was observed. It is therefore preferable, at this point in time, to assign CRP and the protein known as 9.5 S alpha-glycoprotein, P component, and Clt to a new super family unrelated to any other proteins investigated. The homology between these proteins was demonstrated previously (Osmand, A.P., Friedenson, B., Gewurz, H., Painter, R.H., Hofmann, T., and Shelton, E. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 739--743) on the basis of sequence data on approximately 20 NH2-terminal residues of rabbit C-reactive protein, of Clt, and a cyanogen bromide fragment of human CRP.
Collapse
|
203
|
Baer H, Liu TY, Anderson MC, Blum M, Schmid WH, James FJ. Protein components of fire ant venom (Solenopsis invicta). Toxicon 1979; 17:397-405. [PMID: 494321 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(79)90267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
204
|
Vann WF, Liu TY, Robbins JB. Cell-free biosynthesis of the O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid capsular polysaccharide of group C meningococci. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:1300-6. [PMID: 25263 PMCID: PMC222166 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.3.1300-1306.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell-free system was established to study the biosynthesis of group C meningococcal capsular polysaccharide, an alpha-2 leads to 9-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) homopolymer containing O-acetyl groups at either C7 or C8. Sialyltransferase activity, isolated from group C meningococcus strain C-11, catalyzed incorporation of [14C]NeuAc from CMP (CMP--[14C]NeuAc) into polymeric form. This sialyltransferase was stimulated by addition of meningococcus group C and Escherichia coli K92 capsular polysaccharides, the latter being an alpha-2 leads to 8- and alpha-2 leads to 9-linked NeuAc heteropolymer. Group C meningococcal sialyltransferase did not require divalent ions but was stimulated by Mn2+. Attempts to demonstrate a lipid-soluble intermediate in the biosynthesis of this NeuAc polymer were unsuccessful. Meningococcal group C sialyltransferase incorporated NeuAc into a membrane-associated product. The polysaccharide can be extracted from the membrane-bound fraction with Triton X-100. The newly synthesized polysaccharide coprecipitates with authentic group C antigen in meningococcal group C antiserum and is degraded by sodium metaperiodate, indicating that the NeuAc polymer synthesized by the cell-free system consists of alpha-2 leads to 9 linkage. Meningococcal group C spheroplast membranes contain an O-acetylase that can catalyze the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl coenzyme A to the in vitro-synthesized polysaccharide.
Collapse
|
205
|
Tsunashima Y, Moro K, Chu B, Liu TY. Characterization of group C meningococcal polysaccharide by light-scattering spectroscopy. III. Determination of molecular weight, radius of gyration, and translational diffusional coefficient. Biopolymers 1978; 17:251-65. [PMID: 416859 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1978.360170202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
206
|
Egan W, Liu TY, Dorow D, Cohen JS, Robbins JD, Gotschlich EC, Robbins JB. Structural studies on the sialic acid polysaccharide antigen of Escherichia coli strain Bos-12. Biochemistry 1977; 16:3687-92. [PMID: 196639 DOI: 10.1021/bi00635a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A polysaccharide, antigenically related to group C meningococcus, has been isolated from Escherichia coli strain Bos-12 (016; K92; NM). Like groups B and C meningococcal polysaccharide, the Bos-12 antigen is a pure polymer of sialic acid. 13C NMR studies on the meningococcal group B and C polysaccharides have indicated that the former consists of sialic acid units linked 2 leads to 8- alpha, whereas the latter contains the sialic acid residues linked 2 leads to 9-alpha (Bhattacharjee, A.K., Jennings, H.J., Kenny, C.P., Martin, A., and Smith, I.C.P. (1975), J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1926). Comparison of natural abundance 13C NMR spectra of the Bos-12 polysaccharide with group B and C meningococcal polysaccharides established that Bos-12 was either (a) an equimolar mixture of 2 leads to 8-alpha linked sialic acid homopolymers or (b) a 2 leads to 8-alpha/2 leads to 9-alpha heteropolymer. These possibilities were distinguished in the following manner. The fact that Bos-12 polysaccharide precipitated with anti-group C serum but not with anti-group B serum would seem to exclude a. Further, chemical studies (periodate oxidation followed by tritiated NaBH4 reduction) gave saccharides with a radioactive-labeling pattern expected for alternating 2 leads to 8-alpha/2 leads to 9-alpha sialic acid linkages. Bos-12 is thus an 2 leads to 8/2 lead to 9-alpha heteropolymer.
Collapse
|
207
|
Oliveira EB, Gotschlich EC, Liu TY. Primary structure of human C-reactive protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977; 74:3148-51. [PMID: 269378 PMCID: PMC431472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.8.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of human C-reactive protein has been established. Distant homologies to C3 homology region in the CH2 domain of IgG and to C3a anaphylotoxin have been noted. No homology to other immunoglobulin homology regions or to the same homology region in other heavy chains was observed. The previously reported homologies between rabbit and human C-reactive protein and protein C1t have been extended and strengthened.
Collapse
|
208
|
Liu TY, Gotschlich EC, Egan W, Robbins JB. Sialic acid-containing polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli strain Bos-12: structure and immunology. J Infect Dis 1977; 136 Suppl:S71-7. [PMID: 408434 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/136.supplement.s71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharide antigenically related to that of group C Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from Escherichia coli strain Bos-12 (O48: K91:NM). Like the polysaccharides of groups B and CN. meningitidis, the Bos-12 antigen was shown to be a pure polymer of sialic acid. The 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the groups B and C polysaccharides indicated that the former consists of units of sialic acid joined in alpha-2 leads to 8 linkages, whereas the latter contains sialic acid residues linked by alpha-2 leads to 9 glycosidic bonds. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the polysaccharide of E. coli strain Bos-12 established that it is a heteropolymer containing both alpha-2 leads to 8 and alpha-2 leads to 9 linkages. Physical parameters including partial specific volume, reduced viscosity, diffusion and sedimentation coefficients, shape, weight-average molecular weight, and the Stokes radius of the polysaccharides of groups A, B, and C N. meningitidis have been determined. The results indicate that the polysaccharides are highly asymmetric and exist in solution as rigid rods; aggregates are formed by the association of these rods. The polysaccharides appear to have "restricted" length.
Collapse
|
209
|
Tai JY, Seid RC, Huhn RD, Liu TY. Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate II. Purification of the coagulogen and the mechanism of clotting. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:4773-6. [PMID: 873916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A coagulogen in Limulus lysate has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The purified coagulogen identified by its ability to clot with either trypsin or the purified Limulus clotting enzyme (Tai, J.Y., and Liu, T. Y. (1976) Fed. Proc. 35, 1486) has a molecular weight of 24,500. It consists of a single polypeptide chain of about 220 amino acids with glycine and serine as its NH2- and COOH-terminal residues; respectively. When acted upon by the Limulus clotting enzyme, the coagulogen releases a soluble C-peptide of about 45 amino acids and an insoluble coagulin of about 170 amino acids. The latter interacts in a noncovalent fashion to form the clot. Amino acid analyses together with the results of NH2- and COOH-terminal analyses suggest that the clot formation involves the cleavage of an--Arg--Lys--bond. Trypsin acts on the coagulogen to cause clotting by splitting the same peptide bond.
Collapse
|
210
|
Tai JY, Liu TY. Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Isolation of pro-clotting enzyme. J Biol Chem 1977; 252:2178-81. [PMID: 321451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A pro-clotting enzyme capable of causing the gelation of clottable proteins in Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The activation of the pro-clotting enzyme depended on the presence of both Ca+ and endotoxin. It contained gamma-carboxyglutamic acids and gave a single NH2-terminal lysine. The enzyme was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and soy bean trypsin inhibitor, indicating that it is a serine protease. The molecular weight of the proclotting enzyme was determined to be at least 150,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis under reducing and denaturing conditions. The protein appears to consist of a single peptide chain, since exposure of the reduced and carboxymethylated enzyme to 6 M guanidine hydrochloride failed to dissociate it into any subunits.
Collapse
|
211
|
Glode MP, Robbins JB, Liu TY, Gotschlich EC, Orskov I, Orskov F. Cross-antigenicity and immunogenicity between capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis and of Escherichia coli K92. J Infect Dis 1977; 135:94-104. [PMID: 64575 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/135.1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides of group C Neisseria meningitidis are often found in sera of young adults despite infrequent nasopharyngeal carriage and low rate of attack of N. meningitidis in the United States. Thus, experiments were designed for detection of bacteria cross-reactive with N. meningitidis. Among 3,264 cultures of stool, urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid, only 14 strains were found to be cross-reactive; all were Escherichia coli possessing the K92 capsular polysaccharide. The somatic O-antigens were 16, 13, 23, and 73; the flagellar antigens were H4 and 34. All K92 strains of E. coli showed the expected fermentations, were sensitive to common antibiotics, and lacked enteropathogenicity. Antigens of both E. coli K92 and group C N. meningitidis are capsular, acidic polysaccharides composed of sialic acid. The K92 polysaccharide is N- but not O-acetylated, sensitive to neuraminidase, and linked by alpha-2,8- alternating with alpha-2,9-ketosidic bonds. The K92 polysaccharides from all E. coli studied had similar biophysical and immunological properties. Intravenous injection of formalin-treated K92 organisms induced precipitating and bactericidal antibodies to polysaccharides of N. meningitidis. E. coli K92 strains may provide an alternative immunogen for prophylaxis against disease due to group C N. meningitidis in infants and young children.
Collapse
|
212
|
Vann WF, Liu TY, Robbins JB. Bacillus pumilus polysaccharide cross-reactive with meningococcal group A polysaccharide. Infect Immun 1976; 13:1654-62. [PMID: 184043 PMCID: PMC420816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.13.6.1654-1662.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharide, antigenically and structurally related to meningococcal group A polysaccharide, was isolated from Bacillus pumilus Sh-17. This enteric bacterium has been implicated as a source of natural meningococcal group A immunity (Myerowitz et al., 1973). The B. pumilus polysaccharide was composed of a homopolymer of (1-6)-N-acetyl-manosamine-1-phosphate, glycerol phosphate teichoic acid-containing N-acetylglucosamine and alkali-labile alanine esters, and a mucopeptide. The cross-reaction was due to the poly-(1-6)-N-acetyl-mannosamine-1-phosphate in the B. pumilus and the meningococcal group A polysaccharides, based on the following evidence. Both polysaccharides contained N-acetyl-mannosamine phosphate. Periodate oxidized the mannosamine phosphate residues of the polysaccharide and destroyed their precipitating activity with meningococcal group A antiserum. Mild acid treatment released phosphomonoesters and destroyed the meningococcal group A precipitating activity of both polysaccharides. N-acetyl-mannosamine-6-phosphate inhibited the precipitation reaction between strain Sh-17 and meningococcal group A antisera. Only mannosamine phosphate was detected in trichloroacetic acid extracts of Sh-17 polysaccharide and meningococcal group A antigen-antibody precipitates.
Collapse
|
213
|
Tai JY, Liu TY. Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragment 5. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:1948-54. [PMID: 1270416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragment 5 of streptococcal proteinase has been determined. This fragment comprises residues 130 to 253 of the proteinase chain. Six tryptic peptides were isolated from maleylated cyanogen bromide fragment 5, and their alignment was obtained by the overlap of chymotryptic peptides. Sequence analysis of tryptic, chymotryptic, and thermolysin peptides was performed by the 5-deimethylaminoaphthalene-1-sulfonyl technique and carboxypeptidases digestion.
Collapse
|
214
|
Tai JY, Kortt AA, Liu TY, Elliott SD. Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. III. Isolation of cyanogen bromide peptides: complete covalent structure of the polypeptide chain. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:1955-9. [PMID: 1270417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The following sequence has been derived for streptococcal proteinase. (See article). The sequence permits the assignment of the single cysteine residue essential for catalytic action at position 47 from the NH2 terminus of the protein. The tryptophan residue at the binding site of the enzyme is at position 214. A histidine residue at position 195 has been assigned as the catalytically important entity in the molecule. Streptococcal proteinase and papain, an enzyme with similar properties, are compared with respect to structure and function.
Collapse
|
215
|
Kortt AA, Wysocki RJ, Liu TY. Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. I Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:1941-7. [PMID: 1270415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptic and chymotroptic peptides were isolated and characterized from cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4 of streptococcal proteinase and subjected to sequence analysis by the Edman degradation, carboxy-peptidase digestion, and hydrolytic regeneration of the amino acid residues from the phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives. The results, together with the sequence data of the cyanogen bromide fragment 5 reported in the accompanying papers, provide the structural formula of streptococcal proteinase.
Collapse
|
216
|
Simpson RJ, Neuberger MR, Liu TY. Complete amino acid analysis of proteins from a single hydrolysate. J Biol Chem 1976; 251:1936-40. [PMID: 178649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical procedure which affords the precise amino acid composition of a protein or a peptide from a single hydrolysate is described. This method utilizes 4 N methanesulfonic acid containing 0.2% 3-(2-aminoethyl)indole, rather then 6N HCl as a catalyst for hydrolysis. The hydrolysis is carried out in vacuo (20 mu) at 115 degrees for 22 to 72 hours. Half-cystine is determined as S-sulfocysteine by treating the hydrolysate with dithiothreitol followed by an excess of tetrathionate. The values of all amino acids, including tryptophan and half-cystine, were close to the expected theoretical values for the proteins examined. The method has the advantage that the neutralized hydrolysate can be applied directly to an ion exchange column. Further, the method is capable of distinguishing between free sulfhydryl groups as S-carbosymethylcysteine and disulfides as S-sulfocysteine. A limitation of the procedure is that tryptophan remains sensitive to the presence of carbohydrate in the sample.
Collapse
|
217
|
Simpson RJ, Neuberger MR, Liu TY. Complete amino acid analysis of proteins from a single hydrolysate. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
218
|
Tai JY, Liu TY. Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragment 5. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
219
|
Kortt AA, Wysocki RJ, Liu TY. Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. I Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
220
|
Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Glode MP, Vann W, Schiffer MS, Liu TY, Parke JC, Huntley C. Cross-reactive antigens and immunity to diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 56:141-51. [PMID: 239050 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(75)90119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic structures may be shared among naturally occurring polymers, including proteins and polysaccharides. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Cross-reactions between proteins are due to similarities in their overall shape rather than their individual amino acid components. Cross-reactions have been demonstrated among proteins with similar evolutionary development and structure, such as serum albumins or immunoglobulins. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. In contrast to proteins, antigenic specificities may be conferred by mono-, di-, and trisaccharides. Since there are about 150 known naturally occurring monosaccharides, it is not unexpected that cross-reactions are demonstrable between polysaccharides from widely divergent sources.
Collapse
|
221
|
Argaman M, Liu TY, Robbins JB. Polyribitol-phosphate: an antigen of four gram-positive bacteria cross-reactive with the capsular polysaccharide of haemophilus influenzae type B. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1974; 112:649-55. [PMID: 4205205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
222
|
Kolattukudy PE, Buckner JS, Liu TY. Biosynthesis of secondary alcohols and ketones from alkanes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 156:613-20. [PMID: 4718785 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
223
|
Kortt AA, Liu TY. On the mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. II. Comparison of the kinetics of proteinase- and papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acylamino acid esters. Biochemistry 1973; 12:328-37. [PMID: 4683008 DOI: 10.1021/bi00726a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
224
|
Kortt AA, Liu TY. On the mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. I. Active-site titration. Biochemistry 1973; 12:320-7. [PMID: 4683007 DOI: 10.1021/bi00726a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
225
|
Kortt AA, Liu TY. On the mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. 3. The effect of pH, organic solvents, and deuterium oxide on the proteinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acylamino acid esters. Biochemistry 1973; 12:338-45. [PMID: 4683009 DOI: 10.1021/bi00726a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
226
|
Liu TY, Gotschlich EC, Dunne FT, Jonssen EK. Studies on the meningococcal polysaccharides. II. Composition and chemical properties of the group B and group C polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1971; 246:4703-12. [PMID: 4327325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
227
|
Liu TY, Gotschlich EC, Jonssen EK, Wysocki JR. Studies on the meningococcal polysaccharides. I. Composition and chemical properties of the group A polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1971; 246:2849-58. [PMID: 4995120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
228
|
Liu TY, Chang YH. Hydrolysis of proteins with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Determination of tryptophan. J Biol Chem 1971; 246:2842-8. [PMID: 5102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
229
|
Elliott SD, Hayward J, Liu TY. The presence of a group A variant-like antigen in streptococci of other groups with special reference to group N. J Exp Med 1971; 133:479-93. [PMID: 5111438 PMCID: PMC2138942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.133.3.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A Group A variant-like antigen has been detected in streptococci belonging to Groups D, E, G, M, and N. In Groups D and N the variant-like antigen was located in the streptococcal cell walls. In two strains of Group N streptococci (C559 and B209) the cell walls were chemically different and serologically distinct. In strain C559 N-acetylgalactosamine, and in strain B209, N-acetylglucosamine were the major determinants of serological specificity. The cell walls of strain C559 contained at least three serologically reactive components: a rhamnose-containing fraction that precipitated with an antiserum to Group A-variant carbohydrate; a strain-specific polysaccharide composed of galactosamine and glucosamine, both in the N-acetylated form and probably polymerized with an unidentified phosphorylated substance; and a component of unknown composition serologically related to a Group D streptococcus strain C3 (S. durans). An analogy is drawn between the cell wall structure in streptococcus and Salmonella.
Collapse
|
230
|
Kolattukudy PE, Liu TY. Direct evidence for biosynthetic relationships among hydrocarbons, secondary alcohols and ketones in Brassica oleracea. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41:1369-74. [PMID: 5487866 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
231
|
Liu TY, Hassid WZ. Solubilization and partial purification of cellulose synthetase from Phaseolus aureus. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:1922-5. [PMID: 4985907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
232
|
Liu TY, Castelfranco P. The biosynthesis of ethyl-beta-glucoside in extracts of pea seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1970; 45:424-428. [PMID: 5427111 PMCID: PMC396426 DOI: 10.1104/pp.45.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme, which lacks cellobiase activity, responsible for the synthesis of ethyl-beta-glucoside has been found in the extracts of pea hooks (1-centimeter length of the apical portion of epicotyl) and has been partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The enzyme can transfer the glucosyl moiety from a group of phenolic beta-glucosides to ethanol. A specific beta-glucosyl donor, isosuccinimide beta-glucoside, isolated from the extracts of pea seedlings shows the highest activity. The characteristics of the enzyme which synthesizes ethyl-beta-glucoside and the glucosyl donor, isosuccinimide beta-glucoside, have been studied. The significance of this system (enzyme and isosuccinimide beta-glucoside) has been discussed.
Collapse
|
233
|
Inglis AS, Liu TY. The stability of cysteine and cystine during acid hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. J Biol Chem 1970; 245:112-6. [PMID: 5460796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
|
234
|
Liu TY, Nomura N, Jonsson EK, Wallace BG. Streptococcal proteinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of some ester and amide substrates. J Biol Chem 1969; 244:5745-56. [PMID: 5348608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
235
|
Gotschlich EC, Liu TY, Artenstein MS. Human immunity to the meningococcus. 3. Preparation and immunochemical properties of the group A, group B, and group C meningococcal polysaccharides. J Exp Med 1969; 129:1349-65. [PMID: 4977282 PMCID: PMC2138651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.129.6.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The group-specific polysaccharides of group A and group C meningococci have been isolated by a new procedure which employs the cationic detergent Cetavlon to precipitate these polysaccharides from the whole culture. The A and C polysaccharide prepared by this method are noteworthy because they are of high molecular weight. The main constituent of the A polysaccharide is N-acetyl, O-acetyl mannosamine phosphate; of the C polysaccharide N-acetyl, O-acetyl neuraminic acid. This purification procedure, when applied to cultures of group B organisms, yields a polysaccharide consisting primarily of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. A passive hemagglutination test developed to measure antibodies to the polysaccharides demonstrated the specificity of these antigens. Using a hemagglutination inhibition test, these antigens were again found to be group-specific, and this test could be used for serogrouping meningococcal isolates.
Collapse
|
236
|
Price PA, Liu TY, Stein WH, Moore S. Properties of chromatographically purified bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. J Biol Chem 1969; 244:917-23. [PMID: 5769189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
237
|
Liu TY, Castelfrance PA. Isosuccinimide-beta-glucoside, the glucosyl donor in the synthesis of ethyl-beta-glucoside by pea seedling extracts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 123:645-6. [PMID: 5650320 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
238
|
Liu TY. Demonstration of the presence of a histidine residue at the active site of streptococcal proteinase. J Biol Chem 1967; 242:4029-32. [PMID: 6061695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
239
|
Liu TY, Gotschlich EC. Muramic acid phosphate as a component of the mucopeptide of Gram-positive bacteria. J Biol Chem 1967; 242:471-6. [PMID: 4290217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
240
|
Gotschlich EC, Liu TY. Structural and immunological studies on the pneumococcal C polysaccharide. J Biol Chem 1967; 242:463-70. [PMID: 4381522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
241
|
Liu TY, Oppenheim A, Castelfranco P. Ethyl alcohol metabolism in leguminous seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1965; 40:1261-8. [PMID: 5842705 PMCID: PMC550464 DOI: 10.1104/pp.40.6.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
242
|
Liu TY, Brownell KA, Hartman FA. Production of androgenic hormone by the adrenal. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1955; 180:50-2. [PMID: 13228645 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1954.180.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|