High-throughput multimodal strong anion exchange purification and N-glycan characterization of endogenous glycoprotein expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris

The secretory pathway of the yeast Pichia pastoris has been engineered to produce complex human-type N-glycans (Choi et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:5022-5027, 2003; Hamilton et al., Science 301:1244-1246, 2003; Hamilton et al., Science 313:1441-1443, 2006). In contrast to the heterogeneous glycans produced on the therapeutic glycoproteins expressed in mammalian cell lines, glycoengineered P. pastoris can be designed to produce a specific, preselected glycoform. In order to achieve glycan uniformity on the target protein, No Open Reading Frame (NORF) yeast cell lines are screened extensively during various stages of glycoengineering. In the absence of the target protein of interest, screening the NORF yeast cell lines for glycoform uniformity becomes a challenge. The common approach so far has been to analyze the total cell glycan pool released from glycoproteins of the NORF yeast cells to predict the N-glycan uniformity. As this does not always accurately predict the N-glycan end product, we describe in this chapter a detailed protocol for a non-affinity-based high-throughput purification of an endogenous glycoprotein. This protein of interest has been introduced during the early stages of glycoengineering process and its N-glycan profile is utilized as a tool for glycoengineering screening.

Treatment of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrates: comparison of precipitative softening, coagulation, and anion exchange

Disposal and treatment of concentrate from nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are major challenges to implementing membrane treatment processes. Intermediate treatment of membrane concentrate, between primary and secondary membrane stages, has the potential to increase membrane recovery rates and decrease the volume of concentrate produced. To achieve this, however, there is a need to better understand treatment of membrane concentrate. As a result, this work systematically evaluated lime softening, ferric sulfate coagulation, and magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) as individual, intermediate treatment processes for membrane concentrate. Six membrane concentrates, from NF and RO, with varying concentrations of calcium, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and sulfate were chosen for this study. Maximum removal of calcium was achieved by lime softening, whereas maximum removals of DOM and sulfate were achieved by MIEX. The results of this work show that intermediate treatment of NF/RO concentrate is capable of producing treated concentrate with water quality approximately equal to the initial source water.

A microcapsule containing chelating resin selective for cadmium (II)

Ion exchange and solvent extraction technologies have been widely used for uptake and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous phases. However, different problems have been encountered on applying these techniques. Alternative to overcome these limitations is the microcapsulation of extractants within a functionalized polymeric shell. A chelating resin was prepared by treating Ceralite IR 400 with chromotropic acid and characterized by FTIR spectrum and sulphur analysis. Then, polystyrene microcapsules containing chelating resin were prepared by interfacial copolymerization of w/o/w emulsions. The adsorption of Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) into microcapsule was studied by batch experiments. The effect of pH and counter ions on adsorption behavior has been investigated. Maximum uptake of Cd(II) into microcapsule was found in the presence of I ions and remained unchanged in the pH range 1-7 and the Cd(II) ions remained unaffected in the microcapsule even in 1 M HCl solution. The selectivity for Cd(II) was over four times greater than the other investigated metal ions. The breakthrough capacity for Cd(II) was 2.68 m mol/g microcapsule. The microcapsule packed mini-column has been applied for separation of Cd(II) from Zn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II). The microcapsule has also been tested for selective recovery of Cd(II) from river water.

Comparison of adsorption equilibrium models for the study of CL-, NO3- and SO4(2-) removal from aqueous solutions by an anion exchange resin

The removal of chloride, nitrate and sulfate ions from aqueous solutions by a macroporous resin is studied through the ion exchange systems OH(-)/Cl(-), OH(-)/NO(3)(-), OH(-)/SO(4)(2-), and HCO(3)(-)/Cl(-), Cl(-)/NO(3)(-), Cl(-)/SO(4)(2-). They are investigated by means of Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) and Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) single-component adsorption isotherms. The sorption parameters and the fitting of the models are determined by nonlinear regression and discussed. The Langmuir model provides a fair estimation of the sorption capacity whatever the system under study, on the contrary to Freundlich and D-R models. The adsorption energies deduced from Dubinin and Langmuir isotherms are in good agreement, and the surface parameter of the D-A isotherm appears consistent. All models agree on the order of affinity OH(-)<HCO(3)(-)<Cl(-)<NO(3)(-)<SO(4)(2-), and distinguish high energy processes (OH(-)/Cl(-), OH(-)/NO(3)(-), OH(-)/SO(4)(2-), Cl(-)/SO(4)(2-)) from lower energy systems (HCO(3)(-)/Cl(-), Cl(-)/NO(3)(-)). The D-A and D-R models provide the best fit to the experimental points, indicating that the micropore volume filling theory is the best representation of the ion exchange processes under study among other adsorption isotherms. The nonlinear regression results are also compared with linear regressions. While the parameter values are not affected, the evaluation of the best fitting model is biased by linearization.

A weak-base fibrous anion exchanger effective for rapid phosphate removal from water

This work investigated that weak-base anion exchange fibers named FVA-c and FVA-f were selectively and rapidly taken up phosphate from water. The chemical structure of both FVA-c and FVA-f was the same; i.e., poly(vinylamine) chains grafted onto polyethylene coated polypropylene fibers. Batch study using FVA-c clarified that this preferred phosphate to chloride, nitrate and sulfate in neutral pH region and an equilibrium capacity of FVA-c for phosphate was from 2.45 to 6.87 mmol/g. Column study using FVA-f made it clear that breakthrough capacities of FVA-f were not strongly affected by flow rates from 150 to 2000 h(-1) as well as phosphate feed concentration from 0.072 to 1.6mM. Under these conditions, breakthrough capacities were from 0.84 to 1.43 mmol/g indicating high kinetic performances. Trace concentration of phosphate was also removed from feeds containing 0.021 and 0.035 mM of phosphate at high feed flow rate of 2500 h(-1), breakthrough capacities were 0.676 and 0.741 mmol/g, respectively. The column study also clarified that chloride and sulfate did not strongly interfere with phosphate uptake even in their presence of equimolar and fivefold molar levels. Adsorbed phosphate on FVA-f was quantitatively eluted with 1M HCl acid and regenerated into hydrochloride form simultaneously for next phosphate adsorption operation. Therefore, FVA-f is able to use long time even under rigorous chemical treatment of multiple regeneration/reuse cycles without any noticeable deterioration.

Sorption of heavy metal metatartrate complexes on polystyrene anion exchangers

The performance of polystyrene anion exchangers in purifying wastewaters containing metatartaric acid and heavy metal ions (especially those from electroless plating processes) was investigated. The following anion exchangers were selected: Lewatit MonoPlus M 500, Lewatit MonoPlus MP 64, Lewatit MP 62 and Amberlite IRA 402. A batch method was used to study the influence of: phase contact time (1-120 min); solution pH (2-9); concentration of initial heavy metal Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes (1.25 x 10(-4) M to 8.0 x 10(-3) M); temperature (303-333K); and interfering ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Ca2+, Mg2+). The amounts of Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes with metatartaric acid sorbed at equilibrium using the strongly basic anion exchanger Lewatit MonoPlus M 500 were equal to 7.25 mg/g, 3.21 mg/g, 3.78 mg/g and 3.98 mg/g, respectively. The equilibrium sorption capacity increased slightly with increasing temperature. The optimal pH sorption was found to be 6.5. The experimental data were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacities q(0) determined from the Langmuir adsorption equation equal to 7.53 mg/g, 3.75 mg/g, 3.55 mg/g and 4.60 mg/g were in good agreement with the experimental values for Lewatit MonoPlus M 500. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations were modelled using pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo second order kinetic model.

Thermodynamic modeling of Cl(-), NO3(-) and SO4(2-) removal by an anion exchange resin and comparison with Dubinin-Astakhov isotherms

The removal of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions from wastewaters by a macroporous ion-exchange resin is studied through the experimental results obtained for six ion exchange systems, OH(-)/Cl(-), OH(-)/NO3(-), OH(-)/SO4(2-), and HCO3(-)/Cl(-), Cl(-)/NO3(-), Cl(-)/SO4(2-). The results are described through thermodynamic modeling, considering either an ideal or a nonideal behavior of the ionic species in the liquid and solid phases. The nonidealities are determined by the Davies equation and Wilson equations in the liquid and solid phases, respectively. The results show that the resin has a strong affinity for all the target ions, and the order of affinity obtained is OH(-) < HCO3(-) < Cl(-) < NO3(-) < SO4(2-). The calculation of the changes in standard Gibbs free energies (ΔG(0)) shows that even though HCO3(-) has a lower affinity to the resin, it may affect the removal of Cl(-), and in the same way that Cl(-) may affect the removal of NO3(-) and SO4(2-). The application of nonidealities in the thermodynamic model leads to an improved fit of the model to the experimental data with average relative deviations below 1.5% except for the OH(-)/SO4(2-) system. On the other hand, considering ideal or nonideal behaviors has no significant impact on the determination of the selectivity coefficients. The thermodynamic modeling is also compared with the Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption isotherms obtained for the same ion exchange systems. Surprisingly, the latter performs significantly better than the ideal thermodynamic model and nearly as well as the nonideal thermodynamic model.

Isolation of bacterial ribosomes with monolith chromatography

We report the development of a rapid chromatographic method for the isolation of bacterial ribosomes from crude cell lysates in less than ten minutes. Our separation is based on the use of strong anion exchange monolithic columns. Using a simple stepwise elution program we were able to purify ribosomes whose composition is comparable to those isolated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, as confirmed by quantitative proteomic analysis (iTRAQ). The speed and simplicity of this approach could accelerate the study of many different aspects of ribosomal biology.

Performance of electron acceptors in catholyte of a two-chambered microbial fuel cell using anion exchange membrane

The performance of the cathodic electron acceptors (CEA) used in the two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) was in the following order: potassium permanganate (1.11V; 116.2 mW/m(2))>potassium persulfate (1.10 V; 101.7 mW/m(2))>potassium dichromate, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (0.76 V; 45.9 mW/m(2))>potassium ferricyanide (0.78 V; 40.6 mW/m(2)). Different operational parameters were considered to find out the performance of the MFC like initial pH in aqueous solutions, concentrations of the electron acceptors, phosphate buffer and aeration. Potassium persulfate was found to be more suitable out of the four electron acceptors which had a higher open circuit potential (OCP) but sustained the voltage for a much longer period than permanganate. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 59% was achieved using 10mM persulfate in a batch process. RALEX™ AEM-PES, an anion exchange membrane (AEM), performed better in terms of power density and OCP in comparison to Nafion®117 Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM).

Carminic acid modified anion exchanger for the removal and preconcentration of Mo(VI) from wastewater

Removal and preconcentration of Mo(VI) from water and wastewater solutions was investigated using carminic acid modified anion exchanger (IRA743). Various factors influencing the adsorption of Mo(VI), e.g. pH, initial concentration, and coexisting oxyanions were studied. Adsorption reached equilibrium within <10 min and was independent of initial concentration of Mo(VI). Studies were performed at different pH values to find the pH at which maximum adsorption occurred and was determined to be at a pH between 4.0 and 6.0. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (q(max)) was found to be 13.5mg Mo(VI)/g of the adsorbent. The results showed that modification of IRA743 with carminic acid is suitable for the removal of Mo(VI), as molybdate, from water and wastewater samples. The concentration of Mo(VI) was determined spectrophotometrically using bromopyrogallol red as a complexation reagent. This allows the determination of Mo(VI) in the range 1.0-100.0 μg/mL. The obtained material was subjected to efficient regeneration.

Immobilized humic substances on an anion exchange resin and their role on the redox biotransformation of contaminants

A novel technique to immobilize humic substances (HS) on an anion exchange resin is presented. Immobilized HS were demonstrated as an effective solid-phase redox mediator (RM) during the reductive biotransformation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) and the azo model compound, Reactive Red 2 (RR2). Immobilized HS increased ∼4-fold the extent of CT reduction to chloroform by a humus-reducing consortium in comparison to incubations lacking HS. Immobilized HS also increased 2-fold the second-order rate constant of decolorization of RR2 as compared with sludge incubations lacking HS. To our knowledge, the present study constitutes the first demonstration of immobilized HS serving as an effective solid-phase RM during the reductive biotransformation of priority contaminants. The immobilizing technique developed could be appropriate for enhancing the redox biotransformation of recalcitrant pollutants in anaerobic wastewater treatment systems.

Bicarbonate-form anion exchange: affinity, regeneration, and stoichiometry

Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) is an effective process for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from natural waters, but its implementation has been limited due to production of waste sodium chloride solution (i.e., brine) from the regeneration process. Chloride is of concern because elevated concentrations can have adverse effects on engineered and natural systems. The goal of this research was to explore the efficacy of using anion exchange resin with bicarbonate as the mobile counter ion, which would produce a non-chloride regeneration solution. It was found that bicarbonate-form MIEX resin had a similar affinity as chloride-form MIEX resin for sulfate, nitrate, DOC, and ultraviolet-absorbing substances. Both bicarbonate-form and chloride-form MIEX resins showed the greatest removal efficiencies as fresh resin, and removal efficiency decreased with multiple regeneration cycles. Nevertheless, sodium bicarbonate solution was as effective as sodium chloride solution at regenerating MIEX resin. Regeneration of the bicarbonate-form MIEX resin was illustrated by sparging carbon dioxide gas in a water/resin slurry. This regeneration process would eliminate the need for the addition of salts such as sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate. The stoichiometry of the bicarbonate-form resin revealed that the bicarbonate was deprotonating within the resin matrix leading to a mixture of both carbonate and bicarbonate mobile counter ions. This work makes an important contribution to ion exchange applications for water treatment by evaluating the affinity, regeneration, and stoichiometry of bicarbonate-form anion exchange.

Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate from wastewater by anion exchange resins: effects of resin properties and solution chemistry

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a new persistent organic pollutant of substantial environmental concern, and its removal from industrial wastewater is critical to eliminate its release into water environment. In this paper, six anion exchange resins with different polymer matrix, porosity, and functional group were evaluated for PFOS removal from simulated wastewater. Resin matrix displayed significant effect on the sorption kinetics and capacity of PFOS, and the polyacrylic resins including IRA67 and IRA958 exhibited faster sorption and higher sorption capacity for PFOS than the polystyrene resins due to the hydrophilic matrix. Sorption isotherms illustrated that the sorption capacity of PFOS on IRA67 and IRA958 was up to 4-5 mmol/g, and the amount of PFOS sorbed on the resins was more than chloride released from resins, indicating that other interactions besides anion exchange were involved in the sorption. Solution pH had little impact on the sorption of PFOS on IRA958, but displayed significant effect on IRA67 at pH above 10 due to the deprotonation of amine groups. The coexisting sulfate and hexavalent chromium in wastewater interfered with the sorption of PFOS because of their competitive sorption on the exchange sites. The spent resins were successfully regenerated using the mixture of NaCl and methanol solution. This work provided an understanding of sorption behavior and mechanism of PFOS on different anion exchange resins, and should result in more effective applications of ion exchange for PFOS removal from industrial wastewater.

Optimized enrichment and purification of ferrocyanide for 13/12C and 15/14N isotope analysis of aqueous solutions

The occurrence of ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)(6)(4-), in aqueous environments is of concern, since it is potentially hazardous. For tracing the source of ferrocyanide in contaminated water we developed a method that relies on the determination of the stable isotope ratios of (13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N of this complexed cyanide (CN) after precipitating it as cupric ferrocyanide, Cu(2)[Fe(CN)(6)] · 7H(2)O. The precipitate was combusted and the isotope ratios were determined by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. At first, ferrocyanide enrichment from synthetic water containing cyanide with known isotopic composition was studied by using six commercial anion-exchange resins. Five resins revealed a quick and complete sorption of ferrocyanide. A nearly quantitative desorption was achieved using NaCl solutions of 5 and 10% by weight for four resins. Subsequent determination of the δ(13)C(CN) and δ(15)N(CN) values of the ferrocyanide revealed that no significant isotope fractionation occurred during this procedure. These results were reproduced even in column experiments using larger water volumes. Potential interferences were also addressed. Sulfate in excess competes for exchange sites but can be precipitated as BaSO(4) prior to ferrocyanide enrichment. Non-cyanide carbon compounds may co-precipitate with cupric ferrocyanide, thus possibly modifying the isotope ratios. However, neither dissolved inorganic carbon nor highly soluble organic compounds did interfere with the method. Poorly soluble organics like BTEX and PAH can be eliminated by passing the samples through appropriate adsorber resins in a prior step. The proposed method is an excellent way of precise determination of the stable cyanide-carbon and cyanide-nitrogen isotope ratios in ferrocyanide-containing aqueous samples, which was successfully applied to four contaminated groundwater samples since measured aqueous isotopes ratios match those of corresponding cyanide-bearing solid wastes.

Oxidative degradation of 2,6-dibromophenol using anion-exchange resin supported supramolecular catalysts of iron(III)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis (p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin bound to humic acid prepared via formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde polycondensation

An iron(III)-porphyrin catalyst, iron(III)-tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (FeTHP), was introduced into a humic acid via a formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde polycondensation reaction to stabilize the catalyst. The prepared supramolecular catalysts were then attached to Dowex-22, an anion-exchange resin. The oxidation of 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) was then used, to evaluate the catalytic activities of the supported catalysts. The supported catalyst prepared via the urea-formaldehyde polycondensation reaction showed the highest catalytic activity of all catalysts tested. However, no debromination was observed under any conditions. To examine the reusability of the supported catalysts, they were evaluated on the basis of the decrease in the percent degradation of 2,6-DBP for the number times that they could be used. To determine why the catalytic activities decreased with increasing use, the surface of the supported catalysts were observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SME-EDS) after each use. The poor reusability of the supported catalysts can be attributed to the fact that 2,6-DBP and/or brominated byproducts are tightly absorbed to the catalyst in the vicinity of the active site, which leads to inactivation of the supported catalysts.

Bioregeneration of perchlorate-laden gel-type anion-exchange resin in a fluidized bed reactor

Selective ion-exchange resins are very effective to remove perchlorate from contaminated waters. However, these resins are currently incinerated after one time use, making the ion-exchange process incomplete and unsustainable for perchlorate removal. Resin bioregeneration is a new concept that combines ion-exchange with biological reduction by directly contacting perchlorate-laden resins with a perchlorate-reducing bacterial culture. In this research, feasibility of the bioregeneration of perchlorate-laden gel-type anion-exchange resin was investigated. Bench-scale bioregeneration experiments, using a fluidized bed reactor and a bioreactor, were performed to evaluate the feasibility of the process and to gain insight into potential mechanisms that control the process. The results of the bioregeneration tests suggested that the initial phase of the bioregeneration process might be controlled by kinetics, while the later phase seems to be controlled by diffusion. Feasibility study showed that direct bioregeneration of gel-type resin was effective in a fluidized-bed reactor, and that the resin could be defouled, reused, and repeatedly regenerated using the method applied in this research.

Disinfection by-product formation of natural organic matter surrogates and treatment by coagulation, MIEX and nanofiltration

Potentially the most effective means of controlling disinfection by-products (DBPs) is to remove precursors before disinfection. To understand relationships between physical properties, treatability and DBP formation, nine natural organic matter (NOM) surrogates were studied. Their DBP formation and removal by coagulation, MIEX anion exchange resin and two nanofiltration membranes was measured. Whereas treatability of NOM surrogates was explained in terms of their physicochemical properties, the same was not true of DBP formation. Hence it was not possible to selectively remove compounds which generate high amounts of DBPs. Instead, precursor removal strategies based upon empirical DBP formation potential testing are more apt. Under conditions simulating full-scale performance, MIEX did not offer improved performance over coagulation. A hydrophobic nanofiltration membrane proved successful for removing neutral, hydrophilic surrogates, and hence is also suitable for DBP precursors of this character.

Sequential enrichment of sulfated glycans by strong anion-exchange chromatography prior to mass spectrometric measurements

Structural characterization of sulfated glycans through mass spectrometry (MS) has been often limited by their low abundance in biological materials and inefficient ionization in the positive-ion mode. Here, we describe a microscale method for sequentially enriching sulfated glycans according to their degree of sulfation. This method is based on modifying the binding ability of strong anion-exchange material through the use of different sodium acetate concentrations, thus enabling fairly selective binding and a subsequent elution of different glycans according to their degree of sulfation. Before this enrichment, the negative charge on the sialic acid, which is commonly associated with such glycans, was eliminated through permethylation that is used to enhance the positive-ion mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) signal for all glycans. This enrichment approach minimizes competitive ionization between sulfated and neutral glycans, as well as that between sulfated species with a different degree of sulfation. The described method was initially optimized using sulfated oligosaccharide standards, while its potential has been verified for the sulfated N-glycans originated from the bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (bTSH), a glycoprotein possessing mono- and disulfated N-glycans. This enhancement of the MALDI-MS signal facilitates analysis of some otherwise undetected components.

Simultaneous adsorption of lead and cadmium on MnO2-loaded resin

MnO2-loaded D301 weak basic anion exchange resin has been used as adsorbent to simultaneously remove lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH and the coexistent ions on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that with the adsorbent dosage more than 0.6 g/L, both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were simultaneously removed at pH range 5-6. Except for HPO4(2-), the high concentration coexistent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) and HCO3-, showed no significant effect on the removal efficiency of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ under the experimental conditions. The coexistence of Mg2+, Ca2+ caused the reduction of Cd2+ removal, but not for Pb2+. The adsorption equilibrium for Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be excellently described by the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 80.64 mg/g for Pb2+ and 21.45 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model. MnO2-loaded D301 resin has been shown to have a potential to be used as an effective adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution.

Relation of structure to performance characteristics of monolithic and perfusive stationary phases

Commercially available polymer-based monolithic and perfusive stationary phases were evaluated for their applicability in chromatography of biologics. Information on bed geometry, including that from electron microscopy (EM), was used to interpret and predict accessible volumes, binding capacities, and pressure drops. For preparative purification of biologics up to at least 7 nm in diameter, monoliths and perfusive resins are inferior to conventional stationary phases due to their low binding capacities (20-30 g/L for BSA). For larger biologics, up to several hundred nanometers in diameter, calculations from EM images predict a potential increase in binding capacity to nearly 100 g/L. The accessible volume for adenovirus calculated from the EM images matched the experimental value. While the pores of perfusive resins are essentially inaccessible to adenovirus under binding conditions, under non-adsorbing conditions the accessible intrabead porosity is almost as large as the interbead porosity. Modeling of breakthrough curves showed that the experimentally observed slow approach to full saturation can be explained by the distribution of pore sizes.

Kinetics of adsorption of sulphonated azo dyes on strong basic anion exchangers

The macroporous polystyrene anion exchangers Amberlite IRA-900 and Amberlite IRA-910 were used in order to remove sulphonated azo dyes (Allura Red and Sunset Yellow) from aqueous solutions of 100-500 mg/L concentrations. The experimental data obtained at 100, 200, 300 and 500 mg/L initial concentrations at 20 degrees C were applied to the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber-Morris kinetic models. The calculated sorption capacities (qe,cal) and the rate constant of the first-order adsorption (k1) were determined. The pseudo-second-order kinetic constants (k2) and capacities were calculated from the plots of t/qt vs t, 1/qt vs 1/t, 1/t vs 1/qt, qt/t vs qt and 1/qe-qt vs t for type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4 and type 5 of the pseudo-second-order expression, respectively. The influence of phase contact time, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature on Allura Red and Sunset Yellow removal was also discussed.

Study of kinetic and fixed bed operation of removal of sulfate anions from an industrial wastewater by an anion exchange resin

Sulfate anions represent very important wastewater pollutants, which appear in the effluents discharged from copper mines. In this study, for the first time, an attempt has been made on the removal of sulfate anions by an ion exchange resin. This work is focused on the removal of sulfate anions from the Sarcheshmeh copper complex (Kerman province, Southeast of Iran) wastewater by an anion exchange resin. Batch experiments of sulfate anions adsorption on Lewatit K6362 resin were carried out to determine the adsorption equilibrium data and the relation of adsorption isotherms. Isothermal data can be fitted with Freundlich adsorption isotherms better than Langmuir equation. The results show that maximum removal of sulfate anions take places in the resin dosage of 1000 mg/100ml and the adsorption of sulfate anions on the resin follows reversible first-order kinetics. The overall adsorption rate constants were compared for different initial concentrations. Finally, the effects of parameters such as the flow rate, bed height and inlet adsorbate concentration on the breakthrough curve in a fixed bed column were studied in detail.

Hydrodynamic modeling of NOM transport in UF: effects of charge density and ionic strength on effective size and sieving

The transport behavior of natural organic matter (NOM) across polyethersulfone (PES) UF membranes having a range of nominal molecularweight cutoffs (MWCOs) was investigated and described with a hydrodynamic transport model. Transport of whole NOM and NOM fractionated on an anion exchange resin (IRA 958) was measured to investigate the impact of NOM size and charge density. It was found that the dominant transport mechanism, characterized by the membrane Peclet number, depended on the membrane MWCO, and transitioned from diffusion to convection at a MWCO of about 10 kDa. Increasing ionic strength significantly decreased the effective solute radius and decreased the observed rejection of charged NOM fractions, whereas no significant change was seen for neutral fractions. Using an available theoretical model for partitioning of charged solutes, the effect of ionic strength on the electrical double layer thickness can account for the observed changes in effective solute radius. These results provide insight into the role of solute charge and electrostatic interactions in NOM transport behavior.

Adsorption of chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solution by succinylated mercerized cellulose functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups

Succinylated mercerized cellulose (cell 1) was used to synthesize an anion exchange resin. Cell 1, containing carboxylic acid groups was reacted with triethylenetetramine to introduce amine functionality to this material to obtain cell 2. Cell 2 was reacted with methyl-iodide to quaternize the amine groups from this material to obtain cell 3. Cells 2 and 3 were characterized by mass percent gain, degree of amination and quaternization, FTIR and CHN. Cells 2 and 3 showed degrees of amination and quaternization of 2.8 and 0.9 mmol/g and nitrogen content of 6.07% and 2.13%, respectively. Cell 3 was used for Cr (VI) adsorption studies. Adsorption equilibrium time and optimum pH for Cr (VI) adsorption were found to be 300 min and 3.1, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was used to model adsorption equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity of cell 3 was found to be 0.829 mmol/g. Kinetic studies showed that the rate of adsorption of Cr (VI) on cell 3 obeyed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Removal of tartrazine from aqueous solutions by strongly basic polystyrene anion exchange resins

The removal of tartrazine from aqueous solutions onto the strongly basic polystyrene anion exchangers of type 1 (Amberlite IRA-900) and type 2 (Amberlite IRA-910) was investigated. The experimental data obtained at 100, 200, 300 and 500 mg/dm(3) initial concentrations at 20 degrees C were applied to the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Weber-Morris kinetic models. The calculated sorption capacities (q(e,cal)) and the rate constant of the first order adsorption (k(1)) were determined. The pseudo-second order kinetic constants (k(2)) and capacities were calculated from the plots of t/q(t) vs. t, 1/q(t) vs. 1/t, 1/t vs. 1/q(t) and q(t)/t vs. q(t) for type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 of the pseudo-second order expression, respectively. The influence of phase contact time, solution pH and temperature on tartrazine removal was also discussed. The FTIR spectra of pure anion exchangers and those loaded with tartrazine were recorded, too.