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Burdett TC, Desjardins CA, Logan R, McFarland NR, Chen X, Schwarzschild MA. Efficient determination of purine metabolites in brain tissue and serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and UV detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:122-9. [PMID: 22674671 PMCID: PMC9979337 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purine metabolic pathway has been implicated in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is widely used to determine purines and metabolites. However, methods for analysis of multiple purines in a single analysis have not been standardized, especially in brain tissue. We report the development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method combining electrochemical and UV detection after a short gradient run to measure seven purine metabolites (adenosine, guanosine, inosine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and urate) from the entire purine metabolic pathway. The limit of detection (LoD) for each analyte was determined. The LoD using UV absorption was 0.001 mg/dL for hypoxanthine (Hyp), inosine (Ino), guanosine (Guo) and adenosine (Ado), and those using coulometric electrodes were 0.001 mg/dL for guanine (Gua), 0.0001 mg/dL for urate (UA) and 0.0005 mg/dL for xanthine (Xan). The intra- and inter-day coefficient of variance was generally <8%. Using this method, we determined basal levels of these metabolites in mouse brain and serum, as well as in post-mortem human brain. Peak identities were confirmed by enzyme degradation. Spike recovery was performed to assess accuracy. All recoveries fell within 80-120%. Our HPLC method provides a sensitive, rapid, reproducible and low-cost method for determining multiple purine metabolites in a single analysis in serum and brain specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Burdett
- The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cody A. Desjardins
- The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Robert Logan
- The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- University of Florida, Department of Neurology Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiqun Chen
- The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Correspondence to: Xiqun Chen, The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Michael A. Schwarzschild
- The MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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252
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Kierny MR, Cunningham TD, Kay BK. Detection of biomarkers using recombinant antibodies coupled to nanostructured platforms. Nano Rev 2012; 3:NANO-3-17240. [PMID: 22833780 PMCID: PMC3404449 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v3i0.17240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The utility of biomarker detection in tomorrow's personalized health care field will mean early and accurate diagnosis of many types of human physiological conditions and diseases. In the search for biomarkers, recombinant affinity reagents can be generated to candidate proteins or post-translational modifications that differ qualitatively or quantitatively between normal and diseased tissues. The use of display technologies, such as phage-display, allows for manageable selection and optimization of affinity reagents for use in biomarker detection. Here we review the use of recombinant antibody fragments, such as scFvs and Fabs, which can be affinity-selected from phage-display libraries, to bind with both high specificity and affinity to biomarkers of cancer, such as Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We discuss how these recombinant antibodies can be fabricated into nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes, nanowires, and quantum dots, for the purpose of enhancing detection of biomarkers at low concentrations (pg/mL) within complex mixtures such as serum or tissue extracts. Other sensing technologies, which take advantage of 'Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering' (gold nanoshells), frequency changes in piezoelectric crystals (quartz crystal microbalance), or electrical current generation and sensing during electrochemical reactions (electrochemical detection), can effectively provide multiplexed platforms for detection of cancer and injury biomarkers. Such devices may soon replace the traditional time consuming ELISAs and Western blots, and deliver rapid, point-of-care diagnostics to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kierny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
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253
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Abstract
Recent developments in materials, surface modifications, separation schemes, detection systems and associated instrumentation have allowed significant advances in the performance of lab-on-a-chip devices. These devices, also referred to as micro total analysis systems (µTAS), offer great versatility, high throughput, short analysis time, low cost and, more importantly, performance that is comparable to standard bench-top instrumentation. To date, µTAS have demonstrated advantages in a significant number of fields including biochemical, pharmaceutical, military and environmental. Perhaps most importantly, µTAS represent excellent platforms to introduce students to microfabrication and nanotechnology, bridging chemistry with other fields, such as engineering and biology, enabling the integration of various skills and curricular concepts. Considering the advantages of the technology and the potential impact to society, our research program aims to address the need for simpler, more affordable, faster and portable devices to measure biologically active compounds. Specifically, the program is focused on the development and characterization of a series of novel strategies towards the realization of integrated microanalytical devices. One key aspect of our research projects is that the developed analytical strategies must be compatible with each other; therefore, enabling their use in integrated devices. The program combines spectroscopy, surface chemistry, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical detection and nanomaterials. This article discusses some of the most recent results obtained in two main areas of emphasis: capillary electrophoresis, microchip-capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical detection and interaction of proteins with nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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254
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Abstract
The use of mixtures of ionic and zwitterionic surfactants in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchips is reported. The effect of surfactant concentration on electroosmotic flow (EOF) was studied for a single anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), a single zwitterionic surfactant (N-tetradecylammonium-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, TDAPS), and a mixed SDS/TDAPS surfactant system. SDS increased the EOF as reported previously while TDAPS showed an initial increase in EOF followed by a reduction at higher concentrations. When TDAPS was added to a solution containing SDS, the EOF decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The EOF for all three surfactant systems followed expected pH trends, with increasing EOF at higher pH. The mixed surfactant system allowed tuning of the EOF across a range of pH and concentration conditions. After establishing the EOF behavior, the adsorption/desorption kinetics were measured and showed a slower adsorption/desorption rate for TDAPS than SDS. Finally, the separation and electrochemical detection of model catecholamines in buffer and reduced glutathione in red blood cell lysate using the mixed surfactant system were explored. The mixed surfactant system provided shorter analysis times and/or improved resolution when compared to the single surfactant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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255
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Wu RG, Yang CS, Cheing CC, Tseng FG. Nanocapillary electrophoretic electrochemical chip: towards analysis of biochemicals released by single cells. Interface Focus 2011; 1:744-53. [PMID: 23050079 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel nanocapillary electrophoretic electrochemical (Nano-CEEC) chip has been developed to demonstrate the possibility of zeptomole-level detection of neurotransmitters released from single living cells. The chip integrates three subunits to collect and concentrate scarce neurotransmitters released from single PC-12 cells, including a pair of targeting electrodes for single cells captured by controlling the surface charge density; a dual-asymmetry electrokinetic flow device for sample collection, pre-concentration and separation in a nanochannel; and an online electrochemical detector for zeptomole-level sample detection. This Nano-CEEC chip integrates a polydimethylsiloxane microchannel for cell sampling and biomolecule separation and a silicon dioxide nanochannel for sample pre-concentration and amperometric detection. The cell-capture voltage ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 V with a frequency of 1-10 kHz for PC-12 cells, and the single cell-capture efficiency is optimized by varying the duration of the applied field. All of the processes, from cell sampling to neurotransmitter detection, can be completed within 15 min. Catecholamines, including dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) released from coupled single cells, have been successfully detected using the Nano-CEEC chip. A detection limit of 30-75 zeptomoles was achieved, which is close to the levels released by a single neuron in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and Systems Science , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan , Republic of China ; National Health Research Institutes , 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan , Republic of China
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256
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Maurer K, Yazvenko N, Wilmoth J, Cooper J, Lyon W, Danley D. Use of a multiplexed CMOS microarray to optimize and compare oligonucleotide binding to DNA probes synthesized or immobilized on individual electrodes. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:7371-85. [PMID: 22163607 PMCID: PMC3231185 DOI: 10.3390/s100807371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The CombiMatrix microarray with 12,544 electrodes supports in situ electrochemical synthesis of user-defined DNA probes. As an alternative, we immobilized commercially synthesized DNA probes on individual electrodes coated with electropolymerized polypyrrole (Ppy). Hybridization was measured using a biotinylated target oligonucleotide and either Cy5-streptavidin and fluorescence detection or horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin and enzyme-enhanced electrochemical detection. Detection efficiencies were optimized by varying the deposition of the Ppy, the terminal groups on the DNA probes, and other factors that impacted fluorescence quenching and electrical conductivity. Optimized results were compared against those obtained using a microarray with the same DNA sequences synthesized in situ. Immobilized probes produced higher fluorescence signals, possibly by providing a greater stand off between the Cy5 on the target oligonucleotide and the quenching effects of the Ppy and the platinum electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Maurer
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Parkway, Suite #202, Mukilteo WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.); (N.Y.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Nina Yazvenko
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Parkway, Suite #202, Mukilteo WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.); (N.Y.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Jodi Wilmoth
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Parkway, Suite #202, Mukilteo WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.); (N.Y.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (D.D.)
| | - John Cooper
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Parkway, Suite #202, Mukilteo WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.); (N.Y.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Wanda Lyon
- AFRL/RHPB, Wright Patterson AFB, 2729 R Street, Area B B837, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; E-Mail:
| | - David Danley
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Parkway, Suite #202, Mukilteo WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (K.M.); (N.Y.); (J.W.); (J.C.); (D.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-301-524-0054
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257
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Wojciechowski J, Danley D, Cooper J, Yazvenko N, Taitt CR. Multiplexed electrochemical detection of Yersinia pestis and staphylococcal enterotoxin B using an antibody microarray. Sensors (Basel) 2010; 10:3351-62. [PMID: 22319302 PMCID: PMC3274223 DOI: 10.3390/s100403351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The CombiMatrix antibody microarray is a versatile, sensitive detection platform based on the generation and transduction of electrochemical signals following antigen binding to surface antibodies. The sensor chip described herein is comprised of microelectrodes coupled to an adjacent bio-friendly matrix coated with antibodies to the biological pathogens Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis, and the bacterial toxin staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Using this system, we were able to detect SEB and inactivated Y. pestis individually as well as in two-plex assays at concentrations as low as 5 pg/mL and 10(6) CFU/mL, respectively. We also introduce super avidin-biotin system (SABS) as a viable and effective means to enhance assay signal responses and lower detection limits. Together these technologies represent substantial advances in point-of-care and point-of-use detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wojciechowski
- Center for Bio, Molecular Science and Engineering, Bld. 30, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington DC 20376, USA; E-Mail:
| | - David Danley
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy., Suite #303, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (D.D.); (J.C.); (N.Y.)
| | - John Cooper
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy., Suite #303, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (D.D.); (J.C.); (N.Y.)
| | - Nina Yazvenko
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbour Heights Pkwy., Suite #303, Mukilteo, WA 98275, USA; E-Mails: (D.D.); (J.C.); (N.Y.)
| | - Chris Rowe Taitt
- Center for Bio, Molecular Science and Engineering, Bld. 30, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington DC 20376, USA; E-Mail:
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258
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Wang JH, Wang K, Bartling B, Liu CC. The detection of alkaline phosphatase using an electrochemical biosensor in a single-step approach. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:8709-21. [PMID: 22291532 DOI: 10.3390/s91108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A one-step, single use, disposable Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) biosensor has been developed. It is based on the detection of phenol produced by an ALP enzymatic reaction. It can operate at 25 °C in a pH 10 medium. It measures ALP of 0–300 IU/L. The permissible concentrations of glucose, ascorbic acid and urea without interference are 10 mM/L, 5 mg/L and 400 mg/L, respectively. Experimental results are compared to those obtained by spectrophotometric measurements in bovine serum. Excellent linearity between the biosensor outputs and the ALP concentrations exists. The agreement between the measurements of this biosensor and the spectrophotometer is also outstanding.
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259
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Abstract
Two efforts to improve the sensitivity and limits of detection for MCE with electrochemical detection are presented here. One is the implementation of a capillary expansion (bubble cell) at the detection zone to increase the exposed working electrode surface area. Bubble cell widths were varied from 1x to 10x the separation channel width (50 mum) to investigate the effects of electrode surface area on detection sensitivity, LOD, and separation efficiency. Improved detection sensitivity and decreased detection limits were obtained with increased bubble cell width, and LODs of dopamine and catechol detected in a 5x bubble cell were 25 and 50 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, fluorescent imaging results demonstrated approximately 8 and approximately 12% loss in separation efficiency in 4x and 5x bubble cell, respectively. Another effort at reducing the LOD involves using field amplified sample injection for gated injection and field amplified sample stacking for hydrodynamic injection. Stacking effects are shown for both methods using amperometric detection and pulsed amperometric detection. The LODs of dopamine in a 4x bubble cell were 8 and 20 nM using field amplified sample injection and field amplified sample stacking, respectively. However, improved LODs were not obtained for anionic analytes using either stacking technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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260
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Castaño‐Álvarez M, Fernández‐la‐Villa A, Fernández‐Abedul MT, Costa‐García A. MCE- electrochemical detection for following interactions of ssDNA and dsDNA with methylene blue. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1943-8. [PMID: 19517445 PMCID: PMC7163665 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the organic dye, methylene blue and DNA has been studied by MCE with electrochemical detection. Interaction produces two different signals, one corresponding to free methylene blue and other, for the complex methylene blue-DNA. The hybridization between a ssDNA and a complementary sequence, specific to the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, has been performed and studied in a thermoplastic olefin polymer of amorphous structure CE-microchip with an end-channel gold wire detector. Moreover, studies with a longer dsDNA, an expression vector involved in the transitory or stable expression in mammals cells, pFLAG-CMV4, has also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agustín Costa‐García
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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261
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Gazdik Z, Reznicek V, Adam V, Zitka O, Jurikova T, Krska B, Matuskovic J, Plsek J, Saloun J, Horna A, Kizek R. Use of liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for the determination of antioxidants in less common fruits. Molecules 2008; 13:2823-36. [PMID: 19015622 PMCID: PMC6244844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules131102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDD) have become the common global health burden over the last several decades. According to World Health Organization (WHO), a staggering 30 million people will be affected by Alzheimer's disease in Europe and the USA by 2050. Effective therapies in this complex field considering the multitude of symptoms associated with NDD indications, have not been found yet. Based on the results of NDD related studies, prevention appears to be the promise alternative. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties are hypothesized for natural phenolics, a group of plant secondary products that may positively impact neurodegenerative diseases. In these studies, phenolic-rich extracts from less common fruit species: Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera edulis, Turcz. ex. Freyn), Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), and Chinese hawthorn (Crateagus pinnatifida Bunge) were obtained and analyzed to detect neuroprotective substances content and establish a potential therapeutic value. High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was optimized and further applied on analysis of the extracts of less common fruit species. It was observed that Chinese hawthorn and Blue honeysuckle extracts are potent source of neuroprotective phenolic antioxidants. In accordance the results, it appears that the fruit or formulated products may have the potential for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynek Gazdik
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, , Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Reznicek
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
| | - Tunde Jurikova
- Institute of Natural and Informatics’ Sciences, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nabrezie mladeze 91, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic; E-mail:
| | - Boris Krska
- Department of Fruit Growing, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matuskovic
- Department of Fruit Production, Viticulture, and Enology, Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Faculty, University of Agriculture in Nitra, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Plsek
- Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Valtická 337, CZ-691 44 Lednice, Czech Republic; E-mails: (Z. C.), (V. R.)
| | - Jan Saloun
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1 - 3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Horna
- Tomas Bata University, T.G. Masaryka 275, CZ-762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail: (V. A.)
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262
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Horaková-Brazdilova P, Fojtova M, Vytras K, Fojta M. Enzyme-Linked Electrochemical Detection of PCR-Amplified Nucleotide Sequences Using Disposable Screen-Printed Sensors. Applications in Gene Expression Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2008; 8:193-210. [PMID: 27879703 DOI: 10.3390/s8010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical enzyme-linked techniques for sequence-specific DNA sensing are presented. These techniques are based on attachment of streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate to biotin tags tethered to DNA immobilized at the surface of disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), followed by production and electrochemical determination of an electroactive indicator, 1-naphthol. Via hybridization of SPCE surface-confined target DNAs with end-biotinylated probes, highly specific discrimination between complementary and non-complementary nucleotide sequences was achieved. The enzyme-linked DNA hybridization assay has been successfully applied in analysis of PCR-amplified real genomic DNA sequences, as well as in monitoring of plant tissue-specific gene expression. In addition, we present an alternative approach involving sequence-specific incorporation of biotin-labeled nucleotides into DNA by primer extension. Introduction of multiple biotin tags per probe primer resulted in considerable enhancement of the signal intensity and improvement of the specificity of detection.
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263
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Kulla E, Katz E. Biosensor Techniques Used for Determination of Telomerase Activity in Cancer Cells. Sensors (Basel) 2008; 8:347-369. [PMID: 27879712 PMCID: PMC3681157 DOI: 10.3390/s8010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Measuring telomerase activity has proven successful for the determination of cancer in malignant somatic cells. Early conventional methods for the detection of telomerase activity include in vitro analysis via a primer extension assay, and the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. TRAP incorporates the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step to increase the sensitivity of a given sample. However, research suggests that the TRAP technique suffers from false negative results, caused by failure of its PCR step. Other limitations of TRAP include the post-PCR steps involving polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which are time inefficient. Thus, various efforts have been made to eliminate the PCR step of TRAP by using a variety of biosensor detection devices. This review mainly focuses on these alternatives including: optical, electrochemical, magnetic, and nanowire conductive signaling techniques to measure the telomerase activity produced via label free biosensor assay—via biocatalytic labels involving beacons, DNAzyme, ferrocenyl-naphthalene diimides, avidin-alkaline phosphatase and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). These biosensor techniques are sensitive and provide precise and rapid results in the detection of telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliona Kulla
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
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264
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Abstract
In separations in capillaries or on chips, the most predominant detectors outside of the field of proteomics are electrochemical (EC) and optical. These detectors operate in the μM to pM range on nL peak volumes with ms time resolution. The driving forces for improvement are different for the two classes of detectors.With EC detectors, there are two limitations that the field is trying to overcome. One is the ever-present surface of the electrode which, while often advantageous for its catalytic or adsorptive properties, is also frequently responsible for changes in sensitivity over time. The other is the decoupling of the electrical systems that operate electrokinetic separations from the system operating the detector.With optical detectors, there are similarly a small number of important limitations. One is the need to bring the portability (size, weight and power requirements) of the detection system into the range of EC detectors. The other is broadening and simplifying the applications of fluorescence detection, as it almost always involves derivatization.Limitations aside, the ability to make detector electrodes and focused laser beams of the order of 1 μm in size, and the rapid time response of both detectors has vaulted capillary and chip separations to the forefront of small sample, fast, low mass-detection limit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
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265
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Abstract
This article reviews and highlights the current development of DNA-based bioanalytical microsystems for point-of-care diagnostics and on-site monitoring of food and water. Recent progresses in the miniaturization of various biological processing steps for the sample preparation, DNA amplification (polymerase chain reaction), and product detection are delineated in detail. Product detection approaches utilizing "portable" detection signals and electrochemistry-based methods are emphasized in this work. The strategies and challenges for the integration of individual processing module on the same chip are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ming-Hung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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266
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Abstract
An enhanced etched electrochemical (EC) detection technique has been developed for CE in micron inner diameter capillaries. The design improvements allow for better alignment between the capillary bore and the electrode. This new method involves utilizing a carbon fiber microelectrode and etching both the carbon fiber and the detection end of a micrometer-sized inner diameter capillary to limit dead volume and analyte diffusion at the amperometric EC detector. To understand the factors affecting enhanced detector efficiency, a detailed examination of the relationship between detector design and performance has been completed by exploring the effects of varying electrode diameter, tip shape, and size, in addition to the etch length of the capillary outlet. The enhanced detection provides peak efficiencies as high as 75000 theoretical plates and estimated detection limits as low as 40 nM for dopamine. This etched detection method should further facilitate volume-limited sample analysis by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Powell
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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267
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Sato S, Nojima T, Waki M, Takenaka S. Supramolecular complex formation by beta-cyclodextrin and ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide-intercalated double stranded DNA and improved electrochemical gene detection. Molecules 2005; 10:693-707. [PMID: 18007339 PMCID: PMC6147687 DOI: 10.3390/10060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenylnaphthalene diimide 1 can bind to double stranded DNA (dsDNA) by the threading intercalation mode and the resulting complex was stabilized further by beta- cyclodextrin (CD) by forming a supramolecular complex. These complex formation processes were studied by spectroscopic, viscometric, and electrochemical means in the absence or presence of beta-CD. Quantitative analysis by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical experiments strongly suggested a 2:1 binding stoichiometry for beta-CD to 1 threading-intercalated to the dsDNA-immobilized electrode. Owing to this supramolecular complex formation, electrochemical DNA detection based on 1 was improved considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Sato
- Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan. Phone&Fax:81-93-884-3322
| | - Takahiko Nojima
- Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan. Phone&Fax:81-93-884-3322
| | - Michinori Waki
- Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan. Phone&Fax:81-93-884-3322
| | - Shigeori Takenaka
- Department of Materials Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan. Phone&Fax:81-93-884-3322
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268
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Abstract
Because immunoassay responds to epitopes, and many molecules share the same peptide epitope, it is very difficult to obtain an accurate understanding of peptides, their creation and hydrolysis, in biological systems. Separate-and-detect approaches have merit in that the many active peptides and inactive fragments of a particular system can be separately determined. This review discusses the separation, by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, and detection, by absorbance, fluorescence, electrochemistry, and immunoassay techniques. When separation pre-concentration is accompanied by laser-induced fluorescence or biuret-based electrochemical detection, nM-pM detection limits are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Sandberg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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269
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Mine K, Jacobson KA, Kirk KL, Kitajima Y, Linnoila M. Simultaneous determination of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine with high-performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 1986; 152:127-35. [PMID: 3954034 PMCID: PMC5973543 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a liquid chromatographic method which uses electrochemical detection for the simultaneous quantitation of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine in rat brain. The amines are derivatized with the water-soluble Bolton-Hunter reagent (sulfo B-H). Perchloric acid extracts of rat brains are chromatographed on a strong cation-exchange resin. The eluate is evaporated and allowed to react with sulfo B-H at pH 9.8 at room temperature. The derivatization is complete after 30 s vortexing. The derivatives are purified using a cellulose-phosphate fibrous cation exchanger. They are quantified with an electrochemical detector at a potential of 0.56 V after preoxidizing the sample at 0.47 V. The derivatives of histamine, N tau-methylhistamine, and N alpha-methylhistamine are completely separated without interfering peaks. Since no N alpha-methylhistamine was detected in rat brain it was used as an internal standard. The detection limits are 0.1 pmol of histamine and 0.2 pmol of N tau-methylhistamine. The precision of this method is high, with within-run and between-run coefficients of variation of 2-7% and linearity of 0.999. Both histamine and N tau-methylhistamine peak heights increased significantly and selectively after treatment with pargyline. Because of the high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, the histamine and N tau-methylhistamine contents of single nuclei of the rat hypothalamus can be routinely quantified.
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270
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Abstract
An improved method for the determination of trace quantities of free cyanide has been developed using ion chromatography with electrochemical detection. Detection limits of 1 μg/L have been achieved with linearity of response over the range 1 to 1000 μg/L. The precision of replicate injections is 0.6 percent, expressed as the relative standard deviation. The method has been applied to the analysis of dust samples.
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