Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole on the mutagenicity of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl

This study was undertaken to investigate the possible antimutagenic effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB)-induced mutagenicity, using the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome system. The addition of 100-250 micrograms of BHT or 25-500 micrograms of BHA/plate was found to inhibit DMAB-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 100. In TA 100, the mutagenicity was further inhibited with the addition of S9 prepared from the livers of rats fed a 0.6% BHT diet as compared to S9 from the animals fed a diet containing no BHT.

Longitudinal changes of serum lipid and apoB levels in a newborn-infant cohort

Longitudinal changes in serum apoB levels in relation to serum lipid levels were determined in a subset (n = 30) of a newborn-infant cohort selected from infants (n = 440) of Bogalusa, Louisiana who were born between January 1, 1974 and June 30, 1975. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB levels were measured at birth, 6 mo, 1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr of age. The mean +/- SD, mg/dl, levels of these variables increased dramatically (p less than 0.0005) from birth to 6 mo (Total cholesterol: 65.0 +/- 15.7 versus 136.3 +/- 27.4; triglycerides: 32.9 +/- 18.9 versus 82.3 +/- 28.9; beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol: 31.8 +/- 9.1 versus 87.3 +/- 25.7; apoB: 20.8 +/- 5.3 versus 49.0 +/- 13.5). On the other hand, the ratio of apoB to beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol at birth was significantly higher than at 6 months of age (0.69 +/- 0.24 versus 0.58 +/- 0.12, p less than 0.0005). None of the variables changed significantly between 6 mo and 3 yr of age except the increase in serum total cholesterol level from yr 2 to yr 3 (142.6 +/- 26.6 versus 156.4 +/- 23,0, p less than 0.01). A high intra-child year to year correlation for serum apoB was noted beginning at 6 mo of age (r = 0.67, p less than 0.0001); while the apoB levels were proportional to beta + pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in some children, others had varied levels of apoB in relation to cholesterol carried by this apoprotein. The fact that apoB levels persist beginning at 6 mo of age and that we are beginning to observe interindividual differences in levels of cholesterol carried by this apoprotein may have clinical implications for coronary artery disease.

Effect of high-fat, high-beef diet and of mode of cooking of beef in the diet on fecal bacterial enzymes and fecal bile acids and neutral sterols

The effect of a high-fat, high-beef diet and of method of preparation of beef in the diet on the fecal bile acids and neutral sterols and on the activities of fecal bacterial beta-glucuronidase, cholesterol dehydrogenase and 7 alpha-dehydroxylase was studied in healthy men and women, 24-41 years old, who were consuming a customary mixed-western diet. The experimental diets were high in fat and beef, which was cooked rare, medium or well-done. The sequence of dietary regimen was selected at random and each diet phase lasted for 4 weeks. Individual 24-hour fecal specimens were collected from each volunteer for the final 3 days during each dietary period, including pre- and post-experimental periods while they were consuming a customary mixed-western diet. The mode of cooking beef in the high-fat, high-beef experimental diets had no influence on the fat and protein content of the diets but the fat content of experimental diets was high compared to customary mixed-western diet. Fecal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity and fecal secondary bile acid and cholesterol metabolite levels were significantly higher during the experimental diet periods but the fecal bacterial activities of 7 alpha-dehydroxylase and cholesterol dehydrogenase were unaffected. The mode of cooking beef in experimental diets had no influence on the fecal bacterial enzymes and on the excretion of fecal bile acids and cholesterol metabolites.

Fecal factors which modify the formation of fecal co-mutagens in high- and low-risk population for colon cancer

Dietary patterns and fecal mutagens of 2 population groups with a distinct risk for colon cancer, high-risk, non-Seventh-Day Adventists and a low-risk, vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, in the New York metropolitan area were studied. The diet histories indicate that the intake of protein was identical in the 2 groups; a greater portion coming from meat in non-Seventh-Day Adventists and from vegetables in the Seventh-Day Adventists. The intake of fat was lower in Seventh-Day Adventists. Fecal samples were extracted with dichloromethane, partially purified on silica and assayed for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. When tested alone, fecal extracts from both groups were non mutagenic in TA98 and TA100 strains. Fecal extracts of non-Seventh-Day Adventists and Seventh-Day Adventists enhanced the mutagenic activity induced by 2-AAF in TA98 and TA100 (co-mutagenic activity). However, non-Seventh-Day Adventists showed a significantly higher co-mutagenic activity in TA98 than did Seventh-Day Adventists.

Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer. Fecal mutagens in high- and low-risk population for colon cancer. A preliminary report

Because of potential significance of fecal mutagens in the pathogenesis of colon cancer, the dietary pattern and fecal mutagens of 3 populations with distinct risk for the development of colon cancer, a high-risk population in New York Metropolitan area (non-Seventh-Day Adventists), a low-risk population of vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists in New York Metropolitan area and a low-risk population in rural Kuopio, Finland were studied. The average daily intake of protein was the same in the 3 groups, but the sources were different, a greater portion coming from meat in the New York non-Seventh-Day Adventists and from vegetables in Seventh-Day Adventists. The intake of fat was lower in Seventh-Day Adventists and higher in Kuopio and in New York non-Seventh-Day Adventists. The intake of dietary fiber was high in Kuopio compared to other groups. Fecal samples collected for 2 days were freeze-dried extracted with peroxide-free diethyl ether, partially purified on a silica-gel column and assayed for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The mutagenic activity was observed with Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 without microsomal activation and with TA100 with and without microsomal activation in high-risk subjects from New York consuming a high-fat, high-meat diet. The incidence of fecal mutagen activity was higher in volunteers from New York consuming a high-fat, high-meat diet compared to low-risk rural Kuopio population. None of the vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists showed any mutagenic activity.