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Brownell AI, McSwiggan DA, Cubitt WD, Anderson MJ. Aplastic and hypoplastic episodes in sickle cell disease and thalassaemia intermedia. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39:121-4. [PMID: 3005372 PMCID: PMC499663 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.39.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aplastic and hypoplastic crises are well recognised complications of sickle cell disease. Recent evidence has shown that most of these crises are caused by parvovirus infection. Five cases of aplastic or hypoplastic crises in patients born and living in this country were studied. Three patients had clear evidence of parvovirus infection, while in two evidence of parvovirus infection was lacking. One patient had evidence of concurrent parvovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Recurrent crises may occur, and reticulocyte monitoring during infection in patients with chronic haemolytic states is therefore important.
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Marsh WL, Bylund DJ, Heath VC, Anderson MJ. Osteoarticular and pulmonary manifestations of acute leukemia. Case report and review of the literature. Cancer 1986; 57:385-90. [PMID: 3942972 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19860115)57:2<385::aid-cncr2820570233>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute leukemia with bone or joint symptoms of sufficient magnitude to obscure and delay the correct diagnosis has been reported but is rarely mentioned in the recent literature, particularly in adults. The authors report an adult with rapidly fatal acute leukemia and a clinical course dominated by recurrent osteoarticular symptoms; osteoarticular symptoms preceded the diagnosis of leukemia by 3 months and delayed diagnosis and treatment. The correct diagnosis requires awareness of the osteoarticular manifestations of acute leukemia and examination of blood or bone marrow smear by an experienced observer; a biopsy specimen of bone or joint lesions or examination of cytocentrifuged synovial fluid may aid in diagnosis. The immediate cause of death in our patient was respiratory failure with prominent leukemic interstitial pulmonary infiltrates at autopsy; clinically significant leukemic pulmonary infiltrates have only rarely been reported. The authors review the literature on pulmonary and osteoarticular manifestations caused by acute leukemic infiltrates.
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Anderson MJ, Waxman SG. Neurogenesis in adult vertebrate spinal cord in situ and in vitro: a new model system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 457:213-33. [PMID: 3913365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb20807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetically "lower" species in some cases use different biological strategies for recovery after injury to the CNS than do "higher" species. One approach that we have taken in our laboratory has been to study the mechanisms of functional recovery of the CNS after injury in those vertebrate species where recovery does occur. The present report reviews recent studies on a model system, the spinal electromotor system of the gymnotiform teleost Sternarchus albifrons, which exhibits regeneration and neurogenesis after injury. Regeneration in this system leads to a recapitulation of relatively normal morphologic structure by the damaged or extirpated spinal cord. In Sternarchus, new spinal cord is generated from ependymal cells; some ependymal cells in the adult remain pluripotent and retain the capability to generate new neurons. The Sternarchus spinal cord thus represents an especially useful model for the study of neurogenesis after injury to the CNS. Recent studies in our laboratory indicate that neurogenesis in adult Sternarchus spinal cord tissue occurs both in vivo and in vitro. Neurogenesis has been demonstrated by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into explant cultures from the spinal cord of adult Sternarchus. Autoradiography reveals the presence of thymidine-labeled neurons. Neuronal identity of 3H-labeled cells has been confirmed by positive staining with neuron-specific monoclonal antibodies. Thymidine labeling occurs in cultured neurons derived from both normal (histologically and functionally mature) and regenerating spinal cord of adult Sternarchus albifrons. These results provide evidence that some cells in spinal cord of adult Sternarchus retain the ability to incorporate thymidine and undergo neuronal differentiation in vitro. This system provides a new model in which neurogenesis from adult tissue can be studied in vivo and in vitro.
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Waxman SG, Anderson MJ. Generation of electromotor neurons in Sternarchus albifrons: differences between normally growing and regenerating spinal cord. Dev Biol 1985; 112:338-44. [PMID: 4076546 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the regulation of the number of electromotor neurons during postnatal growth of the spinal cord in the gymnotiform teleost Sternarchus albifrons. It specifically asks whether a large overproduction of electromotor neurons and a wave of cell death, similar to those occurring during spinal cord regeneration in this species, play a role in the on-going growth at the caudal tip of the normal spinal cord. Neurons are produced from ependymal precursors at the caudal end of the spinal cord during both normal growth in the adult and regeneration of the spinal cord in this species. Previous studies have demonstrated that during spinal cord regeneration after amputation of the tail in Sternarchus, there is an initial massive (up to fivefold) overproduction of electromotor neurons, followed by a wave of cell death which reduces the number of these neurons to the normal level. In the present study, transverse sections through the caudalmost spinal segment of normal adult Sternarchus were examined. Proceeding rostrally from the caudal tip of the cord, the number of electromotor neurons increases monotonically to reach the normal number at a site 4-5 mm rostral to the caudal tip. Neither a massive overproduction of electromotor neurons nor a wave of neuronal death are observed during on-going growth of the normal spinal cord. The mechanisms by which the neuronal number is modulated are therefore different in the on-going normal growth of spinal cord versus regeneration of spinal cord in this species.
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Anderson MJ, Peebles CL, McMillan R, Curd JG. Fluorescent antinuclear antibodies and anti-SS-A/Ro in patients with immune thrombocytopenia subsequently developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103:548-50. [PMID: 3898952 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-4-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Anderson MJ, Higgins PG, Davis LR, Willman JS, Jones SE, Kidd IM, Pattison JR, Tyrrell DA. Experimental parvoviral infection in humans. J Infect Dis 1985; 152:257-65. [PMID: 2993431 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/152.2.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy adult volunteers were inoculated intranasally with human parvovirus obtained from an asymptomatic blood donor. One week after inoculation, intense viremia was observed in seronegative volunteers, accompanied by a mild illness with pyrexia, malaise, myalgia, itching, and excretion of virus from the respiratory tract. In the following week hematologic studies revealed reticulocytopenia with an associated slight drop in hemoglobin concentration, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and a drop in platelet counts. At 17-18 days after inoculation a second-phase illness with rash and arthralgia lasting three to four days occurred in three of four infected volunteers. This study confirms the etiologic role of human parvovirus in erythematous rash illness, with the second-phase illness being consistent with adult cases of erythema infectiosum. Moreover, the hematologic changes associated with infection support the hypothesis that the same virus is responsible for the temporary arrest of erythropoiesis that leads to aplastic crisis in persons with chronic hemolytic anemia.
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Plummer FA, Hammond GW, Forward K, Sekla L, Thompson LM, Jones SE, Kidd IM, Anderson MJ. An erythema infectiosum-like illness caused by human parvovirus infection. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:74-9. [PMID: 2987695 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198507113130203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 1980, an epidemic of an illness that resembled erythema infectiosum occurred in Manitoba, Canada. We initiated prospective epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic studies of this illness among elementary-school children and their families. Initial microbiologic studies failed to identify the cause of the exanthem. After a similar illness associated with serologic evidence of human parvovirus infection occurred in London, stored specimens of 12 patients with exanthem were investigated for parvovirus infection. Eleven patients had parvovirus-specific IgM antibody, as did two family contacts and a teacher with nonexanthematous illnesses, and two asymptomatic family members. None of 28 children with measles or rubella had serologic evidence of recent parvovirus infection. Human parvovirus was detected by DNA hybridization and immune electron microscopy in the serum of one patient who later had a rash and in one unaffected family contact. Parvovirus DNA was also detected in the pharyngeal specimen of the teacher who was ill but did not have a rash. We conclude that human parvovirus infection can be asymptomatic or cause a variety of clinical manifestations, including nonexanthematous illness and an illness resembling erythema infectiosum.
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Abstract
[3H]Thymidine autoradiography of explant cultures from the spinal cord of an adult teleost, Sternarchus albifrons, reveals the presence of thymidine-labeled cells with neuronal morphology. These cells have also been identified as neurons by positive staining with two monoclonal antibodies against neurofilaments. Thymidine labeling occurs in cultured neurons derived from both normal (histologically and functionally mature) and regenerating spinal cord of adult Sternarchus albifrons. These results provide evidence that some cells in spinal cord of adult Sternarchus retain the ability to incorporate thymidine and undergo neuronal differentiation in vitro.
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Waisman DM, Salimath BP, Anderson MJ. Isolation and characterization of CAB-63, a novel calcium-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1985; 260:1652-60. [PMID: 3968084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel calcium-binding protein named CAB-63 (formerly called calregulin) has been purified from bovine liver 100,000 X g supernatant. The purified protein has been characterized with respect to its physical, chemical, and calcium-binding properties. It has an apparent molecular weight of 63,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 55,000 by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation under nondenaturing conditions. It is an asymmetric molecule with a frictional coefficient of 1.69 and a Stokes radium of 44.2 A. Amino acid analysis has revealed 34.0% acidic residues, 14.0% basic residues, and 4.0% tryptophan. The acidic nature of the molecule is further confirmed by its isoelectric point of 4.65. In the presence of 3 mM MgCl2 and 150 mM KCl, CAB-63 binds 3.0 mol of calcium/mol of protein with an apparent Kd = 0.1 microM. Immunoblotting and Ouchterlony double-diffusion procedures have identified CAB-63 in a variety of bovine tissues. Immunocytochemical staining of both fibroblasts and cryotome-sectioned bovine liver further indicates that CAB-63 immunoreactivity is restricted to an elaborate system of perinuclear membranous vacuoles and cisternae indistinguishable from immunocytochemical staining of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is concluded that CAB-63 represents a major calcium-binding protein whose subcellular organization suggests a possible role in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Anderson MJ, Kidd IM, Jones SE, Pattison JR, Grieco MH, Lange M, Buimovici-Klein E, Cooper LZ. Parvovirus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102:275. [PMID: 2981500 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-275_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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138
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Anderson MJ, Jones SE, Minson AC. Diagnosis of human parvovirus infection by dot-blot hybridization using cloned viral DNA. J Med Virol 1985; 15:163-72. [PMID: 2983011 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890150209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human parvovirus can be detected in serum by the immunological techniques of immune electron microscopy (IEM), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and radioimmunoassay (RIA). A portion of the genome of this virus has been cloned in pAT153 and used as a 32P-labelled probe in dot-blot hybridization assays to detect parvovirus DNA in serum specimens. This test proved a highly sensitive means of detecting virus in microlitre volumes of serum, giving positive results for samples containing 0.5 pg viral DNA, equivalent to 10(4) virus particles. Unlike CIE and RIA the test is not affected by the presence of parvovirus-specific antibody in serum specimens, and has permitted virus to be detected in specimens obtained up to 11 days after the onset of clinical symptoms of aplastic crisis.
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Knott PD, Welply GA, Anderson MJ. Serologically proved intrauterine infection with parvovirus. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1984; 289:1660. [PMID: 6095965 PMCID: PMC1443817 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.289.6459.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kandzia J, Scholz W, Anderson MJ, Müller-Ruchholtz W. Magnetic albumin/protein A immunomicrospheres. I. Preparation, antibody binding capacity and chemical stability. J Immunol Methods 1984; 75:31-41. [PMID: 6392424 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method of preparing small magnetic microspheres of albumin/protein A, uniform in size, at 200, 300 or 500 nm. It is shown that, independent of size, the microspheres always carry iron peripherally in their matrix and are thus magnetically responsive. A quantitative antibody binding capacity of 82 micrograms/mg microspheres was established for the 500 nm microspheres. The microspheres are stable in most commonly used buffers over a pH range of 2.5-9.2, but are appreciably unstable in such concentrated denaturing agents as 3 M TCN-, 6 M guanidine, or 8 M urea (loss of antibody binding capacity, 30% for TCN- and 70% for urea).
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141
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Anderson MJ, Klier FG, Tanguay KE. Acetylcholine receptor aggregation parallels the deposition of a basal lamina proteoglycan during development of the neuromuscular junction. J Cell Biol 1984; 99:1769-84. [PMID: 6386827 PMCID: PMC2113349 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.5.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the time course of synaptic differentiation, we made successive observations on identified, nerve-contacted muscle cells developing in culture. The cultures had either been stained with fluorescent alpha-bungarotoxin, or were maintained in the presence of a fluorescent monoclonal antibody. These probes are directed at acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and a basal lamina proteoglycan, substances that show nearly congruent surface organizations at the adult neuromuscular junction. In other experiments individual muscle cells developing in culture were selected at different stages of AChR accumulation and examined in the electron microscope after serial sectioning along the entire path of nerve-muscle contact. The results indicate that the nerve-induced formation of AChR aggregates and adjacent plaques of proteoglycan is closely coupled throughout early stages of synapse formation. Developing junctional accumulations of AChR and proteoglycan appeared and grew progressively, throughout a perineural zone that extended along the muscle surface for several micrometers on either side of the nerve process. Unlike junctional AChR accumulations, which disappeared within a day of denervation, both junctional and extrajunctional proteoglycan deposits were stable in size and morphology. Junctional proteoglycan deposits appeared to correspond to discrete ultrastructural plaques of basal lamina, which were initially separated by broad expanses of lamina-free muscle surface. The extent of this basal lamina, and a corresponding thickening of the postsynaptic membrane, also increased during the accumulation of AChR and proteoglycan along the path of nerve contact. Presynaptic differentiation of synaptic vesicle clusters became detectable at the developing neuromuscular junction only after the formation of postsynaptic plaques containing both AChR and proteoglycan. It is concluded that motor nerves induce a gradual formation and growth of AChR aggregates and stable basal lamina proteoglycan deposits on the muscle surface during development of the neuromuscular junction.
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142
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Green DH, Bellingham AJ, Anderson MJ. Parvovirus infection in a family associated with aplastic crisis in an affected sibling pair with hereditary spherocytosis. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37:1144-6. [PMID: 6092438 PMCID: PMC498956 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.37.10.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There have been many reports of aplastic crisis preceded by a febrile illness in hereditary haemolytic anaemias. Recent research has shown that the human parvovirus may be a causative agent. We report on an adult sibling pair with hereditary spherocytosis who presented in aplastic crisis after a febrile illness. Both had evidence of recent parvovirus infection, shown by the presence of IgM class specific antibody in their sera. The children of one of the sibling pair, one of whom has hereditary spherocytosis but no chronic haemolysis, showed similar evidence of acute parvovirus infection.
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143
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Bayne EK, Anderson MJ, Fambrough DM. Extracellular matrix organization in developing muscle: correlation with acetylcholine receptor aggregates. J Cell Biol 1984; 99:1486-501. [PMID: 6480700 PMCID: PMC2113317 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.4.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, fibronectin, and two apparently novel connective tissue components have been used to examine the organization of extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro. Four of the five monoclonal antibodies are described for the first time here. Immunocytochemical experiments with frozen-sectioned muscle demonstrated that both the heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin exhibited staining patterns identical to that expected for components of the basal lamina. In contrast, the remaining matrix constituents were detected in all regions of muscle connective tissue: the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. Embryonic muscle cells developing in culture elaborated an extracellular matrix, each antigen exhibiting a unique distribution. Of particular interest was the organization of extracellular matrix on myotubes: the build-up of matrix components was most apparent in plaques overlying clusters of an integral membrane protein, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The heparan sulfate proteoglycan was concentrated at virtually all AChR clusters and showed a remarkable level of congruence with receptor organization; laminin was detected at 70-95% of AChR clusters but often was not completely co-distributed with AChR within the cluster; fibronectin and the two other extracellular matrix antigens occurred at approximately 20, 8, and 2% of the AChR clusters, respectively, and showed little or no congruence with AChR. From observations on the distribution of extracellular matrix components in tissue cultured fibroblasts and myogenic cells, several ideas about the organization of extracellular matrix are suggested. (a) Congruence between AChR clusters and heparan sulfate proteoglycan suggests the existence of some linkage between the two molecules, possibly important for regulation of AChR distribution within the muscle membrane. (b) The qualitatively different patterns of extracellular matrix organization over myotubes and fibroblasts suggest that each of these cell types uses somewhat different means to regulate the assembly of extracellular matrix components within its domain. (c) The limited co-distribution of different components within the extracellular matrix in vitro and the selective immune precipitation of each antigen from conditioned medium suggest that each extracellular matrix component is secreted in a form that is not complexed with other matrix constituents.
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Anderson MJ, Swanson KA, Waxman SG, Eng LF. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in regenerating teleost spinal cord. J Histochem Cytochem 1984; 32:1099-106. [PMID: 6481149 DOI: 10.1177/32.10.6481149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistological and ultrastructural studies were carried out on normal and regenerating spinal cord of the gymnotid Sternarchus albifrons, and in the brain and spinal cord of the goldfish Carassius auratus, to examine the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in these tissues. Sections of normal goldfish brain and spinal cord exhibited positive staining for GFAP. In normal Sternarchus spinal cord, electron microscopy has revealed filament-filled astrocytic processes; however, such astrocytic profiles were more numerous in regenerated cord. Likewise, while normal Sternarchus spinal cord showed only a small amount of GFAP staining, regenerated cords were strongly positive for GFAP. Positive staining with anti-GFAP was observed along the entire length of the regenerated cord in Sternarchus, and was especially strong in the transition zone between regenerated and unregenerated cord. Both regeneration of neurites and production of new neuronal cell bodies occur readily in such regenerating Sternarchus spinal cords (Anderson MJ, Waxman SG: J Hirnforsch 24: 371, 1983). These results demonstrate that the presence of GFAP and reactive astrocytes in Sternarchus spinal cord does not prevent neuronal regeneration in this species.
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145
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Anderson MJ, Lewis E, Kidd IM, Hall SM, Cohen BJ. An outbreak of erythema infectiosum associated with human parvovirus infection. J Hyg (Lond) 1984; 93:85-93. [PMID: 6086750 PMCID: PMC2129271 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Erythema infectiosum (EI) or fifth disease is a mild, acute exanthematous disease, occurring mainly among children, for which a causative virus has long been sought. In May 1983 an outbreak of exanthematous illness was reported in a primary school in North London. Children attending the school were investigated by questionnaire and 162 (43.9%) reported an illness with the features of EI. In each of 36 cases investigated virologically the illness was associated with parvovirus infection. Moreover, pre-existing antibody to parvovirus was correlated with protection from EI in 16 of 17 close family contacts of cases. We propose therefore that EI is the common manifestation of infection with the human parvovirus.
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147
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Anderson MJ, Woods VL, Tani P, Lindstrom JM, Schmidt D, McMillan R. Autoantibodies to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and to the acetylcholine receptor in a patient with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and myasthenia gravis. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100:829-31. [PMID: 6232880 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coexistence of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and myasthenia gravis has been infrequently reported. We report another case and show the coexistence of autoantibodies to the platelet glycoprotein IIb and IIIa complex and the acetylcholine receptor. Autoantibody levels were followed during 8 weeks of treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone; the concentration of both autoantibodies fell during treatment but without measureable clinical improvement.
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148
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Abstract
The weakly electric fish Sternarchus albifrons possesses a unique class of asynaptic neurons, the electromotor neurons, whose axons constitute the electric organ. The cell bodies of origin of the electrocyte axons are located in the spinal cord. Both spinal cord and electromotor neurons ( electrocytes ) regenerate after amputation of the tail. Sternarchus spinal cords which have regenerated for 1 or more years show a progression in number of perikarya of electromotor neurons along the rostro-caudal axis. The most recently regenerated region of the cord is at the caudal end, which consists of a tube of ependyma. Progressing rostrally along regenerated spinal cord from the caudal end, numerous cells are generated and large numbers of electromotor neurons differentiate. The maximum number of electromotor neurons per transverse section of regenerated cord is five times higher than in normal mature cord. Rostral to this, the number of electromotor neurons decreases gradually to the normal number near the transition zone (the border with unregenerated cord). As the more rostral regenerated cord has presumably had a longer period of regeneration, we conclude that excess numbers of electromotor neurons are generated initially, and that subsequently the number of these neurons is decreased by cell death. This conclusion is supported by the fact that younger regenerates (2-4 months) have larger-than-normal numbers of perikarya of electromotor neurons extending up to the transition zone (Anderson and Waxman , 1981). No evidence of migration or depletion of electromotor neurons from unregenerated cord rostral to the amputation has been observed. Since the axons of the electromotor neurons in Sternarchus do not normally form any synapses, this study provides evidence that factors other than synaptic competition must be responsible for determining cell death during regeneration of these spinal neurons.
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149
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Anderson MJ, Rauch JC. Seasonal changes in white and brown adipose tissues in Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed vole) and in Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow vole). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1984; 79:305-10. [PMID: 6148193 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(84)90433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mass and gross composition of white and brown adipose tissues and of skeletal muscle were determined for C. gapperi and for M. pennsylvanicus from monthly samples of a 1-year period. Amounts of brown fat increased throughout autumn to a maximum in late winter and then declined to a minimum in the spring. Gross composition remained relatively constant throughout the year. Changes in white fat showed a trend similar to changes in brown fat. Relatively low mean values for muscle mass during summer were due to a change in the age structure of the vole population.
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150
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Anderson MJ, Fambrough DM. Aggregates of acetylcholine receptors are associated with plaques of a basal lamina heparan sulfate proteoglycan on the surface of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1983; 97:1396-411. [PMID: 6226669 PMCID: PMC2112672 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.97.5.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridoma techniques have been used to generate monoclonal antibodies to an antigen concentrated in the basal lamina at the Xenopus laevis neuromuscular junction. The antibodies selectively precipitate a high molecular weight heparan sulfate proteoglycan from conditioned medium of muscle cultures grown in the presence of [35S]methionine or [35S]sulfate. Electron microscope autoradiography of adult X. laevis muscle fibers exposed to 125I-labeled antibody confirms that the antigen is localized within the basal lamina of skeletal muscle fibers and is concentrated at least fivefold within the specialized basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. Fluorescence immunocytochemical experiments suggest that a similar proteoglycan is also present in other basement membranes, including those associated with blood vessels, myelinated axons, nerve sheath, and notochord. During development in culture, the surface of embryonic muscle cells displays a conspicuously non-uniform distribution of this basal lamina proteoglycan, consisting of large areas with a low antigen site-density and a variety of discrete plaques and fibrils. Clusters of acetylcholine receptors that form on muscle cells cultured without nerve are invariably associated with adjacent, congruent plaques containing basal lamina proteoglycan. This is also true for clusters of junctional receptors formed during synaptogenesis in vitro. This correlation indicates that the spatial organization of receptor and proteoglycan is coordinately regulated, and suggests that interactions between these two species may contribute to the localization of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
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