126
|
Parvathaneni K, Surapaneni A, Ballew SH, Palta P, Rebholz CM, Selvin E, Coresh J, Grams ME. Association Between Midlife Physical Activity and Incident Kidney Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 77:74-81. [PMID: 32971191 PMCID: PMC7752844 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Physical activity is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension, which have shared risk factor profiles with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there are conflicting findings regarding the relationship between physical activity and CKD. The objective was to evaluate the association between physical activity and CKD development over long-term follow-up using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 14,537 participants aged 45 to 64 years. PREDICTORS Baseline physical activity status was assessed using the modified Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire at visit 1 (1987-1989) and categorized according to the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans to group participants as inactive, insufficiently active, active, and highly active. OUTCOMES Incident CKD defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60mL/min/1.73m2 at follow-up and≥25% decline in eGFR relative to baseline, CKD-related hospitalization or death, or initiation of kidney replacement therapy. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS At baseline, 37.8%, 24.2%, 22.7%, and 15.3% of participants were classified as inactive, insufficiently active, active, and highly active, respectively. During a median follow-up of 24 years, 33.2% of participants developed CKD. After adjusting for age, sex, race-center, education, smoking status, diet quality, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, antihypertensive medication, body mass index, and baseline eGFR, higher categories of physical activity were associated with lower risk for CKD compared with the inactive group (HRs for insufficiently active, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.88-1.02]; active, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.86-1.01]; highly active, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.81-0.97]; P for trend = 0.007). LIMITATIONS Observational design and self-reported physical activity that was based on leisure time activity only. Due to low numbers, participants who were not Black or White were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Highly active participants had lower risk for developing CKD compared with inactive participants.
Collapse
|
127
|
Chen TK, Estrella MM, Appel LJ, Coresh J, Luo S, Reiser J, Obeid W, Parikh CR, Grams ME. Biomarkers of Immune Activation and Incident Kidney Failure With Replacement Therapy: Findings From the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 78:75-84.e1. [PMID: 33388403 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Immune activation is fundamental to the pathogenesis of many kidney diseases. Innate immune molecules such as soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have been linked to the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether other biomarkers of immune activation are associated with incident kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT) in African Americans with nondiabetic kidney disease is unclear. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) participants with available baseline serum samples for biomarker measurement. PREDICTORS Baseline serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1), sTNFR2, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). OUTCOMES Incident KFRT, all-cause mortality. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Among 500 participants with available samples, mean glomerular filtration rate was 44.7mL/min/1.73m2, and median urinary protein-creatinine ratio was 0.09g/g at baseline. Over a median follow up of 9.6 years, there were 161 (32%) KFRT and 113 (23%) death events. In models adjusted for demographic and clinical factors and baseline kidney function, each 2-fold higher baseline level of sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and TNF-α was associated with 3.66-fold (95% CI, 2.31-5.80), 2.29-fold (95% CI, 1.60-3.29), and 1.35-fold (95% CI, 1.07-1.71) greater risks of KFRT, respectively; in comparison, each doubling of baseline suPAR concentration was associated with 1.39-fold (95% CI, 1.04-1.86) greater risk of KFRT. sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and TNF-α were also significantly associated with death (up to 2.2-fold higher risks per 2-fold higher baseline levels; P≤0.01). IFN-γ was not associated with either outcome. None of the biomarkers modified the association of APOL1 high-risk status (genetic risk factors for kidney disease among individuals of African ancestry) with KFRT (P>0.05 for interaction). LIMITATIONS Limited generalizability to other ethnic groups or causes of CKD. CONCLUSIONS Among African Americans with CKD attributed to hypertension, baseline levels of sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and TNF-α but not IFN-γ were associated with KFRT and mortality.
Collapse
|
128
|
Chen TK, Coresh J, Daya N, Ballew SH, Tin A, Crews DC, Grams ME. Race, APOL1 Risk Variants, and Clinical Outcomes among Older Adults: The ARIC Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:155-163. [PMID: 32894582 PMCID: PMC7855571 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES APOL1 high-risk genotypes confer an increased risk for kidney disease, but their clinical significance among older adults remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether APOL1 genotype status (high risk = 2 risk alleles; low risk = 0-1 risk alleles) and self-reported race (Black; White) are associated with number of hospitalizations, incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and mortality among older adults participating in a community-based cohort study. DESIGN Observational longitudinal cohort study. SETTING The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 75.8 years; range = 66-90 years). RESULTS Among 5,564 ARIC participants (78.2% White, 19.1% APOL1 low-risk Black, and 2.7% APOL1 high-risk Black), the proportion with creatinine and cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCrCys ) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline was 40.6%, 34.8%, and 43.2%, respectively. Over a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, APOL1 high-risk Blacks had a 2.67-fold higher risk for ESRD compared with low-risk Blacks (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-6.79) in models adjusted for age and sex. This association was no longer significant upon further adjustment for baseline eGFRCrCys and albuminuria (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08; 95% CI = .39-2.96). Rate of hospitalizations and risks of mortality and incident CKD did not differ significantly by APOL1 genotype status. Compared with Whites, Blacks had 1.85-fold and 3.45-fold higher risks for incident CKD and ESRD, respectively, in models adjusted for age, sex, eGFRCrCys , and albuminuria. These associations persisted after additional adjustments for clinical/socioeconomic factors and APOL1 genotype (incident CKD: HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.06-1.81; ESRD: HR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.16-8.86). CONCLUSION Among older Black adults, APOL1 high-risk genotypes were associated with lower kidney function and therefore higher risk of ESRD. Racial disparities in incident kidney disease persisted in older age and were not fully explained by APOL1.
Collapse
|
129
|
Luo S, Surapaneni A, Zheng Z, Rhee EP, Coresh J, Hung AM, Nadkarni GN, Yu B, Boerwinkle E, Tin A, Arking DE, Steinbrenner I, Schlosser P, Köttgen A, Grams ME. NAT8 Variants, N-Acetylated Amino Acids, and Progression of CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 16:37-47. [PMID: 33380473 PMCID: PMC7792648 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genetic variants in NAT8, a liver- and kidney-specific acetyltransferase encoding gene, have been associated with eGFR and CKD in European populations. Higher circulating levels of two NAT8-associated metabolites, N-δ-acetylornithine and N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine, have been linked to lower eGFR and higher risk of incident CKD in the Black population. We aimed to expand upon prior studies to investigate associations between rs13538, a missense variant in NAT8, N-acetylated amino acids, and kidney failure in multiple, well-characterized cohorts. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We conducted analyses among participants with genetic and/or serum metabolomic data in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK; n=962), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (n=1050), and BioMe, an electronic health record-linked biorepository (n=680). Separately, we evaluated associations between rs13538, urinary N-acetylated amino acids, and kidney failure in participants in the German CKD (GCKD) study (n=1624). RESULTS Of 31 N-acetylated amino acids evaluated, the circulating and urinary levels of 14 were associated with rs13538 (P<0.05/31). Higher circulating levels of five of these N-acetylated amino acids, namely, N-δ-acetylornithine, N-acetyl-1-methylhistidine, N-acetyl-3-methylhistidine, N-acetylhistidine, and N2,N5-diacetylornithine, were associated with kidney failure, after adjustment for confounders and combining results in meta-analysis (combined hazard ratios per two-fold higher amino acid levels: 1.48, 1.44, 1.21, 1.65, and 1.41, respectively; 95% confidence intervals: 1.21 to 1.81, 1.22 to 1.70, 1.08 to 1.37, 1.29 to 2.10, and 1.17 to 1.71, respectively; all P values <0.05/14). None of the urinary levels of these N-acetylated amino acids were associated with kidney failure in the GCKD study. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate significant associations between an NAT8 gene variant and 14 N-acetylated amino acids, five of which had circulation levels that were associated with kidney failure.
Collapse
|
130
|
Xu Y, Surapaneni A, Alkas J, Evans M, Shin JI, Selvin E, Chang A, Grams ME, Carrero JJ. Glycemic Control and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Parallel Population-Based Cohort Studies in U.S. and Swedish Routine Care. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2975-2982. [PMID: 33023987 PMCID: PMC7770276 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have increased susceptibility to acute kidney injury (AKI), but mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the association of glycemic control with risk of AKI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In two observational cohorts of U.S. (Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA) and Swedish (Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements [SCREAM] project, Stockholm, Sweden) adults with type 2 diabetes and confirmed CKD stages G3-G5 undergoing routine care, we evaluated associations between baseline and time-varying hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with the incident AKI (defined as increase in creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL over 48 h or 1.5 times creatinine over 7 days). RESULTS In the U.S. cohort, there were 22,877 patients (55% women) with a median age of 72 years and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 52 mL/min/1.73 m2. In the Swedish cohort, there were 12,157 patients (50% women) with a median age of 77 years and eGFR 51 mL/min/1.73 m2. During 3.1 and 2.3 years of follow-up, 7,060 and 2,619 AKI events were recorded in the U.S. and Swedish cohorts, respectively. The adjusted association between baseline HbA1c and AKI was similar in both cohorts. Compared with baseline HbA1c 6-6.9% (42-52 mmol/mol), the hazard ratio for AKI in patients with HbA1c >9% (75 mmol/mol) was 1.29 (95% CI 1.18-1.41) in Geisinger and 1.33 (95% CI 1.13-1.57) in the Swedish cohort. Results were consistent in stratified analysis, when using death as competing risk, and when using time-varying HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Higher HbA1c was associated with AKI in adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD, suggesting that improving glycemic control may reduce the risk of AKI.
Collapse
|
131
|
Scheppach JB, Coresh J, Wu A, Gottesman RF, Mosley TH, Knopman DS, Grams ME, Sharrett AR, Koton S. Albuminuria and Estimated GFR as Risk Factors for Dementia in Midlife and Older Age: Findings From the ARIC Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:775-783. [PMID: 32428540 PMCID: PMC7669634 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Evidence is limited on how estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) relate to dementia at different ages. We evaluated eGFR and UACR in midlife and older age as risk factors for dementia. Additionally, we assessed whether the association between eGFR and dementia is altered when cystatin C and β2-microglobulin (B2M) levels are used for GFR estimation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Two baselines from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study were used: visit 4 (1996-1998), including 9,967 participants 54 to 74 years old, and visit 5 (2011-2013), including 4,626 participants 70 to 90 years old. Participants were followed up until 2017. PREDICTORS Log(UACR); eGFR based on creatinine, cystatin C, creatinine and cystatin C, or B2M levels (denoted as eGFRcr, eGFRcys, eGFRcr-cys, and eGFRB2M). OUTCOME Incident dementia. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models fit separately for each of the 5 predictors and based on a change in the predictor equivalent to the interquartile range for that predictor at visit 4 (IQRV4). eGFR models were adjusted for log(UACR) and log(UACR) models were adjusted for eGFRcys. RESULTS We observed 1,821 dementia cases after visit 4 and 438 cases after visit 5. Dementia risk increased with higher albuminuria levels (HRs per IQRV4 [equivalent to 4.2-fold greater log albuminuria] of 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.21] after visit 4 and 1.27 [95% CI, 1.13-1.42] after visit 5). An association with lower eGFR was seen for only eGFRcys (HRs per IQRV4 [equivalent to 24.3mL/min/1.73m2 lesser eGFRcys] of 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.21] after visit 4 and 1.30 [95% CI, 1.12-1.52] after visit 5) and eGFRB2M (HRs per IQRV4 [equivalent to 18.3mL/min/1.73m2 lesser eGFRB2M] of 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07-1.23] after visit 4 and 1.34 [95% CI, 1.17-1.55] after visit 5). Differences between these associations in midlife and older age were not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS Changes in potentially time-varying covariates were not measured. Dementia was not subclassified by cause. CONCLUSIONS Albuminuria was consistently associated with dementia incidence. Lower eGFR based on cystatin C or B2M, but not creatinine, levels was also associated with dementia. Risk associations were similar when kidney measures were assessed at midlife and older age.
Collapse
|
132
|
Qiao Y, Shin JI, Chen TK, Sang Y, Coresh J, Vassalotti JA, Chang AR, Grams ME. Association of Albuminuria Levels With the Prescription of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade. Hypertension 2020; 76:1762-1768. [PMID: 32981368 PMCID: PMC7666106 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple clinical guidelines recommend an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in patients with elevated albuminuria, which can be measured through urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), protein-to-creatinine ratio, or dipstick. However, how albuminuria test results relate to the prescription of ACE inhibitor/ARB is uncertain. We identified individuals with an ACR measurement between January 1, 2004, and June 30, 2018, and no contraindications or allergy to ACE inhibitor/ARB. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to evaluate the association between ACR level and prescription of ACE inhibitor/ARB within 6 months after the test. We applied similar methods to investigate the association of protein-to-creatinine ratio and dipstick measurement results with the prescription of ACE inhibitor/ARB. Among 67 237 individuals with an ACR measurement, 47.7% were already taking an ACE inhibitor or ARB at the time of first ACR measurement. Among the 35 138 individuals who were not on ACE inhibitor/ARB, those with higher ACR levels were more likely to be prescribed ACE inhibitor/ARB in the following 6 months, with steep increases in prescriptions until ACR 300 mg/g, after which the association plateaued. The majority (80.9%) of ACE inhibitor/ARB prescriptions were made by family medicine and internal medicine. A similar pattern held in the cohorts tested by protein-to-creatinine ratio and dipstick measurement. Our study provides evidence that albuminuria test results change patient care, suggesting that adherence to albuminuria testing is a key step in optimal medical management.
Collapse
|
133
|
Chen TK, Estrella MM, Appel LJ, Coresh J, Luo S, Obeid W, Parikh CR, Grams ME. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 and risks of end-stage kidney disease and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:561-563. [PMID: 33156902 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
134
|
Secora AM, Shin JI, Qiao Y, Alexander GC, Chang AR, Inker LA, Coresh J, Grams ME. Hyperkalemia and Acute Kidney Injury with Spironolactone Use Among Patients with Heart Failure. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:2408-2419. [PMID: 33153631 PMCID: PMC8005315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the risk of hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI) when spironolactone use is added on to loop diuretic use among patients with heart failure, and to evaluate whether the risk is modified by level of kidney function. METHODS We identified 17,110 patients with heart failure treated with loop diuretics between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2016 within the Geisinger Health System. We estimated the incidence of hyperkalemia and AKI associated with spironolactone initiation, and used target trial emulation methods to minimize confounding by indication. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 134 mo, 3229 of 17,110 patients (18.9%) initiated spironolactone. Incidence rates of hyperkalemia and AKI in patients using spironolactone with a loop diuretic were 2.9 and 10.1 events per 1000 person-months, respectively. In propensity score-matched analyses, spironolactone initiation was associated with higher hyperkalemia and AKI risk compared with loop alone (hazard ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.35 to 2.10; P<.001, and hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.26; P=.04, respectively). There were no differences in the relative risk of either outcome associated with spironolactone by level of kidney function. CONCLUSION The addition of spironolactone to loop diuretics in patients with heart failure was associated with higher risk of hyperkalemia and AKI; these risks must be weighed against the potential benefits of spironolactone.
Collapse
|
135
|
Warren B, Lee AK, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Pankow JS, Grams ME, Köttgen A, Selvin E. Associations of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol and 2-Hour Glucose with Major Clinical Outcomes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:1296-1306. [PMID: 32529222 PMCID: PMC7648735 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a novel biomarker of glycemic control proposed to monitor recent hyperglycemic excursions in persons with diabetes. The clinical utility of 1,5-AG outside of diagnosed diabetes is unclear, but it may identify people at high risk for diabetes and its complications. We compared associations of 1,5-AG with 2-h glucose for risk of major clinical complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We prospectively followed 6644 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants without diagnosed diabetes for incident diagnosed diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality for ∼20 years. We assessed associations of 1,5-AG and 2-h glucose (modeled categorically and continuously with restricted cubic splines) with adverse outcomes using Cox models and evaluated improvement in risk discrimination using Harrell's c-statistic. RESULTS 1,5-AG <10 µg/mL was statistically significantly associated with incident diabetes (HR: 2.70, 95% CI 2.31, 3.15), and showed suggestion of association with the other outcomes compared to 1,5-AG ≥10 µg/mL. Continuous associations of 1,5-AG with outcomes displayed a clear threshold effect, with risk associations generally observed only <10 µg/mL. Comparing associations of 1,5-AG and 2-h glucose with outcomes resulted in larger c-statistics for 2-h glucose than 1,5-AG for all outcomes (difference in c-statistic [2-h glucose -1,5-AG] for diagnosed diabetes: 0.17 [95%CI, 0.15, 0.19]; chronic kidney disease 0.02 [95%CI 0.00, 0.05]; cardiovascular disease 0.03 [95%CI, 0.00, 0.06]; and all-cause mortality 0.04 [95%CI, 0.02, 0.06]). CONCLUSIONS In this community-based population without diagnosed diabetes, low 1,5-AG was modestly associated with major clinical outcomes and did not outperform 2-h glucose.
Collapse
|
136
|
Menez S, Ding N, Grams ME, Lutsey PL, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Selvin E, Coresh J, Jaar BG, Matsushita K. Serum magnesium, bone-mineral metabolism markers and their interactions with kidney function on subsequent risk of peripheral artery disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:1878-1885. [PMID: 32191294 PMCID: PMC7821706 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the association of magnesium levels with incident peripheral artery disease (PAD) despite emerging evidence of magnesium contributing to vascular calcification. Moreover, no data are available on whether the magnesium-PAD relationship is independent of or modified by kidney function. METHODS A cohort of 11 839 participants free of PAD in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study at Visit 2 (1990-92) was studied. We investigated the association of serum magnesium and other bone-mineral metabolism markers [calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and intact fibroblast growth factor-23] with incident PAD using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Over a median of 23 years, there were 471 cases of incident PAD. The hazard ratio for incident PAD in Quartile 1 (<1.5 mEq/L) versus Quartile 4 (>1.7 mEq/L) of magnesium was 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.40-2.74) after adjustment for potential confounders. Lower magnesium levels were associated with greater incidence of PAD, particularly in those with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 11 606). In contrast, the association was largely flat in those with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 233) with P-for-interaction 0.03. Among bone-mineral metabolism markers, only higher iPTH showed an interaction with kidney function (P-for-interaction 0.01) and iPTH >65 pg/mL was significantly related to PAD only in those with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. CONCLUSIONS Lower magnesium was independently associated with incident PAD, but this association was significantly weaker in those with reduced kidney function. In contrast, higher iPTH levels were particularly related to PAD risk in this clinical population.
Collapse
|
137
|
Bookholane H, Wearne N, Surapaneni A, Ash S, Berghammer-Böhmer R, Omar A, Spies R, Grams ME. Predictors and Prognosis of HIV-Associated Nephropathy on Kidney Biopsy in South Africa. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1799-1804. [PMID: 33102974 PMCID: PMC7569688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction South Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV in the world. The epidemiology of kidney disease among people with HIV infections is well-described in the United States. However, there are limited data coming from South Africa, particularly that involve kidney biopsies. The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, patient factors are predictive of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) on kidney biopsy in a South African kidney biopsy cohort. Methods This study prospectively collected data of all patients infected with HIV referred to the Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) renal unit for a kidney biopsy from 2002 to 2018. Results There were 419 patients included in the study. Mean age was 36.5 years (SD, 9.4); 219 (52.3%) were women; and all were black. Seventy-nine patients (18.9%) were on dialysis at the time of biopsy; the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate among the remainder was 41.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (SD, 39.2). Only 163 patients (47.1%) were known to be taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time of biopsy. There were 246 (58.7%) cases of HIVAN detected, and they were comparable on age, sex, kidney function, and kidney size to those with kidney disease of other causes but were less likely to be taking ART (P < 0.001). Biopsy confirmed HIVAN was associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–2.91; P = 0.025), and the use of ART at biopsy was protective (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32–0.84, P = 0.008). The proportion of HIVAN on biopsy decreased and the proportion taking ART increased from 2002 to 2018 (P for trend for both < 0.001). Conclusion In summary, HIVAN was the most common etiology of kidney disease in this biopsy cohort from South Africa; however, the proportion with biopsy-proven HIVAN declined over time, perhaps in the setting of greater ART availability.
Collapse
|
138
|
Chang AR, George J, Levey AS, Coresh J, Grams ME, Inker LA. Performance of Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimating Equations Before and After Bariatric Surgery. Kidney Med 2020; 2:699-706.e1. [PMID: 33319195 PMCID: PMC7729215 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is challenging in adults undergoing bariatric surgery because creatinine and cystatin C levels are influenced by changes in muscle and fat mass. Additionally, indexing of GFR by body surface area (BSA) may by affected by decreases in BSA. Study Design Prospective observational study. Setting & Participants 27 adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 who underwent measurement of GFR before and after bariatric surgery. Outcomes Indexed and nonindexed GFRs measured (mGFRs) using plasma iohexol clearance, indexed and nonindexed estimated GFR (eGFR) based on levels of creatinine, cystatin C, or both from Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Analytic Approach Bias and percent of estimates within 20% and 30% of mGFR (P20 and P30) for estimating equations were examined. Results Mean presurgery BMI was 49.5 (SD, 9.4) kg/m2, BSA was 2.42 (SD, 0.27) m2, nonindexed mGFR was 117.3 (SD, 34.1) mL/min, and indexed mGFR was 84.1 (SD, 22.0) mL/min/1.73 m2. After 6 months, mean BMI changed by –13.8 (95% CI, −15.9 to −11.8) kg/m2, BSA by −0.30 (95% CI, −0.33 to −0.27) m2, and nonindexed mGFR by −9.2 (95% CI, −17.2 to −1.1) mL/min, while indexed mGFR was unchanged at 5.1 (95% CI, −0.1 to 10.4) mL/min/1.73 m2. Nonindexed eGFRcr was unbiased (median bias, 5.0 [95% CI, −4.3 to 11.6] mL/min) before surgery, but overestimated mGFR (8.8 [95% CI, 1.8 to 16.9] mL/min) after surgery. Nonindexed eGFRcys underestimated mGFR before (median bias, −12.1 [95% CI, −21.4 to −1.2] mL/min) and after surgery (−11.2 [95% CI, −21.8 to −7.3] mL/min). Nonindexed eGFRcr-cys was unbiased before (median bias, −6.0 [95% CI, −11.0 to 1.0] mL/min) and after surgery (−2.0 [95% CI, −8.8 to 4.9] mL/min). Findings were similar for indexed eGFR compared with indexed mGFR. Limitations Small, mostly white sample. Conclusions Changes in indexed and nonindexed GFRs may be discordant after bariatric surgery in adults because of decreases in BSA. Indexed and nonindexed eGFRcr-cys may be less biased than indexed or nonindexed eGFRcr or eGFRcys because of opposite biases in estimating mGFR.
Collapse
|
139
|
Matsushita K, Jassal SK, Sang Y, Ballew SH, Grams ME, Surapaneni A, Arnlov J, Bansal N, Bozic M, Brenner H, Brunskill NJ, Chang AR, Chinnadurai R, Cirillo M, Correa A, Ebert N, Eckardt KU, Gansevoort RT, Gutierrez O, Hadaegh F, He J, Hwang SJ, Jafar TH, Kayama T, Kovesdy CP, Landman GW, Levey AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Major RW, Miura K, Muntner P, Nadkarni GN, Naimark DMJ, Nowak C, Ohkubo T, Pena MJ, Polkinghorne KR, Sabanayagam C, Sairenchi T, Schneider MP, Shalev V, Shlipak M, Solbu MD, Stempniewicz N, Tollitt J, Valdivielso JM, van der Leeuw J, Wang AYM, Wen CP, Woodward M, Yamagishi K, Yatsuya H, Zhang L, Schaeffner E, Coresh J. Incorporating kidney disease measures into cardiovascular risk prediction: Development and validation in 9 million adults from 72 datasets. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 27:100552. [PMID: 33150324 PMCID: PMC7599294 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) measures (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and albuminuria) are frequently assessed in clinical practice and improve the prediction of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet most major clinical guidelines do not have a standardized approach for incorporating these measures into CVD risk prediction. "CKD Patch" is a validated method to calibrate and improve the predicted risk from established equations according to CKD measures. METHODS Utilizing data from 4,143,535 adults from 35 datasets, we developed several "CKD Patches" incorporating eGFR and albuminuria, to enhance prediction of risk of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) by the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) and CVD mortality by Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). The risk enhancement by CKD Patch was determined by the deviation between individual CKD measures and the values expected from their traditional CVD risk factors and the hazard ratios for eGFR and albuminuria. We then validated this approach among 4,932,824 adults from 37 independent datasets, comparing the original PCE and SCORE equations (recalibrated in each dataset) to those with addition of CKD Patch. FINDINGS We confirmed the prediction improvement with the CKD Patch for CVD mortality beyond SCORE and ASCVD beyond PCE in validation datasets (Δc-statistic 0.027 [95% CI 0.018-0.036] and 0.010 [0.007-0.013] and categorical net reclassification improvement 0.080 [0.032-0.127] and 0.056 [0.044-0.067], respectively). The median (IQI) of the ratio of predicted risk for CVD mortality with CKD Patch vs. the original prediction with SCORE was 2.64 (1.89-3.40) in very high-risk CKD (e.g., eGFR 30-44 ml/min/1.73m2 with albuminuria ≥30 mg/g), 1.86 (1.48-2.44) in high-risk CKD (e.g., eGFR 45-59 ml/min/1.73m2 with albuminuria 30-299 mg/g), and 1.37 (1.14-1.69) in moderate risk CKD (e.g., eGFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73m2 with albuminuria 30-299 mg/g), indicating considerable risk underestimation in CKD with SCORE. The corresponding estimates for ASCVD with PCE were 1.55 (1.37-1.81), 1.24 (1.10-1.54), and 1.21 (0.98-1.46). INTERPRETATION The "CKD Patch" can be used to quantitatively enhance ASCVD and CVD mortality risk prediction equations recommended in major US and European guidelines according to CKD measures, when available. FUNDING US National Kidney Foundation and the NIDDK.
Collapse
|
140
|
Shin JI, Sang Y, Dunning SC, Grams ME. Authors' Reply. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2740-2741. [PMID: 32931448 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
141
|
Sumida K, Nadkarni GN, Grams ME, Sang Y, Ballew SH, Coresh J, Matsushita K, Surapaneni A, Brunskill N, Chadban SJ, Chang AR, Cirillo M, Daratha KB, Gansevoort RT, Garg AX, Iacoviello L, Kayama T, Konta T, Kovesdy CP, Lash J, Lee BJ, Major RW, Metzger M, Miura K, Naimark DMJ, Nelson RG, Sawhney S, Stempniewicz N, Tang M, Townsend RR, Traynor JP, Valdivielso JM, Wetzels J, Polkinghorne KR, Heerspink HJL. Conversion of Urine Protein-Creatinine Ratio or Urine Dipstick Protein to Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio for Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Screening and Prognosis : An Individual Participant-Based Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:426-435. [PMID: 32658569 PMCID: PMC7780415 DOI: 10.7326/m20-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although measuring albuminuria is the preferred method for defining and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), total urine protein or dipstick protein is often measured instead. OBJECTIVE To develop equations for converting urine protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) and dipstick protein to urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and to test their diagnostic accuracy in CKD screening and staging. DESIGN Individual participant-based meta-analysis. SETTING 12 research and 21 clinical cohorts. PARTICIPANTS 919 383 adults with same-day measures of ACR and PCR or dipstick protein. MEASUREMENTS Equations to convert urine PCR and dipstick protein to ACR were developed and tested for purposes of CKD screening (ACR ≥30 mg/g) and staging (stage A2: ACR of 30 to 299 mg/g; stage A3: ACR ≥300 mg/g). RESULTS Median ACR was 14 mg/g (25th to 75th percentile of cohorts, 5 to 25 mg/g). The association between PCR and ACR was inconsistent for PCR values less than 50 mg/g. For higher PCR values, the PCR conversion equations demonstrated moderate sensitivity (91%, 75%, and 87%) and specificity (87%, 89%, and 98%) for screening (ACR >30 mg/g) and classification into stages A2 and A3, respectively. Urine dipstick categories of trace or greater, trace to +, and ++ for screening for ACR values greater than 30 mg/g and classification into stages A2 and A3, respectively, had moderate sensitivity (62%, 36%, and 78%) and high specificity (88%, 88%, and 98%). For individual risk prediction, the estimated 2-year 4-variable kidney failure risk equation using predicted ACR from PCR had discrimination similar to that of using observed ACR. LIMITATION Diverse methods of ACR and PCR quantification were used; measurements were not always performed in the same urine sample. CONCLUSION Urine ACR is the preferred measure of albuminuria; however, if ACR is not available, predicted ACR from PCR or urine dipstick protein may help in CKD screening, staging, and prognosis. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and National Kidney Foundation.
Collapse
|
142
|
Chang AR, Wood GC, Chu X, Surapaneni A, Grams ME. Association of Bariatric Surgery With Rates of Kidney Function Decline Using Multiple Filtration Markers. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2014670. [PMID: 32886117 PMCID: PMC7489865 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This cohort study examines the association of bariatric surgery with rates of kidney function decline.
Collapse
|
143
|
Ishigami J, Cowan LT, Demmer RT, Grams ME, Lutsey PL, Coresh J, Matsushita K. Hospitalization With Major Infection and Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1928-1939. [PMID: 32771237 PMCID: PMC10184867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the incidence of infectious diseases increases the long-term risk for incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the general population. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 10,290 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who attended visit 4 (1996-1998), we evaluated the association of incident hospitalization with major infections (pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection, and cellulitis and osteomyelitis) with subsequent risk for ESRD through September 30, 2015. Hospitalization with major infection was entered into multivariable Cox models as a time-varying exposure to estimate the hazard ratios. RESULTS Mean age was 63 years, and of 10,290 individuals, 56% (n=5781) were women, 22% (n=2252) were black, and 7% (n=666) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. During a median follow-up of 17.4 years, there were 2642 incident hospitalizations with major infection and 281 cases of ESRD (132 cases after hospitalization with major infection). The risk for ESRD was higher following major infection compared with while free of major infection (crude incidence rate, 10.9 vs 1.0 per 1000 person-years). In multivariable time-varying Cox analysis, hospitalization with major infection was associated with a 3.3-fold increased risk for ESRD (hazard ratio, 3.34; 95% CI, 2.56-4.37). The association was similar across pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bloodstream infection, and cellulitis and osteomyelitis, and remained significant across subgroups of age, sex, race, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION Hospitalization with major infection was independently and robustly associated with subsequent risk for ESRD. Whether preventive approaches against infection have beneficial effects on kidney outcomes may deserve future investigations.
Collapse
|
144
|
Surapaneni AL, Ballew SH, Coresh J, Ballantyne CM, Selvin E, Matsushita K, Grams ME. APOL1 Risk Alleles, Cardiac Markers, and Risk of ESKD in African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Kidney Med 2020; 2:502-504. [PMID: 32775995 PMCID: PMC7406838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
145
|
Shin JI, Sang Y, Chang AR, Dunning SC, Coresh J, Inker LA, Selvin E, Ballew SH, Grams ME. The FDA Metformin Label Change and Racial and Sex Disparities in Metformin Prescription among Patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1847-1858. [PMID: 32660971 PMCID: PMC7460896 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) changed labeling regarding metformin contraindications in patients with diabetes and CKD from using serum creatinine-based thresholds to using eGFR-based thresholds. Because race and sex affect serum creatinine levels independently of GFR, the earlier creatinine-based contraindication may have inadvertently caused racial and sex disparities in metformin prescription among patients with low eGFR. METHODS In an analysis of 15,946 Black and White primary care patients with diabetes and eGFR≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in a large health system (the primary cohort), we assessed the association of race and sex with metformin prescription across eGFR level before and after the FDA label change. For a replication cohort, we meta-analyzed data from 36 cohorts with 1,051,723 patients from OptumLabs Data Warehouse. RESULTS In the primary cohort, before the label change, Black patients with eGFR of 30-44 ml/min per 1.73 m2 were prescribed metformin less often than White counterparts (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.52 to 0.82); this disparity was significantly attenuated after the label change (aPR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.09; P value for interaction by period =0.04). Results were consistent in the replication cohorts. Men with eGFR of 30-44 ml/min per 1.73 m2 received metformin prescriptions less often than women counterparts before the label change; this was nonsignificantly attenuated after the label change, but we found significant attenuation in the replication cohorts (aPRpre-label change, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.79; aPRpost-label change, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.88; P value for interaction by period <0.001). CONCLUSIONS The metformin label change to an eGFR-based contraindication may have reduced racial and sex disparities in metformin prescription in moderate kidney dysfunction.
Collapse
|
146
|
Mok Y, Ballew SH, Sang Y, Grams ME, Coresh J, Evans M, Barany P, Ärnlöv J, Carrero JJ, Matsushita K. Albuminuria as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e010546. [PMID: 30947615 PMCID: PMC6507197 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background In patients with myocardial infarction ( MI ), reduced kidney function is recognized as an important predictor of poor prognosis, but the impact of albuminuria, a representative measure of kidney damage, has not been extensively evaluated. Methods and Results In the SCREAM (Stockholm Creatinine Measurements) project (2006-2012), we identified 2469 patients with incident MI with dipstick proteinuria measured within a year before MI (427 patients also had urine albumin to creatinine ratio [ ACR ] measured concurrently) and obtained estimates for ACR with multiple imputation in participants with data solely on dipstick proteinuria. We quantified the association of ACR with the post- MI composite and individual outcomes of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, recurrent MI , ischemic stroke, or heart failure using Cox models and then evaluated the improvement in C statistic. During a median follow-up of 1.0 year after MI , 1607 participants (65.1%) developed the post- MI composite outcome. Higher ACR levels were independently associated with all outcomes except for ischemic stroke. Per 8-fold higher ACR (eg, 40 versus 5 mg/g), the hazard ratio of composite outcome was 1.21 (95% CI , 1.08-1.35). The addition of the ACR improved the C statistic of the post- MI composite by 0.040 (95% CI, 0.030-0.051). Largely similar results were obtained regardless of diabetic status and when ACR or dipstick was separately analyzed without imputation. Conclusions In patients with MI , albuminuria was a potent predictor of subsequent outcomes, suggesting the importance of paying attention to the information on albuminuria, in addition to kidney function, in this high-risk population.
Collapse
|
147
|
Chang AR, Kramer H, Wei G, Boucher R, Grams ME, Berlowitz D, Bhatt U, Cohen DL, Drawz P, Punzi H, Freedman BI, Haley W, Hawfield A, Horwitz E, McLouth C, Morisky D, Papademetriou V, Rocco MV, Wall B, Weiner DE, Zias A, Beddhu S. Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Control in Patients with and without Albuminuria: Post Hoc Analyses from SPRINT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:1121-1128. [PMID: 32669306 PMCID: PMC7409741 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.12371019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is unclear whether the presence of albuminuria modifies the effects of intensive systolic BP control on risk of eGFR decline, cardiovascular events, or mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial randomized nondiabetic adults ≥50 years of age at high cardiovascular risk to a systolic BP target of <120 or <140 mm Hg, measured by automated office BP. We compared the absolute risk differences and hazard ratios of ≥40% eGFR decline, the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial primary cardiovascular composite outcome, and all-cause death in those with or without baseline albuminuria (urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g). RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 69 of 1723 (4%) participants with baseline albuminuria developed ≥40% eGFR decline compared with 61 of 7162 (1%) participants without albuminuria. Incidence rates of ≥40% eGFR decline were higher in participants with albuminuria (intensive, 1.74 per 100 person-years; standard, 1.17 per 100 person-years) than in participants without albuminuria (intensive, 0.48 per 100 person-years; standard, 0.11 per 100 person-years). Although effects of intensive BP lowering on ≥40% eGFR decline varied by albuminuria on the relative scale (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 2.39 for albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g; hazard ratio, 4.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.37 to 8.75 for albumin-creatinine ratio <30 mg/g; P value for interaction <0.001), the absolute increase in ≥40% eGFR decline did not differ by baseline albuminuria (incidence difference, 0.38 events per 100 person-years for albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g; incidence difference, 0.58 events per 100 person-years for albumin-creatinine ratio <30 mg/g; P value for interaction =0.60). Albuminuria did not significantly modify the beneficial effects of intensive systolic BP lowering on cardiovascular events or mortality evaluated on relative or absolute scales. CONCLUSIONS Albuminuria did not modify the absolute benefits and risks of intensive systolic BP lowering.
Collapse
|
148
|
Shin JI, Grams ME. Do Direct Oral Anticoagulants Have Cardiovascular Benefits in CKD? We Need More Evidence. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:306-307. [PMID: 32660898 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
149
|
Sekula P, Tin A, Schultheiss UT, Baid-Agrawal S, Mohney RP, Steinbrenner I, Yu B, Luo S, Boerwinkle E, Eckardt KU, Coresh J, Grams ME, Kӧttgen A. Urine 6-Bromotryptophan: Associations with Genetic Variants and Incident End-Stage Kidney Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10018. [PMID: 32572055 PMCID: PMC7308283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher serum 6-bromotryptophan has been associated with lower risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, implicating mechanisms beyond renal clearance. We studied genetic determinants of urine 6-bromotryptophan and its association with CKD risk factors and incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in 4,843 participants of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study. 6-bromotryptophan was measured from urine samples using mass spectrometry. Patients with higher levels of urine 6-bromotryptophan had higher baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, p < 0.001). A genome-wide association study of urine 6-bromotryptophan identified two significant loci possibly related to its tubular reabsorption, SLC6A19, and its production, ERO1A, which was also associated with serum 6-bromotryptophan in an independent study. The association between urine 6-bromotryptophan and time to ESKD was assessed using Cox regression. There were 216 ESKD events after four years of follow-up. Compared with patients with undetectable levels, higher 6-bromotryptophan levels were associated with lower risk of ESKD in models unadjusted and adjusted for ESKD risk factors other than eGFR (
Collapse
|
150
|
Chen J, Fowler KJ, Grams ME. Knowledge Is Power: Patient Education as a Tool for Patient Activation. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:163-165. [PMID: 32560974 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|